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Chapter 3 Methods of Analysis-P1

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21 views33 pages

Chapter 3 Methods of Analysis-P1

Uploaded by

amrfawzy951
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Methods of Analysis

1
Methods of Analysis

3.1 Motivation
3.2 Nodal analysis.
3.3 Nodal analysis with voltage sources.
3.4 Mesh analysis.
3.5 Mesh analysis with current sources.

2
3.1 Motivation (1)
If you are given the following circuit,
how can we determine
(1) voltage across each resistor,
(2) current through each resistor.
(3) power generated by each current source,
etc.
What are the
things which we
need to know in
order to determine
the answers? 3
3.1 Motivation (2)
Things we need to know in solving any
resistive circuit with current and voltage
sources only:

• Kirchhoff’s Current Laws (KCL)


• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Laws (KVL)
• Ohm’s Law

How should we apply these laws to


determine the answers?
4
3.2 Nodal Analysis (1)
It provides a general procedure for analyzing circuits
using node voltages as the circuit variables.

Choosing node voltages instead of element voltages as


circuit variables is convenient and reduces the number
of equations one must solve simultaneously.

Nodal analysis is also known as the


node-voltage method.

5
3.2 Nodal Analysis (2)
Steps to determine the node voltages:
1. Select a node as the reference node.
2. Assign voltages v1,v2,…,vn-1 to the remaining
n-1 nodes.
The voltages are referenced with respect to the
reference node.
3. Apply KCL to each of the n-1 non-reference
nodes.
Use Ohm’s law to express the branch currents
in terms of node voltages.
4. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to
obtain the unknown node voltages. 6
The reference node is commonly called the ground
since it is assumed to have zero potential.

We shall always use the symbol in Fig. 3.1(b).

7
Consider, for example, the circuit in Fig. 3.2(a).

Node 0 is the reference node while nodes


1 and 2 are assigned voltages v1, and v2

As the second step, we apply KCL to each nonreference node in the


circuit.

8
By Ohm’s law

(1/R1+1/R2)V1 – (1/R2) V2 = I1-I2

- (1/R2) V1 + (1/R2+1/R3)V2 = I2 9
(G1+G2)V1 – G2 V2 = I1-I2
-G2V1 + (G2+G3)V2 = I2

10
EXAMPLE - 1

11
Calculate the node voltages in the circuit shown in Fig.

Notice how the currents are


selected for the application of
KCL.
Except for the branches with
current sources, the labeling of
the currents is arbitrary but
consistent.
12
We can solve the equations using any method and obtain the
values of v1 and v2 13
14
EXAMPLE - 2

15
16
17
1 and 3

Add eq2 and eq3

18
3.3 Nodal Analysis with Voltage
Source
how voltage sources affect nodal analysis.
We use the circuit in Fig. 3.7 for illustration.

19
3.3 Nodal Analysis with Voltage
Source

20
3.3 Nodal Analysis with
Voltage Source (2)
A super-node is formed by enclosing a (dependent
or independent) voltage source connected between
two non-reference nodes and any elements
connected in parallel with it.

*Note: We analyze a circuit with super-nodes using


the same three steps mentioned above except that
the super-nodes are treated differently.
21
3.3 Nodal Analysis with
Voltage Source (3)
Basic steps:
1. Take off all voltage sources in super-nodes
and apply KCL to super-nodes.

2. Put voltage sources back to the nodes and


apply KVL to relative loops.

22
1. Take off all voltage sources in

Hence, at the supernode in super-nodes and apply KCL to

Fig. 3.7 super-nodes.

23
24
EXAMPLE - 3

25
26
Put voltage sources
back to the nodes
and apply KVL to
relative loops.

27
EXAMPLE - 4

28
Example – circuit with two voltage sources

29
Step-1

30
Step-2

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