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Philippe Martin

Kubernetes Programming with Go

Programming Kubernetes Clients and Operators
Using Go and the Kubernetes API
Philippe Martin
Blanquefort, France

ISBN 978-1-4842-9025-5 e-ISBN 978-1-4842-9026-2

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-9026-2

© Philippe Martin 2023

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively
licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in
any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks,

service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the
absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the
relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general
use.

The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the
advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate
at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Apress imprint is published by the registered company APress

Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
The registered company address is: 1 New York Plaza, New York, NY
10004, U.S.A.
To Mélina and Elsa, my constant source of truth
Introduction
Back in 2017, I was working for a company building video streaming
software. At the end of that year, a small team, including me, got
assigned a new job to work on deploying the Video CDN developed by
the company on Kubernetes. We decided to explore the concept of
Custom Resources and Operators to deploy this CDN.
The current Kubernetes release was 1.9, the concept of Custom
Resource Definition had just been released in 1.7, and the sample-
controller repository was the only documentation we knew of to help
build an Operator. The Kubernetes ecosystem, being especially lively,
had tools appearing in the following months, specifically the
Kubebuilder SDK. Thus, our project was launched.
From that moment on, I spent numerous days exploring how to
build Operators and other programs interacting with the Kubernetes
API. But the damage was done: I had started to learn Kubernetes
programming from specific to general, and it took me a long time to
fully understand the innards of the Kubernetes API.
I have written this book in the hope that it can teach new
Kubernetes developers how to program, from general to specific, with
the Kubernetes API in Go.

Chapters at a Glance
The target reader for this book has some experience working with
REST APIs, accessing them either by HTTP or using clients for specific
languages; and has some knowledge of the Kubernetes platform,
essentially as a user—for example, some experience deploying such
APIs or frontend applications with the help of YAML manifests.
Chapter 1 of the book explores the Kubernetes API and how it
implements the principles of REST. It especially focuses on the
Group-Version-Resource organization and the Kind concept
proposed by the API.
Chapter 2 continues by covering the operations proposed by the API
and the details of each operation, using the HTTP protocol.
 Chapters 3 to 5 describe the common and “low-level” Go libraries to
work with the Kubernetes API: the API and API Machinery Libraries.
Chapters 6 and 7 cover the Client-go Library—the high-level library
to work with the Kubernetes API in Go—and how to unit test code
using this library.
At this point in the book, the reader should be comfortable with
building Go applications working with native resources of the
Kubernetes API.
Chapters 8 and 9 introduce the concept of Custom Resources and
how to work with them in Go.
Chapters 10 to 12 cover the implementation of Kubernetes Operators
using the controller-runtime library.
Chapter 13 explores the Kubebuilder SDK, a tool to help develop and
deploy Kubernetes Operators.
By the end of the book, the reader should be able to start building
Kubernetes operators in Go and have a very good understanding of
what happens behind the scenes.
Any source code or other supplementary material referenced by the
author in this book is available to readers on GitHub via the book's
product page, located at https://github.com/Apress/Kubernetes-
Programming-with-Go-by-Philippe-Martin. For more detailed
information, please visit http://www.apress.com/source-code.
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the whole Anevia “CDN” team who started
working with me on Kubernetes back in 2018: David, Ansou, Hossam,
Yassine, É tienne, Jason, and Michaël. Special thanks to Damien Lucas for
initiating this project and for having trusted us with this challenge.
My discovery of Kubernetes has been much easier and pleasant
thanks to the TGIK channel and its numerous episodes, hosted by Joe
Beda, Kris Nova, and many others. Plus, thanks to all the Kubernetes
community for such a great ecosystem!
Table of Contents
Chapter 1:​Kubernetes API Introduction
Kubernetes Platform at a Glance
OpenAPI Specification
Verbs and Kinds
Group-Version-Resource
Sub-resources
Official API Reference Documentation
The Deployment Documentation
Operations Documentation
The Pod Documentation
One-Page Version of the Documentation
Conclusion
Chapter 2:​Kubernetes API Operations
Examining Requests
Making Requests
Using kubectl as a Proxy
Creating a Resource
Getting Information About a Resource
Getting the List of Resources
Filtering the Result of a List
Deleting a Resource
Deleting a Collection of Resources
Updating a Resource
Managing Conflicts When Updating a Resource
Using a Strategic Merge Patch to Update a Resource
 Applying Resources Server-side
Watching Resources
Filtering During a Watch Session
Watching After Listing Resources
Restarting a watch Request
Allowing Bookmarks to Efficiently Restart a watch Request
Paginating Results
Getting Results in Various Formats
Getting Results as a Table
Using the YAML Format
Using the Protobuf Format
Conclusion
Chapter 3:​Working with API Resources in Go
API Library Sources and Import
Content of a Package
types.​go
register.​go
doc.​go
generated.​pb.​go and generated.​proto
types_​swagger_​doc_​generated.​go
zz_​generated.​deepcopy.​go
Specific Content in core/​v1
ObjectReference
ResourceList
Taint
Toleration
 Well-Known Labels
Writing Kubernetes Resources in Go
Importing the Package
The TypeMeta Fields
The ObjectMeta Fields
Spec and Status
Comparison with Writing YAML Manifests
A Complete Example
Conclusion
Chapter 4:​Using Common Types
Pointers
Getting the Reference of a Value
Dereferencing a Pointer
Comparing Two Referenced Values
Quantities
Parsing a String as Quantity
Using an inf.​Dec as a Quantity
Using a Scaled Integer as a Quantity
Operations on Quantities
IntOrString
Time
Factory Methods
Operations on Time
Conclusion
Chapter 5:​The API Machinery
The Schema Package
 Scheme
Initialization
Mapping
Conversion
Serialization
RESTMapper
Kind to Resource
Resource to Kind
Finding Resources
The DefaultRESTMappe​r Implementation
Conclusion
Chapter 6:​The Client-go Library
Connecting to the Cluster
In-cluster Configuration
Out-of-Cluster Configuration
Getting a Clientset
Using the Clientset
Examining the Requests
Creating a Resource
Getting Information About a Resource
Getting List of Resources
Filtering the Result of a List
Setting LabelSelector Using the Labels Package
Setting Fieldselector Using the Fields Package
Deleting a Resource
Deleting a Collection of Resources
 Updating a Resource
Using a Strategic Merge Patch to Update a Resource
Applying Resources Server-side with Patch
Server-side Apply Using Apply Configurations
Building an ApplyConfigurati​on from Scratch
Building an ApplyConfigurati​on from an Existing Resource
Watching Resources
Errors and Statuses
Definition of the metav1.​Status Structure
Error Returned by Clientset Operations
RESTClient
Building the Request
Executing the Request
Exploiting the Result
Getting Result as a Table
Discovery Client
RESTMapper
PriorityRESTMapp​er
DeferredDiscover​yRESTMapper
Conclusion
Chapter 7:​Testing Applications Using Client-go
Fake Clientset
Checking the Result of the Function
Reacting to Actions
Checking the Actions
Fake REST Client
 FakeDiscovery Client
Stubbing the ServerVersion
Actions
Mocking Resources
Conclusion
Chapter 8:​Extending Kubernetes API with Custom Resources
Definitions
Performing Operations in Go
The CustomResourceDe​finition in Detail
Naming the Resource
Definition of the Resource Versions
Converting Between Versions
Schema of the Resource
Deploying a Custom Resource Definition
Additional Printer Columns
Conclusion
Chapter 9:​Working with Custom Resources
Generating a Clientset
Using deepcopy-gen
Using client-gen
Using the Generated Clientset
Using the Generated fake Clientset
Using the Unstructured Package and Dynamic Client
The Unstructured Type
The UnstructuredList​Type
Converting Between Typed and Unstructured Objects
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 DEPRECATION.

While mending nets I made the songs I knew,

Hummed them for sake of humming, not for singing;
But as I crooned, the bell-buoy crooned them too,
The blacksmith had them on his anvil ringing,
And the gulls carried them on clearcut winging....

Yet, if their ragged form the world regrets,

Do you explain.... “But, she was mending nets!”
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NANTUCKET
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