DecentralizationofEducationin thePhilippines

Status,TrendsandChallenges By Dr.EthelAgnesP.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH

TherolesandchallengesofDistrictEducationOfficesinacontextofdecentralization ExperiencesfromthePhilippinesandSriLanka IIEPWorkshopinManila,1216July2010

OverviewofthePhilippineEducational System

E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010

EducationalGovernance
HigherEducation
CommissiononHigherEducationhandles4years postsecondaryandadvancedegrees

TechnicalandVocationalTraining
TechnicalEducationandSkillsDevelopment Authority(TESDA) 2yearspostsecondary

BasicEducation
DepartmentofEducationhandles 10yearsofprimary/elementaryandsecondary educationschoolingandsomepreschoolclasses

E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010

Whypursuedecentralizationinthe Philippines?
EducationalSituation: Poorqualityofeducation Shortfallsinclassrooms Shortfallsintextbooksandteachers Lowachievementinscience,mathandlanguage Disparityinruralandurbanareasintermsof achievement Decliningparticipationoftheprivatesector
E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010 4

ReformProgramswith RecommendationsonDecentralization
EDCOM(1991)
Trifocalization ofeducationforimprovedgovernance Undertooktheassessmentoftheeducationsystemofthe country

PhilEducationSectorStudy(1998)
Sawthedemandforlocalinstitutionsforautonomyfrom centralgovernmenttoenablethemtobecomemore responsivetolocalproblems

PhilCommissiononEducationReform(2000) RA7160 LocalGovernmentCodeof1991 expanded theparticipationofstakeholdersineducation

E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010 5

EducationReformRecommendations
Promotionofschoolbasedmanagementasa systemofempoweringtheschooltoprovide leadershipandforthecommunitythatserves tohaveownershipoftheschool Thetrifocalization ofeducationwasintended toguaranteeconcentrationonbasiceducation andeffectivenessinthedeliveryofbasic education
E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010 6

AspectsofDecentralization
Decentralizationaimstowidendecisionmaking whileincreasingresponsibilityandaccountability. TheLocalGovernmentnowplaysarolein:
Construction,repairandmaintenanceofschool buildingsandotherfacilitiesofpublicelementaryand secondaryschools; Establishmentandmaintenanceofextensionclasses whennecessary Sportsactivitiesatthedivision,district,municipaland barangay levels
E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010 7

LegalBasisofEducationDecentralization:GOVERNANCE OF BASIC EDUCATION ACT (GOBEA)2001 Section2,DeclarationofPolicystates,

schoolshallbeattheheartoftheformaleducationsystem.Itiswhere childrenlearn.Schoolsshallhaveasingleaimofprovidingthebest possibleeducationforalllearnersandthestateshallencouragelocal initiativesforimprovingthequalityofbasiceducation. Thestateshallensurethatthevalues,needsandaspirationsofaschool communityarereflectedintheprogramofeducationforthechildren,out ofschoolyouthandadultlearners.Schoolsandlearningcentersshallbe empoweredtomakedecisionsonwhatisbestforthelearnerstheyserve

E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010

LegalBasisofEducationDecentralization:GOVERNANCE OF BASIC EDUCATION ACT (GOBEA)2001

Section3,PurposesandObjectivessetsoutinb),definetherolesandthe responsibilitiesof,andprovideresourcestothefieldofficeswhichshall implementeducationalprograms,projectsandservicesinthecommunities they andind), ensureschoolsandlearningcentersreceivethekindoffocusedattentionthey deserveandthateducationalprograms,projectsandservicestakeinto accounttheinterestsofthecommunity andine) encourageschoolsandlearningcenterstoreflectthevaluesofthecommunity byallowingteacher/learningfacilitatorsandotherstafftohaveflexibilityto servetheneedsofalllearners

E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010

LegalBasisofEducationDecentralization: GOVERNANCE OF BASIC EDUCATION ACT (GOBEA) 2001

TheActleavestheorganizationalstructuresto implementthesepolicies,purposesand objectivesopen,tobeproposedbythe Secretary,andtobeagreedwiththerelevant officesincludingthatofthePresident,theCivil ServiceDepartmentandDepartmentofBudget andManagement

E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010

10

Directive

Mainstream

L E A R N E R R E Q U I R E M E N T S

Manage ment, Planning, Standard Setting, QAand M&E

Public Private Alliances

Basic Education Programs & Services

Researchand Evaluation

Performance Feedback

Performance Management Reporting

Administrative

Services

HR Services

Finance& Audit Services

ICT Services

Legal Services

DecentralizedEducationalManagement FrameworkinthePhilippines
E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010 11

DEMFramework
Thedirectivelayer oftheprocessprovidestheoveralldirectiontoalltheactivities andservicesoftheDepartment.Itincludesactivitiesandprocesseslikepolicy formulationandsettingstandards,qualityassurance,settingtheoverallstrategic directionsoftheentiredepartmenttoensureachievementofitsvisionand mission. Themainstreamlayer consistsofthemajorprocessesandactivities,whichdirectly addresstherequirementsofthelearners.Itcoversprocessesandprogramson ensuringprivatepublicnetworkandalliances,deliveryofthebasiceducation serviceswhichincludepreschool,elementary,secondaryALS,specialeducation, scienceandtechnologyandtechnical/vocationalhighschools.Performance feedbackandmanagementreportingmechanismsformpartofthemainstream layertoensurecontinuousprocessimprovementandinformedmanagement decisions. Thesupportivelayer providesthemajorsupportprocessestothemainstream programsandactivities.TheAdministrativeprocessesincludeprocurement services.
E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010

12

SharedGovernancePrinciple
SharedGovernanceisaprinciplewhich recognizesthateveryunitintheeducation bureaucracyhasaparticularrole,taskand responsibilityinherentintheofficeandfor whichitisprincipallyresponsiblefor outcomes.

E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010

13

Principles
Section3.1Principle Sharedgovernanceisaprinciplewhichrecognizesthateveryunitin theeducationbureaucracyhasaparticularrole,taskandresponsibilityinherentintheoffice andforwhichitisprincipallyresponsibleforoutcomes. Section3.2Theprinciplesofaccountabilityandtransparencyshallbeoperationalized inthe performanceoffunctionsandresponsibilitiesatalllevelsofgovernance. Section3.3 Theprocessofdemocraticconsultationshallbepursuedasthedecisionmaking processatappropriatelevels.Wheneverfeasible,stakeholdersshallbeconsultedonmatters thataffectthewelfareandinstructionalneedsofthelearners. Section3.4Thecommunicationchannelsoffieldofficesshallbestrengthenedtofacilitate flowofinformationandexpandlinkageswithothergovernmentalagencies,localgovernment unitsandnongovernmentalorganizationsforeffectivegovernance. Feedbackmechanismshallbeestablishedtoensurecoordinationandopencommunication amongthecentraloffice,theregional,division,districtandschools/learningcenterlevels.

E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010

14

Dutiesandresponsibilitiesina DecentralizedEnvironment NationalOffice:

(1)Formulatingnationaleducationalpolicies; (2)Formulatinganationalbasiceducationplan; (3)PromulgatingnationaleducationalStandards; (4)Monitoringandassessingnationallearningoutcomes; (5)Undertakingnationaleducationalresearchandstudies; (6)Enhancingtheemploymentstatus,professional competence,welfareandworkingconditionsofall personneloftheDepartment;and (7)Enhancingthetotaldevelopmentoflearnersthrough localandnationalprogramsand/orprojects.
E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010 15

DutiesandResponsibilitiesina DecentralizedEnvironment
RegionalOffice :Consistentwiththenationaleducationalpolicies,
plansandstandards,theregionaldirectorshallhaveauthority, accountabilityandresponsibilityforthefollowing: (1)Definingaregionaleducationalpolicyframeworkwhichreflectsthe values,needsandexpectationsofthecommunitiestheyserve; (2)Developingaregionalbasiceducationplan; (3)Developingregionaleducationalstandardswithaviewtowardsbench markingforinternationalcompetitiveness; (4)Monitoring,evaluatingandassessingregionallearningoutcomes; (5)Undertakingresearchprojectsanddevelopingandmanagingregion wideprojectswhichmaybefundedthroughofficialdevelopment assistanceand/ororotherfindingagencies; (6)Ensuringstrictcompliancewithprescribednationalcriteriaforthe recruitment,selectionandtrainingofallstaffintheregionanddivisions. (7)Formulating,incoordinationwiththeregionaldevelopmentcouncil, thebudgettosupporttheregionaleducationalplanwhichshalltakeinto accounttheeducationalplansofthedivisionsanddistricts;
16 E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010

DutiesandResponsibilitiesinaDecentralized Environment
RegionalOffice (8)Determiningtheorganizationcomponentofthedivisionsanddistricts andapprovingtheproposedstaffingpatternofallemployeesinthe divisionsanddistricts; (9)Hiring,placingandevaluatingallemployeesintheregionaloffice, exceptforthepositionofassistantdirector; (10)Evaluatingallschoolsdivisionsuperintendentsandassistantdivision superintendentsintheregion; (II)Planningandmanagingtheeffectiveandefficientuseofallpersonnel, physicalandfiscalresourcesoftheregionaloffice,includingprofessional staffdevelopment.; (12)Managingthedatabaseandmanagementinformationsystemofthe region; (13)Approvingtheestablishmentofpublicandprivateelementaryand highschoolsandlearningcenters;and (14)Preforming suchotherfunctionsasmaybeassignedbyproper authorities.
E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010 17

DutiesandResponsibilitiesinaDecentralized Environment TheDepED DivisionOffice: Adivisionshallconsistofaprovinceoracity whichshallhaveaschoolsdivision superintendent,atleastoneassistantschools divisionsuperintendentandanofficestafffor programspromotion,planning, administrative,fiscal,legal,ancillaryandother supportservices.
E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010 18

DutiesandResponsibilitiesinaDecentralized Environment
TheDepED DivisionOffice:
(1) Developing and implementing division education development plans; (2) Planning and managing the effective and efficient use of all personnel, physical and fiscal resources of the division, including professional staff development; (3) Hiring, placing and evaluating all division supervisors and schools district supervisors as well as all employees in the division, both teaching and non teaching personnel, including school heads, except for the assistant division superintendent; (4) Monitoring the utilization of funds provided by the national government and the local government units to the schools and learning centers; (5) Ensuring compliance of quality standards for basic education programs and for this purpose strengthening the role of division supervisors as subject area specialists; (6) Promoting awareness of and adherence by all schools and learning centers to accreditation standards prescribed by the Secretary of Education; (7) Supervising the operations of all public and private elementary, secondary and integrated schools, and learning centers; and (8) Performing such other functions as may be assigned by proper authorities.
E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010 19

DutiesandResponsibilitiesinaDecentralized Environment SchoolsDistrictLevel

Upon the recommendation of the schools division superintendents, the regional director may establish additional schools district within a schools division. School districts already existing at the time of the passage of the law shall be maintained. A schools district shall have a schools district supervisor and an office staff for program promotion. The schools district supervisor shall be responsible for: (1) Providing professional and instructional advice and support to the school heads and teachers/facilitators of schools and learning centers in the district or cluster thereof; (2) Curricula supervision; and (3) Performing such other functions as may be assigned by proper authorities.
E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010

20

TheSchoolsDistrictLevel
Section8.1Powers,DutiesandFunctions TheSchoolsDistrictLevel Aschoolsdistrictshallhaveaschoolsdistrict supervisorandanofficestaffforprogrampromotion.
Inconsonancewiththepolicy,purposesandobjectives,andtheprinciplesenunciatedinR.A.9155the schooldistrictsshallhavethefollowingauthority,accountabilityandresponsibility: 8.1.1Monitor,assess,superviseandevaluatetheimplementationofvariouscurriculainbasic educationinbothpublicandprivateschools/learningcentersincludingearlychildhoodeducation, specialeducationandalternativelearningsysteminthedistrictorclusterthereof 8.1.2 Provide professionalandinstructionaladviceandsupporttotheschoolheadsand teachers/facilitatorsofpublicandprivateelementaryandsecondaryschoolsandlearningcenters includingearlychildhoodeducation,specialeducationandalternativelearningsysteminthe districtorclusterthereof 8.1.3Performsuchotherrelatedfunctionsasmaybeassignedbyproperauthorities.

E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010

21

SchoolDistrictLevel
Aschooldistrictalreadyexistingatthetimeofthe passageofthisActshallbemaintained. However,anadditionalschooldistrictmaybe establishedbytheregionaldirectorbasedon criteriasetbytheSecretaryandonthe recommendationoftheschoolsdivision superintendent. Forthispurpose,theSecretaryofEducationshall setstandardsandformulatecriteriaasbasisof theRegionalDirectorintheestablishmentofan additionalschooldistrict.
E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010 22

DutiesandResponsibilitiesinaDecentralized Environment SchoolLevel

There shall be a school head for all public elementary schools and public high schools or a cluster thereof. The establishment of integrated schools from existing public elementary and public high schools shall be encouraged. The school head, who may be assisted by an assistant school head, shall be both an instructional leader and administrative manager. The school head shall form a them with the school teachers/learning facilitators for delivery of quality educational programs, projects and services. A core of nonteaching staff shall handle the school's administrative, fiscal and auxiliary services.

E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010

23

DutiesandResponsibilitiesinaDecentralized Environment
SchoolLevel (1)Settingthemission,vision,goalsandobjectivesoftheschool; (2)Creatinganenvironmentwithintheschoolthatisconduciveto teachingandlearning; (3)Implementingtheschoolcurriculumandbeingaccountablefor higherlearningoutcomes; (4)Developingtheschooleducationprogramandschool improvementplan; (5)Offeringeducationalprograms,projectsandserviceswhich provideequitableopportunitiesforalllearnersinthecommunity; (6)Introducingnewandinnovativemodesofinstructiontoachieve higherlearningoutcomes;
E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010 24

DutiesandResponsibilitiesinaDecentralized Environment
SchoolLevel
(7)Administeringandmanagingallpersonnel,physicalandfiscalresourcesofthe school; (8)Recommendingthestaffingcomplementoftheschoolbasedonitsneeds; (9)Encouragingstaffdevelopment; (10)Establishingschoolandcommunitynetworksandencouragingtheactive participationofteachersorganizations,nonacademicpersonnelofpublicschools, andparentsteacherscommunityassociations; (11)Acceptingdonations,gifts,bequestsandgrantsforthepurposeofupgrading teachers'learningfacilitators'competencies,improvingadexpandingschool facilitiesandprovidinginstructionalmaterialsandequipment.Suchdonationsor grantsmustbereportedtotheappropriatedistrictsupervisorsanddivision superintendents;and (12)Performingsuchotherfunctionsasmaybeassignedbyproperauthorities.

E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010

25

PromotionswithinDepED
TheSecretaryofEducationshallcreateapromotionsboard,atthe appropriatelevels,whichshallformulateandimplementasystem ofpromotionforschoolsdecisionsupervisors,schoolsdistrict supervisors,andschoolheads.Promotionofschoolheadsshallbe basedoneducationalqualification,meritandperformancerather thanonthenumberofteachers/learningfacilitatorsandlearnersin theschool. Thequalifications,salarygrade,statusofemploymentandwelfare andbenefitsofschoolheadsshallbethesameforpublic elementary,secondaryandintegratedschools. Noappointmenttothepositionsofregionaldirectors,assistant regionaldirectors,schoolsdivisionsuperintendentsandassistant schoolsdivisionsuperintendentsshallbemadeunlessfile appointeeisacareerexecutiveserviceofficerwhopreferablyshall haverisenfromtheranks.
E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010 26

DutiesandResponsibilitiesina DecentralizedEnvironment
Theschoolheadsshallhaveauthority,accountabilityand responsibilityforthefollowing: 1. settingthemission,vision,goalsandobjectives 2. creatinganenvironmentthatisconducivetoteachingand learning 3. implementingcurriculumandbeingaccountableforhigher learningoutcomes 4. developingaschooleducationprogramandSIP 5. offeringeducationprograms,projectsandserviceswhich provideequitableopportunitiesforalllearnersinthe community 6. introducingnewandinnovativemodesofinstructionto achievehigherlearningoutcomes
E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010 27

DutiesandResponsibilitiesina DecentralizedEnvironment
administeringandmanagingallpersonnel,physicalandfiscalresources recommendingstaffingcomplementbasedonitsneeds encouragingstaffdevelopment; establishingschoolandcommunitynetworksandencouragingactive participationofteachersorganizations,nonacademicpersonnelofpublic schoolsandPTCAs acceptingdonations,gifts,bequestsandgrantsforthepurposeof upgradingteachers/learningfacilitatorscompetencies,improvingand expandingtheschoolfacilitiesandprovidinginstructionalmaterialsand equipment;suchdonationsorgrantsmustbereportedtotheappropriate districtsupervisoranddivisionalsuperintendents performingotherfunctionsasmaybeassignedbyproperauthorities.

E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010

28

PerceptiononDecentralizationofEducationin thePhilippines(SEDIPSurvey)
DepED personnel at all administrative levels have some general idea of what education decentralization entails. Most associate this with the transfer of power and responsibility to divisions and schools, and some others, with the empowerment of field officials and other stakeholders. Still a few others, equate education decentralization with schoolbased management. Not surprisingly, the latter two responses (empowerment of field offices and schoolbased management) are more likely to be mentioned by respondents at the district and school levels rather than those at the higher levels (Central, Regional and Division Offices) of the education hierarchy.
E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010 29

PerceptiononDecentralizationofEducationin thePhilippines(SEDIPSurvey)
In terms of the division of labor and of tasks and responsibilities across the educational hierarchy, there is also some convergence in the views of respondents as to which administrative level/s should assume the greater responsibility for a given educational task or function under a decentralized setup. It should be noted that this does not necessarily equate to a consensus of views among the survey respondents. In general, it should be borne in mind that some territorialism is evident in the survey respondents, (i.e., respondents tend to vote for their own administrative level as that which should be performing a given task.

E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010

30

PerceptiononDecentralizationof EducationinthePhilippines(SEDIPSurvey)
TheCentralofficeisseenasassumingamajorroleintheperformance ofeducationalpolicymaking;thesettingandformulationofeducation qualitystandards;andthedevelopmentanddesignofcurriculum contentandstructure. TheDivisionOfficeontheotherhand,isseenasprimarilyresponsible forthehiringandterminationofteachers,aswellasformonitoring learningoutcomesandeducationalperformance,andtheprocurement oftextbooks. Therespondentsalsoviewthelattertwofunctions(monitoringand textbookprocurement)asresponsibilities,whichtheDivisionshould sharewiththeschoolsintheirareas.

E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010

31

PerceptiononDecentralizationof EducationinthePhilippines(SEDIPSurvey)
Under a decentralized setup, the schools are seen as primarily responsible for several tasks. In descending order of importance these tacks/functions are as follows:
the repair and maintenance of school buildings; the development of instructional materials; the performance evaluation of teachers; the procurement of school furniture and equipment, the construction of school buildings and facilities; the generation and mobilization of resources; and the allocation and utilization of fiscal resources.

In addition, schools are perceived along with the Division Offices as also primarily responsible for planning, program development and the inservice training of teachers.

E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010

32

PerceptiononDecentralizationof EducationinthePhilippines(SEDIPSurvey)
Other Findings: Themostwidelycitedreason,asthebarriertothefullimplementationofRA9155isthe lackofcooperationfromstakeholders followedcloselybylackofmanpowerormanpower preparation. Thereisstillalargeconcernaboutthereadinessofpersonnel/officestohandledevolved dutiesmostlycitingthatpersonnellackskillsandrequiremoretraining. Amajorityalsoexpressessomeconcernsaboutredundancies,theproportionbeing highestatthedistrictlevel. Astoconcernaboutadditionaljobs/tasksthatmaybeassignedwithnoadditional compensationasaresultofdecentralization,understandablytheconcernismainlyatthe lowerlevels.Majorityatthecentraloffice,regionaloffice,andthedivisionofficearenot concernedbutmajorityatthedistrictlevelandschoollevelareconcernedaboutadditional tasks. Finally,itisinterestingtonotethatdespiteperceivedconcernsaboutdecentralization,avery largemajorityofrespondentsatalllevelsareinfavorofdecentralizationandbelievethatitwill improvethequalityoftheeducationalsystem.

E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010

33

Dr.EthelAgnesP.Valenzuela ResearchSpecialistandHead,ResearchStudiesUnit

THANKYOU

E.Valenzuela SEAMEOINNOTECH TherolesandchallengesofDEOsinacontextofdecentralization IIEPworkshopinManila 1216July2010

34