Module 8: Magnetism | Chapter 1: Magnetic Interaction and Sources of Magnetic Field

Module 8: Magnetism

Chapter 1: Magnetic Interaction and Sources of Magnetic Field

Summary

An electric charge at rest creates an electric field 𝐸⃗ in the space around it. Any other charge 𝑞 in this region of
space experiences an electric force 𝐹 = 𝑞𝐸⃗. When the charge moves, it creates a magnetic field (in addition to
the electric field) in the space surrounding it. It then exerts a magnetic force on any other moving charge (or
current) in the magnetic field. In this chapter, we study interactions of moving charges and the magnetic field
produced by these charges.

Objectives
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
• Explain the fundamental nature of magnetism
• Analyze the motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field
• Describe the magnetic field produced by a moving charge or a current element

Concepts and Equations

Terms Description
Magnetism Magnetism arises from the motion of electric charges.

A moving charge or current creates a magnetic field in the

space around it. Any other moving charge or a collection of
moving charges (i.e., current) present in the field
experiences a magnetic force.
Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge The magnetic force 𝐹 on a charged particle 𝑞 moving with
⃗ is
velocity 𝑣 in a magnetic field 𝐵

⃗.
𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣 × 𝐵

The force has magnitude 𝐹 = |𝑞 |𝑣𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, where 𝜃 is the

⃗.
angle between 𝑣 and 𝐵
• 𝐹 = 0 if 𝑣 and 𝐵 ⃗ are parallel or anti-parallel.
• 𝐹 ≠ 0 if the angle between 𝑣 and 𝐵 ⃗ is 𝜃 ≠ 0.
• 𝐹 is maximum if 𝑣 and 𝐵 ⃗ are perpendicular, 𝜃 =
90°.

The direction of 𝐹 is determined using the Right Hand Rule.

⃗.
It is always perpendicular to the plane containing 𝑣 and 𝐵
Magnetic Poles All magnets have two poles--a north pole (N) and a south
pole (S). Like poles repel and unlike poles attract.
Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic In the absence of other forces, a charged particle in a
Field magnetic field always moves with constant speed.

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 Module 8: Magnetism | Chapter 1: Magnetic Interaction and Sources of Magnetic Field

Consider a uniform magnetic field 𝐵 ⃗ . A charged particle

moving on a plane that is perpendicular to 𝐵 ⃗ traces a circular
path. The magnetic force, therefore, acts as a centripetal
force. The particle moves with centripetal acceleration
𝑣 2⁄ , where 𝑣 is the speed of the particle and 𝑅 is the radius
𝑅
of a circular orbit.

Fig. 8.1.1 shows the motion of a positively charged particle

moving with velocity 𝑣 in a uniform magnetic field that is
directed into the page. The rotation is counterclockwise. A
negatively charged particle will move in the clockwise
direction.

Fig. 8.1.1 Motion of charged particle in a uniform magnetic field.

Magnetic Force on a Current-carrying Consider a section of a wire of length 𝑑𝑙 carrying a current

Conductor 𝐼 in a uniform magnetic field 𝐵 ⃗ as shown. The magnetic
force on the wire segment is

⃗.
𝑑𝐹 = 𝐼𝑑𝑙 × 𝐵

Fig. 8.1.2 Section of a current-carrying wire.

Sources of Magnetic Field The magnetic field produced by a point charge 𝑞 moving
with constant velocity 𝑣 at some point 𝑃 given by position
vector 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑟̂ is

𝜇0 𝑞𝑣 × 𝑟̂
⃗ =
𝐵 ,
4𝜋 𝑟 2

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 Module 8: Magnetism | Chapter 1: Magnetic Interaction and Sources of Magnetic Field

where 𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 T ∙ m/A (the permeability of free

space).

For several moving charges, the total magnetic field is the

sum of the fields produced by the individual charges.

The direction of the magnetic field is determined using the

Right Hand Rule.

SI unit: T, Tesla
Biot-Savart Law The magnetic field at any point 𝑃 due to a current element is

𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙 × 𝑟̂
⃗ =
𝑑𝐵 .
4𝜋 𝑟 2

Conceptual Questions
1. (Young, et. al., Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics, 12th Ed.) Can a charged particle move through a
magnetic field without experiencing any force? If so, how? If not, why not?
2. What is the work done by the magnetic force on a moving point charge?

Problems
1. Suppose you charged a glass rod with 20 nC and throw it westward parallel to the ground with a velocity of
10 m/s, how much force will the glass rod experience due to the Earth’s magnetic field (5×10 -5 T) that is due
north parallel to the ground?
Solution: The magnetic force on the 20-nC charge has magnitude 𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 sin 𝜃. 𝑣 and 𝐵 are perpendicular.
So, sin 𝜃 = 1.
𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 = (20 nC)(10 m/s)(5 × 10−5 T) = 1 × 10−11 N

⃗ = 1.5 T perpendicular to the

2. Calculate the magnetic force on a 5-cm wire immersed in a magnetic field 𝐵
wire if the wire is carrying a current 𝐼 = 20 A.
Solution: The magnetic force on the current-carrying wire is 𝐹 = 𝐼𝑙𝐵 sin 𝜃. The wire is perpendicular to the
field. Hence, sin 𝜃 = 1.
𝐹 = 𝐼𝑙𝐵 = (20 A)(0.05 m)(1.5 T) = 1.5 N

Student’s Exercise
1. (OpenStax College. University Physics. Vol 2.) Calculate the magnetic force on a hypothetical particle of
charge 1.0 × 10−19 C moving with a velocity of 6.0 × 104 𝑖̂ m/s in a magnetic field of 1.2𝑘̂ T.
2. (Young, et. al., Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics, 12th Ed.) A particle with initial velocity 𝑣0 =
(5.85 × 103 m/s)𝑗̂ enters a region of uniform electric and magnetic fields. The magnetic field in the region is
⃗ = −(1.35 T)𝑘̂. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the electric field in the region if the particle is to
𝐵
pass through undeflected, for a particle of charge (a) +0.640 nC and (b) −0.320 nC. You can ignore the weight
of the particle.

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 Module 8: Magnetism | Chapter 1: Magnetic Interaction and Sources of Magnetic Field

3. (Young, et. al., Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics, 12th Ed.) A thin, 50.0-cm-long metal bar with mass
750 g rests on, but is not attached to, two metallic supports in a uniform 0.450-T magnetic field, as shown in
Fig. 8.1.3. A battery and a 25.0-Ω resistor in series are connected to the support. (a) What is the highest voltage
the battery can have without breaking the circuit at the supports? (b) The battery voltage has the maximum value
calculated in part (a). If the resistor suddenly gets partially short-circuited, decreasing its resistance to 2.0 Ω,
find the initial acceleration of the bar.

Fig. 8.1.3

References
• Serway, Raymond and John Jewett. Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6th ed. Thomson Brooks/Cole,
2004.
• Young, Hugh D., Roger A. Freedman, and A. Lewis Ford. Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics:
with Modern Physics. 13th ed., Pearson, 2012.
• OpenStax College. University Physics. 3 vols. OpenStax, 2018.

Supplementary Materials
Study the following chapters of OpenStax. University Physics. Vol 2:
11 Magnetic Forces and Fields
12 Sources of Magnetic Fields

2. Since the magnetic force is always perpendicular to the velocity of the moving charge, the work done by the magnetic force is zero.

is zero if the charge moves parallel or antiparallel to 𝐵

⃗.
1. The force exerted by a magnetic field 𝐵⃗ on a moving ⃗ , where 𝑣 is the charge’s velocity. The magnetic force
charge 𝑞 is 𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣 × 𝐵

Answers to Conceptual Questions

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 Module 8: Magnetism | Chapter 2: Ampere’s Law

Chapter 2: Ampere’s Law

Summary
Ampere’s Law is a mathematical statement that relates the electric current passing through a closed loop and
the magnetic field they generate. In this chapter, we explore how Ampere’s Law can be used to calculate the
magnetic field produced by a current-carrying conductor.

Objectives
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
• Use Ampere’s Law to calculate magnetic fields generated by highly symmetric current configurations

Concepts and Equations

Terms Description
Ampere’s Law Ampere’s Law states that the line integral of the magnetic
field about a closed loop is equal to the current enclosed in
the loop multiplied by the permeability of free space, 𝜇0 .

⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐
∮𝐵

Fig. 8.2.1

Magnetic field due to an infinitely long straight Consider an infinitely long straight of radius 𝑅. It carries
current-carrying wire current 𝐼 that is uniformly distributed along the wire. To
find the associated magnetic field, we consider circular
Amperian loops with 𝑟 > 𝑅 and 𝑟 < 𝑅.

Fig. 8.2.2

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 Module 8: Magnetism | Chapter 2: Ampere’s Law

Point the thumb of your right hand along the direction of

the current then curl your fingers. The magnetic field lines
form concentric circles centered on the conductor. Around
the Amperian loops, the field 𝐵 ⃗ and 𝑑𝑙 are parallel. 𝑟 is
constant, and so 𝐵 is constant as well. Hence,

⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = ∮ 𝐵𝑑𝑙 = 𝐵 ∮ 𝑑𝑙.
∮𝐵

∮ 𝑑𝑙 is just the circumference of the loop, 2𝜋𝑟. Hence,

𝐵(2𝜋𝑟) = 𝜇0 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 .

For 𝑟 > 𝑅, the 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 is equal to 𝐼. Therefore,

𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵= .
2𝜋𝑟

For 𝑟 < 𝑅, the 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 is only a fraction of 𝐼 and is proportional

to the fraction of the area of the wire enclosed by the
Amperian loop,

𝜋𝑟 2
𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 = 𝐼.
𝜋𝑅 2

The associated magnetic field is given by

𝜇0 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 𝜇0 𝜋𝑟 2 𝜇0 𝐼𝑟
𝐵= = 2 𝐼= .
2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋𝑟 𝜋𝑅 2𝜋𝑅 2

Magnetic field due to a solenoid A solenoid consists of a long, thin wire that is wound or
arranged to form a joined sequence of concentric rings.

Consider a solenoid carrying a current 𝐼 as shown. We

assume that inside the solenoid, the magnetic field is
uniform. Outside the solenoid, the field is zero.

Fig. 8.2.3

To quantify the field, we us a rectangular Amperian loop.

The sides bc and da are assumed to be very long such that
cd is very far from the solenoid.

𝑏 𝑐 𝑑 𝑎
⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = ∫ 𝐵
∮𝐵 ⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙 + ∫ 𝐵
⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙 + ∫ 𝐵
⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙 + ∫ 𝐵
⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑

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 Module 8: Magnetism | Chapter 2: Ampere’s Law

Fig. 8.2.4

⃗ and 𝑑𝑙 are perpendicular,

Along the sides bc and da, 𝐵
𝑐 𝑎
⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = ∫ 𝐵
∫𝐵 ⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = 0.
𝑏 𝑑

𝑑 𝑑
⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = ∫ 𝐵
∫ 𝐵 ⃗ out ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = 0.
𝑐 𝑐

Thus,

𝑏 𝑏
⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = ∫ 𝐵
∮𝐵 ⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐵 ∫ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐵𝐿.
𝑎 𝑎

In this configuration, the 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 is equal to 𝑁𝐼 where 𝑁 is the

number of turns enclosed by] the loop. The magnetic field
of the solenoid is therefore given by

𝜇0 𝑁𝐼
𝐵= = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼,
𝐿

where 𝑛 is the number of turns of the solenoid per unit

length.
Magnetic field due to toroid A toroid is a solenoid that is wrapped around to form a ring.
In this case, the magnetic field is confined in the windings,
forming circles concentric to the axis of the toroid.

Fig. 8.2.5

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 Module 8: Magnetism | Chapter 2: Ampere’s Law

To determine the magnetic field of a current-carrying

toroid, we use a circular Amperian loop with radius 𝑟. At
any point on the loop, 𝐵 ⃗ and 𝑑𝑠 are parallel. Since 𝑟 is
constant, 𝐵 is also constant.

⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = ∮ 𝐵
∮𝐵 ⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑠 = ∮ 𝐵𝑑𝑠 = 𝐵 ∮ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐵(2𝜋𝑟).

Here, 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 = 𝑁𝐼. Therefore, the magnetic field is given by

𝜇0 𝑁𝐼
𝐵= .
2𝜋𝑟

Conceptual Questions
1. Compare Ampere’s Law and Gauss’s Law for Electricity.
2. What is the direction of the magnetic field in the center of the loop and solenoids below?

Fig. 8.2.6

Problems
1. A coaxial cable consists of a solid inner conductor and an outer cylindrical conductor. Both carries a current
I, but in opposite directions as shown. Find the magnetic field at (a) 𝑟 < 𝑎, (b) 𝑎 < 𝑟 < 𝑏, (c) 𝑏 < 𝑟 < 𝑐, and
(d) 𝑟 > 𝑐.

Fig. 8.2.6

Solution: To find the magnetic field, we use circular Amperian loops. Similar to the case of a long, straight
⃗ and 𝑑𝑙 are parallel. 𝑟 is constant, and so 𝐵
current-carrying conductor, around the Amperian loops, the field 𝐵
is constant as well. Hence,

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 Module 8: Magnetism | Chapter 2: Ampere’s Law

⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = ∮ 𝐵𝑑𝑙 = 𝐵 ∮ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐵(2𝜋𝑟).
∮𝐵

(a) When 𝑟 < 𝑎 ,

𝜋𝑟 2
𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 = 𝐼.
𝜋𝑎2
Hence, the magnetic field is given by

𝜇0 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 𝜇0 𝜋𝑟 2 𝜇0 𝐼𝑟
𝐵= = 𝐼= .
2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋𝑟 𝜋𝑎2 2𝜋𝑎2
(b) When 𝑎 < 𝑟 < 𝑏,

𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 = 𝐼
Hence, the magnetic field is given by
𝜇0 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵= = .
2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋𝑟
When viewed from the left, the direction is counterclockwise.
(c) When 𝑏 < 𝑟 < 𝑐,

𝜋𝑟 2 − 𝜋𝑏 2 𝑐 2 − 𝑟2
𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 = 𝐼 − ( ) 𝐼 = ( ) 𝐼.
𝜋𝑐 2 − 𝜋𝑏 2 𝑐2 − 𝑏2
Hence,
𝜇0 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 𝜇0 𝑐 2 − 𝑟 2 𝜇0 𝐼 𝑐 2 − 𝑟 2
𝐵= = ( 2 ) 𝐼 = .
2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋𝑟 𝑐 − 𝑏 2 2𝜋𝑟 𝑐 2 − 𝑏 2

(d) When 𝑟 > 𝑐, 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 = 𝐼 − 𝐼 = 0. Hence, 𝐵 = 0.

2. What is the field inside a solenoid that is 2 m long with 2000 turns and carries a current of 1600 A?
Solution:
𝜇0 𝑁𝐼 𝜇0 (2000)(1600 A)
𝐵= = = 2.01 T
𝐿 2m

Student’s Exercise
⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙 for each of the cases shown in the
1. (OpenStax College. University Physics. Vol 2.) Evaluate ∮ 𝐵
accompanying figure.

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 Module 8: Magnetism | Chapter 2: Ampere’s Law

Fig. 8.2.7

2. (OpenStax College. University Physics. Vol 2.) A superconducting wire of diameter 0.25 cm carries a current
of 1000 A. What is the magnetic field just outside the wire?
3. (OpenStax College. University Physics. Vol 2.) A solenoid is wound with 2000 turns per meter. When the
current is 5.2 A, what is the magnetic field within the solenoid?
4. (OpenStax College. University Physics. Vol 2.) A toroid has 250 turns of wire and carries a current of 20 A.
Its inner and outer radii are 8.0 and 9.0 cm. What are the values of its magnetic field at 𝑟 = 8.1, 8.5, and, 8.9
cm?

References
• Serway, Raymond and John Jewett. Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6th ed. Thomson Brooks/Cole,
2004.
• Young, Hugh D., Roger A. Freedman, and A. Lewis Ford. Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics:
with Modern Physics. 13th ed., Pearson, 2012.
• OpenStax College. University Physics. 3 vols. OpenStax, 2018.

Supplementary Materials
Study the following chapters of OpenStax. University Physics. Vol 2:
12 Sources of Magnetic Fields

upward.
2. (a) The magnetic field is directed out of the page. (b) The magnetic field is directed downward. (c) The magnetic field is directed

field of highly symmetric current configurations.

is used to calculate the electric field of highly symmetric charge distributions while Ampere’s Law is used to calculate the magnetic
law relates the line integral of the magnetic field around a closed loop with the current enclosed by the loop. Gauss’ Law for Electricity
1. Gauss’ Law for Electricity relates the surface integral of the electric field with the charge enclosed by the surface while Ampere’s

Answers to Conceptual Questions

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 Module 8: Magnetism | Chapter 3: Magnetic Induction

Chapter 3: Magnetic Induction

Summary
In this chapter, we will learn that a magnetic field can also be a source of current or electromotive force (emf)
in a process called magnetic induction. We will then apply the Faraday’s Law and Lenz’s Law of magnetic
induction to determine the induced emf and the direction of the induced current.

Objectives
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
• Identify the factors that affect the magnitude of the induced emf as well as the magnitude and
direction of the induced current
• Use Faraday’s law to calculate the induced emf
• Apply Lenz’s law to describe the direction of the induced electric field, magnetic field, and current on
a conducting/non-conducting loop

Concepts and Equations

Terms Description
Magnetic induction If the magnetic flux through a loop of wire or a circuit
changes, an emf and a current are induced in the wire loop or
circuit. This phenomenon is called magnetic induction.
Magnetic flux Magnetic flux is a quantity that is proportional to the number
of magnetic field lines passing through a surface.

The magnetic flux Φ𝐵 through a surface 𝐴 is given by

⃗ ∙ 𝐴 = 𝐵𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃,
Φ𝐵 = 𝐵

𝐴 is an area vector with magnitude equal to the area of the

surface 𝐴 and direction given by a unit vector 𝑛̂ that is normal
to the surface.

SI unit: Wb, Weber (1 Wb = 1 T-m2)

Fig. 8.3.1 Magnetic flux through a surface.

Electromotive force The electromotive force (or emf 𝜉) is the energy or voltage
produced by a source of electrical energy.

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 Module 8: Magnetism | Chapter 3: Magnetic Induction

Common sources of emf are batteries, electric generators,

photovoltaic cells, and fuel cells. These devices convert
energy of some form (chemical, mechanical, thermal, etc.)
into electric potential energy and then transfer the energy into
the circuit to which they are connected.

Real sources of emf have internal resistance 𝑟. The potential

difference or voltage 𝑉𝑎𝑏 across the terminals of a source of
emf is equal to

𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝜉 − 𝐼𝑟,

where 𝐼 is the current flowing through the circuit.

SI unit: V, Volt
Faraday’s Law Faraday’s law of induction states that “the induced emf in a
closed equals the negative time rate of change of magnetic
flux through the loop” (Young, et al., 2012):

𝑑Φ𝐵
𝜉=− .
𝑑𝑡
If the loop or coil has 𝑁 number of turns, then the induced
emf will be 𝑁 times larger. That is,

𝑑Φ𝐵
𝜉 = −𝑁 .
𝑑𝑡

Lenz’s Law Lenz’s law states that “the direction of any magnetic
induction is such as to oppose the cause of the effect” (Young,
et al., 2012).

If the change in flux is due to a varying magnetic field (circuit

is stationary), the magnetic field induced in the area bounded
by the circuit is opposite to the original field if the original
field is increasing. If the original field is decreasing, the
induced field is in the same direction as the original field.

If the change in flux is due to the motion of the conductors

that make up the circuit, the induced current (in the moving
conductor) is directed such that the magnetic force on the
conductor is opposite to its motion.
Inductors and Self-inductance Inductors are circuit elements that exhibit self-inductance.
Self-inductance is the property where a voltage is induced by
a current-carrying wire when the current in the wire is
changing.

Self-inductance (or simply inductance) is defined as

𝑁Φ𝐵
𝐿= ,
𝐼

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 Module 8: Magnetism | Chapter 3: Magnetic Induction

where 𝑁 is the number of turns of wire that make up the

inductor, Φ𝐵 is the average magnetic flux through each turn
of the inductor, and 𝐼 is the current through the circuit.

SI unit is H, Henry (1 H = 1 Ω ∙ 𝑠)

From Faraday’s law, the self-induced emf is

𝐼𝐿
𝑑Φ𝐵 𝑑( )
𝜉 = −𝑁 = −𝑁 𝑁 = −𝑁 ( 𝐿 ) 𝑑𝐼 = −𝐿 𝑑𝐼 .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑁 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

From Lenz’s law, the self-induced emf opposes any change

in current through the circuit.

Conceptual Questions
1. Explain how the magnetic flux can be zero even if the magnetic field is not zero.
2. Is an emf induced when you just stretch the coil of wire as shown below? If yes, what is the direction of the
induced current?

3. What is the self-induced emf in an inductor in a circuit with a constant current flow?

Problems
1. Given the movement of the magnet relative to the wire loop, what will be the direction of the induced current
in the wire loop when viewed from the left?

Solution:
(a) The original field (of the magnet) is directed away from the north pole and is to the right. The indicated
motion of the magnet results of a decreasing (rightward) flux. Since the original field is decreasing, the induced
field is in the same direction as the original field (to the right). Pointing the right thumb toward the direction of
the induced field and curling the fingers of our right hand, we find an induced current that is flowing clockwise.
(b) The original field (of the magnet) is directed toward the south pole and is to the left. The indicated motion
of the magnet results of a decreasing (leftward) flux. Since the original field is decreasing, the induced field is
in the same direction as the original field (to the left). Pointing the right thumb toward the direction of the
induced field and curling the fingers of our right hand, we find an induced current that is flowing
counterclockwise.

University of the Philippines Los Baños | Albia, Colambo, DeVera, Dizon, Jusi, Parel, Piñol, Santos 8-13
 Module 8: Magnetism | Chapter 3: Magnetic Induction

(c) Here, the indicated motion of the magnet results of an increasing (leftward) flux. Since the original field is
increasing, the induced field is opposite the original field (to the right). Pointing the right thumb toward the
direction of the induced field and curling the fingers of our right hand, we find an induced current that is flowing
clockwise.

2. What is the magnitude of the induced emf when a magnet is moved toward a single loop coil that has a radius
of 6.00 cm? In the process, the average value of 𝐵 cos 𝜃 increases from 0.0500 T to 0.250 T in 0.100 s.
Solution: Using Faraday’s Law,

𝑑Φ𝐵 𝑑(𝐵𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝑑(𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 0.250 T − 0.0500 T

|𝜉 | = |−𝑁 |=𝑁 =𝐴 = 𝜋(0.0600 m)2 = 0.0226 V
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 0.100 s

3. Calculate the self-inductance of a 10.0-cm long, 4.00-cm diameter solenoid that has 200 coils.
Solution:
𝜇0 𝑁𝐼
𝑁Φ𝐵 𝑁(𝐵𝐴) 𝑁 ( 𝐿 ) 𝐴 𝜇0 𝑁 2 𝐴 𝜇0 (200)2 [𝜋(0.02 m)2 ]
𝐿= = = = = = 0.632 × 10−3 H
𝐼 𝐼 𝐼 𝐿 0.100 m

Student’s Exercise
1. (OpenStax College. University Physics. Vol 2.) A 50-turn coil has a diameter of 15 cm. The coil is placed in
a spatially uniform magnetic field of magnitude 0.50 T so that the face of the coil and the magnetic field are
perpendicular. Find the magnitude of the emf induced in the coil if the magnetic field is reduced to zero
uniformly in (a) 0.10 s, (b) 1.0 s, and (c) 60 s.
2. (OpenStax College. University Physics. Vol 2.) A square loop whose sides are 6.0-cm long is made with
copper wire of radius 1.0 mm. If a magnetic field perpendicular to the loop is changing at a rate of 5.0 mT/s,
what is the current in the loop?
3. (OpenStax College. University Physics. Vol 2.) Use Lenz’s law to determine the direction of induced current
in each case.

4. (OpenStax College. University Physics. Vol 2.) When a camera uses a flash, a fully charged capacitor
discharges through an inductor. In what time must the 0.100-A current through a 2.00-mH inductor be switched
on or off to induce a 500-V emf?

University of the Philippines Los Baños | Albia, Colambo, DeVera, Dizon, Jusi, Parel, Piñol, Santos 8-14
 Module 8: Magnetism | Chapter 3: Magnetic Induction

References
• Serway, Raymond and John Jewett. Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6th ed. Thomson Brooks/Cole,
2004.
• Young, Hugh D., Roger A. Freedman, and A. Lewis Ford. Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics:
with Modern Physics. 13th ed., Pearson, 2012.
• OpenStax College. University Physics. 3 vols. OpenStax, 2018.

Supplementary Materials
Study the following chapters of OpenStax College. University Physics. Vol 2:
13 Electromagnetic Induction
14 Inductance

3. The self-induced emf is zero. Self-inductance requires changing current.

2. Yes, because there is a change in magnetic flux. The induced current is clockwise.

⃗ ∙ 𝐴. If the magnetic field is perpendicular to the area vector, the magnetic flux is zero.
1. Magnetic flux is equal to 𝐵

Answers to Conceptual Questions

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