MIDTERM NOTES “But as for you, be strong and never give up,

for your work will be rewarded.”

LESSON 1: MEASURES OF VARIABILITY Standard Deviation

MEASURES OF VARIABILITY -
UNGROUPED DATA

Variability
Provides a quantitative measure of the
differences between scores in a distribution
and describes the degree to which the
scores are spread out or clustered together. Example 1
A corporation hired 10 graduates. The
Range starting salaries for each graduate are
Is the difference between the maximum and shown. Find the range of the starting
minimum data entries in the set. To find the salaries of the corporation.
range, the data must be quantitative.
Starting salaries for the corporation (in
Range = (Maximum data entry) - (Minimum thousands of dollars) 41 38 39 45 47 41 44
data entry) 41 37 42

Example 1
A corporation hired 10 graduates. The
starting salaries for each graduate are
shown. Find the range of the starting
salaries of the corporation.

Starting salaries for the corporation (in

thousands of dollars) 41 38 39 45 47 41 44
41 37 42

Range = (Max. - Min.)

Range = 47 - 37
Range = 10

Variance
MIDTERM NOTES “But as for you, be strong and never give up,
for your work will be rewarded.”

LESSON 2: SKEWNESS & KURTOSIS

Skewness
Is a measure or a criterion on how
asymmetric the distribution of data is from
the mean.

Pearson Coefficient of Skewness

Example 2 Is a method developed by Karl Pearson to
The ages (in years) of a random sample of find Skewness in a sample using descriptive
shoppers at a clothing outlet 16 18 19 17 14 statistics like the mean and mode.
15 17 17 17 16

Symmetrical Distribution
Symmetrical Distribution and mode occurs
when the values of variable occur at regular
frequencies and the mean, median at the
same point.
MIDTERM NOTES “But as for you, be strong and never give up,
for your work will be rewarded.”

Positively Skewed
A positively skewed (or right-skewed)
distribution is a type of distribution in which
most values are clustered around the left
tail of the distribution while the right tail of
the distribution is longer.

Negatively Skewed
Is a type of distribution in which more values
are concentrated on the right side (tail) of
the distribution graph while the left tail of the
distribution graph is longer.

Example 1
For 108 randomly selected high school
students, the following IQ frequency
distribution were obtained. Find the
Coefficient of Skewness of the distribution.
MIDTERM NOTES “But as for you, be strong and never give up,
for your work will be rewarded.”

Platykurtic
● Platykurtic distribution shows a
negative excess kurtosis.
● The kurtosis reveals a distribution
with flat tails.
● The flat tails indicate the small
outliers in a distribution.

MEASURES OF KURTOSIS
UNGROUPED DATA

MEASURES OF KURTOSIS
● KURTOSIS is a measure of whether
the data are heavy-tailed or
light-tailed to a normal distribution.
● That is, data sets with high kurtosis
tend to have heavy tails or outliers.
GROUPED DATA
Data sets with low kurtosis tend to
have light tails, or lack of outliers.

Example 1
For 108 randomly selected high school
students, the following IQ frequency
A distribution is said to be: distribution were obtained. Find the
● Mesokurtic if k = 3 Coefficient of Skewness of the distribution.
● Leptokurtic if k > 3
● Platykurtic if k < 3

Leptokurtic
Indicates a positive excess kurtosis. The
Leptokurtic distribution shows heavy tails on
either side, indicating large outliers.
MIDTERM NOTES “But as for you, be strong and never give up,
for your work will be rewarded.”

Solution: KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN

SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS
● This is the fundamental difference
between Skewness and kurtosis:

1) The characteristic of a frequency

distribution ascertaining its
symmetry about the mean is called
skewness. On the other hand,
Example 1
Kurtosis means the relative
pointedness of the standard bell
curve, defined by the frequency
distribution.

2) Skewness is a measure of the

degree of lopsidedness in the
frequency distribution. Conversely,
Kurtosis is a measure of degree of
tailedness in the frequency
distribution.

3) Skewness is an indicator of lack of

symmetry, i.e. Both left and right
sides of the curve are unequal, with
respect to the central point. As
against this, Kurtosis is measure of
Example 1 data, that is either peaked or flat,
with respect to the probability
distribution.

4) Skewness shows how much and in

which direction the values deviate
from the mean. In contrast, Kurtosis
explain how tall and sharp the
central peak is.

LESSON 3: FINDING THE AREA UNDER

THE NORMAL CURVE
Normal Distribution
The normal distribution is a unique
arrangement of values in that if the values
are graphed, the curve takes a distinct
bell-shaped and symmetrical form.
MIDTERM NOTES “But as for you, be strong and never give up,
for your work will be rewarded.”

Characteristics of Normal Distribution

(1) The curve is continuous.

(5) The curve is unimodal.

(2) The curve is bell-shaped.

(6) The curve never touches the x-axis

(3) The curve is symmetrical about the (asymptote).
mean.

(7) The total area under the normal

(4) The mean, median, and mode are
curve is equal to 1.
located at the center of the
distribution and are equal to each
other.
MIDTERM NOTES “But as for you, be strong and never give up,
for your work will be rewarded.”

Examples
FINDING THE AREA UNDER THE
NORMAL CURVE
MIDTERM NOTES “But as for you, be strong and never give up,
for your work will be rewarded.”

PERCENTILES
● Is a point in the distribution such that
a given number of cases is below it.
● Is a measure of relative standing.
● It is a descriptive measure of the
relationship of a measurement to teh
rest of the data.

Example 1
Find the 95th percentile of a normal curve.

Solution
(1) Draw the appropriate normal curve.

(2) Express the given percentage as

probability: 95% = 0.95

(3) Split 0.95 into 0.5000 and 0.4500

(4) Shade 0.5000 of the sketch of the

normal curve in step 1.

(5) Locate the area 0.4500 in the body

of the table between the values of
0.4495 and 0.4505

(6) Find the z-value that corresponds to

0.4505
0.4505 <-> z = 1.65

(7) Find the z-value that corresponds to

0.4495
0.4495 <-> z = 1.64
MIDTERM NOTES “But as for you, be strong and never give up,
for your work will be rewarded.”

(8) Find the average of the two Example 3

z-values: In a science test, the mean score is 42 and
the standard deviation is 5. Assuming the
score are normally distributed, what percent
of the score is:

(a) Greater than 48?

(9) Locate z = 1.645 under the curve. (b) Less than 50?
(10) Shade the region to the left of z (c) Between 30 and 48?
= 1.645.
(11) Describe the shaded region. Solution A:
- The standard region is 95% 1. Convert the score 48 to z-score
of the distribution.

Example 2

2. Sketch the normal curve

Solution
MIDTERM NOTES “But as for you, be strong and never give up,
for your work will be rewarded.”

Solution B
1. Convert the score 50 to z-score.

2. Sketch the normal curve.

Solution C:
1. Convert the score 30 & 48 to
z-score.

2. Sketch the normal curve