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INTRODUCTION
INTENDED LEARNING
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MAIN POINTS
OUTCOMES

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE
COMPONENTS
At the end of the session, the students are

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 PROPORTION

DIVISION 3: 


MIXING

TRANSPORTATION
expected to:

CONCRETE  CURING
1) Identify the different materials
components of concrete materials.
 FORMS

 LIGHT WEIGHT 2) Recognize the standards used in

CONCRETE
concrete proportioning, mixing, curing

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TESTING
CONCLUSION and transportation.
ENGR. DEBBIE LYN S. CABACUNGAN, MsCM

WEEK. 2 -3
Instructor
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

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INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
QUALITIES OF GOOD
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MAIN POINTS CONCRETE MAIN POINTS
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

DEFINITION
 CONCRETE  CONCRETE
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS
Concrete is: Concrete should be:
 PROPORTION  PROPORTION
• a proportioned mixture of cement, aggregate and water. • Strong
 MIXING  MIXING • Durable
• a plastic mass which can be cast, molded or formed into
predetermined size or shape • of uniform quality, and
 TRANSPORTATION  TRANSPORTATION
• thoroughly sound.
• upon hydration, becomes stone-like in strength, hardness and
 CURING durability. The hardening of concrete is called setting.
 CURING
These are obtained through:
 FORMS • when mixed with water and a fine aggregate of less than 6mm  FORMS
(¼“) is known as mortar, stucco or cement plaster. • careful selection of materials
 LIGHT WEIGHT  LIGHT WEIGHT • correct proportioning
CONCRETE • when mixed with water, fine aggregate and a large aggregate of CONCRETE • thorough mixing
more than 6mm (¼”) in size produces concrete. • careful transporting and placing
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TESTING
CONCLUSION • when strengthened by embedded steel, is called reinforced CONCLUSION • proper curing or protection of the concrete after it
concrete.
is placed

WEEK. 2 -3 • when without reinforcement, is called plain or mass concrete.

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MAIN POINTS CONCRETE MAIN POINTS CEMENTING MATERIALS
LIME

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE CEMENTING MATERIALS  CONCRETE
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS
One of the oldest manufactured building materials
 PROPORTION  PROPORTION used as a mortar and plaster by all the early

 MIXING 1. Lime  MIXING

civilizations:
• Egyptians used lime plaster before 2600 B.C.
 TRANSPORTATION 2. Gypsum  TRANSPORTATION • Greeks used it extensively for mortars and plasters
• Romans developed a mixture of lime putty and



CURING

FORMS
3. Cement 


CURING

FORMS
volcanic ash for the first real cement.

Manufactured by the
 LIGHT WEIGHT  LIGHT WEIGHT calcination of
CONCRETE CONCRETE limestone (carbonates

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of calcium and

TESTING

TESTING
CONCLUSION CONCLUSION magnesium).

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INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
CEMENTING MATERIALS CEMENTING MATERIALS
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MAIN POINTS
LIME MAIN POINTS
LIME
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE The carbonates  CONCRETE
COMPONENTS decompose into carbon COMPONENTS Hydrated lime mixed with water to make lime putty, is used as
dioxide, which is expelled,
an ingredient of hard-finish coat for two-and three-coat
 PROPORTION and calcium oxide (CaO)  PROPORTION Portland cement plasters. It is also used for mixing with cement
called quicklime.
mortar or concrete to:
 MIXING  MIXING
Before quicklime can be • increase its workability
 TRANSPORTATION used, it must first be mixed  TRANSPORTATION • decrease its
with water in the process permeability to water
 CURING called slaking or Quicklime  CURING • reduce cracking due
hydration. to shrinkage
 FORMS  FORMS

 LIGHT WEIGHT The lime has now become  LIGHT WEIGHT A type of lime which will
CONCRETE CONCRETE set under water is
calcium hydroxide
hydraulic lime, used
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(Ca(OH)2), known as
TESTING

TESTING
only where slow
CONCLUSION slaked lime or hydrated CONCLUSION
underwater setting is
lime.
required.

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CEMENTING MATERIALS CEMENTING MATERIALS

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MAIN POINTS
GYPSUM MAIN POINTS
CEMENT

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE Gypsum, like lime, was  CONCRETE First developed by the Romans by mixing slaked lime
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS with pozzolana (volcanic ash) which hardened under
used as a plaster by the
water.
 PROPORTION Egyptians, Greeks and  PROPORTION
Romans. With the fall of the Roman Empire the art of cement-
 MIXING  MIXING making was lost and for several centuries.

 TRANSPORTATION “Plaster” from the  TRANSPORTATION In 1756, Smeaton, an Englishman,

Greek word for both rediscovered hydraulic cement
 CURING the raw material and  CURING but it was not until 1824 that
Joseph Aspdin, an English
 FORMS calcined product. In  FORMS bricklayer and mason, invented
architectural and patented Portland cement.
 LIGHT WEIGHT  LIGHT WEIGHT
CONCRETE
terminology the words CONCRETE Today, the word “cement”
“Plaster” and “gypsum” generally refers to Portland

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TESTING

TESTING
cement which is the principal type
CONCLUSION are often used CONCLUSION
of cement in use.
interchangeably.
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INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
CEMENT
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MAIN POINTS CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND MAIN POINTS TYPES OF CEMENT

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE Portland cement is obtained  CONCRETE ( ASTM C-150)
COMPONENTS by finely pulverizing clinker COMPONENTS
produced by calcining a
 PROPORTION proportioned mixture of  PROPORTION Type I -Normal
argillaceous (silica, alumina) Type IA -Normal, air entraining
 MIXING  MIXING
and calcareous (lime) Type II - Moderate resistance to sulfate attack
 TRANSPORTATION materials with iron oxide and  TRANSPORTATION Type IIA -Moderate sulfate resistance,air
small amounts of other entraining
 CURING ingredients.  CURING
Type III -High early strength
 FORMS  FORMS
Portland cement is sold in Type IIIA -High early strength, air entraining
 LIGHT WEIGHT bags of 40 kilos total  LIGHT WEIGHT Type IV - Low heat of hydration
CONCRETE weight. CONCRETE Type V - High resistance to sulfate attack
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TESTING

TESTING
CONCLUSION CONCLUSION

WEEK. 2 -3 2 -3
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MAIN POINTS TYPES OF CEMENT MAIN POINTS USES OF CEMENT

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE ACI committee 308 recommends  CONCRETE TYPE 1
COMPONENTS the following minimum curing COMPONENTS
periods:
 PROPORTION  PROPORTION

 MIXING  MIXING
 ASTM C 150 Type I - cement seven days
 TRANSPORTATION  TRANSPORTATION
 ASTM C 150 Type II - cement ten days
 CURING  CURING

 FORMS  ASTM C 150 Type III - cement three days  FORMS

 LIGHT WEIGHT  ASTM C 150 Type IV or V - cement 14 days  LIGHT WEIGHT

CONCRETE CONCRETE

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 ASTM C 595, C 845, C 1157 - cements variable General construction (most

TESTING

TESTING
CONCLUSION CONCLUSION
buildings, bridges, pavements,
precast units, etc)
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MAIN POINTS USES OF CEMENT CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND MAIN POINTS USES OF CEMENT

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE TYPE 2  CONCRETE TYPE 3
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS

 PROPORTION  PROPORTION

 MIXING  MIXING

 TRANSPORTATION  TRANSPORTATION

 CURING  CURING

 FORMS  FORMS

 LIGHT WEIGHT  LIGHT WEIGHT

CONCRETE Structures exposed to soil CONCRETE
or water containing Rapid construction, cold
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TESTING

TESTING
CONCLUSION sulfate ions CONCLUSION weather concreting

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MAIN POINTS USES OF CEMENT MAIN POINTS USES OF CEMENT

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE TYPE 4  CONCRETE TYPE 5
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS

 PROPORTION  PROPORTION

 MIXING  MIXING

 TRANSPORTATION  TRANSPORTATION

 CURING  CURING

 FORMS  FORMS

 LIGHT WEIGHT  LIGHT WEIGHT

CONCRETE CONCRETE

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TESTING

TESTING
CONCLUSION CONCLUSION Harbor, water conservancy, underground,
tunnel, drainage pipe, diversion works, road and
Massive structures such as dams. bridge foundation
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MAIN POINTS CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND MAIN POINTS CONCRETE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE AGGREGATES  CONCRETE COARSE AGGREGATES
Aggregates are:
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS
inert mineral fillers used with cement and water in making
 PROPORTION concrete, should be particles that are durable strong,  PROPORTION
clean, hard and uncoated, and which are free from
 MIXING injurious amount of dusts, lumps, soft and flaky particles,  MIXING
shale, alkali, organic matter loam or other deleterious
 TRANSPORTATION substances.  TRANSPORTATION

 CURING • Fine aggregates (aggregates  CURING

smaller than 6mm (¼”) in
 FORMS size) consist of sand, stone  FORMS
screenings or other inert
 LIGHT WEIGHT materials of similar  LIGHT WEIGHT
CONCRETE characteristics. CONCRETE
• Coarse aggregate (aggregate larger than ¼” in size)
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TESTING

TESTING
CONCLUSION Specs: 80 to 95% shall pass a CONCLUSION consists of crushed stones, gravel or other inert materials
No. 4 wire cloth sieve and of similar characteristics.
not more than 30% nor less

WEEK. 2 -3 WEEK. 2 -3
than 10% shall pass a No. 50
sieve.

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MAIN POINTS CONCRETE MAIN POINTS CONCRETE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE SPECIAL AGGREGATES  CONCRETE WATER
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS
• Special aggregates, such as cinders, blast - should be free from oil, acid, alkali, vegetable
 PROPORTION furnace slag, expanded shale or clay, perlite,  PROPORTION
matter, or other deleterious substances
vermiculite, and sawdust, may produce:
 MIXING  MIXING - should be reasonably clear and clean.
- lightweight, nailable concrete
 TRANSPORTATION - thermal insulating concrete.  TRANSPORTATION - The use of sea or brackish water is not allowed.
 CURING  CURING
- Water combines with the cement to form a paste
 FORMS  FORMS which coats and surrounds the inert particles of
aggregates.
 LIGHT WEIGHT  LIGHT WEIGHT
CONCRETE CONCRETE - Upon hardening, it binds the entire mass together.

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- The strength of the mixture therefore depends

TESTING

TESTING
CONCLUSION CONCLUSION directly upon the strength of the paste. If there be
an excess of water the paste becomes thin and

WEEK. 2 -3 WEEK. 2 -3 weak and its holding power is reduced.

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MAIN POINTS CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND MAIN POINTS CONCRETE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE WATER  CONCRETE SLUMP TEST
COMPONENTS - The water-cement ratio is the amount of water used COMPONENTS
per bag of cement.
 PROPORTION  PROPORTION
- This usually varies from 5 to 7 gallons, with 6.5 gallons
- used for measuring the
 MIXING as average for ordinary job conditions. The less water  MIXING
used in mixing, the better the quality of concrete. consistency of a concrete mix.
 TRANSPORTATION  TRANSPORTATION - Consistency may be defined as
- The ideal mix is one that is plastic and workable. It the “state of fluidity of the mix”,
 CURING should not be too dry that it becomes too difficult to  CURING and it includes the entire range of
place in the forms, nor too wet that separation of the fluidity from the wettest to the
 FORMS ingredients result.  FORMS driest possible mixtures.

 LIGHT WEIGHT WATER – CEMENT RATIO  LIGHT WEIGHT

CONCRETE Assumed 28-day Maximum water-cement ratio Pounds of water CONCRETE - In this test the tendency of a mix to “slump”, or reduce its
Compressive strength U.S. gallons of water per sack per 100 lbs. of
height due to gravity action, is measured. The apparatus
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(lbs. per sq. inch) Cement of 94 lbs. cement
TESTING

TESTING
CONCLUSION 2,000 7.00 62.0 CONCLUSION consist of metal cone, the bottom opening being 200mm (8”)
2,500 6.50 57.5 in diameter, the top opening being 100mm (4”), and the height
exactly 300mm (12”).

WEEK. 2 -3 WEEK. 2 -3
3,000 5.75 51.0
3,750 5.00 44.5

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MAIN POINTS CONCRETE MAIN POINTS CONCRETE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE SLUMP TEST  CONCRETE SLUMP TEST
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS
A harsh mix is efficient for slabs, pavements, or mass concrete
 PROPORTION  PROPORTION where the lowest possible water-cement ratio is desirable.

 MIXING  MIXING The following table gives the permissible slump for various types
of concrete in relation to their uses:
 TRANSPORTATION •True Slump – True slump is the only slump that can be measured in the test.
 TRANSPORTATION CONSISTENCY (SLUMP)
The measurement is taken between the top of the cone and the top of the
 CURING concrete after the cone has been removed.  CURING Maximum Minimum

Reinforced foundation walls and 125mm (5”) 50mm (2”)

 FORMS •Zero Slump – Zero slump is the indication of very low water-cement ratio,  FORMS footings
which results in dry mixes. These type of concrete is generally used for road Plain footings, caissons, and 100mm (4”) 25mm (1”)
 LIGHT WEIGHT construction.  LIGHT WEIGHT
substructure walls
CONCRETE CONCRETE
•Collapsed Slump – This is an indication that the water-cement ratio is too Slabs, beams, thin reinforced walls & 150mm (6”) 75mm (3”)

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TESTING

TESTING
building columns
CONCLUSION high, i.e. concrete mix is too wet or it is a high workability mix, for which a
slump test is not appropriate.
CONCLUSION Pavements and floor laid on ground 75mm (3”) 25mm (1”)

WEEK. 2 -3 WEEK. 2 -3
•Shear Slump – The shear slump indicates that the result is incomplete, and Heavy mass construction 75mm (3”) 25mm (1”)
concrete to be retested.

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MAIN POINTS CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND MAIN POINTS

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE PROPORTIONING  CONCRETE PROPORTIONING
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS
Briefly stated, the principles of proper proportioning are as
The strength of a workable concrete mix depends upon the
 PROPORTION follows:  PROPORTION water-cement ratio.
 MIXING a. Use good quality materials: Portland cement, water, and  MIXING The economy of the mix depends upon the proper
aggregate. proportioning of the fine and coarse aggregates.
 TRANSPORTATION b. Determine the strength of the concrete using the water-  TRANSPORTATION
There are several methods of proportioning concrete:
cement ratio. (The strength increases as the water-cement
 CURING  CURING a. Proportioning by arbitrary proportions
ratio decreases).
b. Proportioning by the water-ratio and slump test
 FORMS c. Determine the consistency of the mix using the slump test  FORMS c. Proportioning by water-ratio, slump and fineness modulus
using as dry a mix as practicable.
 LIGHT WEIGHT  LIGHT WEIGHT
CONCRETE d. Add correct proportions of aggregates to the cement and CONCRETE
water as will give a mix of the desired consistency.
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TESTING
CONCLUSION e. Make a mix that’s workable, not harsh.
CONCLUSION

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MAIN POINTS CONCRETE MAIN POINTS

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE PROPORTIONING  CONCRETE PROPORTIONING
COMPONENTS a. Proportioning by arbitrary proportions COMPONENTS Common mixes expressed in proportions by volumes of cement
to fine aggregate to coarse aggregate are as follows:
 PROPORTION 1 foot
 PROPORTION CONCRETE PROPORTIONS
Proportioning concrete by the
 MIXING arbitrary selection of the  MIXING Class “AA” 1 : 1.5 : 3 For concrete under water, retaining walls
proportions is the oldest, the Class “A” 1: 2 :4 For suspended slabs, beams, columns, arches,
 TRANSPORTATION most commonly used, the most  TRANSPORTATION stairs, walls of 100mm (4”) thickness
convenient and the least Class “B” 1 : 2.5 : 5 For walls thicker than 100mm (4”), footings,
 CURING scientific method.  CURING steps, reinforced concrete slabs on fill.

1 foot
Class “C” 1: 3 :6 For concrete plant boxes, and any non-critical
 FORMS In this method, the aggregates  FORMS concrete structures.
are measured by loose volume, For mass concrete works.
Class “D” 1 : 3.5 : 7
 LIGHT WEIGHT that is, its volume as it is thrown  LIGHT WEIGHT
1 foot
CONCRETE into a measuring box. CONCRETE The proportion is to be read:
Class A : 1 part cement is to 2 parts sand is to 4 parts gravel.

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TESTING

TESTING
CONCLUSION One sack of cement is taken as 1 cu. ft.
CONCLUSION Each ‘part’ is equivalent to one cubic foot which is the measure of

1
the box constructed to be 1 foot (12 inches) on each of the three

WEEK. 2 -3
Enough water is used to give the desired consistency. sides.

WEEK. 2 -3
WEEK. Each bag of cement is equivalent to approximately one cubic foot.

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MAIN POINTS CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND MAIN POINTS

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE PROPORTIONING  CONCRETE PROPORTIONING
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS c. Proportioning by water-ratio, slump and fineness modulus
b. Proportioning by the water-ratio and slump test
 PROPORTION  PROPORTION This method is the same as the second except that the proportions
There are two steps to be observed: of the fine and coarse aggregate are determined by the fineness
 MIXING  MIXING modulus method.
- Select the amount of water to be added to the cement
 TRANSPORTATION to give the desired strength (see Table)  TRANSPORTATION For economy, proportion the fine coarse aggregates so that the
largest quantity of mixed aggregate may be used with a given
- Add just enough mixed aggregate to the water and
 CURING cement to give a concrete mix the desired consistency.  CURING amount of cement and water to produce a mix of the desired
consistency of slump.
 FORMS It is customary to specify  FORMS
Comparatively, the coarse aggregate has a lesser total surface to be
- the cement in sacks covered with cement paste and, therefore, is more economical.
 LIGHT WEIGHT - the water in gallons per sack of cement and  LIGHT WEIGHT
CONCRETE - the mixed aggregate in cu. ft. per sack of cement. CONCRETE However, there must be enough fine aggregate present to fill the
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voids in the coarse aggregate, or extra cement paste will be needed
TESTING

TESTING
CONCLUSION Proportions of cement to fine aggregate to coarse CONCLUSION for this purpose. A well-graded aggregate contains all sizes of fine
aggregate may be given if desired. and coarse particles in such proportions that the voids in the

WEEK. 2 -3 WEEK. 2 -3
combined aggregate will be a minimum.

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MAIN POINTS CONCRETE MAIN POINTS CONCRETE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE MIXING  CONCRETE
a. MACHINE MIXING MIXING
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS In machine-mixing, the mixing of each batch should
continue not less than one minute after all the materials
 PROPORTION  PROPORTION are in the mixer and whenever practicable, the length
• Reinforced-concrete work should be mixed by machine of the mixing time should be increased to 1.5 or 2
 MIXING  MIXING minutes. The entire contents of the drum should be
• Machine-mixed concrete is usually of more uniform quality discharged before recharging the mixer. The mixer
 TRANSPORTATION than that mixed by hand and is generally less expensive  TRANSPORTATION should be cleaned at frequent intervals while in use.
when in large volume.
 CURING • The strength of concrete is very largely dependent upon the
 CURING Concrete mixers may be divided into two general classes:
thoroughness of mixing.
 FORMS  FORMS Batch mixers -
into which sufficient materials
 LIGHT WEIGHT  LIGHT WEIGHT are placed at one time to
CONCRETE CONCRETE make a convenient size

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batch of concrete, the whole

TESTING

TESTING
CONCLUSION CONCLUSION amount being discharged in
one mass after it is mixed.

WEEK. 2 -3 WEEK. 2 -3
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INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
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MAIN POINTS CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND MAIN POINTS CONCRETE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE MIXING  CONCRETE b. HAND MIXING
MIXING
COMPONENTS Continuous mixers - COMPONENTS
into which the materials - hand-mixing must be
 PROPORTION are fed constantly and  PROPORTION done on a water-tight
from which the concrete platform.
 MIXING is discharged in a steady  MIXING
- cement and fine
stream. aggregate shall first be
 TRANSPORTATION  TRANSPORTATION
mixed dry until the whole
 CURING Concrete mixers may also be  CURING is a uniform color.
classified as: - water and coarse
 FORMS  FORMS
aggregate shall then be
- drum mixers added and the entire
 LIGHT WEIGHT - trough mixers  LIGHT WEIGHT
CONCRETE CONCRETE mass turned at least
- gravity mixers, and three times, or until a
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- pneumatic mixers.
TESTING

homogeneous mixture of

TESTING
CONCLUSION CONCLUSION the required consistency
The drum mixers are the most is obtained.

WEEK. 2 -3 WEEK. 2 -3
common type.

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MAIN POINTS CONCRETE MAIN POINTS CONCRETE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE b. HAND MIXING
MIXING  CONCRETE TRANSPORTING AND PLACING
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS
• Fresh concrete should be transported from the
 PROPORTION  PROPORTION mixer as rapidly as practicable by methods
- since initial set of concrete takes place 1 to 3 hours after that will permit the placing of the concrete in
 MIXING mixing, a batch may be used anytime before initial set  MIXING the forms before initial set occurs and without
takes place, provided that the mix is plastic. loss or separation of materials.
 TRANSPORTATION  TRANSPORTATION
- Regaging or retempering of concrete that has been • The delivery of the
 CURING allowed to stand more than ½ hour is not to be  CURING concrete from the
permitted. mixer to the forms
 FORMS  FORMS should be fairly
continuous and
 LIGHT WEIGHT  LIGHT WEIGHT uninterrupted.
CONCRETE CONCRETE
• The time of

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transportation should

TESTING

TESTING
CONCLUSION CONCLUSION not exceed 30
minutes.

WEEK. 2 -3 WEEK. 2 -3
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INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
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MAIN POINTS CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND MAIN POINTS CONCRETE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE TRANSPORTING AND PLACING  CONCRETE TRANSPORTING AND PLACING
COMPONENTS • The concrete may be transported by COMPONENTS • Before placing concrete, the
means of barrows, buggies, buckets,
cableways, hoists, chutes, belts and forms shall be cleaned and
 PROPORTION  PROPORTION inspected, surfaces wetted or
pipes.
oiled, and reinforcement
 MIXING • When chutes are used, the slope should  MIXING properly secured.
not be more than 1 vertical to 2
 TRANSPORTATION  TRANSPORTATION • Concrete should be deposited
horizontal or less than 1 vertical to 3
in approximately horizontal
 CURING horizontal. The delivery end of the  CURING layers in wall, column and
chutes shall be as close as possible to
the point of deposit. footing forms. They should not
 FORMS  FORMS be piled up in the forms which
may result in the separation of
 LIGHT WEIGHT  LIGHT WEIGHT
the cement mortar from the
CONCRETE CONCRETE coarse aggregate.
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TESTING

TESTING
CONCLUSION CONCLUSION • Concrete should never be
allowed to drop freely over 5 ft.

WEEK. 2 -3 WEEK. 2 -3
for unexposed work and over 3
ft. for exposed work.

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MAIN POINTS CONCRETE MAIN POINTS CONCRETE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE
SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE  CONCRETE CURING
COMPONENTS CHANGE COMPONENTS
• Concrete must be allowed to “cure” or harden after
 PROPORTION • Shrinkage of concrete due to hardening and  PROPORTION
contraction from temperature changes, causes cracks it is placed.
 MIXING the size of which depends on the extent of the mass.  MIXING • Hardening is a rather slow process in which the
They cannot be counteracted successfully but they can cement and water unite to form compounds that
 TRANSPORTATION be minimized by placing reinforcement so that large  TRANSPORTATION give strength and durability to the concrete. It
cracks can be broken up to some extent to smaller continues as long as the temperatures are favorable
 CURING ones.  CURING
and moisture is present.
 FORMS • In long continuous length of concrete, it is better to  FORMS • Three main factors that affect hardening are:
place shrinkage or contraction joints. Shrinkage cracks
 LIGHT WEIGHT  LIGHT WEIGHT - age or time
are likely to occur at joints where fresh concrete is joined
CONCRETE to concrete which has already set, and hence in CONCRETE - temperature, and

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placing the concrete, construction joints should be - moisture.

TESTING

TESTING
CONCLUSION made on horizontal and vertical lines. CONCLUSION

WEEK. 2 -3 WEEK. 2 -3
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INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
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MAIN POINTS CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND MAIN POINTS CONCRETE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE CURING  CONCRETE CURING
COMPONENTS • In order that the hardening may proceed favorably, the COMPONENTS • The increase in strength is rapid during the early ages and
fresh concrete, for about 7 days after placing, should be
continues more slowly as time goes on. The compressive
 PROPORTION protected from excessive vibration, loads, extreme heat  PROPORTION
strength reaches about 60% of its own maximum value at an
or cold, too rapid drying, and contact with impurities
 MIXING  MIXING age of 28 days and about 80% at an age of 3 months.
which may interfere with the chemical action.

 TRANSPORTATION • The strength of the concrete increases with age when  TRANSPORTATION
the curing conditions remain favorable.
 CURING  CURING

 FORMS  FORMS

 LIGHT WEIGHT  LIGHT WEIGHT

CONCRETE CONCRETE
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TESTING

TESTING
CONCLUSION CONCLUSION

WEEK. 2 -3 WEEK. 2 -3
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CONCRETE
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MAIN POINTS CONCRETE MAIN POINTS CURING

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE CURING  CONCRETE Parts of Structure CURING PERIOD or TIME REQUIRED FOR
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS THE REMOVAL OF FORMS
Curing consists primarily in keeping the concrete from drying a. Massive footings a. 1 day (24 hours)
FOOTINGS
 PROPORTION out too rapidly. This may be done by:  PROPORTION b. Cantilever footings b. 5 days (120 hours)
c. Slab footings c. 5 days (120 hours)

 MIXING  MIXING WALLS AND a. Massive walls, 30 a. Up to 2 M. high: 1 day (24 hours). Add 1 day (24
a. Covering the concrete. Floors shall be covered with paper PLASTERS cms. thick or more hours) for every additional meter or fraction
 TRANSPORTATION sacking wetted down at the edges or with burlap, sand or  TRANSPORTATION
thereof.
earth that is kept moist, after the concrete is hard enough b. Thin walls less than b. Up to 2 M. high: 2 days (48 hours. Add 1-1/2
 CURING to walk on.  CURING 30 cms. Thick days (36 hours) for every additional meter or
fraction thereof
b. Removal of forms at prescribed time. Forms shall not be
 FORMS removed until after the time specified.
 FORMS c. Cantilever walls, c. Without loads, same as (b).
buttresses, counter
 LIGHT WEIGHT c. Sprinkling with water. Beams, columns and walls are  LIGHT WEIGHT forts, diaphragms.

CONCRETE sprinkled or sprayed with water as soon as the forms are CONCRETE a. Ratio of height to a. 2 days (48 hours)
COLUMNS
removed.

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least diameter up to

TESTING

TESTING
CONCLUSION d. Using curing compounds (see ADMIXTURES).
CONCLUSION 4
b. Add to the above number 1 day (24 hours) for
b. Ratio of height to every additional meter or height or fraction there

WEEK. 2 -3 WEEK. 2 -3
least diameter from of but not more than 28 days (672 hours).
4 to 15.

45 46

INTRODUCTION
CONCRETE INTRODUCTION
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MAIN POINTS CURING
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND MAIN POINTS CONCRETE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE Parts of Structure CURING PERIOD or TIME REQUIRED  CONCRETE CURING
COMPONENTS FOR THE REMOVAL OF FORMS COMPONENTS
SLABS a. 3 to 7 ft. spans a. 3 ft. span, 5 days (120 hours). Add ½ day (12
 PROPORTION hours) for every additional 1 ft. span or fraction  PROPORTION
thereof.

 MIXING b. Over 7 ft. span b. 7 ft. span, 7 days (168 hours). Add 1 day (24  MIXING
hours) for every additional 1 ft. span or fraction
 TRANSPORTATION thereof but not more than 28 days (672 hours).  TRANSPORTATION

 CURING BEAMS AND a. Sides a. 3 days  CURING

GIRDERS b. Bottoms b. Up to 14 ft., 14 days (336 hours). Add 1 day for
 FORMS every 1 ft. additional span or fraction thereof but  FORMS
not more than 28 days (672 hours).
 LIGHT WEIGHT  LIGHT WEIGHT
CONCRETE ARCHES a. Spandrel walls
b. Spandrel arches
a. 7 days (168 hours).
b. 14 days (336 hours)
CONCRETE
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c. Main arches c. 21 days (504 hours)
TESTING

TESTING
CONCLUSION BALUSTRADES, a. Steel & side forms a. 1 day (24 hours) CONCLUSION
COPINGS,ETC.

WEEK. 2 -3 WEEK. 2 -3
R.C. PILES and a. Sides. a. 3 days (72 hours)
R.C. POSTS b. Bottom b. 14 days (336 hours)

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MAIN POINTS CONCRETE MAIN POINTS CONCRETE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE ADMIXTURES  CONCRETE ADMIXTURES
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS
Substances added to cements, mortars, and concrete for
 PROPORTION the purpose of improving or imparting particular properties,  PROPORTION Admixtures may be grouped into three categories:
such as:
 MIXING  MIXING • those for mixing into concrete
• To improve workability of concrete, e.g. hydrated lime • those for mixing into mortar
 TRANSPORTATION • To improve durability by entrainment of air  TRANSPORTATION • those for surface application or finish.
• To accelerate setting or hardening (accelerators) e.g.
 CURING calcium chloride  CURING Admixtures come in powder, paste, and liquid form, and
• To retard setting (retarders). are usually patented and sold under trademark names.
 FORMS  FORMS
• To improve wear resistance
 LIGHT WEIGHT • To impart water-repellant or water-proofing qualities e.g.  LIGHT WEIGHT
hydrated lime, KAOLINE, CELITE
CONCRETE CONCRETE
• To impart water-repellant or waterproofing qualities, e.g.,

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hydrated lime, waterproofing compounds, KAOLINE, CELITE.

TESTING

TESTING
CONCLUSION • To impart color, MINERAL OXIDES, COLORCON, CONCLUSION
METALICHROME.

WEEK. 2 -3 WEEK. 2 -3
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MAIN POINTS CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND MAIN POINTS CONCRETE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE ADMIXTURES  CONCRETE ADMIXTURES
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS c. Air-entraining agents - introduce minute air bubbles to
Concrete admixtures include:
greatly increase the resistance of concrete to freezing and
 PROPORTION a. Accelerators - to speed up setting time, to develop earlier  PROPORTION thawing, increase plasticity and reduce bleeding. Addition of
strength, and to reduce length of time for protection. air-entraining admixtures is usually in the proportion of 3 to 6%
 MIXING Principal ingredients are calcium chloride. Maximum  MIXING of the volume of concrete. They are manufactured from such
amount added is 2 lbs. per bag of cement. ingredients as rosin, beef tallow, stereates, foaming agents
 TRANSPORTATION  TRANSPORTATION (soap).
Disadvantages: they increase the expansion and
 CURING contraction of concrete, reduce resistance to sulfate  CURING Disadvantages: These require careful control and more
attack, and increases efflorescence and corrosion of high frequent slump tests. They may also cause some loss of
 FORMS tension steels.  FORMS strength.
b. Retarders - to slow down the hydration of the cement d. Inert, finely divided powders such as powdered glass , silica
 LIGHT WEIGHT  LIGHT WEIGHT
during very hot weather. Principal ingredients include zinc sand, stone dust, hydrated lime - are added to improve
CONCRETE CONCRETE workability, used as per manufacturer’s directions. Hydrated
oxide, calcium lignosulfonate, derivatives of adipic acid.
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lime is usually in the proportion of 10 to 15% of the cement by
TESTING

TESTING
CONCLUSION Disadvantages: may cause some loss of early strength and CONCLUSION volume.
will therefore require careful control and more frequent

2 -3 3 WEEK. 2 -3
slump tests, also reduces the expansion and contraction of
WEEK.WEEK. concrete.

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MAIN POINTS CONCRETE MAIN POINTS CONCRETE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

MATERIALS AND
 CONCRETE ADMIXTURES  CONCRETE ADMIXTURES
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS
f. Colored pigments are mainly to used to give color to
 PROPORTION e. Waterproofing (permeability-reducing) compounds -
 PROPORTION concrete floors. There are two types:
reduce the capillary attraction of the voids in the
 MIXING  MIXING
concrete or mortar, but while it may decrease water
absorption of the concrete or mortar, it does not render • Dry-cast, broadcast or dust-on, for surface coloring. They
 TRANSPORTATION  TRANSPORTATION
concrete waterproof. They are manufactured from are dusted on, usually in two coats, after all surface water
 CURING stearic acid or its compounds, mainly calcium  CURING has disappeared. The surface is then finished with a steel
steareate, and include asphalt emulsions. They are trowel .

CONSTRUCTION
 FORMS introduced usually in the amounts of 0.1 to 4.0% of the  FORMS • Integral colors, for body coloring. Integral color pigments
weight of cement. are incorporated in the mortar topping. They are mixed
 LIGHT WEIGHT  LIGHT WEIGHT dry with the cement and aggregate before water is
CONCRETE CONCRETE added. Amount of color pigment required is not more
than 10% of the cement by weight, generally 3 to 6 lbs. per

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TESTING

TESTING
CONCLUSION CONCLUSION bag of cement .

FCMATNT
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MAIN POINTS CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND MAIN POINTS CONCRETE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE ADMIXTURES  CONCRETE FORMS
COMPONENTS Admixtures for mixing into mortar include: COMPONENTS
• Accelerators
 PROPORTION • plasticizing agents (correctly called water-  PROPORTION a. LUMBER FORMS
reducing agents) to lower water cement ratio and
 MIXING make the mix more workable  MIXING
The inside of forms which have been used once and are
• waterproofing agents, and
 TRANSPORTATION  TRANSPORTATION to be used again shall be coated an approved soap or
• color pigments other approved material, or thoroughly wetted before
 CURING  CURING concreting. No application of soap or other material
Surface application finishes for concrete consist should be made to forms after the reinforcements are in
 FORMS of:  FORMS place.
• hardeners
 LIGHT WEIGHT • color pigments  LIGHT WEIGHT The forms should be durable and rigid, and should be
CONCRETE CONCRETE well braced so that bulging or twisting cannot occur. The
• special aggregates
joints should be made tight enough to prevent leakage
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• sealers
TESTING

TESTING
of the mortar.
CONCLUSION • abrasive materials CONCLUSION
• waterproofing agents, and

WEEK. 2 -3 WEEK. 2 -3
• fillers and patchers.

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MAIN POINTS CONCRETE MAIN POINTS CONCRETE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE
b. PLYWOOD FORMS
FORMS  CONCRETE PROCESSED CONCRETE
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS a. “AEROCRETE”
Works best where a smooth surface is required. The
 PROPORTION plywood should be waterproof, Grade “A” and at least  PROPORTION This is a light–weight, expanded structural concrete
12mm (½”) thick. produced by adding a small amount of metallic aluminum
 MIXING  MIXING powder to the mixture of Portland cement and sand of
c. STEEL FORMS cinders.
 TRANSPORTATION Steel forms may be in the form of pans for concrete joist  TRANSPORTATION
On the addition of water, a gas is generated which
construction or steel decking or corrugated steel for
 CURING  CURING expands the wet mix and forms small air cells throughout
concrete slabs and slab-and-joist construction. .
the material.
 FORMS d. PLASTIC FORMS  FORMS It is used for structural floor and roof slabs, partition blocks
for sound proofing, wall insulation, in rooms of refrigerator
 LIGHT WEIGHT Polystyrene forms are now  LIGHT WEIGHT
available for concrete plants, lightweight fill on top of structural floor and roof
CONCRETE CONCRETE slabs.
work.

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TESTING

TESTING
CONCLUSION CONCLUSION In addition to its light weight, it has excellent fire-resistive
qualities.

WEEK. 2 -3 WEEK. 2 -3
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MAIN POINTS CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND MAIN POINTS CONCRETE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE b. “GUNITE” PROCESSED CONCRETE  CONCRETE PROCESSED CONCRETE
COMPONENTS This is the mixture of sand and cement deposited under COMPONENTS
high pneumatic pressure with a machine manufactured c. “PORETE”
 PROPORTION under the trade name CEMENT GUN, to which the  PROPORTION
required supply of water is added just before the dry A Portland cement concrete to which a chemical
 MIXING  MIXING
constituents emerge from nozzle. foam is added to generate gases in the process of
 TRANSPORTATION  TRANSPORTATION deposition, resulting in light weight precast or
GUNITE is used for encasing structural steel, when
shop-made unit in both hollow and solid forms. It is
reinforced, for floor and roof slabs and curtain walls. Ideal
 CURING  CURING manufactured in solid slabs for short spans roofs
for swimming pool construction.
and siding of industrial buildings.
 FORMS  FORMS
d. “HAYDITE”
 LIGHT WEIGHT  LIGHT WEIGHT
CONCRETE CONCRETE This is processed concrete added with
lightweight aggregate .
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TESTING

TESTING
CONCLUSION CONCLUSION

WEEK. 2 -3 WEEK. 2 -3
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MAIN POINTS CONCRETE MAIN POINTS CONCRETE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE  CONCRETE LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
COMPONENTS
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS

 PROPORTION a. Aggregates of volcanic origin  PROPORTION Lightweight aggregates have the following advantages:
 MIXING • Pumice, weighing from 25 to  MIXING
• Reduction of dead loads saves structural steel, reduces
60 lbs.per cu. ft. is well
 TRANSPORTATION  TRANSPORTATION bearing on foundation and cuts cost of concrete forms
qualified as a lightweight
aggregate when dry and • High insulating value is provided by numerous dead air
 CURING well graded. It is hard to be  CURING
spaces .
handled and mixed without
 FORMS  FORMS • Rough texture of surfaces have good acoustical
excessive breakdown.
properties .
 LIGHT WEIGHT Undesirable feature,  LIGHT WEIGHT • Lightweight allows easier handling of precast slabs and
CONCRETE however, is its water CONCRETE blocks

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absorption. This can be

TESTING

TESTING
CONCLUSION mitigated by wetting the CONCLUSION • Lightweight plaster has less tendency to crack and its
aggregate before it is mixed heat resistance makes it a good material for fireproofing
structural steel

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with cement .

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MAIN POINTS CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND MAIN POINTS CONCRETE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE  CONCRETE LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS
The major disadvantages of lightweight aggregates are a
 PROPORTION result paradoxically of the physical qualities which make  PROPORTION • The cost of raw aggregates is higher than for gravel, rock, and
them weight saving and good insulators : sand because of small production facilities and the additional
 MIXING  MIXING processing that is sometimes necessary .
• Porosity requires changes in the usual formulas for water • Concrete using lightweight aggregate should not weigh more
 TRANSPORTATION and slump, and closer supervision of mixing. Very light
 TRANSPORTATION
than 75% of ordinary concrete. Since the aggregates
aggregates tend to float out of the mortar and some compromise about 50 percent of the usual mixes, its weight
 CURING  CURING
coarse aggregate concrete mixtures require the addition should not be more than 50 percent of that of rock or gravel
 FORMS of a fine aggregate like sand to prevent harsh working  FORMS aggregates for the same volume. Grade rock, gravel
and serious bleeding. aggregates weigh a little less than 100 lbs. per cu. ft. thus a
 LIGHT WEIGHT • As aggregates become lighter they become structurally  LIGHT WEIGHT good lightweight aggregate should weigh less than 50 lbs. per
CONCRETE weaker so the strength of the matrix must be modified by CONCRETE cubic foot.
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adding more cement. More cement is needed, also to
TESTING

TESTING
CONCLUSION “wet” the greater aggregate surface area, due to the CONCLUSION
irregularity of the particles .

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MAIN POINTS CONCRETE MAIN POINTS CONCRETE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE  CONCRETE LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
COMPONENTS
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS
COMPONENTS
 PROPORTION • Perlite is composed of stable silicates, and is  PROPORTION • Vermiculite is a micaceous mineral which expands on
inert and thus durable for use as a lightweight application of heat to as much as 30 times its original
 MIXING aggregate or for insulation. Its disadvantages  MIXING volume.
are its friability, small particle size, and extreme
 TRANSPORTATION lightness. The small particle size requires more  TRANSPORTATION Dried ground ore is subjected to about 1,800 degrees heat
for 4 to 8 seconds, after which it weighs only 6 to 12 lbs. per
cement, while its lightness, from 8 to 16 lbs. per
 CURING  CURING cubic ft.
cu. ft. increases the tendency to float out of the
 FORMS mortar.  FORMS It is used as an aggregate in concrete fireproofing steel, for
Perlite is useful where floor and roof fill, and for acoustic and fireproof plaster.
 LIGHT WEIGHT maximum strength is  LIGHT WEIGHT
CONCRETE not required, as in CONCRETE

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precast slabs and

TESTING

TESTING
CONCLUSION blocks and in floor fill, CONCLUSION
fireproofing and plaster

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.

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MAIN POINTS CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND MAIN POINTS CONCRETE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE  CONCRETE LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
COMPONENTS
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS d. By-product Aggregates COMPONENTS
 PROPORTION c. Expanded shales and clays  PROPORTION • Expanded Slag or “foamed” slags are made by treating molten
blast furnace slag with controlled quantities of water or steam.
 MIXING • Lightweight aggregates from shales and clays require  MIXING Some slags are expanded are expanded in pits in the ground;
heating the material in a kiln to a temperature near its others are made in machines. Close control of steam is very
 TRANSPORTATION fusion point. The material softens and coalesces to a sticky  TRANSPORTATION important because too much granulates the slag, yielding soft,
mass; escaping gases are trapped, forming cellular friable particles; too little gives a heavy aggregate.
 CURING structures and expanding the volume of the material  CURING
about 50%.
 FORMS  FORMS • Foamed slag has been used for precast blocks, cast-in-place
The crushing and firing operations are varied with different walls of houses and for panel filling of steel-framed buildings.
 LIGHT WEIGHT processes. In some, the material is fired to a clinker, then  LIGHT WEIGHT
CONCRETE crushed and sized; the process is often reversed with CONCRETE • Cinders are composed of the ash components of the coal along
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crushing operation first. with the various quantities of unburned or partially burned
TESTING

TESTING
CONCLUSION CONCLUSION combustible matter. Cinders containing a minimum amount of
Examples of clay, shale aggregates are “AIROX”, combustible material are satisfactory for use in concrete but are

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“ROCKLITE”, Diatomite, “HAYDITE”. . not particularly weight saving. Lightweight cinders often have
unsound physical and chemical properties.

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MAIN POINTS CONCRETE MAIN POINTS REFERENCES

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

 CONCRETE LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE  CONCRETE
COMPONENTS
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS

 PROPORTION WEIGHT OF AGGREGATE AND CONCRETE BY TYPE OF  PROPORTION • www. astm.org

AGGREGATE
 MIXING TYPE OF AGGREGATE Aggregate Weight per Cubic  MIXING
Weight per Foot of Concrete • Allen Edward, Iano, Joseph “Fundamentals of
 TRANSPORTATION Cubic Foot Using Aggregate  TRANSPORTATION Building Construction Materials and Methods”
(Lbs.) (Lbs.)
 CURING  CURING John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 5th edition, Hoboken,
Gravel 120 150
Sand 90-100 150 New Jersey
 FORMS Crushed Stone 100 145
 FORMS
Crushed Bank Slag 80 110-130
 LIGHT WEIGHT Haydite (Expanded Clay, shale) 40-60 100-120  LIGHT WEIGHT
CONCRETE Foamed Slag 40-60 90-100 CONCRETE

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Cinders 40-50 110-115

TESTING

TESTING
CONCLUSION Pumice 30-60 60-90 CONCLUSION
Diatomite 28-40 55-70
Perlite 6-16 40-65

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Vermiculite 6-10 25-50

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