ICS 412 CRYPTOGRAPHY AND

NETWORK SECURITY
LAB – 05
AES

Name : Konyala Anish Reddy

Roll No : 2021BCS0099

1. Create an AES S-box lookup table. Iterate through each byte in the input
state matrix. Replace each byte with the corresponding byte from the S-
box lookup table. Return the updated state matrix.
Given,
S_box= [
[0x63, 0x7c, 0x77, 0x7b, 0xf2, 0x6b, 0x6f, 0xc5, 0x30, 0x01, 0x67, 0x2b,
0xfe, 0xd7, 0xab, 0x76],
[0xca, 0x82, 0xc9, 0x7d, 0xfa, 0x59, 0x47, 0xf0, 0xad, 0xd4, 0xa2, 0xaf,
0x9c, 0xa4, 0x72, 0xc0],
[0xb7, 0xfd, 0x93, 0x26, 0x36, 0x3f, 0xf7, 0xcc, 0x34, 0xa5, 0xe5, 0xf1,
0x71, 0xd8, 0x31, 0x15],
[0x04, 0xc7, 0x23, 0xc3, 0x18, 0x96, 0x05, 0x9a, 0x07, 0x12, 0x80,
0xe2, 0xeb, 0x27, 0xb2, 0x75],
[0x09, 0x83, 0x2c, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x6e, 0x5a, 0xa0, 0x52, 0x3b, 0xd6,
0xb3, 0x29, 0xe3, 0x2f, 0x84],
[0x53, 0xd1, 0x00, 0xed, 0x20, 0xfc, 0xb1, 0x5b, 0x6a, 0xcb, 0xbe, 0x39,
0x4a, 0x4c, 0x58, 0xcf],
[0xd0, 0xef, 0xaa, 0xfb, 0x43, 0x4d, 0x33, 0x85, 0x45, 0xf9, 0x02, 0x7f,
0x50, 0x3c, 0x9f, 0xa8],
[0x51, 0xa3, 0x40, 0x8f, 0x92, 0x9d, 0x38, 0xf5, 0xbc, 0xb6, 0xda, 0x21,
0x10, 0xff, 0xf3, 0xd2],
[0xcd, 0x0c, 0x13, 0xec, 0x5f, 0x97, 0x44, 0x17, 0xc4, 0xa7, 0x7e, 0x3d,
0x64, 0x5d, 0x19, 0x73],
 [0x60, 0x81, 0x4f, 0xdc, 0x22, 0x2a, 0x90, 0x88, 0x46, 0xee, 0xb8,
0x14, 0xde, 0x5e, 0x0b, 0xdb],
[0xe0, 0x32, 0x3a, 0x0a, 0x49, 0x06, 0x24, 0x5c, 0xc2, 0xd3, 0xac,
0x62, 0x91, 0x95, 0xe4, 0x79],
[0xe7, 0xc8, 0x37, 0x6d, 0x8d, 0xd5, 0x4e, 0xa9, 0x6c, 0x56, 0xf4, 0xea,
0x65, 0x7a, 0xae, 0x08],
[0xba, 0x78, 0x25, 0x2e, 0x1c, 0xa6, 0xb4, 0xc6, 0xe8, 0xdd, 0x74, 0x1f,
0x4b, 0xbd, 0x8b, 0x8a],
[0x70, 0x3e, 0xb5, 0x66, 0x48, 0x03, 0xf6, 0x0e, 0x61, 0x35, 0x57,
0xb9, 0x86, 0xc1, 0x1d, 0x9e],
[0xe1, 0xf8, 0x98, 0x11, 0x69, 0xd9, 0x8e, 0x94, 0x9b, 0x1e, 0x87,
0xe9, 0xce, 0x55, 0x28, 0xdf],
[0x8c, 0xa1, 0x89, 0x0d, 0xbf, 0xe6, 0x42, 0x68, 0x41, 0x99, 0x2d, 0x0f,
0xb0, 0x54, 0xbb, 0x16]
]

Test Case
state_matrix = [
[0x32, 0x88, 0x31, 0xe0],
[0x43, 0x5a, 0x31, 0x37],
[0xf6, 0x30, 0x98, 0x07],
[0xa8, 0x8d, 0xa2, 0x34]
]

expected_result = [ [0x23, 0xc4, 0xc7, 0xe1],

[0x1a, 0xbe, 0xc7, 0x9a],
[0x42, 0x04, 0x46, 0xc5],
[0xc2, 0x5d, 0x3a, 0x18] ]

Code:
# AES S-box
S_box = [
[0x63, 0x7c, 0x77, 0x7b, 0xf2, 0x6b, 0x6f, 0xc5, 0x30, 0x01, 0x67,
0x2b, 0xfe, 0xd7, 0xab, 0x76],
[0xca, 0x82, 0xc9, 0x7d, 0xfa, 0x59, 0x47, 0xf0, 0xad, 0xd4, 0xa2,
0xaf, 0x9c, 0xa4, 0x72, 0xc0],
[0xb7, 0xfd, 0x93, 0x26, 0x36, 0x3f, 0xf7, 0xcc, 0x34, 0xa5, 0xe5,
0xf1, 0x71, 0xd8, 0x31, 0x15],
[0x04, 0xc7, 0x23, 0xc3, 0x18, 0x96, 0x05, 0x9a, 0x07, 0x12, 0x80,
0xe2, 0xeb, 0x27, 0xb2, 0x75],
[0x09, 0x83, 0x2c, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x6e, 0x5a, 0xa0, 0x52, 0x3b, 0xd6,
0xb3, 0x29, 0xe3, 0x2f, 0x84],
[0x53, 0xd1, 0x00, 0xed, 0x20, 0xfc, 0xb1, 0x5b, 0x6a, 0xcb, 0xbe,
0x39, 0x4a, 0x4c, 0x58, 0xcf],
[0xd0, 0xef, 0xaa, 0xfb, 0x43, 0x4d, 0x33, 0x85, 0x45, 0xf9, 0x02,
0x7f, 0x50, 0x3c, 0x9f, 0xa8],
[0x51, 0xa3, 0x40, 0x8f, 0x92, 0x9d, 0x38, 0xf5, 0xbc, 0xb6, 0xda,
0x21, 0x10, 0xff, 0xf3, 0xd2],
[0xcd, 0x0c, 0x13, 0xec, 0x5f, 0x97, 0x44, 0x17, 0xc4, 0xa7, 0x7e,
0x3d, 0x64, 0x5d, 0x19, 0x73],
[0x60, 0x81, 0x4f, 0xdc, 0x22, 0x2a, 0x90, 0x88, 0x46, 0xee, 0xb8,
0x14, 0xde, 0x5e, 0x0b, 0xdb],
[0xe0, 0x32, 0x3a, 0x0a, 0x49, 0x06, 0x24, 0x5c, 0xc2, 0xd3, 0xac,
0x62, 0x91, 0x95, 0xe4, 0x79],
[0xe7, 0xc8, 0x37, 0x6d, 0x8d, 0xd5, 0x4e, 0xa9, 0x6c, 0x56, 0xf4,
0xea, 0x65, 0x7a, 0xae, 0x08],
[0xba, 0x78, 0x25, 0x2e, 0x1c, 0xa6, 0xb4, 0xc6, 0xe8, 0xdd, 0x74,
0x1f, 0x4b, 0xbd, 0x8b, 0x8a],
[0x70, 0x3e, 0xb5, 0x66, 0x48, 0x03, 0xf6, 0x0e, 0x61, 0x35, 0x57,
0xb9, 0x86, 0xc1, 0x1d, 0x9e],
[0xe1, 0xf8, 0x98, 0x11, 0x69, 0xd9, 0x8e, 0x94, 0x9b, 0x1e, 0x87,
0xe9, 0xce, 0x55, 0x28, 0xdf],
[0x8c, 0xa1, 0x89, 0x0d, 0xbf, 0xe6, 0x42, 0x68, 0x41, 0x99, 0x2d,
0x0f, 0xb0, 0x54, 0xbb, 0x16]
]

def sub_bytes(state_matrix):
new_state = []
for row in state_matrix:
new_row = []
for byte in row:
# Extract high nibble for row and low nibble for column in S-box
row_idx = (byte >> 4) # High nibble (upper 4 bits)
col_idx = (byte & 0x0f) # Low nibble (lower 4 bits)
# Replace the byte using the S-box value
new_row.append(S_box[row_idx][col_idx])
new_state.append(new_row)
return new_state

# Test case
state_matrix = [
[0x32, 0x88, 0x31, 0xe0],
[0x43, 0x5a, 0x31, 0x37],
[0xf6, 0x30, 0x98, 0x07],
[0xa8, 0x8d, 0xa2, 0x34]
]
# Convert result and expected_result to hexadecimal for better
comparison
def hexify(matrix):
return [[hex(byte) for byte in row] for row in matrix]
result = sub_bytes(state_matrix)
result=hexify(result)
for i in range(len(result)):
print(result[i])

Output:

2. Write a program that takes a 4x4 state matrix as input and performs the
ShiftRows transformation by shifting the rows.
Test Case
state_matrix = [
[0x32, 0x88, 0x31, 0xe0],
[0x43, 0x5a, 0x31, 0x37],
[0xf6, 0x30, 0x98, 0x07],
[0xa8, 0x8d, 0xa2, 0x34]
]

expected_result = [
[0x32, 0x88, 0x31, 0xe0],
[0x5a, 0x31, 0x37, 0x43],
[0x98, 0x07, 0xf6, 0x30],
[0x34, 0xa8, 0x8d, 0xa2]
]

Code:
def shift_rows(state_matrix):
new_state = [state_matrix[0][:]] # First row remains unchanged
new_state.append(state_matrix[1][1:] + state_matrix[1][:1]) #
Rotate second row left by 1
new_state.append(state_matrix[2][2:] + state_matrix[2][:2]) #
Rotate third row left by 2
new_state.append(state_matrix[3][3:] + state_matrix[3][:3]) #
Rotate fourth row left by 3
return [[hex(byte) for byte in row] for row in new_state]
state_matrix = [
[0x32, 0x88, 0x31, 0xe0],
[0x43, 0x5a, 0x31, 0x37],
[0xf6, 0x30, 0x98, 0x07],
[0xa8, 0x8d, 0xa2, 0x34]
]
result = shift_rows(state_matrix)
for i in result:
print(i)

Output:

3. Write a program that takes a 128-bit AES encryption key as input and
generates two rounds of round keys using the key expansion algorithm.
Each round key is 128 bits.
Test Case
key = [0x2b, 0x7e, 0x15, 0x16, 0x28, 0xae, 0xd2, 0xa6, 0xab, 0xf7, 0x97,
0x75, 0x46, 0x20, 0x63, 0xed]
expected_round_keys = [
[0x2b, 0x7e, 0x15, 0x16],
[0x28, 0xae, 0xd2, 0xa6],
[0xab, 0xf7, 0x97, 0x75],
[0x46, 0x20, 0x63, 0xed],
[0x9d, 0x85, 0x40, 0x4c],
[0xb5, 0x2b, 0x92, 0xea],
[0x1e, 0xdc, 0x05, 0x9f],
[0x58, 0xfc, 0x66, 0x72] ]

Code:
# AES S-box for key expansion
S_box = [
[0x63, 0x7c, 0x77, 0x7b, 0xf2, 0x6b, 0x6f, 0xc5, 0x30, 0x01, 0x67,
0x2b, 0xfe, 0xd7, 0xab, 0x76],
[0xca, 0x82, 0xc9, 0x7d, 0xfa, 0x59, 0x47, 0xf0, 0xad, 0xd4, 0xa2,
0xaf, 0x9c, 0xa4, 0x72, 0xc0],
[0xb7, 0xfd, 0x93, 0x26, 0x36, 0x3f, 0xf7, 0xcc, 0x34, 0xa5, 0xe5,
0xf1, 0x71, 0xd8, 0x31, 0x15],
[0x04, 0xc7, 0x23, 0xc3, 0x18, 0x96, 0x05, 0x9a, 0x07, 0x12, 0x80,
0xe2, 0xeb, 0x27, 0xb2, 0x75],
[0x09, 0x83, 0x2c, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x6e, 0x5a, 0xa0, 0x52, 0x3b, 0xd6,
0xb3, 0x29, 0xe3, 0x2f, 0x84],
[0x53, 0xd1, 0x00, 0xed, 0x20, 0xfc, 0xb1, 0x5b, 0x6a, 0xcb, 0xbe,
0x39, 0x4a, 0x4c, 0x58, 0xcf],
[0xd0, 0xef, 0xaa, 0xfb, 0x43, 0x4d, 0x33, 0x85, 0x45, 0xf9, 0x02,
0x7f, 0x50, 0x3c, 0x9f, 0xa8],
[0x51, 0xa3, 0x40, 0x8f, 0x92, 0x9d, 0x38, 0xf5, 0xbc, 0xb6, 0xda,
0x21, 0x10, 0xff, 0xf3, 0xd2],
[0xcd, 0x0c, 0x13, 0xec, 0x5f, 0x97, 0x44, 0x17, 0xc4, 0xa7, 0x7e,
0x3d, 0x64, 0x5d, 0x19, 0x73],
[0x60, 0x81, 0x4f, 0xdc, 0x22, 0x2a, 0x90, 0x88, 0x46, 0xee, 0xb8,
0x14, 0xde, 0x5e, 0x0b, 0xdb],
[0xe0, 0x32, 0x3a, 0x0a, 0x49, 0x06, 0x24, 0x5c, 0xc2, 0xd3, 0xac,
0x62, 0x91, 0x95, 0xe4, 0x79],
[0xe7, 0xc8, 0x37, 0x6d, 0x8d, 0xd5, 0x4e, 0xa9, 0x6c, 0x56, 0xf4,
0xea, 0x65, 0x7a, 0xae, 0x08],
[0xba, 0x78, 0x25, 0x2e, 0x1c, 0xa6, 0xb4, 0xc6, 0xe8, 0xdd, 0x74,
0x1f, 0x4b, 0xbd, 0x8b, 0x8a],
[0x70, 0x3e, 0xb5, 0x66, 0x48, 0x03, 0xf6, 0x0e, 0x61, 0x35, 0x57,
0xb9, 0x86, 0xc1, 0x1d, 0x9e],
[0xe1, 0xf8, 0x98, 0x11, 0x69, 0xd9, 0x8e, 0x94, 0x9b, 0x1e, 0x87,
0xe9, 0xce, 0x55, 0x28, 0xdf],
[0x8c, 0xa1, 0x89, 0x0d, 0xbf, 0xe6, 0x42, 0x68, 0x41, 0x99, 0x2d,
0x0f, 0xb0, 0x54, 0xbb, 0x16]
]

Rcon = [0x01, 0x02] # First two round constants for AES key expansion

def rot_word(word):
return word[1:] + word[:1]

def sub_word(word):
return [S_box[byte >> 4][byte & 0x0f] for byte in word]

def key_expansion(key):
expanded_keys = [key[i:i + 4] for i in range(0, len(key), 4)]
for i in range(4, 8):# Generating 2 more round keys
temp = expanded_keys[i - 1]
if i % 4 == 0:
temp = sub_word(rot_word(temp))
temp[0] ^= Rcon[i // 4 - 1]
new_key = [expanded_keys[i - 4][j] ^ temp[j] for j in range(4)]
expanded_keys.append(new_key)
return [[hex(byte) for byte in row] for row in expanded_keys]
key = [0x2b, 0x7e, 0x15, 0x16, 0x28, 0xae, 0xd2, 0xa6, 0xab, 0xf7,
0x97, 0x75, 0x46, 0x20, 0x63, 0xed]
result = key_expansion(key)
for i in result:
print(i)

Output: