Thermodynamics I

MEP112-ENGR360
LECTURE 9
MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES Thermodynamics – MEP112/ENGR360

MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES

Objectives:
1. Conservation of mass principle.
2. Conservation of energy principle applied to control
volumes (first law of thermodynamics).
3. Energy balance of common steady-flow devices such as
nozzles, diffusers, compressors, turbines, throttling
valves, mixing chambers and heat exchangers.
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1. CONSERVATION OF MASS
 Mass and Volume Flow Rates:

𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞, 𝐦ሶ = න 𝛒𝐯𝐧 𝐝𝐀𝐜

𝐀𝐜
𝐦ሶ = 𝛒𝐯𝐧 𝐀𝐜

𝐦ሶ
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞, 𝐕ሶ = = න 𝐯𝐧 𝐝𝐀𝐜 ෝ: 𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭 𝐯𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫
𝐧
𝛒 𝐕: 𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲
𝐀𝐜
𝐕𝐧 : 𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲
𝐕ሶ = 𝐯𝐧 𝐀𝐜 𝐀𝐜 : 𝐜𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐬 − 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰

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MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES Thermodynamics – MEP112/ENGR360

1. CONSERVATION OF MASS
 Conservation of Mass Principle:
The conservation of mass principle for a control volume can be expressed as:
The net mass transfer to or from a control volume during a time interval t is
equal to the net change (increase or decrease) in the total mass within the
control volume during t. That is,
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐍𝐞𝐭 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐧
− =
𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐕 𝐝𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 ∆𝐭 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐕 𝐝𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 ∆𝐭 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐕 𝐝𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 ∆𝐭

෍ 𝐦𝐢𝐧 ቚ − ෍ 𝐦𝐨𝐮𝐭 ቚ = ∆𝐦𝐂𝐕

𝐂𝐒 𝐂𝐒
In a rate form:
𝐝𝐦𝐂𝐕
෍ 𝐦ሶ 𝐢𝐧 ቚ − ෍ 𝐦ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 ቚ =
𝐂𝐒 𝐂𝐒 𝐝𝐭
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MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES Thermodynamics – MEP112/ENGR360

1. CONSERVATION OF MASS
𝐝𝐦𝐂𝐕 𝐝 𝛒𝐕𝐂𝐕 𝐝
= = න 𝛒𝐝𝐕 + 𝐕𝐝𝛒
𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐭
𝐂𝐕
o The rate of change of the mass within the control volume (CV) is
due to the change of its volume 𝐝𝐕 and the change of the density of
the fluid 𝐝𝛒.

𝐝𝐦𝐂𝐕
o = 𝟎 if there is no change in volume 𝐝𝐕 and no change in
𝐝𝐭
density 𝐝𝛒.

Dr. Walid A. Torky 5 of 22

MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES Thermodynamics – MEP112/ENGR360

1. CONSERVATION OF MASS
 Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes:
During a steady-flow process, the total amount of
mass contained within a control volume does not
change with time (mCV = constant).

෍ 𝐦ሶ 𝐢𝐧 ቚ = ෍ 𝐦ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 ቚ
𝐂𝐒 𝐂𝐒
o For steady-incompressible flow, i.e 𝛒 = 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭:

෍ 𝐕ሶ 𝐢𝐧 ቚ = ෍ 𝐕ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 ቚ
𝐂𝐒 𝐂𝐒

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MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES Thermodynamics – MEP112/ENGR360

2. FLOW WORK AND THE ENERGY OF A FLOWING FLUID

 Unlike closed systems, control volumes
involve mass flow across their boundaries,
and some work is required to push the mass
into or out of the control volume. This work
is known as the flow work, or flow energy,
and is necessary to maintain a continuous
flow through a control volume.

𝐖𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 = 𝐅. 𝐋 = 𝐩. 𝐀. 𝐋 = 𝐩𝐕 (𝐉)
𝐰𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 = 𝐩𝒗 (𝐉/𝐤𝐠)

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MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES Thermodynamics – MEP112/ENGR360

2. FLOW WORK AND THE ENERGY OF A FLOWING FLUID

 For closed system:
𝐞 = 𝐮 + 𝐤𝐞 + 𝐩𝐞
 For open system (control volume):
The energy contained in a flowing fluid is 𝛉
𝛉=𝐞+ 𝐩𝒗
ด = 𝐩𝒗 + 𝐮 + 𝐤𝐞 + 𝐩𝐞
flow work
𝛉 = 𝐡 + 𝐤𝐞 + 𝐩𝐞
 Energy Transport by Mass:
o Amount of energy transport: 𝐄𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 = 𝐦𝛉 = 𝐦 𝐡 + 𝐤𝐞 + 𝐩𝐞
o Rate of energy transport: 𝐄ሶ 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 = 𝐦𝛉
ሶ = 𝐦ሶ 𝐡 + 𝐤𝐞 + 𝐩𝐞
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MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES Thermodynamics – MEP112/ENGR360

3. ENERGY ANALYSIS OF STEADY-FLOW SYSTEMS

 First law of thermodynamics for open-steady flow systems:
𝐝𝐄𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦
𝐄ሶ 𝐢𝐧 − 𝐄ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 =
𝐝𝐭
Zero, for steady-state
steady-flow process
𝐄ሶ 𝐢𝐧 = 𝐄ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐢𝐧 + 𝐄ሶ 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬,𝐢𝐧 = 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐄ሶ 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬,𝐨𝐮𝐭
𝐂𝐒 𝐂𝐒

𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐢𝐧 + ෍ 𝐦𝛉
ሶ = 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + ෍ 𝐦𝛉
ሶ
𝐢𝐧 𝐨𝐮𝐭
𝐂𝐒 𝐂𝐒
𝐯𝟐 𝐯 𝟐
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐢𝐧 + ෍ 𝐦ሶ 𝐡 + + 𝐠𝐳 = 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + ෍ 𝐦ሶ 𝐡 + + 𝐠𝐳
𝟐 𝟐
𝐢𝐧 𝐨𝐮𝐭

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MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES Thermodynamics – MEP112/ENGR360

3. ENERGY ANALYSIS OF STEADY-FLOW SYSTEMS

 Special cases:
1. Single stream 𝒎ሶ 𝒊𝒏 = 𝒎ሶ 𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝒎ሶ :
𝟐 𝟐
𝐯𝐢𝐧 𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐭
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐢𝐧 + 𝐦ሶ 𝐡𝐢𝐧 + + 𝐠𝐳𝐢𝐧 = 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐦ሶ 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐭 + + 𝐠𝐳𝐨𝐮𝐭
𝟐 𝟐
2. Single stream per unit 𝐦ሶ (single stream per unit mass per unit time):
𝟐 𝟐
𝐯𝐢𝐧 𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐭
𝐪𝐢𝐧 + 𝐰𝐢𝐧 + 𝐡𝐢𝐧 + + 𝐠𝐳𝐢𝐧 = 𝐪𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐰𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐭 + + 𝐠𝐳𝐨𝐮𝐭
𝟐 𝟐
3. Single stream per unit 𝐦ሶ with negligible kinetic and potential energies:
𝐪𝐢𝐧 + 𝐰𝐢𝐧 + 𝐡𝐢𝐧 = 𝐪𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐰𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐭
or
𝐪𝐢𝐧 − 𝐪𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐰𝐢𝐧 − 𝐰𝐨𝐮𝐭 = 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐭 − 𝐡𝐢𝐧
Dr. Walid A. Torky 10 of 22
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4. SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES

➢ Nozzle:
• Nozzle is a device that increases the velocity of a fluid at the expense of its pressure.
• Nozzle can be used with compressible or incompressible fluid flow.
• Energy balance for single stream:
𝟐 𝟐
𝐯𝐢𝐧 𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐭
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐢𝐧 + 𝐦ሶ 𝐢𝐧 𝐡𝐢𝐧 + + 𝐠𝐳𝐢𝐧 = 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐦ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐭 + + 𝐠𝐳𝐨𝐮𝐭
Zero 𝟐 Zero 𝟐
𝐯𝟐𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏𝟐
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 − 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐡𝟐 − 𝐡𝟏 + + 𝐠 𝐳𝟐 − 𝐳𝟏
𝟐
For single stream and neglected change in potential energy:
𝐯𝟐𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏𝟐
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 − 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐡𝟐 − 𝐡𝟏 +
𝟐
For single stream, neglected change in potential energy and adiabatic nozzle:
𝐯𝟏𝟐 − 𝐯𝟐𝟐
𝐡𝟐 − 𝐡𝟏 =
𝟐
Dr. Walid A. Torky 11 of 22
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4. SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES

➢ Diffuser:
• Diffuser is a device that increases the pressure of a fluid by slowing it down.
• Diffuser can be used with compressible or incompressible fluid flow.
• Energy balance for single stream:
𝟐 𝟐
𝐯𝐢𝐧 𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐭
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐢𝐧 + 𝐦ሶ 𝐢𝐧 𝐡𝐢𝐧 + + 𝐠𝐳𝐢𝐧 = 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐦ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐭 + + 𝐠𝐳𝐨𝐮𝐭
Zero 𝟐 Zero 𝟐
𝐯𝟐𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏𝟐
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 − 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐡𝟐 − 𝐡𝟏 + + 𝐠 𝐳𝟐 − 𝐳𝟏
𝟐
For single stream and neglected change in potential energy:
𝐯𝟐𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏𝟐
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 − 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐡𝟐 − 𝐡𝟏 +
𝟐
For single stream, neglected change in potential energy and adiabatic diffuser:
𝐯𝟏𝟐 − 𝐯𝟐𝟐
𝐡𝟐 − 𝐡𝟏 =
𝟐
Dr. Walid A. Torky 12 of 22
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4. SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES

➢ Turbine:
• Turbine is a device that produces power from the fluid.
• Gas turbine, steam turbine and wind turbine use a compressible fluid flow.
• Water turbine uses an incompressible fluid flow.
• Energy balance for single stream fluid flow:
𝟐 𝟐
𝐯𝐢𝐧 𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐭
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐢𝐧 + 𝐦ሶ 𝐢𝐧 𝐡𝐢𝐧 + + 𝐠𝐳𝐢𝐧 = 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐦ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐭 + + 𝐠𝐳𝐨𝐮𝐭
Zero 𝟐 𝟐
𝐯𝟐𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏𝟐
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 − 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 − 𝐖ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐡𝟐 − 𝐡𝟏 + + 𝐠 𝐳𝟐 − 𝐳𝟏
𝟐
For single stream and neglected change in potential energy:
𝐯𝟐𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏𝟐
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 − 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 − 𝐖ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐡𝟐 − 𝐡𝟏 + + 𝐠 𝐳𝟐 − 𝐳𝟏
𝟐
For single stream, neglected change in potential energy and adiabatic turbine:
𝐯𝟏𝟐 − 𝐯𝟐𝟐
𝐖ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 + + 𝐠 𝐳𝟏 − 𝐳𝟐
𝟐
Dr. Walid A. Torky 13 of 22
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4. SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES

➢ Turbine:
• Energy balance for single stream-incompressible fluid flow:
∆𝐩
∆𝐡 =
𝛒
𝐩𝟐 − 𝐩𝟏 𝐯𝟐𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏𝟐
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 − 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 − 𝐖ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 = 𝐦ሶ + + 𝐠 𝐳𝟐 − 𝐳𝟏
𝛒 𝟐
For single stream and neglected change in potential energy:
𝐩𝟐 − 𝐩𝟏 𝐯𝟐𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏𝟐
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 − 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 − 𝐖ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 = 𝐦ሶ + + 𝐠 𝐳𝟐 − 𝐳𝟏
𝛒 𝟐
For single stream, neglected change in potential energy and adiabatic turbine:
𝐩𝟏 − 𝐩𝟐 𝐯𝟏𝟐 − 𝐯𝟐𝟐
𝐖ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 = 𝐦ሶ + + 𝐠 𝐳𝟏 − 𝐳𝟐
𝛒 𝟐
Dr. Walid A. Torky 14 of 22
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4. SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES

𝐐ሶ
➢ Compressor:
• Compressor is a device that delivers power to a compressible fluid.
• Energy balance for single stream-compressible fluid flow:
𝟐 𝟐
𝐯𝐢𝐧 𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐭
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐢𝐧 + 𝐦ሶ 𝐢𝐧 𝐡𝐢𝐧 + + 𝐠𝐳𝐢𝐧 = 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐦ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐭 + + 𝐠𝐳𝐨𝐮𝐭
𝟐 Zero 𝟐
𝐯𝟐𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏𝟐
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 − 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐢𝐧 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐡𝟐 − 𝐡𝟏 + + 𝐠 𝐳𝟐 − 𝐳𝟏
𝟐
For single stream and neglected change in potential energy:
𝐯𝟐𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏𝟐
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 − 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐢𝐧 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐡𝟐 − 𝐡𝟏 +
𝟐
For single stream, neglected change in potential energy and adiabatic compressor:
𝐯𝟐𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏𝟐
𝐖ሶ 𝐢𝐧 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐡𝟐 − 𝐡𝟏 +
𝟐
Dr. Walid A. Torky 15 of 22
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4. SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES

➢ Pump:
• Pump is a device that delivers power to an incompressible fluid.
• Energy balance for single stream-incompressible fluid flow:
𝟐 𝟐
𝐯𝐢𝐧 𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐭
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐢𝐧 + 𝐦ሶ 𝐢𝐧 𝐡𝐢𝐧 + + 𝐠𝐳𝐢𝐧 = 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐦ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐭 + + 𝐠𝐳𝐨𝐮𝐭
𝟐 Zero 𝟐
𝐩𝟐 − 𝐩𝟏 𝐯𝟐𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏𝟐
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 − 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐢𝐧 = 𝐦ሶ + + 𝐠 𝐳𝟐 − 𝐳𝟏
𝛒 𝟐
For single stream and neglected change in potential energy:
𝐩𝟐 − 𝐩𝟏 𝐯𝟐𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏𝟐
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 − 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐢𝐧 = 𝐦ሶ +
𝛒 𝟐
For single stream, neglected change in potential energy and adiabatic pump:
𝐩𝟐 − 𝐩𝟏 𝐯𝟐𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏𝟐
𝐖ሶ 𝐢𝐧 = 𝐦ሶ +
𝛒 𝟐
Dr. Walid A. Torky 16 of 22
MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES Thermodynamics – MEP112/ENGR360

4. SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES

➢ Throttling valve:
• Throttling valves are any kind of flow-restricting devices that cause a significant pressure drop in the
fluid.
• Throttling valves can be used with compressible or incompressible fluid flow.
• Energy balance for single stream fluid flow:
𝟐 𝟐
𝐯𝐢𝐧 𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐭
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐢𝐧 + 𝐦ሶ 𝐢𝐧 𝐡𝐢𝐧 + + 𝐠𝐳𝐢𝐧 = 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐦ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐭 + + 𝐠𝐳𝐨𝐮𝐭
Zero 𝟐 Zero 𝟐
𝐯𝟐𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏𝟐
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 − 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐡𝟐 − 𝐡𝟏 + + 𝐠 𝐳𝟐 − 𝐳𝟏
𝟐
For single stream and neglected change in potential energy:
𝐯𝟐𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏𝟐
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 − 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐡𝟐 − 𝐡𝟏 +
𝟐
For single stream, neglected change in potential energy and adiabatic:
𝐯𝟏𝟐 − 𝐯𝟐𝟐
𝐡𝟐 − 𝐡 𝟏 =
𝟐
Dr. Walid A. Torky 17 of 22
MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES Thermodynamics – MEP112/ENGR360

4. SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES

➢ Throttling valve:
For single stream, neglected change in potential energy, adiabatic and constant velocity:
𝐡𝟐 = 𝐡𝟏
For single stream, neglected change in potential energy, adiabatic, constant velocity and ideal gas:
𝐓𝟐 = 𝐓𝟏

Dr. Walid A. Torky 18 of 22

MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES Thermodynamics – MEP112/ENGR360

4. SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES

➢ Mixing chamber:
• Mixing chamber is a section where the mixing process takes place.
• Energy balance:
𝟐 𝟐
𝐯𝐢𝐧 𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐭
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐢𝐧 + ෍ 𝐦ሶ 𝐢𝐧 𝐡𝐢𝐧 + + 𝐠𝐳𝐢𝐧 = 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + ෍ 𝐦ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐭 + + 𝐠𝐳𝐨𝐮𝐭
𝟐 𝟐
• Mass balance:
෍ 𝐦ሶ 𝐢𝐧 = ෍ 𝐦ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭

For instance, if the mixing chamber has two inlets and one outlet:
𝐦ሶ 𝟏 + 𝐦ሶ 𝟐 = 𝐦ሶ 𝟑
𝐯𝟑𝟐 𝐯𝟏𝟐 𝐯𝟐𝟐
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 − 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐢𝐧 − 𝐖ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 = 𝐦ሶ 𝟑 𝐡𝟑 + + 𝐠𝐳𝟑 − 𝐦ሶ 𝟏 𝐡𝟏 + + 𝐠𝐳𝟏 − 𝐦ሶ 𝟐 𝐡𝟐 + + 𝐠𝐳𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
For neglected change in potential and kinetic energies, adiabatic and no work interaction:
𝐦ሶ 𝟑 𝐡𝟑 = 𝐦ሶ 𝟏 𝐡𝟏 + 𝐦ሶ 𝟐 𝐡𝟐

Dr. Walid A. Torky 19 of 22

MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES Thermodynamics – MEP112/ENGR360

4. SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES

➢ Heat exchanger:
• Heat exchangers are devices where two moving fluid streams exchange heat without
mixing.

• Energy balance: 𝛉𝐢𝐧 𝛉𝐨𝐮𝐭

𝟐 𝟐
𝐯𝐢𝐧 𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐭
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐢𝐧 + ෍ 𝐦ሶ 𝐢𝐧 𝐡𝐢𝐧 + + 𝐠𝐳𝐢𝐧 = 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐖ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 + ෍ 𝐦ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐭 + + 𝐠𝐳𝐨𝐮𝐭
Zero 𝟐 Zero 𝟐
• Mass balance:
෍ 𝐦ሶ 𝐢𝐧 = ෍ 𝐦ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭

Dr. Walid A. Torky 20 of 22

MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES Thermodynamics – MEP112/ENGR360

4. SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES

➢ Heat exchanger:
The heat transfer associated with a heat exchanger may be zero or nonzero depending on
how the control volume is selected.

1 3

4 2

• Energy balance:
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 − 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐁 𝛉𝟐 + 𝐦ሶ 𝐀 𝛉𝟒 − 𝐦ሶ 𝐁 𝛉𝟏 − 𝐦ሶ 𝐀 𝛉𝟑

Dr. Walid A. Torky 21 of 22

MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES Thermodynamics – MEP112/ENGR360

4. SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES

➢ Heat exchanger:
For neglected change in potential and kinetic energies:
𝐐ሶ 𝐢𝐧 − 𝐐ሶ 𝐨𝐮𝐭 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐁 𝐡𝟐 + 𝐦ሶ 𝐀 𝐡𝟒 − 𝐦ሶ 𝐁 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐦ሶ 𝐀 𝐡𝟑 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐀 𝐡𝟒 − 𝐡𝟑 − 𝐦ሶ 𝐁 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐
𝐐ሶ 𝐁𝐀 𝐐ሶ 𝐁𝐀

For neglected change in potential and kinetic energies and adiabatic process:
𝐦ሶ 𝐁 𝐡𝟐 + 𝐦ሶ 𝐀 𝐡𝟒 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐁 𝐡𝟏 + 𝐦ሶ 𝐀 𝐡𝟑
𝐦ሶ 𝐀 𝐡𝟒 − 𝐡𝟑 = 𝐦ሶ 𝐁 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 = 𝐐ሶ 𝐁𝐀

Dr. Walid A. Torky 22 of 22