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Physics Investigatory Project

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26 views14 pages

Physics Investigatory Project

Uploaded by

Sudeep
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Physics Investigatory

Project
Year :- 2017-2018
BY :-

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Master _______________________, a
student of class XII has successfully completed the research on
the below mentioned project under the guidance of
__________________ (Subject Teacher) during the year 2017-18
in partial fulfilment of Physics Practical Examination conducted
by AISSCE, New Delhi.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many
people have best owned upon me their blessings and the
heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all
the people who have been concerned with project.

Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this


project with success. Then I would like to thank my Physics
Teacher ___________________, whose valuable guidance
has been the ones that helped me patch this project and
make it full proof success his suggestions and his
instructions has served as the major contributor towards
the completion of the project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who


have helped me with their valuable suggestions and
guidance has been helpful in various phases of the
completion of the project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates


who have helped me a lot.

INDEX
 CERTIFICATE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 INTRODUCTION
 OBJECTIVE / AIM
 APPARATUS / MATERIAL REQUIRED
 DIAGRAM
 THEORY
 PROCEDURE
 OBSERVATIONS
 CALCULATIONS
 RESULTS
 PRECAUTIONS
 SOURCES OF ERRORS
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
In optics, the refractive index or index of refraction n of a material is
a dimensionless number that describes how light propagates through that medium.
It is defined as

n=CV

Where c is the speed of light in vacuum and v is the phase velocity of light in the
medium. For example, the refractive index of water is 1.333; meaning that light
travels 1.333 times faster in a vacuum than it does in water.

AIM
To find the refractive indexes of (a) water
(b) oil using a plane mirror, an equi-
convex lens, and an adjustable object
needle.

APPARATUS
 Convex Lens
 Plane Mirror
 Water
 Oil
 Clamp Stand
 An Optical Needle
 Plumb Line
 Knitting Needle
 Half Meter Scale
 Glass Slab
 Spherometer
DIAGRAM
THEORY
1. If f and f be the focal length of the glass
1 2

convex lens and liquid lens and f be the focal


length of their combination then:-

1F =1f1+1f2 or f =
2 Ff2f1-F

2. Liquid lens formed a Plano-concave Lens with


R1=R and R2=∞ then by using lens make’s
formula

1f2=n-1⌊1R1-1R2⌋
=n-1⌊1R1-1⌋

= (n-1)⌊1R-0⌋

1f2 = n-1R
n = Rf2+1

Where n = Refractive index of the liquid


R = the radius of the curvature of the
convex lens.

3. The radius of the lower surface of the convex


lens is given by:
R = l26h+h2

Here, l is the average distance between the legs of


the spherometer and h is the difference in the
reading of the spherometer when placed first on
the convex lens and then on plane mirror.

PROCEDURE
a. For focal length of convex
lens:
1. Find the rough focal length of the convex lens.
2. Place a plane mirror on the horizontal base of
the iron stand and then a convex lens on the plane
mirror.
3. Hold the needle in the clamp stand and adjust its
position on the stand such that there is no parallax
between tip of the needle and its image.
4. Measure distance between tip and upper surface
of the lens by using a plumb line and half meter
scale. Also measure the distance between tip of
needle and upper surface of the mirror. Take the
mean of the two readings. This means distance will
be equal to the focal length of the convex lens (f ).
1

b. For focal length of the


combination.
5. Put a few drops of the water on the plane mirror
and put the convex lens over it with its same face
above as before. The water spreads in a form of
layer and acts like a Plano-concave lens.
6. Repeat the steps 3 and 4 to determine the
equivalent focal length of the combination.
7. Record the observation.
8. Repeat the steps 5, 6, 7 for other transparent
liquid (oil).

c. For radius of curvature of


convex lens surface:
9. Determine the pitch and the least count of the
spherometer.
10. Remove the convex lens and dry it completely.
Put the spherometer on this lens surface.
11. All the three legs of the spherometer should be
placed symmetrically on the lens and adjust the
central screw tip to touch the surface of the lens.
12. Remove the spherometer from the surface of the
lens and place on the plane mirror surface and
record the reading.
13. Repeat the steps 10 and 11 three times.
14. Obtain the impressions of the three legs of the
spherometer on a paper and mark them and their
average distance.
l = l1+ l2+ l33

OBSERVATIONS

Pitch of the spherometer= 1 cm


Least count of the spherometer = 0.01 cm
Distance between the legs:
1. AB = 3 cm
2. BC = 3 cm
3. CA = 3 cm

Table for calculation of ‘h’


S.N Initial No. of Final Additional h=n x Mean
o reading complete reading C.S div. pitch “h”
of the rotations of the moved + m x (cm)
C.S. on c.s on L.C
the (n) the glass
convex slab
lens
(a)
1 62 0 6.5 55.5 0.555 0.577
5
2 64 0 4 60 0.6

To measure focal length ‘f’ of convex lens


Distance of needle tip
from
Area between S.No Tip of the Upper Mean Focal

x1+
lens and plane upper surface of x= Lengt

x22
mirror surface of the plane h
the convex mirror(cm) (cm)
lens(cm) X 2

X1

Without liquid 1 30.5 31 30.75 f=


1

33.85
2 36.7 37.2 36.95

With water 1 31.4 31.8 31.6 f =34.


2

7
2 37.5 38.1 37.8
With oil 1 9.4 9.6 9.5 f =10
3

2 10.4 10.6 10.5

CALCULATIONS

Mean distance between two legs


l=AB+BC+CA3 = 3 cm

Mean of h = 0.555+0.6 2 = 0.5775 cm

To find the radius of curvature of the convex lens:


R=l26h+h2=2.8861 cm

Measurement of refractive indices of water and oil

1. With water between the convex lens and the plane mirror:
1=1+Rf2= 1+2.886134.7=1.0831

2) With oil between the convex lens and the plane Mirror

2=1+Rf3= 1+2.886110=1.2886

Results
The refractive index of water is µ = 1.0831
1

The refractive index of oil is µ = 1.2886


2

PRECAUTIONS

1.The plane mirror should be clean and fully shining


surface.
2.The liquid taken should be transparent.
3.The parallax should be removed tip to tip.
4.The eye should be at a distance about 30 cm from
the needle while removing the parallax.
5.Only few drops of liquid should be taken so that its
layer should be thick.
6.The legs of the spherometer should be vertical.
7.The centre leg of the spherometer should turn in
one direction only.

SOURCES OF ERROR

1.Liquid may not be quite transparent.


2.The parallax may not be fully removed.
3.The spherometer legs should be placed
symmetrical on the surface of the convex lens.
4.The tip of the central screw should not just touch
the surface of lens or mirror.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 HELP FROM INTERNET
 HELP FROM TEACHERS
 NCERT TEXTBOOK
 NCERT Physics Lab Manual
 www.google.com
 www.scribd.com
 www.wikipedia.com

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