Chapter 1:

Data Storage

Computer Science: An Overview

Tenth Edition

by
J. Glenn Brookshear

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

 Bits and Bit Patterns

• Bit: Binary Digit (0 or 1)

• Bit Patterns are used to represent information.
– Numbers
– Text characters
– Images
– Sound
– And others

1-2

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

2
 Boolean Operations

• Boolean Operation: An operation that

manipulates one or more true/false values
• Specific operations
– AND
– OR
– XOR (exclusive or)
– NOT

1-3

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

3
 Figure 1.1 The Boolean operations AND,
OR, and XOR (exclusive or)

1-4

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

4
 Gates

• Gate: A device that computes a Boolean

operation
– Often implemented as (small) electronic
circuits
– Provide the building blocks from which
computers are constructed
– VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)

1-5

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

5
 Figure 1.2 A pictorial representation of AND,
OR, XOR, and NOT gates as well as their input
and output values

1-6

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

6
 Flip-flops

• Flip-flop: A circuit built from gates that can

store one bit.
– One input line is used to set its stored value to 1
– One input line is used to set its stored value to 0
– While both input lines are 0, the most recently
stored value is preserved

1-7

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

7
 Figure 1.3 A simple flip-flop circuit

1-8

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

8
 Figure 1.4 Setting the output of a
flip-flop to 1

1-9

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

9
 Figure 1.4 Setting the output of a
flip-flop to 1 (continued)

1-10

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

10
 Figure 1.4 Setting the output of a
flip-flop to 1 (continued)

1-11

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

11
 Figure 1.5 Another way of
constructing a flip-flop

1-12

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

12
 Hexadecimal Notation

• Hexadecimal notation: A shorthand

notation for long bit patterns
– Divides a pattern into groups of four bits each
– Represents each group by a single symbol
• Example: 10100011 becomes A3

1-13

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

13
 Figure 1.6 The hexadecimal coding
system

1-14

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

14
 Main Memory Cells

• Cell: A unit of main memory (typically 8 bits

which is one byte)
– Most significant bit: the bit at the left
(high-order) end of the conceptual row of bits
in a memory cell
– Least significant bit: the bit at the right
(low-order) end of the conceptual row of bits in
a memory cell

1-15

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

15
 Figure 1.7 The organization of a
byte-size memory cell

1-16

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

16
 Main Memory Addresses

• Address: A “name” that uniquely identifies one

cell in the computer’s main memory
– The names are actually numbers.
– These numbers are assigned consecutively
starting at zero.
– Numbering the cells in this manner associates
an order with the memory cells.

1-17

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

17
 Figure 1.8 Memory cells arranged by
address

1-18

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

18
 Measuring Memory Capacity

• Kilobyte: 210 bytes = 1024 bytes

– Example: 3 KB = 3 times 1024 bytes
– Sometimes “kibi” rather than “kilo”
• Megabyte: 220 bytes = 1,048,576 bytes
– Example: 3 MB = 3 times 1,048,576 bytes
– Sometimes “megi” rather than “mega”
• Gigabyte: 230 bytes = 1,073,741,824 bytes
– Example: 3 GB = 3 times 1,073,741,824 bytes
– Sometimes “gigi” rather than “giga”

1-19

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

19
 Measuring Memory Capacity

1-20

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

 Measuring Memory Capacity

1-21

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

 Mass Storage

• On-line versus off-line

• Typically larger than main memory
• Typically less volatile than main memory
• Typically slower than main memory

1-22

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

22
 Mass Storage Systems

• Magnetic Systems
– Disk
– Tape
• Optical Systems
– CD
– DVD
• Flash Drives

1-23

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

23
 Figure 1.9 A magnetic disk storage
system

1-24

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

24
 Related Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bMSXQhra6hY

1-25

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

 Files

• File: A unit of data stored in mass storage

system
– Fields and keyfields
• Physical record versus Logical record
• Buffer: A memory area used for the
temporary storage of data (usually as a
step in transferring the data)

1-26

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

26
 Representing Text

• Each character (letter, punctuation, etc.) is

assigned a unique bit pattern.
– ASCII: Uses patterns of 7-bits to represent
most symbols used in written English text
– Unicode: Uses patterns of 16-bits to represent
the major symbols used in languages world
side
– ISO standard: Uses patterns of 32-bits to
represent most symbols used in languages
world wide

1-27

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

27
 Figure 1.13 The message “Hello.” in
ASCII

1-28

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

28
 Representing Numeric Values

• Binary notation: Uses bits to represent a

number in base two
• Limitations of computer representations of
numeric values
– Overflow – occurs when a value is too big to
be represented
– Truncation – occurs when a value cannot be
represented accurately

1-29

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

29
 The Binary System

The traditional decimal system is based

on powers of ten.

The Binary system is based on powers

of two.

1-30

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

30