VIMALA CENTRAL SCHOOL

KARAMCODE P.O., CHATHANNOOR, KOLLAM-691579

Affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education , New Delhi - No 930331

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Second year of all India Senior Secondary
School Certificate Examination 2025

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

"TRANSFORMERS"
Submitted by,

NAME : HARIDEV S

CLASS : XII

REGISTER No. :

ADMISSION No. : 896

YEAR OF STUDY : 2024 - 2025

Teachers in charge : Mrs. SUMA M S and Mrs. SHEEJA K V

EXAMINERS. PRINCIPAL

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to express my sincere concern and regards to
our most respected Rev. Fr. Samuel Pazhavoor Padikal sir and Principal
Mr. Tom Mathew sir for giving me ample support and encouragement for
completing this project.This project was done under the guidance of
teachers Mrs. Suma M.S and Mrs. Sheeja K.V department of Physics,
Vimala Central School.

I have great indebtedness to them and I express my whole hearted

gratitude for their valuable guidance. I would also extend my faithful thanks
to my friends for their valuable help and advice during the course of the
project.

At last but not the least I am thanking his guidance

"THE ALMIGHTY GOD"

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project entitled "TRANSFORMER" is a bonafide
work done By Haridev S of Class XII under the guidance of Mrs. Suma. M.S
and Mrs. Sheeja.K.V teachers in charge.

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 lOMoARcPSD|46509278

Table of content
Sr.No Content Page No

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 Faraday's Law of 2
Electromagnetic Induction
3 Types of Transformers 3

4 PRINCIPLE 4

5 CONSTRUCTION 5

6 Working principle of 6
Transformer

7 Efficiency 7

8 Energy losses in a 8
Transformer
9 Uses of Transformer in 9
Daily life
10 EXPERIMENT 10-12

11 BIBLIOGRAPHY 13

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 INTRODUCTION
A transformer is a simple static device that helps in transferring the electrical power
between two circuits. It works on Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction. It is a
passive component that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another
circuit or multiple circuits. A varying current in any coil of the transformers produces a
varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which induces a varying
electromagnetic force (EMF) across any other coils wound around the same core.
Electrical energy can be transferred between separate coils without a metallic
(conductive) connection between the two circuits. William Stanley designed the first
commercial transformer for Westinghouse in 1886.

Air-core transformers are designed to transfer radio-frequency currents i.e., the currents
used for the radio transmission, they consist of more coils wound around a solid
insulating substance or on an insulating coil form. Iron-core transformers serve
analogous functions in the audio-frequency range.

Impedance-matching transformers are used to match the impedance of a source and

that of its load, for most efficient piece of equipment from the source of power.

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 Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic
Induction
It is a process by which the primary coil induces a voltage into the secondary coil with
the help of magnetic induction. The coil windings are electrically isolated and
magnetically connected around a common circuit called a core. If we apply to vary the
current in one coil, it creates a magnetic field and automatically induces the varying
voltage in the secondary coil.

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 TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
The transformers are of two types:

a. Step up transformers

b. Step down transformers

Step up Transformer

A Step up transformer converts the low voltage (LV) and high current from the primary
side of the transformer to the high voltage (HV) and low current value on the secondary
side of the transformer. The number of turns and voltage across secondary side is
greater.

Step down Transformer

A transformer that decreases the voltage incoming to the site by increasing the
electrical current is called a step-down transformer.

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 PRINCIPLE
A transformer works on the principle of mutual induction. Mutual induction is the
phenomenon by which when the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changes, an
EMF, is induced in the neighboring coil. A varying current in the transformer core is also
encircled by the secondary winding. This varying flux at the secondary winding induces
varying electromagnetic force or voltage in the secondary winding. This electromagnetic
induction phenomenon is the basis of transformer action and, by Lenz's law, the
secondary current produced creates a flux equal and opposite to that produced by the
primary winding.

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 CONSTRUCTION

A transformer consists of a rectangular soft iron core made of laminated sheets, well insulated
from one another. Two coils: the primary coil and secondary coil are wound on the same core
but are well insulated from each other. Both coils are also insulated from the core. The source
of alternating EMF is connected to the primary coil and a load resistance3 is connected to the
secondary coil. Thus, there can be no current in the secondary coil as long as the switch is open.
For an ideal transformer, the primary and secondary coil winding resistance can be neglected.
Further, the energy loss caused due to magnetic hysteresis in the iron core is also negligible.

The three main parts of the transformer are:

➤ The primary winding of the transformer

It produces magnetic flux when it is connected to the electrical source.

➤ The magnetic core of a transformer

The magnetic flux the primary winding produces will pass through this low

reluctance path linked with the secondary winding and create a closed magnetic

circuit.

➤ The secondary winding of the transformer

The flux produced by the primary winding passes through the core and will link with the

secondary winding. This winding also wounds on the same core and gives the desired

output of the transformer.

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 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF
TRANSFORMER
The working principle of a transformer is very simple. It depends upon Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction. Mutual induction between two or more winding is
responsible for transformation action in an electrical transformer.

According to Faraday's law, the "Rate of change of flux linkage to time is directly
proportional to the induced EMF in a conductor or coil".

The winding that takes electrical power from the source, is generally known as the
primary winding of the transformer. Here in our above example, it is first winding. The
winding which gives the desired output voltage due to mutual induction in the
transformer is commonly known as the secondary winding of a transformer. Here in our
example, it is second winding. The above-mentioned form of transformer is theoretically
possible but not practically because in open air very tiny portion of the flux of the first
winding will link with the second; so, the current that flows through the closed circuit of
the latter will be so small in amount that it will be difficult to measure. The rate of
change of flux linkage depends upon the amount of linked flux with the second winding.
So, it is desired to be linked to almost all primary and secondary winding fluxes. This is
effectively and efficiently done by placing one low reluctance path in the core of the
transformer, through which the maximum number of fluxes produced by the primary is
passed and linked with the secondary winding.

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 Efficiency
The ratio of the output power to the input power in a transformer is known as the
efficiency of the transformer. In an ideal transformer, when there is no loss of power,
efficiency is said to be one. However, practically there are many energy losses. Hence
efficiency of the transformer in practice is less than one.The transformer efficiency is
represented by the Greek letter Eta(η).

The above equations are suitable for an ideal transformer wherever there will be no
transformer losses as well and the complete energy within the input gets moved to the
output.

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 ENERGY LOSSES IN A TRANSFORMER
A transformer is designed to convert alternating current into another voltage very
efficiently. But there are small energy losses that do occur in them. The four main
causes of energy loss in transformers are as follows:

1.Resistance of windings - The wire used in the winding of the coil of the

transformer contributes to heat loss due to electric heating.

As per Joule's law of heating,

2
P=i R

Where P is the rate of heat generated in the wire of resistance R when i is the electric

current in the wire.

2.Flux leakage - Due to an error in the design of the core of the secondary coil, all the

magnetic flux produced in the primary coil may not be linked to the secondary coil.

That is the reason for the flux leakage.

3.Eddy currents - When the primary coil's magnetic field changes, it induces currents in

the secondary coil and currents in the iron core itself. These currents flow in little

circles in the iron core and are called eddy currents. The eddy currents cause heat loss.

4.Hysteresis - The alternating magnetic field repeatedly reverses the core's

magnetization. The repeating core magnetization process expends energy and this

energy appears as heat.

5.Magnetostriction - It is the humming noise of transformer which reduces efficiency.

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 USES OF TRANSFORMER IN DAILY LIFE
A lot of applications in daily life make use of transformers for their basic operations.
Some of them are listed below:

• Alternating Current Regulation

• Charging Batteries

• Steel Manufacturing

• Air Conditioner

• Stabilizers

• Rectifiers

• Coolant

• Used for impedance matching

• Small transformers are used in radio receivers, telephones, loudspeakers, etc.

• In the transmission of AC over long distances.

• Power generation

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 EXPERIMENT

Aim
To investigate the relation between the ratio of

➤ Output and input voltage

➤ Number of turns in the secondary coil and primary of a transformer.

Apparatus
➤ Soft iron core (length 15 cm, diameter 1.3 cm),

➤ Thick paper

➤ Copper wire (220r20 SWG)

➤ Two voltmeters (0-10)

➤ AC Main (220 V)

Procedure
For the demonstration of the principle of transformer by winding primary and secondary
coil on steel rod following steps must be followed:

➤ Take a soft iron rod of 15cm in length and 1.3cm in diameter.

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➤ Wrap a thick piece of paper on it.

➤ Wind a coil P of enameled copper wire.

➤ Wind another coil S of thick enameled copper wire with 50 turns.

➤ Both coils are wounded over the same length of the rod so that almost the entire flux

produced by the current in one is linked to another.

➤ Connect the coil S with an AC voltage (0-10V). Connect an identical AC voltmeter

across P also.

➤ Switch on the current in P and note the voltage across the two coils.

➤ Find the ratio of Vp and Vs.

Observation
➤ The ratio of Vp and Vs across the two coils is equal to the ratio of the number of turns

in coil P to coil S.

➤ The coil P is called the primary coil and the S coil is called the secondary coil.

➤ Since coil S is placed very close to the coil P, the power in the primary coil is

transferred to the secondary coil through mutual induction.

➤ It is clear that the appropriate choice of the turn ratio i.e.. Np/Ns. We can obtain a

higher or lower voltage in S than in P.

➤ A steady DC voltage cannot be stepped up or stepped down by a transformer,

because a steady DC does not produce changing magnetic flux and therefore cannot

produce induced voltage.

➤Transformer is an application of mutual induction. Depending upon the ratio of turns

in the two coils, a transformer can step down or step up AC voltage.

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SOURCES OF ERROR
➤ Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.

➤ Eddy current can change the readings.

CONCLUSION
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the

ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage.

2. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.

2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C should remain constant

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Class 12 NCERT textbook

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer

• https://byjus.com/jee/transformer/

• https://www.britannica.com/technology/transformer- electronics

• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/electrical_machines/elect rical machines efficiency of

transformer

• https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/explain-the- energy-losses-in-the-

transformer-how-class-12-physics- cbse

• https://www.electronicshub.org/introduction-to- transformers/

• https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/2018/01/introdu ction-to-transformer.html

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