Madanandapuram, Chennai-600 125

Class-IX; Maths (2021-2022)

Number Systems, Date: 26-Jun-2021
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Introduction to Natural Numbers

Non-negative counting numbers excluding zero are called Natural Numbers.

Whole Numbers
All natural numbers including zero are called Whole Numbers.
W = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
Integers
All natural numbers, negative numbers and 0, together are called Integers.
Z = 3, 2,
Rational Numbers
Rational

Q = 2/3, 3/5, etc. all are rational numbers.

How to find a rational number between two given numbers?

Ex: Find two rational numbers between 3 and 4

Q1 = = Q2 = = =

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Q1 represents the middle value between 3 and 4

Q2 represents the middle value between 3 and Q1. This procedure can be done any
number of times. Therefore we say that there are infinite number of terms between two
rationals

a
Q2 Q1
b

Properties of Rational Numbers

Rational number follow the commutative and associative law of addition and multiplication.
They also follow the distributive law of multiplication over addition.
If a , b and c are three numbers then
a+ b = b + a ( Commutative law of addition)
a. b = b . a ( Commutative law of multiplication)
a + ( b + c ) = ( a + b) + c ( Associative law of addition)
a . ( b . c ) = ( a . b) . c ( Associative law of multiplication )
a . ( b + c) = a . b + a . c ( Law of distribution)
(b + c) a = b . a + c . a ( Law of distribution)
Additive identity is zero
Multiplicative identity is one
Additive inverse is negative of the number
Multiplicative inverse is reciprocal of the number.

Irrational Numbers

not rational are called Irrational Numbers.

Example -

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Number Line Representation:

There is a straight line which tends to infinity on both sides. Point 0 is known as origin and
the left half of the line is known as negative half and the right half is known as positive half.
On the number line the numbers are in the increasing order from left to right.

Representation of Irrational Numbers on the Number Line:

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Real Numbers

All numbers including both rational and irrational numbers are called Real
Numbers.
R = 2,

If x and y are two rational numbers then exactly one of the following given
relationship is correct.
(i) x= y (ii) x > y (iii) x < y

Real Numbers and their Decimal Expansions

1. Rational Numbers
If the rational number is in the form of a/b then by dividing a by b we can get two
situations.
a. If the remainder becomes zero
While dividing if we get zero as the remainder after some steps then the
decimal expansion of such number is called terminating.
Example:
7/8 = 0.875

b. If the remainder does not become zero

While dividing if the decimal expansion continues and not becomes zero then it
is called non-terminating or repeating expansion.
Example:

Hence, the decimal expansion of rational numbers could be terminating or non-

terminating and recurring.

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2. Irrational Numbers
If we do the decimal expansion of an irrational number then it would be non
terminating non-recurring and vice-versa. i. e. the remainder does not become
zero and also not repeated.
Example:

All the above three decimal numbers have got a unique representation on the
number system line. In other words we can say that on the number line there
are infinite rational and irrational numbers between two numbers
Ex: 1 Find three irrational numbers between 0.1 and 0.12
Let a = 0.1 = 0.100.
and b=0.12 = 0.120
Therefore the three irrational numbers between 0.100 and 0.120 are

Ex 2: Which of the following rational numbers can be represented as terminating

decimals?
a) 3/5 b) 2/13 c) 7/20
Sol:
We know that a rational number can be represented in the form of p/q,
where p and q do not have any common divisor. The p/q can be represented as
terminating decimal if q has only divisor 2 or 5 or both .
a) 3/5 = p/q
q = 5 = 51
Therefore 3/5 can be represented as terminating decimals.
b) 2/13
q = 13 = 131
Since divisor of q is only 13, hence 2/13 cannot be represented as terminating
decimals.
c) 7/20
q= 20 = 2 x 2 x 5 = 22 x 51
Hence divisor of q can be represented in terms of 2 and 5
Hence 7/20 can be represented as terminating decimal

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Represent the decimal number in p/q form

Representing Rational numbers on the number line through successive

magnification:
To represent the real numbers on the number line we use the process of successive
magnification in which we visualize the numbers through a magnifying glass on the
number line.
Example:

Step 1: The number lies between 4 and 5, so we divide it into 10 equal parts. Now
for the first decimal place, we will mark the number between 4.2 and 4.3.
Step 2: Now we will divide it into 10 equal parts again. The second decimal place
will be between 4.26 and 4.27.
Step 3: Now we will again divide it into 10 equal parts. The third decimal place will
be between 4.262 and 4.263.
Step 4: By doing the same process again we will mark the point at 4.2626.

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Operations on Real Numbers

1. The sum, difference, product and quotient of two rational numbers will be rational.
2. If we add or subtract a rational number with an irrational number then the outcome will
be
and 5 -
3. If we multiply or divide a non-zero rational number with an irrational number then also
the outcome will be irrational. Example:

4. The sum, difference, product and quotient of two irrational numbers could be rational or
irrational.

irrational no + irrational no = irrational no

-
Irrational number irrational number = rational number

Irrational X Irrational = rational

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Identities Related to Square Root

If p and q are two positive real numbers

Example:
1. Simplify the following

2. Simplify

Rationalizing the Denominator

Rationalize the denominator means to convert the denominator containing square
root term into a rational number by finding the equivalent fraction of the given
fraction.

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How to Rationalize Irrational Numbers?

For an irrational number of -

irrational number of the from a -

To rationalize the denominator of the form multiply and divide it by the conjugate
of the denominator.
i.e., multiply and divide , and if the denominator has a negative sign for the
second term then multiply and divide by

Examples
For which we can use the identities of the real numbers.
Make the denominator rational of the following

a) b) c)

x =
b)
x =

c) -

x =
2 - 2 =2 9x5 = 2 45 = -43}

=- -

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Steps to be followed are:

1. First of all, mark the distance x unit from point A on the line so that AB = x unit.
2. From B mark a point C with the distance of 1 unit, so that BC = 1 unit.
3. Take the midpoint of AC and mark it as O. Then take OC as the radius and draw a
semicircle
4. From the point B draw a perpendicular BD which intersects the semicircle at point D

the number line, with B as zero. So C is point 1 on the number line.

Now we will take B as the centre and BD as the radius, and draw the arc on the number line
at point E.

BD =

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Extra Questions:

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