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Quiz Solution

Uploaded by

mahnoorsdrivecss
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Quiz Solution

Q Show that
(A-B) – (B-C) = A-B (Proof using Set Identities)

Q Use the inference rules and find the conclusion. Also, name the rule. (5
marks)
• “It is not sunny this afternoon and it is colder than yesterday.”
• “We will go swimming only if it is sunny.”
• “If we do not go swimming, then we will take a canoe trip.”
• “If we take a canoe trip, then we will be home by sunset.”
Using the inference rules, construct a valid argument for the conclusion:
“We will be home by sunset.”

Solution
p: “It is sunny this afternoon.”
r: “We will go swimming.”
t: “We will be home by sunset.”
q: “It is colder than yesterday.”
s: “We will take a canoe trip

¬p ∧ q (Specialization)
¬p
R→ p (Modus tollens)
¬r
¬r → ¬s (Modus ponens)
S
S→t (Modus ponens)
t

Simplify the following expression


¬𝑝 𝑣 ¬𝑞 𝑣 (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 ∧ ¬𝑟)
p=a ; q= b and c=r
Q Compute (f o g)(x) and (g o f)(x) for f(x) = x2 + 3,g(x) = √5 + 𝑥 2

Find (f o g)(x) (1)


9
Find (g o f)(x)(3)
Sqrt(149)

Q If f : Q ⇢ Q is given by f(x) = x2 , then find f-1(16).

Q Prove that (𝑝 𝑣 ¬𝑞) 𝛬 (¬𝑝 𝑣 ¬𝑞) is logically equivalent to ¬𝑞

Q You are about to leave for school in the morning and discover that you don’t have your
glasses. You know the following statements are true:
• If I was reading the newspaper in the kitchen, then my glasses are on the kitchen table.
• If my glasses are on the kitchen table, then I saw them at breakfast.
• I did not see my glasses at breakfast.
• I was reading the newspaper in the living room or I was reading the newspaper in the
kitchen.
• If I was reading the newspaper in the living room then my glasses are on the coffee table.
Where are the glasses?
Solution:
Let,
RK = I was reading the newspaper in the kitchen.
GK =My glasses are on the kitchen table.
SB =I saw my glasses at breakfast.
RL =I was reading the newspaper in the living room.
GC =My glasses are on the coffee table.
1. RK →GK by(a)
GK →SB by(d)

∴ RK →SB by transitivity

2. RK →SB by the conclusion of (1)

∼SB by (c)
∴ ∼RK by modus tollens
3. RL ∨ RK by(d)

∼RK by the conclusion of (2)


∴ RL by elimination

4. RL →GC by(e)

RL by the conclusion of (3)


∴ GC by modus ponens

Thus the glasses are on the coffee table.

Q Let Triangle(x), Circle(x), and Square(x) mean “x is a triangle,” “x is a circle,” and “x is a


square”; let Blue(x), Gray(x), and Black(x) mean “x is blue,” “x is gray,” and “x is black”; let
RightOf(x, y), Above(x, y), and SameColorAs(x, y) mean “x is to the right of y,” “x is above y,”
and “x has the same color as y”; and use the notation x = y to denote the predicate “x is equal to
y”. Let the common domain D of all variables be the set of all the objects in the Tarski world.
Use formal, logical notation to write each of the following statements, and write a formal
negation for each statement.
• For all circles x, x is above f .
• There is a square x such that x is black
• For all circles x, there is a square y such that x and y have
the same color.
• There is a square x such that for all triangles y, x is to the
right of y.

Solution

Q Write formal negations for the following statements:


• ∀ primes p, p is odd.
• ∃ a triangle T such that the sum of the angles of T equals 200◦.
Solution
∃ a prime p such that p is not odd
∀ triangles T, the sum of the angles of T does not equal 200◦.

Q The program for Tarski’s World provides pictures of blocks of various sizes, shapes, and
colors, which are located on a grid. Shown in Figure 3.1.1 is a picture of an arrangement of
objects in a two-dimensional Tarski world. The configuration can be described using logical
operators and—for the two-dimensional version—notation such as Triangle(x), meaning “x is a
triangle,” Blue(y), meaning “y is blue,” and RightOf(x, y), meaning “x is to the right of y (but
possibly in a different row).” Individual objects can be given names such as a,b, or c
Determine the truth or falsity of each of the following statements. The domain for all variables is
the set of objects in the Tarski world shown above.
• ∀t, Triangle(t) → Blue(t).
• ∀x,Blue(x) → Triangle(x).
• ∃y such that Square(y)∧ RightOf(d, y).
• ∃z such that Square(z)∧ Gray(z)

Q A college cafeteria line has four stations: salads, main


courses, desserts, and beverages. The salad station offers a
choice of green salad or fruit salad; the main course station
offers spaghetti or fish; the dessert station offers pie or cake;
and the beverage station offers milk, soda, or coffee. Three
students, Uta, Tim, and Yuen, go through the line and make
the following choices: Uta: green salad, spaghetti, pie, milk
Tim: fruit salad, fish, pie, cake, milk, coffee Yuen: spaghetti,
fish, pie, soda.
Write each of following statements informally and find its truth value.
• ∃ an item I such that ∀ students S, S chose I.
• ∃ a student S such that ∀ items I, S chose I.
• ∃ a student S such that ∀ stations Z,∃ an item I in Z such that S chose I.
• ∀ students S and ∀ stations Z,∃ an item I in Z such that S chose I

Q Show that (A - B) – C = A – (B ∪ C).


Q Use inference rules to reach to a conclusion.
• Larry is a student at the university.
• Hubert is a student at the university.
• Larry and Hubert are taking Boolean Logic.
• Any student who takes Boolean Logic can take Algorithms.
• ∴ Larry and Hubert can take Algorithms
Solution:
B(x): x is taking Boolean Logic
A(x): x can take Algorithms
• Larry is a student at the university. Hypothesis
• Hubert is a student at the university. Hypothesis
• B(Larry) ∧ B(Hubert) Hypothesis
• B(Larry) Simplification,3
• ∀x (B(x) → A(x)) Hypothesis
• B(Larry) → A(Larry) Universal instantiation, 1, 5
• A(Larry) Modus ponens, 4, 6
• B(Hubert) Simplification, 3
• B(Hubert) → A(Hubert) Universal instantiation, 2, 5
• A(Hubert) Modus ponens, 8, 9
• A(Larry) ∧ A(Hubert) Addition, 7, 10
•

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