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"Hello Hello Nazrein Calculus Par"

CALCULUS CORE
Fear No More
Basic to Advanced Level
Detailed Theory with Topic wise Solved Examples
JEE Main & |T-JEE Advanced Exercises
Sachin Sir Special (S')
Critical Thinking Questions (CTQ)

arecay
ONTEFG

5-2R

Wallah
Physics

hhy Sachin Jakhar

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Contents

Chapters Solutions
1. Sets and Relations. 3-19 391-400
2. Functions.. 20-81 401-428

3. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 82-109 429-442

4. Limits of Functions. 110-144 443-464

5. Continuity and Differentiability. 145-173 465-480

6. Methods of Differentiation. 174-196 481-492

7. Application of Derivatives... 197-236. 493-515

8. Indefinite Integrals. 237-286 516-536

9. Definite Integrals 287-321 537-556

10. Application of ntegrals 322-348 557-574

11. Differential Equations. 349-388 575-598

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An equation means nothing to me unless it expresses a thought of God.

-Srinivasa Ramanujan

1
SETS AND RELATIONS

HISTORICAL NOTE
INTRODUCTION
'A set is the mathematical model for a collection of different things; a set contains elements or
Interesting Number Paradox
Humorous paradox that arises members, which can be mathematical objects of any kind: number, symbols, points in space,
from the attempt to classify
every natural number as either lines, other geometrical shapes, variables or even other sets'.
Interesting or uniteresing"
Relation on a set may, or may not hold between two given members of the set. Set members
It came into existence when
G. H.Hardy told Ramanujan may not be in relation "to a certain degree"
"The taxi cab number 1729
seems uninteresting" to which Relation is the branch of mathematical logic that studies sets.
the former replied that it is
the smallest number which is Set is a language of mathematics.
the sum of two cubes in two
different ways.
SET THEORY

DEFINITION
Cardinal Number
The number of distinct A set is a well defined collection of objects. By well defined we mean there should be no
elements in a set Ais ambiguity regarding the inclusion and exclusion of the objects.
denoted by n(4) or A| and it
is known as cardinal number REPRESENTATION OF SET
of the set A.
There are two methods for representing a set.

() Tabulation method or Roster form

All the elements belonging to the set are written in curly brackets and separated by commas
IfA is the set of days of a week, then

A= {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday}

(ii) Set Builder Method or Set rule method
In this method, we use the definition, which is satisfied by all the elements of set.

In above example set A may be written as

A= (*:x is a day of week}

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Sets

Type of Sets Operations of Sets

Empty set or Null set Difference of twO sets

denoted by symbol or .
A set which has no element is called null set. It is A-B= (x:xe Aand
B-A= (x:xe
x

B
and
B}
x
Similarly,
A}

Union or x
e B}
Equivalent set AUB= (x:xe A

Two finite sets A and B are said to be equivalent, if

n(4) = n(B).
xe (4U B) xeA and xeeBB and
or x

Singleton set Clearly,

A set having one element is called singleton set.
xe (AU B)

Symmetric Difference
x A

difference of two sets A and B

c

Finite and Infinite set The sytd hy AAB, is defined as

A set which has finite number of elements is called
-A-(B-A)
B)

a finite set. Otherwise, it is called an inifinite set. (A A B)=

Disjoint sets
Power Set
The set of all subset of a given set A is called power
B)AnB -,
set of and denoted by P(A), n(P(A) = 20,
A

Intersection of sets
Equal Set
Two setsA and B are said to be equal, written as
A= B. ifevery element of is in B and every
A

element of B is in A. Clearly equal sets are AnB(read as "A intersection B") and defined
equivalent but equivalent sets need not to be equal. as A n
B=x:xeA and e x
B}

Subset And Superset

Note IfA and B are two sets such that every element ofA is also an element of B, then A is a subset o
Every set is a subset B and B is superset of A. We write A B.
and superset of itself.
If4 is not a subset of Universal Set
B, we write A
B.
The universal set is the superset for all the sets under the consideration.
The empty set is the The set of complex numbers is the universal set for all possible sets related to numbers.
subset ofevery set.
IfA is a set with n(4)
= n, then number of Complement of a Sets (A' or A)
subset of A are 2r and The comlement of a set A of all those elements of the universal set U which are not elements
the number of proper A. It is denoted by 4' or 4:. Clearly, A' or A = U-A.
subsets ofA are 2"1
ag De-Morgan's Law
() (A0B) =A'oB'
=
(i) (4n By 4'B
PLE. (Principle of lnclusion and Exclusion)
S n(A U B) =n(A) + n(B) n(A - B) n
n B) – n(BrC) -ndnc)tnlAnBnC)
S
r
n(A U BU)=n(A)
nA, U A, U A,U4,..
+ +
n(B) n() -nA
= n(s,) –
4) + n(S) -n(S)
S,) n(S,) (In(S)
..
where n(S) = n(4,) + n(A) =
n(S) = n(A,n4,n4,... OA)
+..t n4), n(A,n4) + n(4,n4) + n(4,n4) t..
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Important Results:
Eir n(A- B) = n(A) - n(4n B)
Ea n(AAB) = n(A) +t n(B) - 2n(A n B)
t n(A' B) = n(U) - n(A oB)
U

Ea
n(4'oB) = n(U)- nA U B)
Number of clements in exactly two of the sets A, B, C
=n(An B) + n(Bn
)+n(Cod)-3 n(AnBn)
Number ofelements in exactly one of
the sets A, B, C=n(4) +n(B) + n(C)-2
n(AB)-2 n(Bn)-2 n(An)+3 nA nBOC)

SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. An organization awarded 48 medals in event
event 'B' and 18 in event A', 25 in Sol. Case-I: lx-2 >0 and +3| -1>0
C. If these mcdals went to r
total 60 men and only five men got medals in
all the three
k>21>2or <-2
events, then, how many received medals in and r + 3|2 1(r+3) >1 orx+3s-1
exactly two of
three events? 2-2orxs4xe -6,4] (2,3]
Sol. n(4) =
48, n(B) Case-I1: k2<0 and +3|-1s0
=25, n(C)- 18 A +

n(AUBUC)=60, ><22<<2 and 3| s1

-1sx+3<14<x<-2
n(AnBn)=5 . No common solution exists
n(AUBUC)= En(A) A=e6,-4] (2, 31}

-n(A n(ABn) B) +
B-xez:-7+9<0}
n(A n B) 48 + 25 + 18+5 – 60= 36
= -7x+9<0 forx>0xe (2, 3, 4, 5)
r+7r+9s0 forx s0xe 5,-4,-3, -2}
Number of men who received exactly 2 medals A=(2, +3, +4, ±5}
A
En(An Thus nB=-5,4,3}
B)
-3n(4 Bo)=36- 15 =21
2. The number of elementsin the set Hence, number of elements in AOBis 3.
{xeN:10sxs 100}
5. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} and B= (3,6, 7,9}. Then find
and 3*-3 is a multiple of 7} is
the number of elements in the set {CcA:CoB}.
Sol. 3*-3 is multiple of 7
3= 7à + 3
x=6k + 1
form
Sol. CcA and CB=
IfC is formed only by {1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} total number of
x=1,7, 13,
19..97 subsets of A = 27.
Number of possiblevalues ofr =15 when Cis formed by {1, 2, 4, 5} -24
3. Find the number of elements in the set
{re Z:-10x+19|<6}.
: Number of subsets where COB
=27-24=
112
Sol. -6<-10x 19<6
+
6. Find the sum of all the elements
of the set
r-10x+25> 0 and -10x+ 13<0 e (1,2,...,.100}: HCF (a, 24) =1}.
{u
0and xe Sol. fae (1,2,3,..„100):HCF(4,24) =1}
B-5}> 5-2/3,5+2\3|
xe R-{5}.) and x= {2,3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8} HCF (a, 24) =1.a=1,5,
of
...) 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23
sum
these numbers =96.
of
Taking intersection of () & (1), we get
.:. There are four such
4, 6, 7, 8 blocks and a number 97 is there
I-2,3,
:. Number of values ofx =6 upto 100.
complete sum –96 + (24 x 8 +96) + (48 x 8 + 96) +
and
4.
Let
4-fse[G3]-(22):*o
|x|-2
(72 x 8+ 96) + 97=1633
7. Let A={n e N: H.C.E. (n, 45) = 1} and Let B= (2k: k
B= xe Z:-7lx +9<0}. Then find the number of e {1,2,..100}}. Then find the sum of allthe elements of
clements of A n B. AnB.

Sets and Relations 5

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Sol. Sum of elements in A nB
=
(2+4+6+ ... +
200) - (6+ 12 +.. + 198) (r-2 +-2 =4
Multiple of2 Malinle of2 &3 ie.
C(2,2)
(10+20+...+200) +(30+60+...+180)
Multiple of s&2ie.10
5264
Multiple of 2,5&3ie.30

8 IfA= (xe R; k-2)>1}, B- reR:Nr-3>1,c

0,0)(20)
=(xe R; -4|22} and Z is the set of all integers, then (-2F +y=4
find the number of
subsets of the set (AOBACoZ.
Sol. > 1 (+y=4
x-2| givesx-2<-1orx- 2> 1
11. Let S=[1,2,3, 4, 5,6,9].Then the number of elements
i.e., x< lorx>3..) represent set
andthe sum of allthe elemem
A
the set T= {AcS:A
Vr-3>l gives
-3>l or-4>0 of A is not a multiple of 3} is
or
I<-2 x> 2... .) represent set B Sol. (12,3,4,5,6,9}
x Elements of type 3n 3, 6,9
R-4| 22gives
or x
-4s-2 orx-42 Type 3n +1
xs2 6..(iii) represent set C 1,4 3n+22,5
Now, A
nBoC= fr:r<-2 or 2 6} Number of subset of S containing one element which a
so, (An Bo C)={r:2sx<6} not divisible by 3 =C, +C, =4
so, Now, (AnBnCy nz= (-2, -1, 0, 1, 2,
3,4, 5) Number of subset of S containing two numbers whog
sum is not divisible by 3
Hence, number of subset =28 = 256. =C, x C, +C, x + C C
9. Find the number of elements in the set
2C, 14 -
Number of subset of S containing 3 elements whose su
{xeR:(k-3) +
4| =6}. is not divisible by 3 = C, x *C, +C, x C, + x C
C,
x
Sol. (a-3) (r 4) =6 +
C, x
C + (C, C) x2=2
Case-I: When x >0 (-3) (* +4) =6*tx 18–0 Number of subset containing 4 elements whose sum
-1+V73 not divisible by 3
1+V73
>0.. x=
x
but
2 2 Gx'G+G(°G+G)+('GxG*Gk2=14
1
Only solution
Number of subset of S containing 6 elements = 4
Case-II: When -4Sr<0)-3) (x + 4)
=6 Hence, total subset= 80
(x+3) (r +4) =-6rt7r+18 =0 12. The number of elements in the set
-7tN49–72 No real root. {ue {1.2,3,..10} | 1° > a0)" +(9} is
2
>
Case-III: When x<4 Sol. Given, 11"-9 10* (10+1)" -(10–1 >10
(1r+3) (* +4) =6+7+6=0
(r+1) ( + 6)
=0r=-I or-6 but x <-4, so
x=-6
[*cio"cio]>10"
In total, there real solution.are 2 For n=4, we have 24x10° +4x10 >10*
10. Let Z, be the set of all integers,
8x1010>10* which is a contradiction
4-(,y)e ZxZ:(-2f+y' s4}
.n25 all values satisfies.
B={(4.y)e ZxZ:x* +y' s4} Hence possible values ofn is 96
13. A survey shows that 73% of the persons working in
c={(%,y)e ZxZ: (r-2)' +(-2' s4 office like coffee, whereas 65% like tea. Ifx denotes te
percentage of them, who like both cofee and tea, tha
Ifthe total number of relations from A n Bto A n Cis 2*,
find range of x.
then find the value ofk.
Sol. Number of elements in A B which is Sol.
(0, 0)(1, 0)(1, 1)(1, -1)(2, 0)
Similarly, number of elements in A n C=5 which is 73-xx 65
(2, 0)(2, 2)(1, 1)(2, 1)(3, 1)
Hence number of relation from (A B) to (4 nC) 73 + 65-xs100 r238 and xs65
= 255 = 25also, it is equal to
2»k=25 So, 38 Sxs65.

6 Caleals

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DIBY 1.1
1. SetA has m elements and Set B has n elements. If thetotal number of subsets of A
is 112 more than total num
of B, then
find the value ofm n.
2. Let X=n eN:1Sns50}. IfA = fne X:n is a multinle of2) R=
of elements in the smallest subset of X containing both A
Sn Yu isa multiple of 7}, then fnd the umoe
and B.
3. wo newspapers A and B are published in a city,. It is known that 2s% of the city populations reads A and 20% reads B
while 8o reads both A and B. Further. 30% of those who read 4 but not Rlogk into advertisements and 40% of nose wi
read but not also look into advertisements. while 50% ofthose who read both A
B A

andB look into advertisements.

find the percentage of the population who look into
advertisement.
4, Letzbe the set of integers. If 4= XeZ: 2xs0,_=1} and B=(x eZ:3<2r-1 <9}, then find thenumber of subsets
of the set AXB.
5. Let S={1,2,3,.....,.100}. Find the number non-empty subsetsA of such that the product of elements in
of
S
As
6. In a class of 80 students numbered l to 80 , all odd numbered students opt for Cricket, student whose numbers are
by opt for Football and those whose numbers
S are 7 opt
dvisonot
divisible by for Hockey. Find the number of students who do
opt any of the three games.
7. In a class of 30 pupils, 12 take needle work, 16 take physics and 18 take history. If all the 30 students take at least one
subjcct and no onc takes all three then find the number of pupils taking 2 subjects.

Ordered Pair CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF SETS

An ordered pair consists of Let A and B be any two sets. The set of all order pairs (a, b) such that a e A and b e Bis
two objects or elements in a
called the cartesian product of the sets A andB is denoted by A × B. Thus, A x B= {(a, b);
given fixed order. ae A

If4=
and b e B}
or B = ,
then we defind A x B =

|Equalityof Ordered Pair Properties of Cartesian Product

Two ordered pairs (a,, b) A x B= fa, b}: a E and b e B). If
A A, B and C are three sets then,
and (a,, b,) are equal iff () A x (BUC)=(4 x B) U (4 x C)
a, =a, and b, = b,, i.e. A x
(i) (Bn)=(4 B)
^ (A x C)
X

(a,, b) a, b,) a = a,
(ü) A x (B-)= (4 x B) - (4 x )
and b, = b,. (iv) If4 B then (4 x B) c(Bx C)
( IfAcB then (4 x B) (B x A) =A
(vi) IfA CBand cDthen (A x C)cB x D)
C

(vi) (4×B) (SO) =(4 x S)n (Bn D), where

n S'and T'are two sets.

RELATIONS
À
relation R from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B is a subset of the cartesian product
AX B. The subset is derived by describing a relationship between the first element and the second
Relation is denoted by aRb
element of the ordered pairs in 4 x The second element is called the image of the first element.
B.

or R(a, b).

DOMAIN OF A RELATION
The set ofall frst elements of
the ordered pairs in a relation R form a set A to a set B is called
the domain of the relation R.

RANGE OF A RELATION
The set of all second elements in a relation R from a set A to a set B is called the range of the
R.
relation R. The whole set B is called the co-domain of the relation
Note: Range c Co-domain.

Sets and Relations

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NUMBER OF RELATIONS
number of pose'..
relations that can be defined from a set A toa set B is the
The total numberof number of relation
n × B) =pg and the total
subsets ofA x B.
Ifn(A) =pp and n(B) =4, then (4
is 29,

TYPES OF RELATION
types of relations on given set A.
a
In this section, we intend to define various on A. Thi
A
be a set, then ¢cAXA and so it is a relation
1. Empty/Void Relation: Let
on 4.
relation is called the void or empty relation
a on A. Thi
a set, then A xAcA XA and so it is relation
2. Universal Relation: Let be
A

relation is called the universal relation on A.

B = {(a, a) a E A} on A is called the :

3. Identity Relation: Let be set, then the relation I,

a A

a on A is called the identity relation, it

identity relation on A. In other words, relation I,
every element of A is related to itself only.
on se
Illustration: The relation I, = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)} is the identity relation are no
Identity relation = {1, 2, 3}. But relations R, ={(1, 1), (2, 2)} and R, = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3)}
A

3 1

identity relations on A, because (3,3) e R, and in R,, element is related element and
LS
to 1

The identity relation on

a non-void set A is always
Note: Number ofidentityrelation on a set A=1
reflexive relation on A.
However, a reflexive on 4. Reflexive Relation: A relation R on set A is said to be reflexive if every element of 4 is
A is not necessarily the
identity relation on A. For related to itself.
example, the relation R = Thus, R is reflexive (a, a) e R for all a e A. A relation R on a set A is not reflexive il
{(a, a), (b, b), (e, c), (a, b)}
is a reflexive relation on set there exists an element e A such that (a, a) e R.
a
A =
A=(a, b, c} but is not the Illustration: Let {1, 2, 3} be a set. Then R= {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3), (2, 1)} is
identity relation on A. on A. But R, = ((1, 1), (3, 3), (2, 1), (3, 2)} is not a reflexive relation o
reflexive relation
The universal relation on a
non-void set A is reflexive.
A, because 2 e A but (2, 2) R,

Ilustration: A relation R on N defned by (x, )) e Rxy is a reilexive relation on N

because every natural number is greater than or equal to itself.
5. Symmetric Relation: A relation R on a set A is said to be a symmetric relation iff (a, b) e

R6, a) e R for all a, be A i.e. aRb bRa for a, b e A.

SYMMETRIC RELATION

Case-I: If a & b are distinct) Case-II: (When a = b)

aRb bRa, then R is symmetric aRa only is symetric
1.e. R = ((I, 2), (2, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2)} i.c. R, = {(1, 1)} is symmetric
R, = {(1, 1), (3, 3)} is symmetric

Ilustration: Let L be the set of all lines in plane and let R be a relation defined on L by the
rule (r, y)eRxis perpendicular to Then R is symmetric relation on L, because L, LL
y.

LlL i.e. (L, L,) e

R> (L, L)eR.
Illustration: Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and let R, and R, be relation on A
given by R, = {(1,3)
(1,4), (3, 1), (2, 2) (4, 1)} and R, ={(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3)}.
Clearly, R, is a symmetre
relation on 4. However, R, is not so, because (1, €
3) R, but (3, 1) ¢ Ry.

8
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INotee •
) The identity and the Universal relations on a non-void set are symmetric
relations.
() A relation R on a set A is not a symmetric relation there are at
if least two
elements a, be A such that (a, b) e R but (b, a) e R.
(ii) Areflexive relation on a set A is not necessarily symmetric. For example,
the relationR={(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3)} is a reflexive relation on set
A= {1, 2, 3} but it is not symmetric.

6. Transitive Relation: Let A be any set, A relation R on A is said to be a

Note: R = {(, ): x is transitive relation
iff (a, b)e Rand (b, c) e R (a, c)e R for all a, b, c e A i.e. aRb and bRc aRc for
husband of y} is transitive a, b, ce A.
relation.
TRANSITIVERELATION
The void relation on
a sct A is symmetric
and transitive Case-I: aRb & bRCc Case-II: aRb only is transitive Case-III: aRa only is transitive
aRc is transitive relation
Singleton relation
Le. R, = ((1, 2), (2, 3),
Le. R, (2, 3)) is transitive le, R, - (1, 1)} is transitive
R
is always transitive (1,3) (1, 2), (3, 2)} is transitive
R-((1, 1), (2, 2)} is transitive

relation.
ES
ldentity relation are Note: The identity and the universal relations on a non-void set are
transitive.
always reflexive, 7. Equivalence Relation: A relation R on a setA is said to be an equivalence relation
symmetric and ifR is
reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
transitive it means 8. Anti Symmetric Relation: Let A be any set. A relation R on set A
is said to be an anti
they are equivalence symmetric relation iff (a, b) eR and (b, a) e
relations. R>a=b for all a, b e A.
9. Inverse Relation: If R is a relation from non empty set A to non empty
set B, then the
Trick: Always look for inverse relation of R is defined from the set B to A, by interchanging the first
exceptions whenever we and second
coordinates of ordered pairs of relations R.
need to check for types of If R:A B given by, R- {(a, b) :ae A and b e B}
relations. then, R-: BA given by, R-= {(6, a)
:be Band a e A

10. Composition of Relations: Let R and S be two relations from setsA to B and B to
Note: In general RoS # SoR, C
respectively. Then we can define a relation SoR fromA to C such that (a,
(SoR) =
RoS!. c) e SoR
beB such that (a, b) e R and (b, c) e S. The relation is called the composition or and S. R

SOLVED EXAMPLES
14. LetA=(2,3,4} and B=(8,9, 12}. Then findthe number of a, divides b,
elements in therelation R-{(a,,6,), (a, b,) e (4 XB,A XB):
Each element has 2 choices x
a, divides b, and a, divides b,}. 3 2
=6
Total
Sol. (a) =6x 6=36
B
15. Check the following relations for being
reflexive,
symmetric, transitive and thus choose the equivalence
2 relations if any.
3 9 () aRbiff\a|Sb; be a,
set of real numbers.
(ii) aRbiffa <b; a, be N.
12/
a, divides b,
(ii) a
Rbitr| a-b| >a, be R.
Each element has 2 choices 3x2=6 (iv) aRb ifa divides b; a, b e N.

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a e

Sol. () Not reflexive, not symmetric but transitive Sol. Ris refiexive, as
2
divides (a -a) for all Furhe
then 2 divides a-b. Therefore, 2 divid
1
e R,
Let a =-2 and b = 3; (-2, 3) e R. Since -2| S 3 is if (a, b)
a)e R, which shows
(b, that
true b- a. Hence, (a, b) e and (b,
R
c)e RL
symmetric. Similarly, if
Since 2| -2 %-2 hence relation is not Reflexive
Since 3 S-2 is wrong hence relation is not symmetric
2. Now, a
a-b and b-care divisible bydivisible -c-
(a-h
even. So, (a-c) is by 2..This
Now let a, b, c (b-c) is shom
bethree real numbers such that|a |s that R is transitive. Thus, R is
an equivalence ral
b and | b|sc
in Z
o
lalsb b>0, so | b|Scbsc 18. Show that the relation R defined in N as aRb
Hence a |scis true so the given relation is transitive. divisible by a is reflexive but not symmnetric
(i) Not reflexive, not symmetric but transitive. Sol. For any a e N, we find that ala, therefore R is refleri
Since no natural number is less than itself hence not but R is not symmetric, because aRb does not imply
reflexive.
bRa.
Ifa <b then b <a is false. Hence not symmetric. IfA is the set of even natural numbers less than and
8 A

19.
Ifa<bthen b <cclearly a <c. Hence transitive the set of prime numbers less than 7, then find the numb
(iüi) Not reflexive, symmetric, not transitive. of relations from A to B.
1
it is not reflexive. Sol. A= {2, 4, 6}; B= (2, 3, 5}
la-a=0>hence
2 ..Ax contains elements.
B

Hence, number of relations from A toB= 29.

lb-a=la-|> 20. Let Rbe a relation over the set Nx Nand it is defined by

Hence symmetric. (a, b) R (C, d) Then show that R is A

>atd=b+e.
relation
equivalence
Let a = 1,
b=-l and c=
Sol. We have (a, b)R(a, b) for all (a, b) e NxN
e R: Ja-d= Since a + b=b+a. Hence, R is reflexive.
la-b=2>(a.) R is symmeric for we have (a, b) R (G, d)
So (b, c) eR a+d=b+c d+a=c+b
(c, d)R(e.
But so (a, c) eR. ctb=d+a f).
Then by definition of R, we have
Hence R is not a transitive relation. atd=b+c and c+f=dte,
(iv) Reflexive, not symmetric, transitive whence by addition, we get

every number divides itself, hence R a+dtc+f =b +c+d+eora+f= b+e

Since=lie.
a Hence, (a, b) R (e,f)
is reflexive. Thus, (a, b) R(c, d) and (c, R(e,f)=(4,b) R(e,f).
d)

Ifa divides b then b does not divide a unless (a =b) 21. Find the number of reflexive relations of a set with fou
hence the relation is not symmetric. elements.
Ifa divides b and b divides c then it is clear that a will Sol. Total number ofreflexive relations n a set with n element
divide c. Hence transitive.
=2-n
16. Show that the relation R on the set {1, 2, 3} given by R =
Therefore total number of reflexive relation set with
{(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2 3)} is reflexive but neither elements=212.
symmetric nor transitive. 22. Let R be a relation on the set Nof natural numbers defined
n is a factor
Sol. R is reflexive, since (1, 1), (2, 2) and (3, 3) lie in R. Also, by nRm of m (i.e., nm). Then show that
Ris not symmetric, as (1, 2) e Rbut (2,1) R. Similarly, is reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
Ris not transitive, as (1, 2) e R and (2, 3) e R but (1, 3) Sol. Since n |n for all n N,
therefore R is reflexive. Sinc
R. 2|6 but 6 |/2, therefore R is not symmetric.
17. Show that the relation R on the set Z ofintegers given by Let n R m and m Rp nm and mp np
R= {(a, b) :2 divides a-b} is an equivalence relation. So, R is transitive

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DIBY 1.2
8. The relation defined on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5) by
R
R= ((r v):e-<16}, then check if R= {U, (%
(4, 1), (2, 3)} is a relation or not. ), Ies h
9. IfA = {1,2, 3} and
not a relation on A.
R = {(1, 2), (3, 2), (1, 3)}, R, = 1,3). (3. 6). (2. 1).(1. 2)}, then show that R, a
relaton and s ,
10. Define a relation R on set A- {2, 3, 5, 6, 10} as xRy
if'x<yandr divides v. then find domain of relationK.
11. A relation R is defined from {2,
3,4, 5} to (3, 6, 7. 10} by xRy xis relatively prime to y. Then find doman oI K.
12. Let X={1,2, 3, 4, 5} and Y=
(1,3, 5, 7,9). find number of relations from X to Y?
13. Let A
-{1, 2, 3}, B= (1, 3, 5}. A relation R : A B is defincd by
R= (1,3), (1, 5), (2, 1)}. Then fnd K.
14. The relation R is defined on the set of natural numbers as {(a, b) :a= 2b}. Then find
R.
15. IfR be a relation < from A={1,2, 3, 4} to B =(1,3. S} ie., (a,b) e R a
cb, then find ROk.
16. Let A={1, 3,6, 9}. Let R be the relation on A defined
by R= {(x, y):xeA,ye A and x divides y}. Find R in roster form.
17. Find the range of the relation R given by R= {(,)):xe N,ye Nand tys24}
18. Let A= (2, 3, 4, 5} then how many relations can be defined on set 4?
19. Ris a relation from {11, 12, 13} to {8, 10, 12} defincd by y
=x-3. Then find relation R'.
20. For real number x and y, we write xRy x-y+v2 is an irational number. Then prove that the relation R is reflexive.
21. For any two real numbers a andb, we define aRb sin'a cosb= 1. Then prove that relation R is an equivalence
if andonly if
t
relation.
22. Let S be the set of all real numbers. Then prove that the relation R = {(a, b): 1 + ab > 0} on Sis reflexive and symmetric
but not transitive:
23. Let R be a relation defined on as follows: a,
be 0, aRb if and only if la -b|<1. Then prove that R is reflexive and
symmetric?

TYPES OF RELATIONS

3. Tdentity Relation
Empty Relation 2. Universal
A
relation
Relation
A relation in which each element
A relation in which no element of A which cach clement
in of

is related to every element is related to itself only. I = ((a, a),

A
of
is related to any other element of A,
A

ie.
R=cAxA. ie. R=A X A. ae A}

5. Symmetric Relation 6. Transitive Relation

4. Reflexive Relation (a,, a) e R& (4, a) R
implies
(a, a) e R, for every (a, a) e R implies that
aeA E R, for all a,, a, e A. that (a, a) e R for all
for every a e A.
(a, a)
a,, a,, a, €A

9. Anti-symmetric Relation
8. Tnverse Relation
7. Equivalence
relation in
Relation
R
said
a set A is to Inverse relation of R from A to
B
a) e R& (a, a) e R
(a,,
a=a,
A

be on cquivalence relation if
R
i denoted by R, is a relation from
B
where a,, a A
{(6, a)}
reflexive, symmetric & transitive.
to is defined by
A
R=

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COUNTING OF RELATIONS

Number reflexive relation et on

Number of relations from set A to Number of identity relation on a a set with 'n clements 2i)
1

JB set with '' elements

B-2, where A|m,

Number of reflexive and

Number of relations which
symmetric but not reflexive
a
Number of symmetric relation set
symmetric relations on a set with
on a set with n' element 2e1y n(n-1)
1) 2
n elements 2 -2 2-2
REMEMBER AS A RESULT
For Transitive Relations: For Equivalence Relations:
equivalence relations -1
If n(4) -
Recall If n(4) = 1
Number of
l Number relations = 2
of Transitive
= Number of equivalence relations = 2
If n(4) = 2 Number of Transitive relations = 13 If n(4) 2
If n(4) = 3 Number of Transitive relations = 171 If n(4) 3 Number of equivalence relations = 5
-4 Number of equivalence relations
= 15
If n(4) = 4 Number of Transitiverelations =3994 If n(4)
Note: There is no generic formula for above results.

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SACHIN SIR SPECIAL

(S)
=*+y2, for some integers x =300+ 225 -75 = 450
and y. If We have to remove divisible by 48,
x denotes
number of
elementsin set A &y denote number 144, 192, ...
18 terms
of elements in set B. Find the numberof Required number of 3-digit number which are divisible
relations defined by 3 or 4 but not 48= 450- 18=432.
from A to B.
4. Let A = (4,-3, -2, 0, 1, 3, 4} and R= ((4, b) e A xA
1
b= lal or b² a+ 1} be a relation on A. Then find the
=
Sol. We have
(minimum number of elements, that must be added to the
relation R so that it becomes reflexive and symmetric.
Sol. R = [(4, 4), (3, 3), (3, 2), (0, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1),
n+l_ n-l (4, 4), (3, 3)}
n+1 2
=
For reflexive, add (-2, -2), (4, 4), (-3, -3)
For symmetric, add (4,4). (3, 3), (-2, 3), (1, 0).
2 n+1
Minimum number of elements=7.
2 2 5. LetRbe a relation from the set {1,2,3..., 60) to itself such
that R= {(a,b):b =pq where p. 23 are prime numbers}.
Then find the number of elements in R.
Hence the sum from the statement
Sol. a, be {1,2,3, 60} ..,
49 +1 48+1I 7 P.q e (3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47,
2t2
Number of relations=
0=StS+342. 236 =215,
53, 59) total 16
ps20ps19 Jp23
2. Let =
e NxNx N:a+b+c=21, b=p s 60 as pqs60&
asb sc
S
{(a, b, c)} lgs20 qs19 lg23
and T= {(a, b, c)} e NxNx N:a, b, care in A.P}, where P.q (3, 5,7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
Nis the set of allnatural
numbers. Then find the number
of elements in the set So T.

Sol.
a +c
a+btc=21 and b=- atc= 14 andb=7
2
So, a can take values from 1
to 6, when c range from 13
to 8, or a=b=c=7 (3, 5,7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
So, 7 triplets. 7+3+1=11
3. The number of 3 digit numbers, that are divisible by ne R={(a,b) : b=pg, where p.q23 are prime}
singleton element of set A or element of set B but not 60 x 1l1 = 660
a
divisible by elements of set C. If aN = {ax:xe N} and b|
A= 3N, B = 4N, C= 48N.
Sol. Total number of 3 digit number = 999 99 = 900 - sot 60
options options
Number of 3-digit number which are divisible by 3
- 300 = 6. Let a sct A - A, UA, U..UA, where A,
nA- for
Using-900 300
eio i*j, ISijSk. Define the relation R
from Ato 4 by R
3 {(,y):y e A ifand only ifx e A, 1sisk}. Then show
Number of 3-digit number which are divisible by 4 that R is an equivalence relation.
Using 00 Sol. Since, aRb = a is related to b, belongs to A iffa belongs
=225 =2225 to A.
4
Number of 3-digit number which are divisible by 3 and 4 For reflexive: aRa, a e A, so it is true.
For symmetric : a & b belongs to the same set.
both = 75 b &a also belongs to the same set> bRa will be true
Using 900 =75 For transitive: aRb b, c belongs to the same set
12 bRc b, c belongs to the same set
(a, c) belongs to the same set so aRc will be true.
Number of 3-digit number whích are divisible by cither So R is an equivalence relation.
3 or 4

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12,.., 1000}
7. Let R, and R, be relations on the set {1,2, ... 50} such Sol. T= {9, 10, 11,

that R, (p. p):p is a prime and n>0 is an integer) and S= (4,6.9}. = {a, ta,t...*ta,:keN,
4 a,
sn
x no. appear y no. of tinme
R, {p, p):p is a prime and n=0 or 1). Then find the Let 4 appear of times, 6
number of elements in R, -R, appearz no. of times then the set has n element
9
A

4z

Sol. Here, p, p e {1, 2,...50}. 6y +9z

Now, p can take values of all prime numbers in between Concept: Let a
and b are co-prime numbers, then membe
1 to
50. from (a- 1)(b– 1) and more can be expressed in the fo
....
axt by where x, e (0, 1,2,
y
R-(2,1), (2,2), (2,4)... (2,32), (3,1), (3,3), (3,9), (3,27)
(5.1), (5,5), (5,25), (7,1), (7,), (7,49), (11,1), (11,11) So, all the numbers of the form
. i.e. 6,7,8,9, 1 0,11, ...
(13,1), (13,13)..etc. 2y +3zare (2- 1)· (3– 1),
.. ...
n(R)=6+4 +3+3 + 2(10) = 36 form :2 +t,t=0, 1,2,3,
R,= {(2,1), (2,2), (3,1), (3,3), (5,1), (5,5), (7,1), (7,), So, 6y + 9z = 3(2y + 32) = 3(2 + 1)=6+31, 1= 0,1,23
(11,1), (11,11).. 4x+ 6y+9z 4x+6+ 3t -4x 3t +6
= +

. n(R)=28 Now, all the numbers of the form 4x + 3t start fro

...
R,-R- ((2,4), (2,8), (2,16), (2,32), (3,9), (3,27), (5,25), (4- 1)(3-1) =6 and 6, 7, 8,9, form: 6+ k

(7,49)} 1, 2, 3,
...so, 4x+ 6y +9z
k=0,
Hence, R,-R, contains only & elements. =
4x +3t +6=6+k+6=12 + k(k=0, 1,2, ..)
=
8. Let A
=(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. Define B
{TeA: either
Numbers of the form 4x + 6y +9z are 12, 13, 14, 15

le Tor 2 e and C= {TeA:T is the sum of all the

T}
But 9 <4x+ 6y+9zs1000 and 9 = 4(0) + 6(0) + 9(1)a
elements of T is a prime number}. Then find the number
10 =4(1) + 6(1) + 9(0)
of elements
in the set BUC.
Sol. (BUCy=B'oC
But ll can't be written in form 4x+ 6y + 9z.
A={9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 1000}
B' is a set containing sub sets of A containing clement 1
T= {9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,.1000}
and not containing 2. sum
T-A= {11} of elemnent of T
-A is 11
And C is a set containing subsets of A whose sum of a 3-digit number}
elements is not prime.
10. LetA ={neNn is
B={9k+2:ke N
So, we need to calculate number of subsets of and C-{9k +l:ke N} for some (0<<9).1
{3,4, 5, 6, 7} whose sum of elementsplus 1 is composite. the sum of all the elements of the set An(BC) i

Number of such 5 elements subset = 274x400, then is equal to

1

Number of such4 elements subset =3(except selecting 3 Sol. Given, sum of elements A(BUC) =274x400
or 7)
In set B numbers of the form 9k + 2 are {101, 10
Number of such 3 elements subset = 6(except selecting .992}
{3,4, 5}. (3, 6, 7}, {4, 5, 7} or {5, 6, 7}) 100 100×1093
Number of such 2 elements subset= 7(except selecting i. sum = (101+992) =
2 2
{3, 7}, {4, 6}, {5, 7})
Another possible number is 9k+5 forms are {10
Number of such 1
elements subset = 3(except selecting ....995}
{4} or (6})
100
Number of such 0 elements subset = 1 ".sumn = (104+995)=1099...
2
n(B n C)=21> n(BU)=27-21 = 107
.:. Total= x[1093 +1099] = 100x1096
9. Let S= {4,6,9} and T= (9,10,11,.., 1000}.

IfA= (a, +a,+...ta,:ke N,a, a, 4, 4 e S), then ., =274x4x100 =274x400

find the sum of allthe elements in the set T-A. :. Required value of =5

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JEE MAIN

SINGLE CORRECT
8. The figure given below shows a relation R between the
1. Let R be a relation in N
defined by sets A and B.
R= {(1 +x, ltr): xs5,xeN}. Which of the following
B

is false?
(a) R= {(2, 2), (3, 5), (4, 10), (5, 17), (6, 25)}
(b) Domain of R= {2, 3,4, 5, 6}
2
(c) Range of R = {2, 5, 10, 17, 26} 1

() None of these 4
2. The domain and range of the relation R given by
25

R= ((1, y): y =x + 6 where x,

ye N and x < 6},
respectively, is:
(a) {1, 2, 3}, (7, 5} (b) {1, 2}, {7, 5}
Then which of the following is correct?
(c) (2, 3}, {5} (d) {2, 3},{5, 3} I. The relation R in set builder form is {, y) x
:

is the
3. Consider the following with regard to a relation R on
square of y, xeA, yeB}.
a set of real numbers defined by xRy and
if only if II. The domain of therelation R is {4,9, 25}
3x + 4y =5. Consider the following three statements:
III. The range of the relation R is (5,-3, -2, 2, 3, 5}
(2) 1R 2p3 (a) Only I and II are true
(1) 0R1
(3)7 (b) Only II and III are true
Which of the above are correct? (c) I, II and III are true
(a) land 2 only (b) l and 3 only (d) Neither I, II nor III are true
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1,2 and 3 9. The relation R, and R, are defined from R to R as given
4. IfR= {(%, ) | x,
yeZ, +y<4}is a relation on Z, then below (R stand for set of real numbers)
-
domain of R is: R- ( y):-3|< 1, 3|<1}
by
and
54y + 109 <0}
(a) {0, 1, 2} (b) {0,-1, -2} R,= {(, y): 4x+9y-32x–
(c) 2,-1,0, 1,2} (d) None of these Choose the correct option
5. The linear relation between the components of the ordered (b) R =
pairs of relation R given by:
R- {(0, 2), (-1, 5), (2, 4), ........is
(c)
10. On
follows:
, R,cR
the set of
(d) None of these
rational numbers, define a relation Ras
(a) xty=2 (b) 3x-y=|
(c) x+3y=2 (d) 3x+y=2 aRb is a cos 15° + b sin 15° is an irational number, then:
6. Let A be the set of first ten natural numbers and let R be (a) domain of R is
a
relation on defined by (, y)eR
A + 2y =10, i.e., (b) domain of R is -Z

R={,y):xeA,yEA andx+ 2y =10}.Then the domain () domain of RR is 0 -N

(a) domain of is -A where A is a singleton set.
and range of R is
11. Let a relation R be defined by R= {(4, 5), (1, 4), (4, 6),
(a) (2,4, 6, 8}, (4, 3, 2, 1} respectively
(7, 6), (3, 7)} then R'oR is:
(6) {4, 3, 2, 1}, (2, 4, 6, 8} respectively
(c) {1, 2,3, 4}, {1, 2, 3,4} respectively (a) {(1, 1), (4,4), (4, 7), (7, 4), (7, 7), (3, 3)}
(6) {(1, 1), (4,4), (7, 7), (3, 3)}
(d) None of these = {2, 3, 5, 7, 10} as (c) (1,5), (1, 6),(3, 6)}
7. Define relation R, and R, on set A
xRy ifx| (-1) and xR,y ofx +y=
10) then the relation (d) None of these
12. IfRis a relation from a set A to set B, then.:
R given by R=R,n R, is
(a) {(2, 4)}
(b) {(3,7)} (a) RcB xA (6) RcAxB
x
R=A B (d) A x
(c) {(3, 7), (5, 5)} () None of these (c) BcR

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DEBAPRIYA (@Wklerxdev) @CBSEIANS
er
and transitive relation on ase
13. Let A and B are two sets such that 4 x B consists of b 22. Suppose R
isa reflcxive
Which of the following is not true)
elements., Ifthreeelements ofAx B=(1, 2), (2, 3), (4, 3) and let S
=R^R.
transitive
then the remaining order pairs of A x B are: (a) Sis reflexive and
anti-symmetric and symmetric
(a) (1, 3), (2, 2), (4,2) (b) (3, 1), (2, 2), (4, 2) (b) Sis reflexive
(c) (3, 1), (2, 4), (2, 2) (c) Sis symmetric and
() (1,3), (2, 2), (2, 4) relation
14. Let A= (4, 5, 7} and B= (2, 4, 6} be two sets and (d) Sis an equivalence on
one of the following relations the set of rel
let a relation R be a relation from A to B is defined by 23. Which
relation?
an equivalence
R: {(,):x<y,xe A,y e B} then the diference between numbers Ris
the sum of elements of domain and range of R is: (a) aR,b la=
b|
(b) aR,ba2b
(a) 2 () 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 (c) aR,ba dividies b
() aR,b a<b a

15. Find the number of elements in the range of the relation 24. Let N denotes the set of all natural numbers and R be
relation on Nx N defined by (a, b) R (C, d) if ad (b +e
R- {4,):y-k-11, xeZ and ls3} bc (a + d), then R is:
(a) 7 (b) 1
(c) 0 (d) 5
(b)) Reflexive only
16. The number of reflexive relations on a set with four (a) Symmetric only
elements is equal to: (c) Transitive only. () An equivalence relatio
I, and 1, an
25. Let L be the sct of all straight lines in a plane.
(a) 2l6 (b) 2* (c) 2* (d) 212
two lines in the set. R,, R, and R, are defined relations
17. Let R= {(1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 2)} and S = {(2, 1), (3, 2),
to
) R; is parallel l, to ,
1,
(2, 3)} be two relations on set 4= {12,3}. Then RoS=
3(a) {(1,3), (2,2), (3,2), (2,1), (2,3)} (i) IR,l,:,, is perpendicular
() {3, 2), (1,3)} (ii) 1,R,,: intersects I,
(c) {(2,3), (3,2), (2,2)} Then which of the following is true?
(a) (2,3), (3,2)} (a) R,, R, and R, are equivalence
(b) R, is equivalence
IfA= {1,2, 3}, B ={a, b, c, d}, C= \p. 4. r, s} be three
18.
sets such that R= ((1, a), (2, c), (1, c), (2, d)} is a relation (c) R, and R, are reflexive
from A to B and S= {(a, s), (b, g), (C, n)} is relation from (d) R,, R, and R, are not symmetric.
a
B to C then RoS= 26. On C, the set of complex numbers, define relation Ra
follows: z, e C,
z,, z Rz, if z,z, 20 then
(a) (1,s), (2, r), (1, r)}
(6) {(a,p), (b. 9). (e, r), (d, s)} (a) Ris reflexive, symmetric but not transitive.
(c) does not exist (b) Ris reflexive only
(d) None of these (c) R is symmetric only
19, Consider three sets A - {1, 2, 3}, B= (3, 4, 5, 6}, C= () R is an equivalence relation.

-o (1
(6, 7, 8, 9} R, is defined from A to B such that 0
7,
R- ((, y), 4x <y, x eA, y =e B). Similarlyy,R,xisedefined 27. Suppose M= Rand
from B to C such that R, {, y): 2r s B and
Define a relation as follows: on M

ye C}, then R,'OR, is: ,

(a) ((3, 1)} (6) {(1,1)} () {(1,3)} () ¢ A, Be =
~B ifAB 1, then
M, A

20. Define two relations R, andR, on set {10, 20, 30,40, 50} (a) ~is symmetric only
as x (b)~is symmetric and transitive
Ryif y-x=10'and xky ifx divides (x +y); then
the relation (R,OR,) is: (c) ~is reflexive and symmetric
(a) {(20, 10), (30,10), (30, 20), (40, 10), (40, 30), (d) ~is an equivalence relation
(50, 10), (50, 20), (50, 40)} 28. A relation R on the set of complex numbers C is define
(b) (20, 10), (30, 20), (40, 30), (50, 20)} by z Rz, if 1 2
is real, then R is:
(c) {(20, 10), (30, 30), (40, 40), (50, 20)}
(d) None of these (a) Reflexive but not symmetric
21. If the relation R:A B, whereA= (1, 2, 3, 4} and (6) Symmetric but not transitive
B ={1, 3, 5} is defined by R= ((, y); x<y, x e A, (c) Reflexive but not transitive
ye B}, then R'oR is equal to: d) An equívalence relation.
(a) {(1,3), (1, 5), (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5)} 29. Ifnumber of reflexive relations and number of symmet
(b) {(3, 1), (5, 1), (5, 2). (5, 3), (5, 4)} relations on a non-empty set are equal then númber
() {(3,3), (3, 5), (5, 3), (5, 5)} elements in that set is:
() None of these. (a) 2 (b) 1
(c) 4 (d) 3

16 Calcu

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x
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0 Consider the non-empty set consisting of children in a
BUA,VA, BeP(S).Then:
family and a relation R defined by aRb, a is brother
if of
relations
b. Then R is: (a) BothR, and R, are equivalence
(a) Symmetric but not transitive (6) Only R, is an equivalence relation
(b) Transitive but not symmetric R, is an equivalence relation
(c) Only
(c) Neither symmetric nor transitive are not equivalence relations
(d) Both R, and R, =
() Both symmetric and transitive 38. The relation R=(a,b): gcd(a,b) 1,2a * a,be
b,
Z
1 The minimum number of clements that must be
added to is:
the relation R= {(a, b), (b, c)} on
the set (a, b, c} so that (a) Transitive but not reflexive
it becomes symmetric and transitive is: transitive
(6) Symmetric but not
(a) 4 (b) 7 (c) 5 () 3 (c) Reflexive but not symmctric
12. Let A= {1, 3, 4, 6, 9} and
B= (2, 4, 5, 8, 10}. Let R nor transitive
(d) Neither symmetric
be a relation defined on x B such that
A

R={((a,, b,),
(a,, b.)): a, sb, and b, Sa,}. Then the number of elements NUMERICAL TYPE
in the set R is must be added to
39. The minimum number of elements that
the relation R= {(a, b), (b, c), (b, )} on the set {a, b, c,
(a) 26 (b) 160 (c) 180 (d) 52
33. LetS ={(y)e NxN:9(r–3)° +16(y-4)² d) so that it is an equivalence relation, is
s 144} and 40. LetA={1,2,3,4} and be relation
a R on the setAxA defined
by R= b), (c, d)): 2a+ 3b= 4c+ 5d}. Then the number
T={(*,y)e RXR : (*-7)° +9-4° s36). {a,
of elements in R is:
1, 2, 3, 4}. The
Then n(SoT) is equal to 41. Let A={1, 2, 3, 4,..100} and B= (0,
number of elements in the relation R = {(a, b) eA XA:
34, Let Nbe the set of natural numbers and a relation R on B} is
N 2(a- b)²
+3(a-b)e
be defined by R= {(, y) e NxN:r-3y-xy {0, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} and R be the relation
+3y=0}. 42. Let
A=
Then the relation R is: defined on such that R= {x, y)e A x A: xy is odd
A

(a) Reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive positive integer or x-y= 2}. The mínimumn number of
elements that must be added to the relation R, so that it is
(b) An equivalence relation a symmetric relation, is equal to
(c) Symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive 43. The number of relations, on the set {1, 2, 3} containing
(1, 2) and (2, 3), which are reflexive and transitive but not
(d) Reflexive and symmetric, but not transitive
R, and R, be two relation defined as follows: symmetric, is
35. Let
44. Let A= {2,3,4,5,..30} and'='bean equivalencerelation
R, {(a, b) e R:a+ be Q} and on A x A, defined by (a, b)= (c, d), if and only if ad =
R= {(a, b) e R:a + b e Q}, where Q is the set of all be. Then the number of ordered pairs which satisfy this
the rational numbers. Then equivalence relation with ordered pair (4, 3) is equal to:

(a) Neither R, nor R, is transitive 45. Let A

={n e NnSn+ 10,000), B= (3k + 1k e N} and
C= (2k| keN}, then the sum of all the elements of the
(6) R, is transitive but R, is not transitive
set n B–) is equal to
A

(c) R, and R, are both transitive

46. The sum of all the elements in the set {1, 2, ne .....
() R, is transitive but R, is not transitive 100} H.C.F. of n and 2040 is 1} is equal to..
36. Define a relation R over a class of n x n real matrices A
and Bas "ARB iffthereexists a non-singular matrix P such 50
that PAP-1 = B". Then which of the following is true? 47. Let
Jx, =Jr=T where each X,
contains 10 elements

(a) Ris reflexive, symmetric but not transitive and each Y contains 5 elements. If each element of the
(6) Ris symmetric, transitive but no reflexive set Tis an element of exactly 20 of sets
sets Ys, then n is equal to
and exactly I's
(c) Ris reflexive, transitive but not symmetric 6of
48. In a class of 140 students numbered 1 to 140, all even
(d) Ris an equivalence relation numbered students opted Mathematics course, those
37. Let P(S) denote the power set of S = {1,2,3,..,10}. Define whose number is divisible by 3 opted Physics course and
the relations R, and R, on P(S) as ARB if those whose number is divisible by S opted Chemistry
course. Then the number of students who did not opt
= for
and AR, B if AUB
(4nBBOA)=¢ any of the three courses is

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CRITICAL THINKING OUESTIONS (CTQ'S)

n, in base 10, let o
1. Determine all integer n 1
for which there exists a pair 7. For any natural number expressed
denote the sum of all digits
ofn. Find all natural numbe
of positive integers (a, b) such that no cube of a prime
divides n such that
+b+3 and
n=8S(n + 6nS(n) + 1.

ab+ 3b+ 8
abe N. There is a set S= {(m, n): m'-n=lbmn,
m, nez
=n;ne N,
8.
a'+b+3 Arelation is define on (m, n) such
that

2. Find the cardinal number of sct of positive integers n witlh R(m, n: n tn=0). he
the following property: the k positive divisors of n have Then find sum of number of transitive and symmet
.
.. (d, d,, d, ) such that for every i = 1, 2,
a permutation relations in R.

9. A set S is delGned such that

k, the number d,

t.+ d is a perfect square.

3. Find sum S={(2, a): 1+ a prime number, p, q are pring

of all pairs (p, ), with p> q for which the -9is
ptg
number numbers}.

(p+q)""(p-9=,nez A relation R is defined such that R=p, ). Find numbe

of transitive relations in R.

4. Arelation (a,b)Re,d) is defined on 4-tuples (4, b, c, d) of (2-1 -1

10. Let
A=1 0 -1 andB-A-1. If o= thes
natural numbers with a <b<c and
a! + b! +c!=34. Find the number of tuples.
1
1
the number of elements in the set
5. A
set S= {,4, r):pq=r+1, 2(p +
g)=Ptl, where {n e {1,2,.,100} :4 + (oB) =A+B} is equal to.
P 9, r are primes}.
11. Let S denote the set of all 6-tuples (a, b, c, d, e, f) of
Find the cardinal number of 5, positive integers such that a + b' + c d e' =f t t
6. There is a set S= {(a, b, c): a = bc + 1,
6 = ca + 1, Consider the set T= (abcdef :(a, b, c, d, e,) E S}. Find
a, b, c e Z}. Find the cardinal number of S. the greatest common divisor of all the members of T.

Calculu
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ANSWER KEY
DIBY-1.1
1. [28] 2. [29] 3. [13.9] 4. (215) 5. [2100 - 250] 6. [28] 7. [16]
DIBY-1.2
8. [Relation] 10. R= {2, 3, 5} 11. R= (2, 3, 4, 5}
12. [225] 13. R-l= {(3, 1), (5,
1), (1,2)}
15. [RoRl= {(3,3), (3, 5), (5, 3), (5, 5)]
14. [R= {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6) ...)
16. [R= {(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 6), (1, 9), (3, 3), (3, 6), (3, 9), (6, 6), (9, 9)1
17. {1, 2, 3, 4} 18. [(16)] 19. {(8,
1), (10, 13)}

JEE MAIN
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c)5. () 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. () 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (a)
21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (b)
31. (b) 32. (6) 33. [27] 34. (a) 35. (a) 36. (d) 37. (a) 38. (d) 39. [13] 40. [6]
41. [18] 42. [19] 43. [3] 44. [7] 45. [832] 46. [1251] 47. [30] 48. [38]
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
th (CTQ'S)
1. [2] 2. [2] 3. [S] 4. 3] 5. [2] 6. [8] 7. (17] 8. [3] 9. [1] 10. [17]
11. [24]

Sets and Relations 19

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"Hello Hello Nazrein Calculus Par"

CALCULUS CORE
Fear No More
Basic to Advanced Level
Detailed Theory with Topic wise Solved Examples
JEE Main & |T-JEE Advanced Exercises
Sachin Sir Special (S')
Critical Thinking Questions (CTQ)

arecay
ONTEFG

5-2R

Wallah
Physics

hhy Sachin Jakhar

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Contents

Chapters Solutions
1. Sets and Relations. 3-19 391-400
2. Functions.. 20-81 401-428

3. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 82-109 429-442

4. Limits of Functions. 110-144 443-464

5. Continuity and Differentiability. 145-173 465-480

6. Methods of Differentiation. 174-196 481-492

7. Application of Derivatives... 197-236. 493-515

8. Indefinite Integrals. 237-286 516-536

9. Definite Integrals 287-321 537-556

10. Application of ntegrals 322-348 557-574

11. Differential Equations. 349-388 575-598

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hasn't earmed sweet thinas.

He who hasn't tasted bitter things -G.W Leibnitz

2 FUNCTIONS

THE IDEA OF AFUNCTION

HISTORICAL NOTE pattern so far we have learme
Much of mathematics is about observing and implementing the
we consider the first object as input and the
The word FUNCTION first appears in how to link pair of objects from two sets. Now, if
is one output for each input.
second as output, we can introduce the idea where there
Latin manuscript methodus tangentium
inversa, seu de functionbus written by
GW. Letbnitz (1646-1716) in i 1673. On
July 5, 1698 Johan Bernoulli, in a letter
Definition
to
to Letbnitz for first time deliberately A function special type of relation in which each element of the first set is related
is a
ossigned use of the term function in the
exactly one element of the second set. The element of the first set is called the input;
the
analytical sense.
clement of the second set is called the output.

COTTON
Function
Input () (Machine) Output f)

WOOL Jacket

A function can be visualized as an input/output device.

Function or Mapping
Let X and Y be any two non-empty sets and there be correspondence or association between the
elements ofX and Ysuch that for every element xe X. there exists a unique element y e Y, writter
as y =f). Then we say thatfis a mapping or function from Xto Y, and is written as
f: XI
such thaty=f), xe X,y e Y.

Real Function
Y be a function from a non-empty set X to another non-empty set Y, where X, Yç
Iff:X
(set of all real numbers), then we say thatfis a real valued function or in short a real function.

Features of a Mapping f: XY
1. For each element xe X, there exist a unique element Y.
ye
2. The elementy e Y is called the image ofx under the mappingf.
3. If there is an element in X which has more than one image in Y, then
f:X Yis not
function. But distinct clements of X may be associated to the same element Y.
of
4. Ifthere is an element in Xwhich does not have an image in Y,
Note thenf: X Yis not a funcios
If for some value ofx say x = a, he Value ofa Function
denominator vanishes, we say that The value of a function y - ) at x = a is denoted by fa). It is obtained by putt
Sa) is undefined (or does not exist), x=a in f).

x
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Vertical Lìne Test For Function

aven a function f, every vertical line that may be drawn intersects the graph offno more than
Once. If any vertical line intersects a set of points more than once, the set of points does not
represent a function.

We can use this test to determine whether a set of plotted points represents the graph ofafunction.
Ra he set of plotted points represents the graph ofa function if every vertical line intersects the
set of points, at most,once.
(0) The set of plotted points does not represent the graph of a function if some vertical lines
a function intersect the set of points more than once.

not a function

not a function a function

not a function a function

For a general function fwith domain
we
D,
often use x to denote the input Domain and Range of a Function
andy to denote the output associated Ybe a function, then the set X is said to be the domain
with x. When doing so, we refer to Iff:X off
xas the independent variable and y Range off= set of allimage points in Yunder the = ): A) e Y;xe X
as
mapf=f)
the dependent variable, because The set Y is called the co-domain of/. Clearly f() Sy.
it depends on x.

Algebraic Operations on Functions:

Iffand g are rcal valucd functions of x with Domain A and B rcspcctively, then both fand g are
defined in 4 B.

Now,f* g,(g) andcan be defincd

as
follows:

1.
fg) ) =f) + gr) YxeAnB
2. Ce) )=f).g)VreAOB

g(2) = 0}
3.
2=xe g()
r|xe AnBand
4. fog fogr) =fg)) for its acceptable domain.
5. gof=gof) =g) for its acceptable domain.

Functions 21

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
=
)
– 1).
1.
Iff) 3r- Sa+9, find fr 3. If f(x) = 2025. then find f) +
Given fr) =
Sol.
3r- Sx+9
Thus,
fr -1)=3(- 1) –S(r- 1)
+9 = 3(- 4°+ 6r 3
1

-4x+ 1)- S(-2r+ l) +9=3r- 12+ 13r-2r +7 Sol. x)=

2. = ax-b , show that x
Ify =f) =f) 1

bx-a
Sol. We have y = ax-b a)y= ax-b
fr)= 3 (br-
bx-a
by-ay = =
ay -b
ax-b xby-a)
>r (by-a) = ay
-bro by-a
Hence, the result, is true.

DIBY 2.1
1.
Iff) =d- 1 nd 2. R=((1, 1), (12025, 2), (3, 5), (322, 5), identify if it is function or not.
3. Which one of the followings are functions (identify)
(a) y=mx + c (b) 1 (c)+y=4 ()y=(- 1)(* - 2)(*-3)
16

Type of Functions

Algebraic Functions Transcendental Functions

Constant function: f) =c
Polynomial Logarithmic function
functions +Identity function: f)=x ,
x) =log, a> 0,a# l,x>0
Linear function:/)=mx + c, m 0 +
Exponential function

Quadratic function: /r) = ax + br+ c, a+0 r)=a, a>0,a#1

+ Cubic function:f) = a + bx t Cx + d, a0 Trigonometric function

Piecewise defined function Simr, coSx, tanx, sect, cotr, cosecr

Inverse Trigonometric function
(sinx, tanx, etc.)
Modulus GILE. Fractional Part Signum Least Integer
function function function function function
A) = sgn) )=Lx

Rational function P() ,G) = 0 where (P() and G) are polynomial functions.)
G)
Irational function ieVe-i,2r-1
(4x+5)

22 Calealt

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ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
Note An algebraic function is one that involves addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
domain rational powers, and roots.
D of function
R,=Range of function
Polynomial Function
A function f: R
.., R, defined by f) = a, + ax+ at.. +a, x, where n e and a, a,, N

a,, a,eR, called a polynomial function.

is
Ifa, +0, then n is called the degree of thepolynomial. The domain of apolynomial function
is R.

4
Constant Function
D,-R
function f: R R defined as f) =c,
A

function. Its domain is R and range is singleton set fc}.

re
R, where c is a constant, is called a constant
(0,c) R- fc)
The graph of a constant function is a straight line parallel to x-axis where x is the independent
variable.
Illustration: 1. fr)= sin'x t cos'x 2. f) = secr- tanx
Identity Function
D,-R The functionf: R defined asfr) =x,R

te
R, is called the identity function. Its domain
is R and range is also R.
R-R The graph of the identity function is a straight line passing through origin and inclined at an
angle of 45° with x-axis.

Illustration: x+x
1. f) =x(sin?+ cosr) 2. fx) = +1
Linear Function
A linear function is of
the form fr) mx tcwhere
m' and 'c'are real numbers, such that m 0.
A linear function is of the form
D,eR
m ,o0, c)
ReR fx)=mx tc
(or)
Fmx +c

dependent y-intercept
variable slope independent
variable

Quadratic Function
y- a+ br +c The general form of a real quadratic function is
f)= at+ br + c, where a ± 0, b, c e R.
y= ar+
bx +c(a 0)
...)
a> 0
D>0
=0, ar t br +c=0
.
y
To draw the graph put

D
-btvb-4ac Where a= -b+B4ac B-vo-4ac
2a 4a 2a 2a 2a
1. Sum of roots = a+B=
2. Product of roots = a +B=*C

1nctions 23

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Cubic Function function.

cx d (a 0) is knowm as cubic
A polynomial of the form f) = ar + bx
t t
ax bx + cx d= 0, then
+
t
B. y are roots of cubic equation
a
Equation: a,
Cubic If
b
a+B+y=-,aß +By+a=and oßy=-"
Rational Function
It is defined as the ratio of two polynomials.
+ b
a; 0) bt b+...
=
Let, P() =
a,+al t. t

P(*) is rational function, provided O(x) 0. Domain of

)) is all real numbe
Ouch Then f(x) =
Q)
Be zero [i.e., 0].
Be real rational
except when denominator is O()
4x +x-1
2x'-3x+4 2. A) = -;xE R
Illustration: 1. A) = x*+x+1 -xeR +-2050
Irrational Function a pove
multiplication, division & raising to
In y =f), operations of addition, subtraction, an algebraic functi
exponent arc called irational functions, i.e.,
with non-integral rational
that is not rational function.
= -*+1
Illustration: f) = Vr-i, )
Vx-5

PIECEWISE-DEFINED FUNCTIONS
on different parts of its domain. A functi
Sometimes a function is defined by different formulas
as a piecewise-defined function.
with this property is known
a Function
Practical Example: Parking Fees Described by Piecewise-Defined
a
In a big city, drivers are charged variable rates for parking in parking
garage. They are charg
an additional 2 for each hour or part therec
R10 for the first hour or any part of the first hour and
garage is open from 6 a.m. to 12 midnight
up to a maximum of {30 for the day. The parking
grag:
Let (r) denotes the piecewise defined function that describes the
cost to
C park in parking
the domain for this function
Since the parking garage is open 18 hours each day,
18}. The cost to park a car at this parking garage can be described piecewise b
{x0<xs
rupees) the following function.
10,
0<xs1 For first hour
C) For additional second hour
(in20
cost
12,i
1<x<2 For additional third hour
B10
C(1)=
14,; 2<xs3 :
10
Hours
16. 3<xs4
|30, 10<x<18 maximum 30 for the day.

)=(0) MODULUS FUNCTION/ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION

)= x, if x>0
=
f: + R, defined if x=0 ; is called the absolute vat
as
R
The function A) =0,
-X, if x<0
function or modulus function. Its domain is R and its range is [0, co).

Calcul
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Properties of Modulus Function

2 1. k|= a; a
min(a, b) =tb_a-b| 3.
>0x=ta 2.. V=|x|
22 lfa>0 0|x|<a-a<x<a (il x>a
4. a= a, where is even and n EZ x|>ax<-aor
n

5. lal2 a,ja|2-a 6. lal

7.
Note 9.
|x+y|=|x|+|y,xy >0 8.
|x-y|=|x|+|y |, xy s0
x+y|=||x|-y |, yS0 10.
|x-yl=||x-|yll,xy >0
1+ls) |-f)+s)| 11. x +y| s|x|+ lyl
f() g) 2 0
GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION (G.I.F)
The function f: R defined as fx) -[x] is called the greatest integer function,
R
D-R
Where x = integral part x or greatest integer not greater than x or greatest
or equal to x, for exampleof(3] = 3, integer less than
F2 [3.7]=3, [-7.8] =-8.
i.c., f*) where n ne
1
x<n+1, Z
(the set of integers).
GIF provides us nearest left integer x of number line.
Properties of Greatest Integer Function
x]
2
1.
sx<]+1 2.
x-1< sx.eioatase
3. [<]=E] 4 xEI

f) = 5.
(x]--]= 6. [xn]=x]n, n
el
|2x+1 ,xe I.
7. ]2nx2n,
9. [x] Sn
nel n
eI
8.
x>nr2ntr<n 1,
nel
Af I<n+1, 10. [x]<n
11. 12.
+
13. x] []< [x +y) s]+ [y]+1
art

mt
14.
nInx;neN
(wherex e R,
ne M).

ce
D,-R FRACTIONAL-PART FUNCTION (FP.)
The functionf: R R defined as
fr) or =-
f) = {}, where {x} denotes the fractional
part of x, is called the fractional-part function. Its domain is R and range is [0, 1).
Properties of Fractional Part Function
1.
Ifx is an integer, then x = [x] -0 2. [{}]=0, {}
[0, if xe integer
3. (}+ -x} |1, ifxe integer 4. xt m} - ,mel
D=R
(0. 1) R-1,01) 5. If x}=f,0<f< then x =n+f when n eI
1

Signum Function
0
as, x for x*0
The function f: R R defined fr) is called the signum function.
0 for =0
f)sgn()
Its domain is R and range is the set {-1, 0, 1}. Signum function is denoded by sgn(r).
Example:fr) = sgn(2) =1

1ctions 25

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Least Integer Function of

of x.
(ceiling
=
Integer part of x
which is the nearest & greater integer
y=() la=
D,=R
R=Z

-1
-2

SOLVED EXAMPLES

4. Solve
-44x|+3<0. 7. Solve [x]-3[x]+2=0
:

=0, a
=

Sol. -
4|x|+3<0 (|x|- 1) (x|-3) <0 Sol. We have [x]'-3[x]+2=0 -3a+2
1<|x|<3 -3<x<-1 or <x<3
1
(a-1)(a-2) = 0 a=1, 2

=1 x]=l1sx<2 x
e 2)

when a [1,
xe (-3,-1)U(1,3)
When a
=2 x]=2>2<x<3xe [2,3)
5. Solve the following linear equation
Hence, the solution set is x e [1, 3)
(a) x|x|=4 8. Find the number of solution of-4-]=0
(6) |x-3|+2|x+1|=4 Sol. We havex4-x]=0
x
Sol. (a) x|x|=4 Case-I: When
eI
Ifx>0 ..=4 x=*2 -4-x=0-x-4=0
:.x=2 (:" x>0) 1tvi+16 1tV17 (rejected
-4 2
Ifx <0=
x

=4 which is not possible

Case-II: When I
(b) |x-3|+2|x+1|=4
-4-(-()=0 -4-x+ {}=0
=*+4- 0sx+4-<1
Case-I: Ifxs-1 Now, x
+4-0r-x-4<0
:.r-3)-2 (+1) =4 *t3-2x-2=4 1+ 17
-3r+ =4-3x-3r=-1
1
e| 22
Case-I: If-1<*s3 Also, x
+4-<1
:.-3) +2 (*+ 1) =4*+3+ 2x +2 =4 x+3-<0 -x-3>0
x=-l which is not possible
Case-II: Ifx> 3, x-3+2(x+ 1) =4
3x-1=4x=53 which is not possible Thus, the number of solution is infinite,
9. Find the value of
.x=-1 is only solution.
6. Find the real solutions of lx- 1|=-2|+ -3|.
Sol. Case-I:x< 1,
1-x=2-x+3-x where [.] =G.IE.
x=4 (rejected) Sol. We have
Case-II: 1<xs2,x-1=2-x+3-x,x=2
Case-II: 2<x<3, r-1=x-2+3-x, x=2(rejected)
Case-IV: x23, x- 1 =I-2+x-3
x=4 solution arex=2,4. (Using property 15 of G.!

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["7sx<
8]
10. Find the value of [100x]-7x 19-8x8=542
[100x]= 542 + 133 + 64 =739
(n=x+0.19] = 73n sf) s73(n+ 1) n=)
Sol. We have
15. Prove that

Sol. Case-I: When x is integer i.e., x =n

L.HS. - (2n] -2n

=37+ 2013 = 2050

11. Solve the equation (sin x]
(Using property
=0
13 of GILE) RHS
-(1-*2
We x] x Case-II: When x is not an integer.
Sol. have [sin =00<sin <1
x ie. x=n+f, where 0 sf<1
sin >0 [2nSxs(2n+I) (2n :0sf<0.5
sin r<1 -(4n + 1)n/2 :nel L.HS. = (2(n +)]=2n + (21
2n+1 :0.55f<1
12. Find the value of
R.HS.

:0sf<0.5
|2n +1 :0.5 < f <1
Sol. As we know that, 0 < sin'x, cosr< 1
Hence, the result.
16. If {r} and [x] represent fractional and integral part of x
Thus, the values of
respectively, then find the value of [x]+
13. Find the set of values ofx satisfying 2025
[sin x] + [cos x] = 1,
Vxe[0, 2r] Sol. We
know that x+r}= (r} as r= 1,...2025
Sol. When [sin x] =0, then [cos x] = 1 2024
we
have [x]+
1=0,, 2r and x=0, 2rr=0,2r 2025 2025
Also, when [cos x]=0, then [sin x]= 1

times
and =[|+|..20252025
2 2

Thus, the solution set is

+
14. Ifx satisfies...the equation [x + 0.19] + [x 0.20]
+
Thus, (x]+ Str},
[x+0.21]+ + [x+ 0.22] +... [x+0.91]= 542
+ 2025

--
Then find the value of [1 00x] 17. Solve for x :4{}-x+ ], where x} and x] are the
Sol. We have fractional and integral part of x respectively.
x +
0.19] + x+ 0.20]+ [+ 0.21] +... +
=x+ ]
x)= ... Sol. We have 4{x}
+ [x+0.22] + + x+0.91] = 542 =
4(x}
=+ +
3{} =2[x]
...)
we
As
know that, 0<x<1
0<]<= 0, 1

when [x] =0 (} =0

27
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18. Find the number of solutions of } + {tan roc) =0

x} <l and0s {tan()} <1

2 <
when (x] =1 ) (from ()) Sol. We have
0

Now, x}
+
{tan(n)} >0
x= when
Thus
]+ (r} =0,1 +=0, Thus, the equation holds only
(x} =0=re l and {tan(r)} =0rel
many solution.
Hence, the solutions are Thus, the equation have infinitely

DIBY 2,2
For following questions :| is modulus function, L] is G.I.F. and (3 is EP.F.
= 12
4. Solve 1s|x-2 |S3 5. Solve the Equation |4r + 3| + |3x– 4|

8|+ |+r-2] = 3 +2, then find the set of all real values of
x.
6. If -2r-
7. The complete set of real 'r' satisfying the inequality |}-1|-1|s 1.

8. Find the number ofreal roots of

the equation -3)+2 = 0.
x:
-9. Solve for r-2[x]-8=0
11. Solve for x: (r + {sin x}
=2 12. Solve for x: 2x +3{x} = 4x]-2
13. Solve for x: -
4x+ [x]+3=0
14 Find the numtber of mtegnlvalues of y =.0<*<?
x
15. Find the values of satisfying the equationCoS

TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
Thusfar, we have discussed algebraic functions. Some functions, however, cannot be described by basic algebraic operation
These functions are known as transcendental functions because they are said to "transcend," or go beyond, algebra.

Trigonometric Function
Function Domain Curve Range
x
() f)= sin XER 4y= sin x
ye-1, 1]
1

() fo)= cos x y= cos x

XER ye-1, 1]

(üi) f)= tan x

y=tan x
yeR
xeR-(2n+1) ,neI

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cotx y=cot x yeR

(iv) f)= xER- nn, n
EI

() f) = cosec x XER-nT, nEI

coSec
x
ye (-0,-1]v[l, o)

o)
(vi) f) = sec x
Ay=sec x ye(-o, -1]V[1,
xeR-(2ntl)nl

EXPONENTIALFUNCTION
Let a
positive real number. Then the function
(#1) be a
range is (0, o).
f: R R, defined by fx) = , is called the exponential function. Its

domain is R and

a> 1 8 a:
0<o<1
a=2
4 3
a

3+ a= 3

56

2-1 0 1 2

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
to equal
the power to which the base must be raised in order
The logarithmic of a given number to a given base is the index of
the given numbers. = log x, is called the logarithmic function.
Let a (# 1) be a positive real number. Then the functionf:
(0, o) R defined by f)
Its domain is (0, co) and range is R.

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unctions

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Ay=log,x
4=logx
3
a 0<a<1I
2.a=2
Ga=3
0.58 o /2

RAR
log,,2 0.3010;
a>1
log,3 0.4771 Proprieties of Logarithmic Function.
In 2 0.693; In 10 s 2.303 xy
1. log
(y)=log | + log bl, where and >0
Note
2. log, E=log, |x|-log, ly, where >0
(a> 0, a1) 4. log. x="log, |x|
3. log, x* =nlog, |x|
1. log 1 = 0
where x > >0
a 0, y
2. log =1 5. ax=x,a#l, a> 0,
x>0 6. xy=yes,*
3. log,,a=-1 Base Change Properties
a x
4. =X, X>0 7. log () = for x>0,x1 8. log, x= log, forb #1, b>0
log, a log, a

Logarithmic Inequalities
y
x<y if a>l
) log, x<log,
*>y if 0<a<l
(i) Ifa>1, then
a
log x<p0<x<a • logx>px>al
(üi) If0 <a<1, then
• log,r (p)<p® • log,r >p0<x<al
Exponential Inequations
<y if a>l
Ifa: x>y if 0<a<l

INTERVALS
Note
Intervals are basically subscts of R and arc commonly uscd in solving inequalities or in find
domains. If there are two numbers a, be Rsuch that a<b, we can define four types of interv
The C intervals are defined as follows:
as f

• Open Interval: (a, b)

1. (a, o)= >a}
2. [a, (x:a<<b} i.e. extremc points are not included
co)-:r2a)
3. (-, b) =
:x<b} Closed Interval: a, b]
4. (, b] = (r:rsb} x:asrsb} i.e. extreme points are included
5. (-,o)= :xeR} It ispossible whena and b are finite
• Semi-Open Interval: (a, b]
fx:a<xSb} i.e. a is not included and b is included
Semi-Closed Interval [a, b)
{x:asx<b} i.e. a is included and bis not included

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ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION

x20

Input of this function is sct of all real numbers becausef() exists for all xe R but lx| 0 so range
is all non-negative real numbers.
Generalized results:
(a) Ja'
a| (b) a d, where n is even and ne Z

() la2 al2-a a,
aa
()Bbl
(0) |*+y||x|+|y|,xy20
Note
) |*-yl-|x|+|y|xy s0
() |*+y||x-|y l, xy s0 (h)
|*-y|=|x-ly |l, xy 20

WAVY CURVE METHOD

Letf) (x-4)(x-b,y ---(x-b,)"

(r-4)' (x-a,)? ---(*-a,)
)
Note Where kk, k, and r, , ..., ...
e Nand b,, b,... b, and a,, a, a, are real numbers.
Then to solve the inequality, following steps are taken.
Inequalities of the form Steps: Points where numerator becomes zero are called zeros or roots of the function and
where denominator becomes zero are called poles of the function.
P)Q0) R(*).. can 1, First we find the zeros and poles of the function.
A()B()C(*)..... 1
2. Then we mark all the zeros and poles on the real line and form a curve to divide the real
be quickly solved using the line in many intervals.
method of intervals, where 3. Determine sign of the function in any of the interval and then alternates the sign in the
4, C.. P, Q, R.. are linear
B,
neghbouring interval if the poles or zeros dividing the two interval has appeared odd
functions of x'. number of times otherwise retain the sign.
4. Thus we consider all the intervals. The solution of the f) > 0 is the union of the intervals
in which we have put the plus sign and the solution of f) < 0 is the union of all intervals
in which we have put the minus sign.

INEQUALITIES INVOLVING ABSOLUTE VALUE

() lx|sa (where a > 0)
Itimplies those values ofx on real number line which are at distancea or less than a from
zero.
In general, I()) S a (where a 0)
sf()Sa. 0 a -asxSa
Ex. (x|S2 -25xS2, <3 -3<x<3
inding
terval (i) xa (where a >0)
implies those values ofx on real number line which are at distance a
It or more than a from
zero
In general,

)S-a
))2a
or
(a
f() 2a
0)

-a
or
IS-a or xa
Ex. |x|23 xs-3 x>3
(iii) as|xsb (where a, b > 0)
Itimplies those value ofx on real number line whose distance from
zero is equal toa or b
In general,
asa) sb a,b20 or lies between a and b
)b,-a][a b]
-b 0 b b,-a]v[4, 6]
(4,-2] U [2, 4]
Ex.
2s s4xe
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POSITIVE/
INEQUALITIES INVOLVING ALWAYS
NEGATIVE FUNCTIONS
Iustration 1:
-
1]+ -3x + 2| + 6r + 1lx –6| s0
Sol. Left side of inequality is always non-negative.
so only possible value is r-
1| =0 and |(*- 1)(r-2) =0 and
1.
1)T-2) (- (-3)
x
2 and x= 1, 2,3, only acceptable value ofx is
X=land + =1,+
(a+ x5x + + -4| S0+
2) 6)
Illustration 2: (r
are +2 0 and (r + 2)(r 3) =0 and |(x–2)(* + 2)| =0
=
Sol. Only possible values
So acceptable value ofx-2
+
llustration 3: Find triplets (x, 2) satisfying 2x 4y 6z–-y-z-
y, + 14 20.
y,
1)-(-2)?- (z-3) 20, only solution of (r, z) =(1, 2,
3).
Sol.
*-
SOLVED EXAMPLES
19. How many solutions are there for equation Sol. Given log,a = s
log, (x -1) = log, (*-3).
Sol. log,(– 1)= log,
2log,b=2s
(-3)
log,c²=
log: (r- l) = 1og, (* -3log, (- )= log, (* -3) 2

B log, (r–1)2 = log, (r-3) .

2logc s+1
(r-1jn =
(r-3) 4 log,e = 3(s+ 1)
r-l=*-6r +9o 3
log22
-2) (*-5) =0x=2, 5 +5 log,b - 4 log,c = 2s + 10s²–3(s+
1)
2 log,a
But x-
1>0 andx-3>0 r>land r>
3

So only one solutionr=5 23. If log, M

+4log, N=1+log o, 5 if the value
4
20. Solve the logarithmic inequality log,s
4x+6o MNIG = k.219, then find k.
log, 5

Sol. Since log.. 1=0, the given inequality can be written as.
Sol. log, M +2log, N = 1+:
log, (.008)
logvs 4x+6 logus 1 10-1
log, Mls +
log, N²=1+- log,
When the domain of the function is taken into account 3-3log, 10

the inequality is equivalent to the system of inequalities.

> log, (MN'o =1-2
33
>MN")"=223
4x+6,
>o, 4x+6sl 2>0&3*+0s0 MN =
263 =32(2e) k32
Solving the inequalities by using method of intervals 24. Find the value of
1

1+log, a + log, c 1+log, a +

log.b 1+log, b+log,d
21. For x20, what is the smallest possible value of the has the value equal.
expresion log(r-4tx+ 26) – log(r + 2).
Sol. log-4x+x+26) = log(r-6x+13)(x+2) Sol.
1

(x+2) log,°+ log," + log, log+ log'+ log"

(r+2)
= log +13) = log{(x-3² + 4}
(- 6r
[:x*-2] 1

:. Minimum value is log 4 when x =3 +

log,"+log,°+log
22. Given log,a=s, 2
logb=s and log, (8) = Write log, 1

log, abc log, abc log, abc

atb as a function of
's' (a, b, c> 0, c+ 1).
=log.b+ log, C+logabe 1= log,abc=1
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2<log,7<3 i.e. not integer

25 Find the value of log, log, V77/)
Let log,7 = P (where p and q are coprime)
(-2)6 sol log,log, V7yv =l
log, log, 7 =
log,(7/8)
-log,7-log,8 =1-log, 2' =1-3 log,2. 2=7=7
+2))-0 26. Find the number log,7. which is not possible so log,7 is an iratoinal number
sol log,7 <
log,7 < log,8 27. Find anti logarithm of 0.75 to the base 16.
log,4 =8
-1420 Sol. Antilog,, 0.75 =(16)475
=
(16)=(2=2
DIBY 2.3
If logalogb loge 1

then find the value of .b. 17. Find thevalue of

C-a a-b log abe log abc log abe
8. Iflog log,,(V2 +V8)
=then find the value of 1000 x.
3
19. Find the number of real solutions of the equation log,,
(-r) = log,, Vx
20. Find the Greatest integer less than or equal to the number log, 1S.log,,
2.log, 1/6.
-3 (e

1)
11
7lga-1 *-2ata+k,find k.

2. If3-2r-3=0, then find the number of values

ofr satisfying the equation.
-3(+1 23. Find the sum of all the solutions to the equation
2log,-log,(2r-75) =2.
=and log,b + loga =. Find the value of the ab.
7
4. Suppose that a and b are positive real numbers such that log,a
+ log,b
if the
x
25. Prove that log, x
log, x+ log, x log, xlog,xlog,
log,x+ logx log, x
log

Method to Find Domain

Domain of Real Functions Domain of Complex Functions Domain of Vector Valued Functions

=2 Rational Modulus Logarithmic functions LTE. functions Domain using def. Iational GLFFactional Trigonometric Domain of Functional
Polynomials function Exponential functions of"C, & P, Part Functions Functions Equation
Polynomials

Domain of Rational Functions

Recall h(x) =,g(r) g)*0. Where fr) & g) are polynomial functions.
b+
+log,
lHustration: Find the domain of function Sol. Denominator can not be zero. So
x-1+0>r*1
66) domain eR-{1}
-{)}+(log, I]+[log, 2]+.+[log,
(r-3)(r-9r+20) Illustration: Find domain of function
2050
(Where (.) is FPF [] is G.I.E) fi)=xtr-t-
Sol. Denominator can not be zero. r-6r+llr-6
+log Sox-30x3 Sol. Denominator can not be zero.
r-9x+ 20 0 (r-4), (r-5) =0x*4, 5
r-6r+llr-60
domain =R-{3,4, 5} -6r+llx-6 (-1) (-Sr +6)=0
Hastration: Find domain
of function f()-0+254 -1)(r-2)(-3) +0 r*l,2,3
domain =R-{1,2,3}
-1

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DIBY 2.4
Finddomain of functions
s3
26
2024
27. 28.
-5x+6 29 r)= r-2050; x>3
x2007 207b +2025
xtx+1 x-1

Functions
Domain ofIrrational
Recall/
where n, k e N, 0, g() +0
g) function
Illustration: Find domain of
+x+1)(3x-4)031'(-3)2050
2050
llustration: Find the domain of f()= (

x-2050
V2024-x
V-+1)° (r-5)(-7)
(r-3)2030
Sol. 20, either numerator and denominator both (*tx+l)(3*–4)205
2024-x >0
should be positive or both negative
Sol. -x+)(u-5)'(*-7)³
sign of
(-2050) sign of
(2024-) 3x-4 =0x= 4/3
(2050, o) tve -ye
(Eo, 2024) ve tye x-5=0
(2024, 2050) ve -ye I=5,x-7=0,=7
xe (2024, 2050) tx+1>0VxeRih
Illustration: Find the domain of
(-I0x}(-5) +
f)=ir-2'(&-4'(*-6)
Sol.
(x-D'0-'(*-5)
(r-2)'(r-4)°(r-6520

DIBY 2,5
Find the domain of function
l(2*-3)2025(r–5) (r-g) 31.
-1)(r-2)(x-3)(r-4)(*-5)
30.
f() Ar-3)0 f) V
(-6)(-7)(*-8)(r–9)
(4)(6)
(5x-3)(3x-7)(4x–9) (2x-Sx-7)tx-2)
32. J)ax 11(2x-7)(*-3)(*-4) itorf t 33.
J)=?4+9)(-7x+18)
Domain Involving Modulus Functions
x, x>0 €
R
Recall
-x,xS0>0, x
Illustration: Find the domain of
Illustration: Find the domain of f(x)= |x-2
f() =|H+/2050-=lzl V7-||
Sol.
2l and 2050–>0
n
Sol. 2 and 70
(0,-1]0 [1, «) 2050, 2050] xe (0,2] U [2,
[1, 2050] )n,]ob
xe-250, -1] xe7,2] U
[2, 7]

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DIBY 2,6
d
the domaln of funetion
-12

Domain Involving GLE B EPP

where (] represents CG1.E

Ilustration: Find the damain of fj=-1+3-(
o
-x> 0 =»
(x1>I
So1. Let D,:4-120 219x21
Also, let
D,3-4209 33z<341=4
Thus, D,- [1, 4)
trationsf)- -72}-44 where t} is fractional
-2
Part functions,
llustration: Pind the domain of fc)m
sOL
P--442 0
((-11) (0+4) 20 Sol. We have x-220,4145
5-1
s0,44(5.6)
5-1 xu [5, 6)
26s5, 2%1<4
D-(2,41
DIBY 2.7
nd the domain of function

7 y=2-4-1
Domain of Logaríthmic & Exponential Functions

) log,x, to be defined a >0, a 1,

>0

S()= Jlog, (log.(-5)

ration: Find domain of f()=e
IMlustration:

Sol. log, (log. («f-s)z0

An2515 In2 loziz-5)s1
-2 ustration:f) log4x 3) -5<4
50l,
x4x+3>0
-1Xx3) >0
U3,) xe[3,4)
xe(0, 1)

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etions

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fnction
domain ofthe
Illustration: Find the domain of the function Ilustration: Find the
log,ur-l+V3-)
f) =e + log(l fa)= function fis defined for
-)+ Sol. Here, the
Sol. Here e? is defined for all x
(r-)20&(3-)20
log(1 -x) is defined for
in R
l-x>0
r2l&rs3
3]
re[l,
D-[1,3] the fuction
reo, 1)
Mustration: Find the
domain of

Aso, 2H
is defined for allx in R. s)=lbg(1-Iog.(r-Sr+16)
Hence, the domain of the given function.
Sol. Here, the
function fis defined for
=Ron, l)nR=(, 1)
(r-St+ 16)) >0
Ilustration: Find the domain of the functions (1-log,
log (r- Sr+ 16)<1
f)=ogl-)
-3x+2 -r+-Sr+6)16)< 10

Sol. Here, log(1 -) <0

is defined for I
-r>0
1reo, 1) -2\-3) <0
Also, -3r +2 =0 gives r*1, 2 2<<3
D, =
Thus, D,
=(o, 1)
Thus, 23)
DIBY 2.8
Find domain of functions

39. A)=e-2 40.

41. e+ e=e 42. f)= +log(l–)+

43. f)=log, log, log, log,(2r +Sr-l4r) 4. f)=n(vr-Sr-24–-2)
45.
f)=T-7 46. fr)=log,a

Domain of Trigonometric Functions

=
f:RH, I,f) sin x

8:RH, 1, g)=cos x
Recal
h:R-2+)*
2 RneZ A) = tan A)=,e>,rR

Illustration: Find domain f() =16-r +cos 2x. Sr'4 3r4

Sol. 16-20xe4,4] 4
cos 2x0 -4 43n4 4 54

Ilustration: Find the domain

f)= Vsinx
Sol. sinr>0>xe(2 (2+1) ,el
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DIBY 2.9
Find domain of functions ([-] is G.I.E)

(sin(r-3) +v6-x) = a 1
47. log1o 48. log log(r-&z+23) 3
log, sinx|
49.
S) V[cos x]-[sin x]
hction

+16) Domain of Inverse Trigonometric Function

Function Domain Range

y= sinx 1sx<1
y= cos [0, ]
Note
Fur this chapter, only remember
omain and ranges, we will discusS
y= tanx 00r<oo
be properties & formulae in chapter 2
y=cot x (0, )

y= cosec-x (o, -1]U [1, )

y= secx (-o, -1] U [1, )

lustration: Find the domain of llustration: Find the domain of the function:
f() =sin (2x) +
+ x) +sin"
f()=sin (log, x) ycos(sin
Sol. sin(2x)-20 Sol. For f) to be defined the following three inequalities
must be satisfied sin(log) >0
sin'(2r) x
6 0s0 log, s1
1sxs2;
cos(sin x)20 xe R;

ustration: Find the domain off) = sin (log,(-x+3x-2)

sB|x-2| xs0=x=lor -1
Sol. sin(og,(- +3x-2) -1s log,(-+3x-2) <1
.
2s-+3r–2 s2 re .. Domain
offwill be {1}.

DIBY 2.10
Fnd domain of functions
50. sin(3x+4) 51. cos-(4x + 5)

52.
f) =
sin
1
53. f() =log(sin"V+r+l)
Vsin x+ sin +1
x log(r* -x+l)
3
54. y=ysin (3x-4r')+Vcosx 55. y= COS

+(D 56. y= cos

ietions 37

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Inside Functions
Domain of Functions
domain of y
=fgr); solve asg) sB
If domain of y
=f) is
x e
[a, B] then to obtain

SOLVED EXAMPLES
=x Sol. ), x e (0, 1)
ee (0, 1) e<elr<0
+
28. Find domain of f) if 2f(sinx) f(cos )
Sol. 2f(sin x) +
f(cos x) =x ..(1) ()
x
(i) 0<In|x <1 1<|x|<e
replace by xe (-e, -1)o (1, e)
Domain of g(r) e (-e, -1).
2f(cos x) +f(sin x) =-x
2
..(2)
e [0, 1] then find the dom:
r) = x 30. IfO) is defined for
2x (1)-(2)fsin A2sin 0-1)
–

=
Sol. 0<2 sin 1s1
S) sinx STt

ssin0sl » 9e|2n+
6 2n
domain e1, 1]

29. If) is defoned on (0, 1) then, find domain function of

g()-Ae) +(ln().
DIBY 2.11

) is defined on [0, 11, then find domain of definition of (a) f(sinx); (b)f(2x-3).
57. The function

area of equilateral A with two of its vertices at (0, 0) and (, f))

58. Letf) be a real valued function such that the
square units, then find the domain of function |A).
Domain Using "C &"P
n!
n2r
Recall n! "P=n-r)'
0; n<r

n, re W
Domain of complex Valued Function/Vector Valued Function

z+r+iy, i=-l,x,yeR.
Recal
v=xi+ý+ zk,*, zE R
y,

Illustration: Find the domain of 20S0 -*Cn Mastration:/fo) =

Sol. x-2040 s 2050 x
complex number.
lole-2i, where i r

xs 2045
() = let-
2
x-2040 >0x 2040 Sol. Let,f() and
x= {2040, 2041, 2042, 2043, 2044, 2045}
Illustration: Find the domain of
defined for, x- x]> 0, x
¢I x> [], xeI
6-P, D,- R-I
Clearly f,() is defined for all real values x.
Sol. x1, . Domain off, is R
6-x2r-1rs!2 Nowf) –f()+S()i
domain fx) = D, nD, =R*-I
x= {1,2, 3}

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llustration: Find the doamin

of
the function
3S1
-1S4+2sin -752 sin xS-1

Sol. Here, sin is defined for

251-|s2-1ss3=xe3,3] defined for

Now is defined YreR.

No,
sins
e+1
main E :.
f) is defincd Yxe R(-3, 3] n
R= (-3,3]
Ilustration: Define fx)

3
COS
4+2sin
-te(where i=1)
(1+x
S9- sintcostsins)) +(2027:)4
-1 =0 =1x=#1
also, cos (sin x) is defined x eR
Then find D,UD, 1)
:.
D-(-1, 1}
oR= 1,
cos 3
Sol.
(4+2sin x
is defined for Henc, D,u D,- ti. }u
DIBY 2.12
Find domain of functions
59. z=*-3x+2+i|--x+12| 60.
z=e+i/-4 6L. 2=V2050-x+iN-2024.

METHODS TO FIND RANGE

Elementary Method to Find Range
1. Using addition, subtraction, multiplication & division by constant.
2. Using reciprocal of interval
3. Squaring of an interval

Illustration: If y e -3, 7) then find ange of followings Illustration: Findy in each case: (Base on squaring)
(based on addition, subtraction, multiplication & division by ) ye(2, 5] (i) ye (7,-3]
constant.)
(ii) ye(3,4] (iv) ye(3,2]
) y-6 (in) y+I

(ii) -y (iv) 2y + 5 () ye-5, 0]

spresci Sol. () ye (2, 5] y e (4, 25]

()+2 (v) 8-5y (i) yc7,-3] ye (9, 49)
Sol. y e 6 e [-9, 1) (iü) ye 3,4] ye (-3, 0) U[0, 4]
here [-3, 7) ()y-
e [0, 9] [0,9]
(n) y+1 e (-2, 8)
e[0, 16]
(iin) ye (7,3]
(9) 2y e (6, 14) = 2y +5e (-1, 19). (iv) ye-3, 2]
ye [0, 9)
()
r) () ye-5,
RYe (0,25]
0]

(vi) -Sy e(35, 15] 8-5y e (-27, 23]

Caleul unctions
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0] Uy, y
ye 2,)ye 2,
(ii)
Illustration: Find - in each case: (Based on reciprocal)
() ye (2, 7)
(i) ye (-6, -2)
8] =>
(i) ye-2, 7]
(iv) y e -3, 8] () ye 3,
(.) } represent
range of fract
Illustration: Find
part. 1

<0-1 sin sI
Sol. 0s
x}
<l1<
Range e [H, 1]

Range of Rational Functions

P()
Let fr) = 0 2") 0, Pr), D0) are polynomials upto two degrees.

Steps: Let y = fr)

Rewrite equation () as x = g), then the domain of g() is range off).
Linear -orConstant dy -b
ax +b 4-cy +0
Case 1:
Linear Linear
i.e f(r) =
cx+d
let y= ax+b
Cx+d
cyx + dy
=
ar +bx= a-cy

Range of fA) e R tati

Illustration: Find range of following:

= 3*+2 (i)
() f)
I+4 f)2-1x
=
() f) 43x+8 (9) f)=
4x+5
3 D20
Sol. ) Range () eR -) (ii y=reR-(17})
()

Ox+4
(7) fa) xeR (comesponding to canodladi
3x+8 5yeR-1
RGorye R-(0)
Ilustration: Find the ange of function f(r)=
3-2r
(iv) xeR,y eR y=x+ Sol. y=3x-2 =

3-2x
y=fo)) 3y -2ry Ir-2
Illustration: Find range of following:
3y-2=3x +
2ty
2x-5
() f()=

(i) fr)=
15-6x
+2x-3
-) (r=go)

r-8x+7 3+2y *0 y*
2x-5 2
Sol. 0 y= 3(5-2x) for x* Range e
3 2

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Range of Rational Functions

Quad. Linear Quad. Constant
Quad. Quad. Linear Quad. Steps to be followed:
Steps Assume y S),
1:
Cross-multiply & form quadratic in
'x
t fractio Steps 2: Make
D20 of above quadratic. (as x e Real)
Steps 3: Solve above "inequality"
using Wavy Curve Method
(This answer is not final)
S1
Steps 4: Check your answer
Make coeficient of x
=0 obtain 'y & put that value of 'y in equation (1)
If you get any 'x Then S-3 final ans. If youdon't get any remove that from S-3.
'xThen
'y
Ilustration: Find the range of function
Sol. yr+ yx ty=x+x+2 fx)=t;xeR Sol. (0 yettr-2 y+y=f+*-2
x+x+1
+
-1) x(y- 1) +ty-2 =0 y-+ xy-x+2=0
rto be real D
20&y1
(y-1) + (y-1)x +2 =0 quadratic in x
(9-1-4(y- (y-2) 2 0
1)
y-1) -1-4y+ >0 8)
> (y- 1) (7-3y) 2 0 D20
7/3 (-1}- 4(y-1) 220
ye (1, 7/3]
(o-1) (0-1)-8} 20
mlustration: For what real values of
'a' does the range of (y-1)(-9) 20
x+1 112
f)=- onains the interval f0.

(i) y= (*-5)\x-1)
Sol. y= X+1 ya +
yrx+1 (-D¢-2x+1) -10)
a+x
yr-x+(ay- 1) = 0, for real x X-5
D20; 4ay-4y ...)
-1s0
(For y- 0, x=-1 &
a+**0 a#-1) yx- 2yx ty =x-5y-2xy -x+y+5=0
Case I: a>0 s0 &f1) s0as 0)
5/4
Case Il: a <0 f0) s0 &f1)s0as
()-(2y+ 1)x+(y +5)=0
5/4
D20
((2y +1)--4y(y + 5) 20
elled o
llustration:Find range 4y+ 4y + 1-4y-20y >0
of folowing:
(+2)(*-1) -16y + 1 20
-2
x(x+1) 16y- 1s0
2r
(i) (r-6x+5) X-5
3r-2 y=-3x+3x-1 ,find the Range? check: y
=0 0=
-2x+1 I=5
DIBY 2.13
Find range of functions

62. -2x-3
y=i 63.
y=+5x+4 64. y=tr+2 65. t+x+1
+r+1 y-x+l
66. f()=L] denotes the greatest integer function.
1+x-[x]

Lnetions
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Range of Quadratic
Functions
Range of
quadratic function& Reducible to Ouadratic function.
1 + bxtc a a0, a, b, ce R

a>0 a<0
Range = -D Range =

y= ar + bx +c
y=a
4
Completing perfect square provides us range of reducible to quadratic functions
2. fr) = sin'r + sinr + 1, 1 fr) =etet
Illustration: Find range of following functions:
sin?
) y= sinx + cosx (i) y=7sinx + 2cos+3
Sol. (0 y= sintr + (cosx?
=sin'x + (1-sin' =
sin'x+1+ sinx-2sinx
= 2sin'r
-2sinx +l= sin'x=t atb
y= 2P-21 +1 2

(i) 2sin'x+ 2cos'x + 5sin'r + 3 SL Weh

= Ssin'x +5 (sinr +
1)
5
= [0, 1]+ 1

EM. sinxe (1, 1]sin'r e [0, 1] 5[1,2]

=
[S, 10]fnf As we

Range Using A.M., G.M./H.M.

A.M. > G. M, > H.
M. (for tve numbers) (A.M= Arithmetic Mean, G.M. =Geometric mean, H.M= Harmonic mean)

1. For a, b> 0; DJob2ab

2 a+b
Note:
1.
x+-22 for r> 0 1
B Fnd
2.
x+-s-2 for x< 0 th

SLWehax
Illustration: Find the range of
function f) =2050 tan'x
+ 82 cot'x + 2024 =(sint
4
2050 tanx+82 cot Case II x
X
2050x >0, J4
Sol.
2 2 x+4
2050 tar'x + 82 cotr 2 2 2x5x5x41x2x41 4
2050 tan²x 82 cotr + 2 2
+3>7
x5x2 x41 x+4 +3 Aswek
4
f) 820 + 2024 2 2844 >Range = [2844, o).
llustration: X
f()=x+4 XER 4

Sol. y=for x
0
Case
lIlx <0,
2 sts4r
X+34

Case I: x=0y=0 Hence,

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DIBY 2.14
Pind range of functions
sin 3x
167. y= 68. ()
sin x y=sin, (i) y=4sin x,
y= sin
(iii) x

Range of Trigonometric Function

)-A sinr + B
cosr+CA +B<A sin x+ Bcos x S
NA+ B,then
C-NA' + B
<f) SC+a'+B

SOLVED EXAMPLES,
)r 31. )=a sinx + b cosx +c sinx cosx
a(1 cos 34. IfA = cos0 + sin'0 and B= cos'0 + sin0 such that m, =
2x) b(1+cos Max of and m, = Min of B then find the value of m,' +
23)sin2x
A
lSol. f)
2 2 m+mm,
= a b
) Sol. A = cos?0 + sin 0

a+b 1/
2 -0+cos(29) +1-2c0s (20)
32. Let A = sin 0 t cos 9, then find range of A. cos (29)
Sol. We
have, A = sin' + cos 0 = (sin² 0) + (cos? )
-a+ens(28) +-4-2cos(20) +

=1-2 sin0.cos0 =1-

(sin 20) {-sin° (29)} -t-cos(29)+cos(20)+(cos (20)
-1+ 2 2 2
2
As we
know that,-1<sin(20) <0 -+(cos'
44
(20)

meat
-sin'(20)) s0+1 Max value of A=m=i=l
2 2

(20)
Also, B=sin0 + cos0
-1sin
2 2 2
s0+1>;s4SI -asin e)
+4cos'0)
33. Find the max and min valucs of R0)-
sin0+ cos0. -(2sin°9)+2cos'e)
Sol. Wehave,
(0) = sin 0 +
cos0 (sin 0)³ + (cost0)
(sin + cos0)-3sin 0 cos?0(sin 0+ cos0) -;0-cos(20)-0+cos (29)
=1-3 sin0 cos0 = 1-(4 sin cos? 0)
--cos(20) +1+2 cos(20) +cos (20)
3 20) = 1 29)
F1-(sin
4 +-sin 11,1 (29)
As we
know that,-1<(-sin' 20) < 0 24cos
33-sin 20)
<0
-os(20)
4
Thus, the minimum value of
Esin' 28)
F1-si4 4
s1-sfO)<1 B=m, =4l.0-3
4 4 4
Hence, the maxinmum value = 1 and the minimum value
=1/4.
Now, the value of m
+m 93
+m,m, =1+- 37
16 4 16

eetions
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DIBY 2.15
69. Find the max and min values of Ô) = sin(sin0) + cos(cOSo)
70. Find the minimum value of f(O) =3 sin 9 + 4 cos
-10
71. Find the minimum value of
f() = *sin'x+4
x x
-, where
= sin
72. fr) sinx+ cos"x, n e N-{1}
73. f)= 3cosrt
74. Find range of
f) - 27cosx, 81sind

Decreasing Functions
Kange Using Increasing &
Increasing >
) >fr)
Decreasing x, >x, )<,)

Range of Logarithmic Function

a>0, a 1, x e [a, B], a, B>0
y=log,f)

a>l 0<a<l
ye [log, a, log, ] ye [log, B, log, a]
t4x +4 e (0, 1)
Illustration: Find range of fr) = e050 + 2024 -3) - (-2}
re(-1,
Sol. e is an increasing function minimum value of r + 2050 log,(+4x +4) e (0, o)
is 2050
Range log,log,
+
4x + 4) eR.
off:) ee+2024, -)
Range is (-o, o)
Illustration: Find Range of f) = log.(3sinx + 4cosx + 6)
sin x-cos x + 3N2)
Sol. -5s 3sinx + 4cosr <5 Illustration: f() =log.
1<3sinx+ 4cosr +6<11
Range of/) =[log,1, 1log,11] 2V2 sin x– cos x+3N2 4/2
Sol.
[O, log,11] V2
1
minimum offr) = log,? = 1

1
Illustration: Range offr) =
maximum off) = log, =2
range e [1, 2]
Jdenotes greatest integer function) and e=lim(l+ a)

IlMlustration:
Sol. e ste<o 1sIn( +
e)<o f)= 3sin
1
0< inG +e) S1 GIF. -(0, 1)
Sol. 3sin
V16
Vi+x21 1

0<sI Range of
Range e [0, 1] (2}
Range
Tllustration: Find range of log,log, ( + 4x + 4) off) -3sin 0, 3 sin
Sol. + 4x
t4>0>x-2
log,+4x+4) >0t4x+4<1
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Range of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Function sinlx cosr tanr sectx coseetr cot

Range [0, n] (0, )

EHlustration: Find the range

Sol.
0sr<o
of function
Asepable

Range of sin'
value of a
--
Range off) e (-1,0, 1)
Range Using Calculus
Derivative ofa funcion
then calcualte value off)
f),at provides us critical points on equating it to zero
x a, B, Y.. and end points of domain.
ie.f)- 0. If roots of
/() 0 are xa, B.Y

llustration: Find range of

fr) = -atox
Sal
f)- 2/b-x==0
a+b is critical point.
I-a=b-xr= 2
Domain off) e [a, b] - 2024 + N20S0 –x
=
llustration: y =
fa)- Vb-a ,fb) Vb-a 2024+2050
Sol. Critical pointx= -2037
2

Range
A2037) = +13 = 2/13
V13

eVb- a,J2(b-a) A2024) -2050) = 26

llustration: Find range of
fr) =-3- 9r + 2
() xe R () xe-2, 5] Range e V26, V52
(i) xe 0, 6)
Sol. f)= 3r-6r-9=0-2r-3 =0
(r-3) ( +
1) =0r=-1,3 Illustration: Find range of
y=0
) Range of all real number
() A-1)=-1-3+9+2=7
Sol. y=
A3) =27-27-27+ 2 =-25 e'+e
A-2) =-8– 12 + 18+2 =0
AS) = 125-75 -45 +2 =-3 Here domain is explicitly stated so we have to consider
Range e 7] only those values ofx which are non-negative.
25,
(ii) fo) =2 2
A6)-216- 108 – 54 +2= 56
e
Range -25, 56) Now,
ustration: Find Range of functions ser<oVre [0,
1
o)
y= +
In(2sinr tanr-3r+ 1) where /6 SxSn/3 2s1+e.
Sol.
f'()=2 cosx+ sec'r-3>0
f) is increasing
2
0<sl=0sl-,sl
Range ()-[0, 1)

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Alternative method: 1-e2r

dy_(e +e")Xe SO) =0,lim f(x)-lim
dx
+e)-(e-eXe-e")
(e' +e)' 1
thus fx) is an
e+e and would be confined in
+2-(e te-2) increasing function [0, 1)
4 xe R.
(e +e) ete0, e [0, o).

DIBY 2.16
Find range of functions
75. JE, y, z)
=+et| + [cos y] + [sin z] ([] is G.lLE)
76. Ju, y, z) = sgn(r)
function
=+
1
77. fr,y,z) +4+ sin'z +
cosecz y= where (.) is fractional part
4+ 78.
sin {x}
79. A) =log. (sin tine + 1) where
0<x> r/2, Find range of).
Use of Restricted Domain to Find Range
Range of any function depends on domain. Sometimes domain of (specially including inverse trigonometric functio
gven tunction contains few elements of restricted interval, If nature of function is monotonic then we can directly put
values to find range.
Illustration: Find range of 1
+
f)= sin'x +
cos+ tan'x. Illustration: Find the range ofy=(sin'r+ tan )
+2r4
Sol. Domain of function
Sol. y=-(sin'x+ tan)+ (r+1) +4
fr)-+ tan 'x, x e [-1, 1]

at
T tan(-1)= "_t_n
+
x=-1
2 4 4

*)t tan(1)=+2
T
3t
atx =1
y=*T.2
4 4 an increasing function in Range Any p

Mapping
(yis (, 1), 4

CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS
One-One or Injective Function
A function f: X Y is said to be one-one or injective if distinct elements of X
have distm

images in Y.
2. Many-One Function
A function said to be many-one if there exists atleast two distinct
f: XYis elements
whose are same
Short-cut Method to Check Whether the
(a) Consider any two points x, y e X. FunctionfX
is One-one or
Y
Many-one

One-One (6) Put(r, x,) and solve the equation.

Mapping (c) If we get x, x, only, thenf is one-one, otherwise
it is many-one.
Point to Remember
f 1. If a function is either strictly increasing or ustr
strictly decreasing in the whole dom
(or equivalently,f) >0
orf')<0, xe ), then it is one-one, otherwise it is many
2. If any straight line parallel to
x-axis intersects the graph of the function atmost at
point, then the function is one-one, otherwise it is many-one (i.e., it intersects the gr
the function at atleast two points).
3. Any continuous function
f() which has atleast one maxima or local minima many
4. All even functions are many-one. is
5. All polynomials of even degree defined on R
and hence are many one on the domain have atleast one local maxima or
R. Polynomials
Many one many-one. of odd degree can be one

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F+1 -lispositive forxe(-,-l)U(1,*) and negative

ustration: Letf XR x.
where f(r)=
Iff) is for x e (-1, 1).
De-one, find value of ++l Hence X can be (-1, 1) or X can be R-(-1, 1).
Sol. For x, X, €X, then fr,) =fx) +3x+a where Find
+1 Illustration: Let f)= f: RR.
=0 x+r+l
++1 +t|(4-4)44,-) the value of parameter 'a' so that given functions is one-one.
=, =1 or x,x,

we want that other solution not

possible only if x, lies outside
is satisfied which is
Sol. f+3r+a
+x+1
(-1, 1), then x, cannot lie (2x+3)-(r' +3r+a) (2r +)
in domain else x, lies within
(1, 1), then x, lies outside Co+x+)
the domain. (+r+)
Hence
X=1, 1) or X=R- (-, 1) 2r +2x(l-a) +(3-a)
Alternative Solution: (tx+)'
For a function to be one-one, it should be monotonous Let, g(r)
irecthy the given domain. That isf() should be always positive
in =-2+ 2r (1-a) +(3-a)-
x a +
or always negative g) will be negative for all if4(1 8(3-a) <0
+6-2a <0
lt¢-2a
r)=T +r+)-(2r+1)(+I) 2--1 (a-2)?+3<0
(+x+l (r+x+l Which is not possible. Therefore, function is not
monotonic.
(+r+l Hence, no value of a'
is possible.
Onto or Surjective Function
A function
X Yis
f:under said to be onto or surjective if every clement of Yis the image of some
element of X
the mapf.
A functionf: X Yis an into function if it is not an onto function.
Note
ange= Ay polymomial functionfis onto if
degree is odd and into if degree Onto Into
of
SCVen, on real number.

Khave

elere
Short-cut Method to Check Whether the Function f:XYis Onto or Into
Mary
O Find the range of the function f
e
If range of
f= Y, then fis onto, otherwise it is into.
Tlustration: The function f: RR where R is the set of real
Since x is real, 36(1 -y + 4(a + 8y)(8 + ay) >0
r
hole
numbers, is defined by f()=
+6x-8 9(1 (8ay + 64y + ay + 8a) 0
+y-2y) +

atmos
a+6x-8x? (9+&a)y + (a²+ 46)y + (9 + 8a) >0 ...(1)
of a for which f is onto. Is the
Since - o<y<®, so (1) must be true for all real y.
Find the interval of values
your answer.
function one to one for a=3. Justify
This is possible only when
Sol. Let ra+6x–8x+6x-8
()9+ 8a>0a> 9/8 and

+
6(1 -y-(8 +ay)
=
0 () D<0(a+ 46)-[2(9 + 8a))}s0
e os
(a+8yr

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range of a funcion
is
=
(0. 1]ie. R=(0,
Clearly, the
s
(a²+46+ 18+ 16a) (a? + 46- 18- 16a) <0 Sol.
so R,=
Co-domain.
function,
(a+ 16a + 64) (a'- 16a + 28) <0 fis onto
(a+8) (a-2)(a- 14) s02sas 14 A=R,-(0, 1] (0, 1].
For a =3, f)= 3x
+6x-8 Hence, the set A is
-8.x +6x+3
Illustration: Let
a functionf: ABis defined as f()=.
f(a) =0r=-1t* function, then find the
set of values of A nB
Iffis onto
Thus Sol. Clearly, domain
of a function is k. D=4) e.
fis not one-one range the function is [0, 1)
for Now, of
a=3. 1).
[0,
Thus, R=
Illustration: Let a function f: R A is defined as onto function, so R,= B.
Since fis
S)= Iff is onto function, then find the set of values Thus, B= [0, 1)
x*+1 Hence, ANB=[0, 1).
of A.
BIJECTIVE FUNCTION
function f: X
A Yis said be bijective, if fis both one-one and onto.
to
• For bijective function n() = n().
• For bijective function number of one-one functions = Number of onto functions
Note: The composition of two bijection is a bijection.
1)
Illustration: A function fR (1, o) is defined as f) Also, the range of a function is (0,
Prove that the function is bijective.
=+1.
(0, 1) co-domain
=
R=
Sol. Given f() =+1 fis onto function
f()- 2r> 0
xeR Thus,fis a bijective function.
fis strictly increasing function. Ilustration: A
functionfR defined as
fisone-one function. 1
1).
Also, the range of a fucntion is (1, o)
+1*e-1,
R=(1, o) =Co-domain
Prove that f) is a bijective function.
fis onto function.
Hence, the functionfis bijective. Sol. Given f)=xe(-, 1)

1
Illustration: A function fR (0, 1) is defined as
f)= V.xe(-1,)
Prove that f is a bijective function.
= 1
(1+o
Sol. Given f() +1
fis strictly increasing function.
fis one-one function.
2x
S)= Also, the range of a function

+fis strictly increasing function.

one-one function. -domain
fis
EQUAL/IDENTICAL FUNCTION
Two functions f and g are said to be identical if
1. Domain
off= Domain of g, i.c. D,= D,
2. The range off= Range of g
3. f) =g) Vxe D,=D,

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Blustration: Let f(l, 2}> (l, 4) and g

1, 2) (1, 4)
ch
that /*)=&g)=3x-2. Isfg Sol. Here,fis defined for
Sol Here,
D, (1,2) D, and R, 1,4) - R, x1and x> 2

Alsol) = 1,f2) 4 and g(1) -1, g(2) 4 Xe (o, 1) o(2, )

Thus all the conditions of cqual functions are satisfied.
Thus, D,- (o, 1) U(2, )
lostration: Let
f) -x and go) nfg Also, the function g is defined for
Sol. Here D, R &D,-R- (0} X>1 andx>2
Since D,
D ofg >2
ustration: Let f) =x &
) =N.sfg Thus, D,- (2, )
Nol Here,
J)= x
g) - V-i
&
Since D, D,
sofg
Thus, R, - R & R, (0, o) , Is
|-cos2x
Since, R, R, so fg lustration: Let x) sin x & g0) 2
f g?

1ustration: Let fx) -2log x & g*) Sol. Given /(r) sinx and
log(*), Is f g?
Sol. Here, D
R' & D, R- {0}
= |1-cos 2x sin' x= |sin x|
Since, D,
D, sof g g) 2
- log(* - 1)- log
ussradon: Let/)
g?
logand g()= Clearly, R,- I, ) & R,-0, 1]
-2). Isf" Since R,R sof48
Homogeneous Function
In homogencous function cach of the terms of function, is of the same degree. iffx, ty)=
S, ), then x, y) is a homogeneous function of degreen.
l.e. (0) a+ 2hxy + by² (O oe 4r +bx'y+cxy' +
px +qxy + rxy
dy

Explicit Function
A function y is said to be an explicít function of x, if the dependent variable y can be expressed
totally in terms of the independent variable x.
i.e, ()y-f)= 4*'+9x + 2025 (U)yf) sinx tet+ In x + 2025

Implicit Function
When the variables x and y occur together in an cquation fx, y)= 0, in which y cannot be
expressed explicitly in terms of x, theny is said to be an implicit function of x.
i.e. Implicit functions ofx &y
() xy=*y +x + sin(xy)-2025
() x+y+ sin(x +
y) + Inx-2025

INVERSE FUNCTIONS
If the function :
f X Y is both one-one and onto, then we define inverse function
y
f:Y
X by the rule x)
f)=x, Vxe X, yeY
Short-Cut Method to Find the Inverse of a Function
Let
f: X Y be a bijective function.
Put
O )y.
J Solve the equation y ) to obtain x in terms of y.

(or interchange x and y to obtain the inverse of f)

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1
=1
Illustration: A function f: (0, o) (2, o) is defined as
f() Sol. Given f()+1 fo) x+1 Grap
=+2. Find
f'() syr
Sol. Given, fx) =+2
2x >0, tre R*

fo+1) function, in its domain

Grap

fis strictly increasing symi

X one-one function.
fis
Also, let y=- yr+y=* -I)
+1

f)=2r>0 for every x

>0
fis strictly increasing function.
one-one function. R-[0, 1) = Co-domain fisonto function.
fis exists,
Also, R= (2, o) = Co-domain Thus,fis a bijective furction f'()
fisonto function. Hence,f'()=(replace byf') x &ybyxine
Thus fis a bijective function. V1-x
Therefore, the inverse of the given function exists. Illustration: Ifa function fis bijective such that
Let y 10-10*
=+2 Je)10410Findf().
y-2 Sol. Since fis a bijective function, so its inverse exists.
I- y-2 (replace x byf() andy by )
Let y010
10*-107 10*-1
Hence,f-()=-2 10 +1

lustration:A functionf: R [0, 1) is defined as

y.10 +y 102–1=
10-(-1)=y-1
f)=
Findf'(). 102= P+1_ y+1 2r=
y+1
y-1 1-y

(replace x byf() &

yb

Thus, f'(C) - log. (l+x

DIBY 2.17
Find domain of functions
For
80. A functionf: [1, o0) [1, o) is defined as f(r) = 24-1), Find
f().
81. A functionf:(2, o) [5, oo) is defined as f()
=-4r
+9. ind its inverse.

For some a,b,ce N,

82.
-3 and igc) =*+e,xeRI (f0s)"()=
=
let) then fog) (ac) +(go) (0) is cqul

83. Letf: R- (3) R-{1} be defined by f(x) = x-2 . Let

g:RR be given as g) =2r-3. Then, find the sum ofFor
X-3
the values of rfor which
f-()+g()=
84. A function
fRRis defined asf) = 3x+ 5. Prove
thatfis a bijective function.

50
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Odd and Even Functions

Gnph of an odd function is or for every real
Odd function: A function f) is said to be odd if -) =f) f) +A)=0
vmmetric about origin
number x in the domain of .
Even function: A function fr) is said to be even ifA-x) =)
or
f)-A-)=0 for every real
inits
number x in the domain of .
do an cvcn function
of is
rnh Key Points to Remember
ymmetric about y-axis
l. To express a given function f(r) as the sumn of an even and odd function, we write

(1-1
is an odd function.
1
an even function and )-f()]
where ) +f(x)] is
sontofung 0ops

)
=+x 2. f() =0 is the only function which is both even and odd.
() exist r)#x+1
3. Ifj) is an odd function, then f') is an even function provided f(x) is differentiable R.
on

4. Iff) is an even function, then f'() is an odd function provided f(r) is differentiable on R.
)&yby
5. Iffand g are even functions, then fog is also an even function, provided fog is defined.
oction
h
that funct 6. Iffand g are odd functions, then fog is also an odd function, provided fog is defined.
7. Iffis an even function and g is an odd function, then fog is an even function.
8. Iffis an odd function and g is an even function, then fog is an even function.
9. For a real domain, even functions are not one-one.
inverse eis
) X

sin'r + tan (r) an even function + an even function = an even function

A)=) 1.e.
E+E-Ë
even nor odd)
)=y-| Similarly +0Neither
Sum of the several function is
Awatron
|an odd function if all the functions involved are odd
byf)4 an even function if all the functions involved are even
neither even nor odd some of the functions are even and
Some are odd
)==f)
Even Extension
If a function f() is defined on the interval [0, a], i.e., we define f() in the [- a, 0] such that
f)=fE).
For even extension replace x by -.
Let k (r) = Sr):xe (0,a] then K(r) is known as even extension of
f).
):re-a,0)
Odd Extension
If a function f () is defined on the interval [0, a]
xSa
S
i.e., 0

hd the
sun Por bdd extension replace x by x x e[-a, 0], we define f () =-f()
then put a negative sign over f) Let k be the odd extension then
xe [0, a]
k) =/),
-f),xe(-a,0]
here K() is known as odd extension of f).

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SOLVEDEXAMPLES

35. Letf)=+x be defined on the interval [0, 2]. Find the Sol. () f-)=(-r' sin(-r)=-* sin x =-fo), hen.
odd and even extensions off(c) in the interval odd.
-2, 2]. fr) is
Sol. Odd extension. (G)
f-)=1+)+-)-1--)+e
So)-J();0sxs2 J*+*; 0sxs2 -J-x+*-1+x+* =-f), hercef)
F);-25*<0 --x); 2sxs0
Even extension
[r);0<rs2
f)=r-);-26x<0 hence f(x) is odd.

(6) f)=log(-+ 1+(-x)

-
+; 0<x<2
-; -2Sx<0 =log
36. f) is a real valued function, satisfying + y)
for all yeR. Then
fx +fr-)
=21)f)
(a) f) is an even function
(6) f) is even iff(0) =1
() f) is odd iff0) =0 o,
(d) A) is even iff0) =0
0sxs;
() A)=sin x]-[cos x]=
Sol. fr ty) +fx- y) =2/).J) ;-ss0 2
+A0+ 0) +0–0)=2f0).fO) for x>0and x<
(0) 20)] >f0) = 1 orf(O) =0
=

Iff(0) = 0, then f(0 +) +0- ) -2/0)-fo) A)=0 for

x<0 and x>
f) +A)=0 S) =-1
fis an odd function. :. fo) is an even function
Also replacing y =0 in the given expression, Je) = 0, (o) 1+a 1+a
tER f)=f)=
1-ak aS()
f) would be odd and even simultaneously. Hence fx) is odd.
+ y)
IfO) =1, then f(0 +0-y) =20).) 38.
an even function. ,check for even/odd nature.
S) +A-y) =2/) fis
Hence (b), (c) are the correct answers.
37. Which of the following functions is (are) even/odd or
neither:
Sol. Given,
f)=*7
() f) = sin x
f)=:
(i) f()=Ni+xt--+

f) is an even function.
(i9) = log(* + l+ )
f) 39. f)= sin x + cos x,check for even/odd nature.
Sol. Givenfr)= sin x + cos x
() Ar) = [sin x]-[cos x] sin (-) + cos ()
)=
(v) 1+a
+ cosx
f)=i-a )-sin
) is
x
-)f)
neither even nor odd function.

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,check for Sol. We have, Numerator

even/odd nature. Ex O= 0
Denominator
Sol.
0+0+O O
Given
Thus, f(x)=E= even function.

xe 43. Express the function f) 4in as a sum of an even and

an odd function.

[Because there is a constant term, so - (Even Function) + (Odd function)

only possibility is
fx)-f-x) =0]f) is an even functions. 44. Let/)tet sinx be defined on [0, 2]. Then find its
L
even and odd extension,
Determine the nature of the
function
=
Sol. Even extension JJ):0S xs2
ef f)=xsin' x+ tan(x') + log lrc):-25x<0
2+x
Sol. We
havef)=0+0+0-Odd function Jx+e +sin x:0sxs2
Sreh 2. Determinethe nature of the function -x+e-sin x-2sx<0
We can not find the odd extension
off)
Since f(0) = 1.
Sxsi f)= (x cos x+ tan x+x) In case of odd function, the value of
f0) must be zero.
(If zero is in the domain).
DIBY 2,18
85. Determine the even/odd nature of
the function f() = (tan(x)) e sgn

B6. Determine the even/odd nature of the unction f(Sin(tan (log(+tx +1))
V'+1+sin(cos x) + cos(sin x)
-fa 87. Express the function () =(1+x)5 as a sum of an even and an odd function.

88. Let x+x*: 0Sx<3 Then fnd its even and odd
f()=+x: 3<x35 extension.

ture. 89, Letf)=txt sínx-coS x + log(1+x) be defined on [0, 1]. Find its even and odd extension in the interval [-1, 1].

PERIODIC FUNCTION
A function f) is said to be a periodic function of x, provided there exists a real number T> 0
such that, x + T) = f), xe R, where T is period off).
The smallest positive real number T, satisfying the above condition is known as the period or
the fundamnental period of fx). (common known as period)
Graphically Period is smallest length after which graph repeats it self.
Functions Fundamental period
sin'x, cos"x, sec', cosec'x T if n= even number
2Tr ifn = odd number

urc
2.
tan'x, cotx
|sinx, cos x |, sec xl, |cosec x, |tan
x

3. Jcotx

Periodic with no fundamental period.

5. )constant

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Properties of Periodic Functions:

LC.M of rational &
irational is not 1.
Iff) is periodic with period T, then
possible.
Example: L.C.M. (a) c.fr) is perivdic with period T
of (, 1)= not T.
defined
L.C.M. of (, e)
(6) fat) is periodic with period
=not defined (c) fx) tc is periodic with period 1.
ofx.
is only affected by coefficient
2. S(Ctt d) has periodperiod
T, respectively, then h)=f0
sin'x + cosx 3. are periodic functions with periods T,,
Iff ().S,())
has period as:
funei
are complementary pair wise comparable
5LCM of {7.4} GtS), S)
sin'x cos' =1, is periodic
are not complementary pair wise comparable f
+

but fundamental period is not defined. LCM of fT,T}, (if(), ()

- are also periodic with samepehk
S)=secx tan'r=1, is periodic
1
and Jr)
and Fundamental period is .. 4. Iff) is periodic with period T, then
fo) a
Short-Cut Method to Check the Periodicity of Function
of T
independen.
O PutfT+x) =A) and solve this eguation to find the positive values
sec'x - tan' x a funes
D Ifno positive value of T independent of is obtained, then () is non-periodic
a
D Ifpositive values of T independent of are obtained, then f) is periodic
x functo

the least positive value of T is the period of the function f (*).

SOLVED EXAMPLES
45. Find the period of the following functions: = 5sin(2/2x) +7 cos(3 /5
= In(tan x)' +econsin x) + cos(cos 1)
47. Find the period of f()
() fo) 2TC
Sol. Here, the period of 5 sin (2/2x) is
() fr)= tan 3x + si
2T
period of 7 cos (3/2x) is
(ii) fx) =ne-34)
94
Sol. (i) tan x has a period Thus, the period off) is
g(x)= cos(sin x)+ cos(cos x) has period r/2 - LCMof
The LCM of . 2
r/2and is
L.C.M of {, 2
(i) f()= tan 3x+sinThe period of tan 3x is a/3
H.C.Fof (V2,3N2}
and that of sin(x/3) is 3.2n = 6T. The LCM ofr/3and 2T
6 is 6T. Hence 6 s the period of f).
(ii) f) =e) =e) 48. Find the period of

b
f) = sin
3
46. Find the period off) -3 sin 4x +4sin 4x
Sol.
Sol. Here, the period of 3 sin 4x is = 2 and the period of
4 Jsin 4x| is
4
Thus, the period off) is
-cos 2.x +
=L.C.M of l LC.Mof (T, T) cos2x=
H.C.Fof (2,4) 2
Fundamental period is not defined.

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49. Find the period of f(r- Sin x+cosx| 51. Iffis a function satisfying the equation fx-1) +fx +1)
cos
|sin x| +| V2 /x), then prove that f(r) is periodic with period 8.
x|
period of sin x + cos a is We have f(r- 1)
Sol Here, the
Sol.
+frt I)= v2f(n) ..)
Replacingx by x+ and x by x- 1
1, we get,

f) +fr + 2) V2f(r+) - ...(ii)

and the period of |sin x+ lcos x is
2
and f(x -2) +f)= N2f(r-1) .(iii)
Hence, the period Adding (ii) and (ii), we get,
of is = LC.M of 2r,
f) + 2/(1)
uneho
L.C.M of (, 2} fa+2) +-2)
ble H.C.F of{, 2} - V2 (r-1) +f* + 1) = W2(V2f(0) -2f1)
f 50. Let fr) +fr+ 3) = 5 for all x in =0
R. Prove that f(x) is fx+ 2) +A-2) ...(iv)
periodic with period 6. Replacingr by r+ 2, we get,
Sol. We have,
f) +Ax+ 3) =5 ..) fx+4) +fr) =0 ...(v)
ende
Replacingx by x + 3, we get, Again replacing x by x + 4, we get,
icfu fx+3) +fx+ 6) = 5 ...(ii) x + 8) +f + 4) =0 ...(vi)
Subtraction () from (1), we get, Subtracting (v) from (vi), we get,
funes
)+f+3)-fx + 3)
-fr+6) =0 Sx+ 8) +f+4)-fx +4)-f) =0
f)-+6) =0 fr+ 8)
-f) =0
x+6) -f) f+8) =f) =0
Thus,f) is periodic with period 6. Hence, the function f) is periodic with period 8.
bs32
DIBY 2.19
90. Find the period off)=3 sin 4r + 4 cos 3r 91. Find the period offx) = sin x. cosec x
92. Find the period offx) = tan x. cot x. 93. Find the period of f() =3sin(2/3x) + 2 cos(5N3x)
= sin + cosx
x

94. Find the period of f(r) 95. Find the period of f(x) =3 sin (2r} +2 cos {3x}
| sin x-| cosx|

Properties:
COMPOSITE FUNCTION
fog Consider the functionfwith domain A and range B, and the function g with domain D and
range E. If B is a subset of D, then the composite function (go)() is the function with domain
even even even A
such that (go)() =g)) ..(1)
odd odd odd
Domain of Domain ofg Range ofg
even odd even
odd even even. 2 3
2 4

gofexists, iff the range offc 3

domain of gof.
at Domain of Range off Range of gof
IF fogoh) & fog)oh are gof
3
defined, then fo(goh) = (fos) Fig.: Forthe composite function gof, we have (go)(1) =4, (gof\2) = S, and (gon(3) = 4.

Composite of two bijection

as a bijection.

h=gof

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SOLVED EXAMPLES =

52. Two function are

4
f)
defined as under,
x+1,
f)=3. 1sx<2
|2x+1, l<xs2
Find fog and gof.
Sol. (fog)()=f(g)
=
8)+1, g(r)s1 -1
us
l2g(x) +1, l<g()s2 2
Let consider, g(r)<1:
) s1, -1 sx<2
-1sxsl, -1 <<2-1Srsl
(i) x+2<1,2<xs3xs-1, Sx<3I=¢ 2
Let us
consider, 1
<g*) < 2,
(i) l<s2, -1<x<2
xe-2,-l)U(1,V21,-1 Sx<2
1<x 2
(iv) 1<x+2<2, 2 sxs3
1<xs0, 2s0, 2 <3, x= From the graph it is clear that, it has two solutions Th
number of distinct real solutions of the given equation
f(g)=*+l, -1sxs
Thus

2+1, 1<xsV2 54. If f(a) =r: x20

and g() =-, xe R. Thens

Now, Let us consider x: I<0

fog & gof
gof
=g()
=
´), -Isf)<2 J:xz0 and g(*) =
%x20
s)+2, 2<f()s3 Sol. We have, f(r) =
Let us consider-1 s
f)<2:
() -1sx+1<2, 1s1 :20
-23x<1,x<12sx1
53. Find the domain and range of h(x)=
gU), where
Now,
=rexo
f(g() Jf-x):x20
x:x=0
-2sxs-I x:x<0
and
|x+1, -1<rs2 55. A
functionfisdefined as ü+x x2
8r)J, and [] denotes the Then findfof f()=i-: <0
Sin x, 0<r<m Sol. We have ((of)(*)
=fU)
greatest integer function.
1+(1+x):1+x>0 and x
>0
Sol. h(r) =gf) = UO) SS)s0 1-(1+x):1+x<0 and x >0
sin(f(r), 0<f)<n 1+(1-):1 x20 and x <0
From graph off), we get
1-(1-*):1 x<0 and x <0
h(x) =
-2<xs-1
|sin(| x |+1)
2+x:x>0
-1<xs2 J2+x:*20
JUtx): no common value
Domain of h(x) is (-2, 2]
and Range of h(r) is {2, -1} [sin 3, 1]
1+(1-): no common value x :x<
|1-(1-):x<0

56
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Eo Let f: R R be defined as ) -x+ 2 and

g: [1, 2] [1, 2] be defined as g(r) -) + 1, where Now,
Fractional part function. If the domain and range of
1
Kg)) are [a, b] and [e, d), then find the value of
Sol. We have f(gtr)
1-x
-R{x)+ 1):1Sxs2 1+x
=(r} + 1y ((x} +1) +2:xe R and 1
sxs2
-
{r}+ (x} +2:1sxs2
Thus, domain offg*)= [1,2)
and the range of fg(r)) = [2,4) x+l+l-x+1_ 21
x+1+x-1 2x
Thus, thevalue
of==2+2
ac
=4 x+1

1
=
57. Ifg) and g,(*) = g(g0)) and g() -gg(g(),
1-x
then find the range of g).
Sol. Now, g() =ggr))
Thus = sin' x +
59. If f)
1on is

s 1-x 1, then find (go/*)

hen
=
Also, g,() =gstg0) Sol. We have f()

20
Again, g,) -ssss) =

1-x
Thus, the period of gr) is 3.
Now. gus)-g,0) =x
Thus, the range of g,) is R.
S8. If
theroots of
(c 1)(° +x+ 1
-(c+ 1)X(*+r+I) = 0
are real and distinct and f(r) =then
1+x
find the value

Sol. We have, (c- 1)(°+rt 1

-(c+ 1) +*+ 1)=0 - cos2x +2 cos 2x
= +*+ 1)[(e - I) +xt )- (e + 1) -x
+ 1)] = 0

c-1)+x+l)-(c+ 1)(-xt I) =0
+xc-1tc+ ) +(c-1+c+
=
1) 0
r-1-c-)
-2r+ 2cr-2=0
r-cr+ l =0 Thus, (go)*) =gU) =
+1=cx

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DIBY 2.20
96. Let f) be a function
defined on -2sxS0 and g) =x. Form the composite
fungs
-2, 2] such that
x-1, 0<xs2
h() = fog() + gof). Find range of h()
Determinefog
97. Let two real functions
fand g are defined and g: RR, gr) =x-1. &gof.
asf: R-R,f) =+l
98. Find fogand gof for the functions = sin x and
f) gr) = x-2
99. Find the domain of the functíon fog, where
f(x) = -3 and g) =*T
100. A function f() is defined as =
fr) (a -x), x>0, nel.

101. Find the number of distinct real solutions ofthe cquationfr«) =0, wherej (*)
102. =
Letf) 1+. Find a
function g(r) such that /(g)
=1+-2r+x
-1 :x<0
103. Let g(r) =1 tx-[] and f(x) =0 :x=0 then for all x, find f(g))
1:x>0
104. Letf)
=X*-1
x+1
then for what value of a
is ffr))=x?

PERMUTATION OF FUNCTIONS
Total number of functions = m"; Number of constant functions = m
|"P m2n
Number of one to one functions =
m<n

Number of onto functions=

"C,(m-r)", nm
m" n<m

n(4) =n n(B) =m
Number of many one functions m'-", m2n
m"
m<n
Number of one-one onto functions =
n!, if m=n
Number of onto-functions
forf{1, 2, 3, ... n} {a, b, c} is
33.2" +3
SOLVED EXAMPLES
60. LetA={1,2,3} and B= {4, 5}. Then findthe total number
63. Let afunctionf: A B, where A = {1, 2, +
of one-one function between two sets A and B. 3,

Sol. (0) one-one mapping not possible. B={3,4, 5, 6} such that f(1) =3. Then find the m

61. LetA = {1, 2, 3} and B ={p, 4, r}. of one-one function between A to B.

Then find the total
number of one-one function betweenA and B. Sol. P,=3! =6
Sol. P,=3! =6 64. Let a function
62. Let A= {1, 2, 3, 4} and B ={a, b, c, d, e}.
f: A> B, where A{1,2,3} and b
Then find the 5, 6} such that f(1) #4. Then find the number of on

number of one-one function between A and B. function between A to

B.
Sol. P, =5! = 120 Sol. J) can map with (5, 6} 2 ways total ways =

58
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Leta fiunction/AB, whereA(1,2,3} and

such thata<ba)
B(6,7,8) Sol. Number of onto function Number of distributíon of 4

ite fune <D), where a eA &he B, Then balls into 2 boxes, where no box is remain enpty.
find the number of one-one function between A to B.

ol, Number of oneonefunctions -3 4!

4!2!
& ) 1<2)=6<A2) -7 311 28+6=14.
2!x21
gof.
() 1<3 0)=6<3)-8 Aliter: Total functions 2 16; No, of into functions =2;
(0) 2<3 No, of onto functions =16-2= 14
2) 7<3)8,
6 Find the number of many-one function between two sets 69. Find the number of onto functíon bctween two sets
A(3,4, S} and B- 2, 3,4, 5). A-1,2, 3, 4} and B (4, 5, 6}
ol. Number of many one function Number of total function onto functions
Sol. Number of
34-3x 24+3 84-48=36
-Number of one-onefunction4-*P,
64-24 40 - 70. Find the number between two setsA and
of onto function
7. Find the number of many-one function between two sets
A(1,2,3,4} and B- (3,4, 5}. B where A{1,2, 3, 4, 5} and B(6,7, 8}.
ol. Numbermany one function- Number total functíon
of Sol. Number of onto functíon = Number of distribution of
of 5 balls into 3 boxes, where no box is remain empty.
-Number of one-one function
K8. Find the number
3-0 81
of ofo function between two sets 5!
A= (1,2, 3,4} and B - (4,5}. 31x1!x1! 2! 5!60+90150.
2!x2!x2!
DIBY 2,21
105.Find the number of into functíon between
two sets A
and B, whereA(1,2, 3} and B= {4, 5}.
106, Find the number
of ínto function between two sets A
and B where A {1,2,3,4) and B (5,6,7}.
107. Find the number of into functions between two sets and B where A

T08. IfA (1, 2, 3, 4)and B (2,3, 4) then find the number of one-one onto
A(1,2,3,4, 5} and B= (6, 7, 8}.
functions between A and B,

109, Find the number of bijective functions between two sets A

and B, where A a, b, c, d, e and B=p, 4, r,s, 1}
110. Find the number of bijective functions between two sets
1.2,3, 4} and B (5, 6, 7, 8} such that = 5, /(1)

Functional Equations
Functíonal Equation is an equatíon where the unknown ís a function. On solving
such an equation
we obtain one or more functions as solution. y are
Ifx, independent variables, then few general
function are an follows.

0 fsy) f) +f) f)=kInx orf() = 0.

() fy) f).f) f)-*,neR.

() fa+)=f). f)fo)=de, a>0.
(iv) f+)f)+f) f0) =kx,
where k is a constant.

um (

n is positive ínteger,
=
(v) f) a+4>0
s)+f0-9=1&/

inctions
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SOLVED EXAMPLES,
71. Find all functions Sol. Given,
f: R R satisfying +...+nf(n) =nn+1)f
fr-)= (-y\Ar) +f). f)+2f(2) +3f(3) n, we get
Sol. Plugging in x =y, we find Putting (n + 1) in place of
that f(0) = 0,
=-1,y= 0, we find that /(1)=)
and plugging in x
f)+2f(2) +..+nf(n) +(n+1)f(n+)
plugging in x
Also,
=a, y= 1, and then x=a, = (n+1)(n+ 2)f(n +1)
y=-1, we obtain
Eq. (2) - Eq. (1)
we get
fa-1)=(a-1)(a) +f),
(n+1)f(n+) = (n+1)I(n+2)J(n -nfal
+1)
A-1)= (a+ 1)fa)-1).
Equating the right+-hand sides and solving f(n+1) = (n+2)f(n+1) -nf(n)
for fa) gives
Ka) =fl)a for all a. (n+1)f(n+1) -n (n) = 0
So any such function is linear. Conversely, a function
of nf() = (n+1)f(n +)
the form fr) = kr clearly satisfies the cquation.
2f(2) =3f(3) =...=nf(n)
72. Let f: NR be such that
Form (1).
() f)=1 ....to (n -1) terms]=nn+1
f) + [nf(n) + nf(n)
(i) f) + 2f(2) +3/f(3) +t..+ nf) =n(n + 1)f(n), f()+ (n-1) nf (n) =n(n + 1)fn) fI) =2
1
for n > 2, then find =2n =4050
f(2025) fn) f(2025)

DIBY 2.22
111. Let 2/(sin x)+3/(cos
112. Let a function fsatisfy
x)
=5, xe R. Find f().

fr + 1) =f) +x,
Vxe Nwhere f(1) =0. Find f().
113. Supposefis real function satisfying fx +f) 4f0) and f1) = 4, Then find /(5).
114. Find polynomial P() which satisfy the relation P(x + 1) = P«) + 2r+ 1, where P(0)
all
=0
115. Find the natural number 'a' for which
>f(a+k) =16(2" -1), where fsatisfies the relationjx + y)
=f)J) for al
are in Nand f(1) = 2. k=l

116. Let apolynomial function f'satisfies the relation

f(x)+ for allx e R- {0}, iff3)= 28, then find

117. IfX) is a polynomial function x,

satisfying f(r),S)=)
of
f) +fry)-2 such that f(1) =2 and f(2) =5, then fin
value off6) + 2024.
118. If P()be a polynomial satisfying the identity
P) + + 2r 10x2x P(x+ 1) +3, find P().
119.
If for non zero x, ef(:) + where a b, find f)
br-5,
TRANSFORMATIONS OF GRAPHS
1. Drawing the graph ofy
=fr+a), a > 0
from the known graph ofy =fo).
yfeta) a>o
Shift the graph ofy = f) towards
R.H.S. by a units to get the graph of
y=fr-a).
Shift the graph ofy=f) towards L.H.S. by a
units to get the graph ofy =f(rta).

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2. Drawing the graph of y = + b,

f) b> 0,
from the known graph -y-A) +6, 6>0
fin) ofy =f).
Shift the graph ofy =
f) upwards by b
units to get the graph ofy A)-b. b> 0
=f(*) +b.
Shift the graph of y =
f) downwards by
units to get the graph ofy
b
-f()-b.
3. Drawing the graph of y
known graph ofy =f-), from the
=f).
Step 1: Draw the graph off.
Step 2: Take it's image in y-axis. This
image
is the graph off(-*).
4. Drawing the graph ofy
=fr), from the known graph ofy =f).
Step 1: Draw the graph
off
Step 2: Take it's image in x-axis. This
image is the graph of y = HO).
5. Drawing the graph ofy
=f(x|) from the
+1y known graph ofy
Note =f).
Step 1: Draw the graph offonly on y=f(r)
Thegraph which lies on the
R.H.S. ofy-axis.
L.H.S. of y-axis has no role
Step 2: Take it's image in y-axis. The
inthe graph ofy =f(|x). graph on R.H.S. and the image on L.H.S.
together form the graph ofy
=J(x).
6. Drawing the graph ofy =|f) | from the known graph ofy-f).
)|-f) iff) >0 and f) |=) iff) <0.
It means that the graph of f) and|)|
coincide iffr) >0 and the portions
would y=f)y-sO
wheref()<0
would get inverted in the upward direction.
The figure would make the procedure clear.
y=f)
7. Drawing the graph of|y|-f) from the known graph ofy =
all
Step 1: Draw the graph
off
Step 2: Delete that portion of the graph which
lies below x-axis. lyl=f)
nd
Step 3: Take the imagc in x-axis of the
remaining portion of the graph.
ind y-f)
8. Drawing the graph of y = a. f() from the
known graph ofy =f().
y-af(), a>1
yfo) <1
yaf(), 0<a

It is clear that the corresponding points (points with same x co-ordinates) would have their
Note ordinates in the ratio of 1 : a. y yf)
The point of maxima and 9. Drawing the graph of y - f(ar) y=f(a), 1<a/
minima are on the line from the known graph ofy =fr).
parallel to the x-axis for both Let us take any point xe domain
the curves above.
off(x). Let ax =x, or x=.
Clearly if 0<a<l thenx>, andf() will stretch by 1/a units against y-axis, and if a> 1,
x<I, thenf() will compress by a' units against y-axis.

Functions 61

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y
10. =f() transforms to l =)).
y =
ie., f() l=1) |; is

plotted in two steps.

() y=f) y= \f0|
(i) y=f) | |=1) |

Graphically it could be stated

y=f)>y
as; y=V))=V)
11. y=f¢) transforms to y =f () y =x.
y about
y=f) is the mirror image of =f)
OR
x y-axis when function is bijective."
"Interchange and
Graphically it could be stated as:

Effect on the graph of f

Transformation of /c > 0)

f)tc Vertical shift up c units

c
Vertical shift down units
Horizontally-Shift left by c units
x+ c) Horizontally-Shift right by c units
x-c) if 0 <ea
) Vertical stretch if c> 1; vertical compression

Acr) Horizontal stretch if

0
<c< 1; horizontal compresi
c>1
Reflection about the x-axis
Reflection about the y-axis

= g)}
12. Sketching k() = Maximum f), g)} and h(r) Minimum f),
g})(}; whenf() > g)
() K) =Maximum S), lg); when g(x) > f()

: Sketchf()
is
when its graph is above the graph of g) and sketch g() when its
above the graph offo).
whenf () <g)
() h()
=
Minimum {f), g(r)} ho)J
lg); when g(x) <f()
:. Sketch f) when its graph is lower and otherwise sketch gr).

NUMBER OF SOLUTIONS USING GRAPH

For number of solution/s off) =g) we can draw the graph and g() separately on
off)
co-ordinate axis.
Point of intersection of graphs of/) and g(r) is equivalent to number of solution/s off)=
Illustration: Find total number of solutions of theequation, kl-|sinl|.
Sol. Lety=-|sinje|l
Graph ofy = |- |sinl=| is obtained with the help ofy = sinx. Hence it can be plot es

also plotting y = |.
dy cosr <1 and slope ofy =x is
": Slope ofy = sin x is -=1
d dx

Cale
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. slope of(y=x)>slope of =
(y sinr)

y lsinl|

sirx
one solution.
It is clear from the graph, there is only one point of intersection. Hence only
Illustration: Find total number of solutions of the equation, 3|| =|2-|
Sol.

y=

It is clear from the graph, there are two points of intersection. Hence number of solution
is two.
= x
in (-2r1, 5].
Illustration: Find total number of solution of the equation, 2cosx sin
Sol. Let y = 2cosy= |sin x
Graphs y=2cos x and = |sin meet four points in [0, 2r].
y x

2 = 14
Thus, total number of solutions =4 + 4 +4 +
YA y=2cour

sinr

21

Tx + |In b|.
Illustration: Find total number of solution of the equation, sin
Sol. Let y= sin = |In|

.: Period of sin tx is =1
d
Graphs y= sinx and y= |In| meet six points.
solutions =6
Thus, total number of

63
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RECIPROCAL FUNCTION whereegraph of

vertical line
y=J0) touch
Note: Draw dotted
fromf). or cross -axie
To draw graph of will nevcr touch
use points given in note. Graph
o
r()
I-axis & then

f) Illustration: Draw The graph o In lx

y=In (l) In |x
S)
0* y= ln ()
f)

0
f)
1
f)t1
Notee.
|f)>l=0<1 •f) is increasing
is decreasing.
f)
0<f)<l f) * f) is decreasing
1 is increasing.
f)
is also positive.
• Iff) is positive then
f)
1
is also negative.
Iffx) is negative then
1
is not defined.
O(exact)

sOLVED EXAMPLES M

73. y=fr) is given as shown

(ü) y=f(2r), k= 2 then k 2

times
Plot the following:
) y=fr+ 1) (i) y=f-2) 1
x-ax
Graph offo) shrinks by times along the
(üi) y=f2x) () y=2f() 2
Sol.
1)
() y=fr+
Graph off) is shifted
by unit on left side
1

along the x-axis.

() y-f-2) the
Graph off) is shifted by 2 units on right side along
X-axis.

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iv) y=). (v) y=r+3|x| +2

Graph off) cxpands by 2 times along the y-axis. fr)=-3r
+
2 y= p+3|x|+2| =|fH*DI
2

0
2 given by
75. If the graph of real valued function y=f)
-2
74. Plot the following expressions:
f)
+
2
() y=*-3x (i) y=+3x +2
(iüi) y=x-3|x|+2 (iv) y=*+3|x|+2
(v) y= 3|x| +2 () y=|+3 |x|+2| then choose the incorrect statement from the following
Sol. () y-3x+2y- (*-1) (*-2) -f) Draw the graph of

(a) y=|)| (b) y= ro+f)

2

() y= -r
2
-2
Sol. Let graph
(i) y=*+3x + 2 y=(r+ («+2) =f)
1)

[Take the image off(c) about the y-axis] 2

a) (6)
2

(iüi) y=-3|x|+2 (: VJx|-x)

y=|x-3|x|+2=f(x) (C)
76. Sketch the graph ofy = log,sl
Sol. As we know, y = log,x is a decreasing graph given as;
Y

4y=log ), x>0
(iv) y=+3x|+2
o)
=*-3x + 2) X

y=Hx)-3(-|x) +2
y=fx)
Sequence of transformation f()fEx) Since,f)>
fl), then taking the images about Y-axis for x>0
as;
() y=-3|+2| :.y= log, could be plotted
+2y= -3|x| +2| =|f0xD|
f) =-3x transformationf()f(x) (xDI
Sequence of y=log, Jl

+X

65
Punctions
x
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77. Sketch the graph for y =

Sol. Here, we follow

certain steps to plot

- first we plot To draw the graph of

about X-axis for negative value of
taking miror

3 inthegra
and then successively

) Thegraph of is shown below

Y 1
y

3 3

78. Find the number of solution of the equations y =

(i) To draw the graph of
and +y²= 1.
taking mirror
Sol. To find the number of solutions of two curves we sh
images about X-axis for negative values
of in the find the point of intersection of two curves.
graph of YA

arty=1 y=sinx

As we know, +
y=1 is a circle and y = |sin i
image of negative values of y = sinx and about X-a
Thus, we can plot them as; which shows the two cur
intersects at two points.
.. Number
of solution is 2.

79. Sketch the graph

of lsin x+
Shift the graph of through 3 units downwards
Sol. We follow certain steps to plot
sin x +
,
i.e., ssin
x x+
sin

() (ii) (iün
Y
x

o
X y=sin
y3
x=-3
(

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81. Draw the graph for if the graph for

yEx-2x-3|
y=-2r-3 is given.
Sol. First we draw the graph for
(in) y=*-2r-3 (y+ 4) = (-1
Y y= sin x +5 Now, we form f(r) («), i.e. y
=-2x-3
324
y=3/2 as shown below
y=1 >y=k-2\x-3
1/2
0
(im)
tX
80. Sketch the graph of =min(, y
-1, + 1)y
Sol. First plot the graph for, y=
y=k-1| and =l*+ lby
a dotted curve as can be seen fromn the graph
-1
and then -2
darken those dotted lines for
and x
{-1, x+1|}, e< k-1|
<{rl, x+ 11} +
1|< {(
k-1) 3
(-1,-4) (1,4)
In next step, we transform /x)=)|
as shown below
i.e.
y=-2|-3-2|-3|
12
..EL4). (1,4).
0
11 23 y=-2x-3|
2
As from the above graph,
min (l, -1|, k+1|}
-+), xS-1 3
X
(r+D), -1<rs 1

|x2|x|-3
-(*), srs0
1

0s*s

-),sxsI 3 3
X
|-1), 1<x
DIBY 2.23
cos x, where y= x + [sin x + [sin
Find the number of solutions of the equation [y l]=2
+ Isin |] (where [] denotes
120.
the greatest integer function).
= cos x. 122. Find the number of solution 4{x} x+x].
121. Draw the graph ofy cos +
x. 124. Find the number of solutions of 2 cos x=|sin x| where x e [0,4 r].
123. Sketch the region for y=sin
125. Find the number
of solutions of the equation, 2+3
+
4 5=0.
ly =
126. Find the number of solution of yl= |sin
4x|| and In|.
curve max( 1, b) =4.
127. Find the area enclosed by the cos x, Vxe R,
= + from the known graph ofy
128. Draw the graph ofy cos(2x x),

67
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SACHIN SIR SPECIAL (S)

1. If the range of function 9
r+x+c when b= 0, 4a, =9 a,=7ais
4
notan
tte
Sr) = then find «
Sol. Let
x+2r+c xeR is|, when a =-1,4+b-b+b=9bel3

x+xtc fl) =-r+13

=-(-x+13) +13 =x
-1)x* +(2y-)x+c(y-1) =0 f)) =10
x+2x+c ..
fU0)) =f(10)
As x is real, so D 0
4. Letfbe function from the set
a of real TUmber
(2y- 1}> 4c(y- 1° 4y
+1-4y24cy-8cy+ all xe R, we have
4(c-1)y +4(1- 2c)y + (4c -1)
4c itself such that for
s0 ...(1)
But we are given ye
a periodic function (that
(6y -5)(2y-3) Prove that f is is,there e
. <0
12y-28y + 15
On comparing (1) and (2), we get:
<0 ...(2) non-zero real number c such f(r + ) -f) for re)

C-1_1-2e4c-1 c=4 Sol. Leta= 1/6 and b= 1/7. The equation is

+
3 -7 15 fxta+b) +f) =fr +a) +fr b).
Then f(x + 2a+ b) +fr+ a)
2. Letf()=+10 for all x e R, and
3 =fx+ 2a)
+fx tatb)
-fx+ 2a) +x+ a) +fx+ b)-f),
for n 2 2. and so fr + 2a + b) f)-fx+
+
2a) +fr +b),.
f()-fE(6) Ifns) =2035 +0.. Then a
B
We can easily prove by induction that
Sol. We have f,() =fT, (), n 2 na + b) +f) na) +fx t+ b), Vn e N.
1 fxt -fxt
f0)-fG)-f)+ -10 10 Using the same method, one can find
na +mb) +f)
frt -fx+
na)
+fr+
mb), VmneN

f)-fU) =0+10 -10 Setting n=6 and m=7, this becomes

10 =
1010 10+10
fx+ 2) =2/x + 1)-f).
J)=fG) =f)+ 33 323 Iffx + 1) *f) this implies that /(r+ n) is
contradiction with f() e (-1;+1], x.
unbounse

Continuing in this manner, we obtain Hence,

fx+ 1)=fr), Vxe R,
10 10 10
S,()
=tt...*+10 5. Find the sum of all such numbers a such that for
them the cquation || -
5|||=I
infinitely many solutions.
-+10 39 Sol. In the figure below is pictured
the graph of thefund
y=|llk- 5|-1|-1|–1|-1|

B
Zy=x-a
=
3. Letf() ax+b, where and b are integers. Ifr(O)) =0
a

andffUf4)) =9, then find value offfS(10)

a1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8910
Sol. f)= axt b;f(0) =bSO) ab +b=0
=

(a+ 1)b =0 >a=-1 or b=0

1VU) =9 f(4a t+ =9 b)

Thus, the given equality has infinitely many

fa4a + b)+ b) =9 f(4at ab + b) = 9
for any of the following
a(4a+ ab + b) =9 4atab+ab +b=9 values a = 1, a =3, a:
a=9. Hence, the sum of all values is equal to
68

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Given that
6.
()100x+ 5000 Evaluate the
.2)
expression/() +f(2)+...+ f(100).
Putting (i) in (), we get,
Sol. Note that
2x+29
f()-100x+5000 x
2,x? JG)-7 V0)-75 *-2
-60-+ 50x + 40
+(x-100)
2.x

f)+100- x) = 2(100- *

x+(-100) (100-*) +*=2

5
nd
We have that 7J0)- 20- s0r+ 752r+29
K) +2) ...+f(100) = f(l)
+
(S)) +f(S0) +f(100) 100 +1 +f99))
+. + +
(49)
101
f)- 16-40x+ 602+29)
7. Find range of functions x-2
S(a-B +y-0) = 14
() f)= log, sin x- cos.r+3v2 9. Let a function defined from
V2 R R be
for x s2
(i) f)= log(2-log, (16sin² x+1) f)=*+p, px +5, for x> 2
.Ifthe function is surjective,
the find the sum of all possible integral values ofp in
Sol. ) Lety = log, Sin x-cosx+3/2
V2 -100, 100]
Sol. Forfto be surjective, range = co-domain
x+p', for xS2
>2s2s4ye[1,2] Lpx+5, for x > 2
() f) = log
(2- log, (16 sin'x +
1))
1s16 sinx + 1s17
.0s log, (16 sin'r+ 1) slog,17

:2-log, 17
s2-log, (16 sinx +
l) <2
Now consider 0 <2-log, (16 sin'r +
ed 1) s2
...-0<range
log [2-log,(16 sin'x + I)] < log 2
The is (-0, 2] 2

ny
8. Letf: R-{2}R be a function satisfying the following
functional equation, For xs2, range offis (-, 2 +p] and
For x> 2 range offis (2p + 5,
(2x+29 o)
2/) + 3/ = 100x + 80,
x-2 reR- (2}. For range offto beR,
K2) SJ2) =2p+5<2+p
iff) =a-Bx+v then S(a-B+y-0) p-2p-3>0p-3)(p +
1) > 0

pe(oo,-1]U[3,oo) butp > 0.

Sol. We
have, 2x+29 Hence, p e [3, 0) givenp e [-100, 100]
f)= 50r + 40 ..(1)
Sum of acceptable values of P

Replacingx by
2r+29
in the given functional equation
S=3+4+...+ 100 - 5050-3 = 5047.
I-2 10. If the function f() and g) are defined on RR such
we get,
thatf()

+ (2x+29
50| +40
(2x +29) X-2 and g(2) =-1, then find the value of +
-2 2 cos' (gf(2)]
[cot '(gf))

Functions 69

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x

Sol. ) -3-4sec
Sol. Range
{0, 1, 2,
.,[7,6} o)
(-,-1]
P(6) =6 ..,
A= = 1, P(2) = 2,
P(O) = 0, P(1) 1)(r-2)(x-3)(*–4)(*-5)(-
= X(*- -6
So P(r)
-cosx sin x/3 7!+7=5047.
fo) =cos' x+ P(7)=
(13 to 15)
2 2
Comprehension based 5} and set B

-cosx sin a set A

3, 4, = {1, 2, =2.
xNS+ 2
Let there is
are defined from A
to B. Using the givenn infom
2 Functions
following problems.
evaluate the
x+ 2V3 sin xoos x+ from A to B is
f)=cos' x+cos x+3sin* 13.
Increasing function
(b) 72
(a) 120
cos x+3sin?x-2N3 sinxcos x+ (d) 56
(c) 60 A to Bis
Non-decreasing function from
14.
(b) 540
2 (a) 216
txe R (d) 840
f)=2 (c) 792
15. Onto funtion from
A to A such that
So, cot'(-1)+cos(-1) =3=7n
4 4 (b) 120
(a) 44
(d) 76
11. (c) 56
Sol. 13. (), 14. (c), 15. (a)
S6
The desired number is C= A
from
Here, for non-decreasing functions
h) =f) - xg)(where [.] is G.I.F) If range of h(x) C,1+C,4+C,.6+ C,4
+
C1=792
y,
belongs to [a, B) and fundamental period of h(x) is
Explanation for case C,, say two element
then find a +B + 2025y. are selected in "C, is (-1, 0}.
Sol. f)=[2025x] (Using property 15 of G.IF)
.Now, x, tx, =5
g) =2025 (: Using property 13 of G.I.F) where, x, denotes number of elements ofs
h() =[2025x]- 2025x
=
(2025x} FP.E. to -1 and x, denotes number of clement
Range e [0, 1) a=0, B=1. maps to ).

Fundamental period =
1
: Total number of solutions is C,.
2025 Similarly, explanation for case C, say thre
a+ß=2025y =0 + 1+1=2. selected in "C, in (-1, 0, 1}.
12. A= {a,, a,,
.., a} is set of all integers which are not in
bx +ct + Now x, +x, t x,=5 (,21,,
range off) =3–4secx and P)=ta+
.. Total
dr er+ f +gand P(a) =a, 1sisn. Find P(7).
+
number of solutions is C, etc.

70

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JEE MAIN

It is given that f() is an even function and satisfy the

SINGLE CORRECT 9.

= then the value off(l0)

1. The period of function 2 sin qal+ cos 2rx
t
Itan rrl (where {x} denotes the fractional part
x relation f)
2+ tan x.f()
of ) is
1
(a) 2 (b) (c) 3 (d) None of
(a) 10 (b) 100
these
2. Let {a,, az a) and .,
Y= {b,, b, b,). The number of (c) 50 (d) None of these
functions f from x to y such that it is onto and there are
exactly three elements in Xsuch that f(r) 10. The period of sin ]+costcos where :1
=b, is
(a) 75 (b) 90 (c) 100 (d) 120 denotes the integral part of x is
3. Letfbe an injective function such thatf(r) fy)+2=f) (6) 12
(a) 8
+fo) +fy) ye
R. IES(4) = 65 and f(0) = 2, then
x (c) 24 (d) Non-periodic
fx) is equal to, eR.
(a) -1 (b) +2 (c) +1 (d) + 49 1. Let
f) =x(2-x), 0 sxs 2. Ifthe definition off' is
extended over the set, R- [0, 2] by f(x + 2) =f), then
4. Given that
1
y is a
2 1000
fo)= +..+ (a) Periodic function of period 1
x(*+1) (+1)(r+2) (r+999)+1000) (b) Non-periodic function
and g() =-1x+1x x+999
(c) Periodic function of period 2

(d) Periodic function of period

1

Evaluate the following expressionf(-1001)-g(-1001).

12. Iftheminimum valueofy=(-2)(-4) (-6)(-8) +16,
(a) 998 (b) 1000 (c) 100 (a) 999 m

+6) xe R, and is then (m +3) equals

f(r + 4)
+ =
Iff) 2)
5.
f+ +fe (a) 0 (b) 3 (C) 6 () 15

f5)=10, thenf(5+8r) equal to 13. Evaluate the expression

024
20252025 20252025 20252025
(a) 1000 (6) 100 (c) 10000 (d) 10
1
t...t 2024

Se
6. The fundamental period of the function 20253025 + 45 20252025 + 45 20252025 +45
(a) 1005 (b) 1012 (c) 1013 (d) 2025
is equal to
14. The range off()=[sin x + [cos x + [tan x + [sec x|],
mer (a) r (6) 4n? (c) 3r (d) 2r'
re where [] denotes the greatest integer function
7. Ifx and y satisfy the equation y
=2 x]+3 andy=3[x
2] simultaneously, where [] denotes the greatest integer Sx, is
function, then [x +y] is equal to (a) {0, 1} (6) (-1,0, 1}
(a) 21 (6) 9 (c) 30 (d) 12 (C) {1} (d) None of these
8. Let f () = and g) = sinx for all x e R. Then the
set of all x satisfying (fogogo) () = (gogo) ), where
15. Let f()=esma and g() =en, xeRwhere (
and [] denotes the fractional and integral part functions,
og)() =f(g), is
respecively, Also h() =log(f()) + logg) then for real
(a) tvn, ne {0,1,2,..}
x, h) is
(6) tvn, ne {1,2,... (a) An odd function
(b) An even function
(C) +2nT, nE {.-2,-1,0,1,2,... (c) Neither and odd nor an even function
() 2nn, n e (..,2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ...) (d) Both odd as well as even function

unctions 71

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of
16. Let the function f(r) = 3 4x + + |x|) be
8 log ( 1 25. If domain
defined on the interval [0, 1]. The even extension + log,-)
(r-3x+10)+
to the interval [-1, 0] is
ofj)
part &
fractional
(a) 4x+ 8 log(1 denotes the integral
3+ +|x) (T] & {.}
U(1, k)- (-1} then find the value
pan
of k.
(b) is (-k, 0)
3r- 4x + 8
log(1+|x)
(c) 3r + this
4x-8 log(1 +|x) 26. If domain
(a) 3x-4x-8 log (1 + |x) X-1 -+ én(3-r +[2x1) i
NUMERICAL TYPE f()=-2lx}
co, )U (h, and range ofg)
17. Absolute value of the parameter a, for which the given
function f(r) =1+ ax, a # 0 is the inverse of itself, is
1)
=C
18. If f "() =-f(r) and g(r) = f'() and F() =

and given that F(5) =5, then F(10) this find value of
k
tm+n, tn,,+ n,+n,tn,tn
is equal to

19. Iff (0, o) N and

27. Range of
f(3)
nx +1neNthen find
for n = 10 ([] is G.I.E)
28. If rangeof f(x) =sin
20. An odd function is symmetric about the vertical line a +B.
[sin(cos a), sin B) then find
*=a (a>0) and if>_[f(1+4r)] =8, then find the value
off(1). 29. If domain of f(x)= V-r +x41 (whex
2{x -3{xt +1
21. Letf: R> such thatR

denotes the fractional part function) is

fx-f)) =f) +xf) +f) 1x,yeR.
Then find the value of
|(16))-125. (a)
22. Let
f)= InSis
b+5sin x
odd function then number of (6) xe[n,n+1),ne I
possible ordered pairs of (a, b) is (a, b e R) (c) xe [n,n +2), ne I
23. Let
f)= a+b sin x sin 2x sin 3x+ cr sgn(sin x)
+d
log(r+1+x')+x(| x+ 1|-|*-1|
30. The set of real values of 'x satisfying the e
be defined on the set of real numbers, (a>0, b, c, e R)
d
S-)=7,5)=-5,f-2)
zeroes
of of the equation
=3, then the minimum number
f() =0 is equal to
if
EHs (where [] denotes the greatest i
M

24. If[] denotes the greatest integer function and } denotes function) belongs to the b where e

interval a,
the fractional part, then the largest integer in
the domain
of the real valued function. ce N
and
is in its lowest form, Find the vals
C

1000 +b+c+t abc.

x!|en
f)= is
31. Let
f() =x. Evaluate the expressionf(V"
J1000x-999{x-990[xl -so.x + 60
STF2) +...+fff(13).
72

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JEE ADVANCED
tan
part
SINGLE CORRECT
7. Let a be solution of the equation 2[x + 32] =3
a
1. Let a function fbe defined [x-64] where [x] is the greatest integer less than or equal
asf: 2,3, 4} >{1,2,3,4}.
{1,
Iffsatisfy U)) =
J), xe {1, 2, 3, 4}, the number of to x and let B= 2r-1) ,

such functions is
I|sing then

(a) 10 (b) 40 (c) 41

2051
(d) 31 (a) [al= [b] () a=
2. For function fx, y) = log y, x and e
y
N,x*litis given that
3 ()
fa, b) =fc,d) = and a-c=9 value of
2 4 b-d is
(a) 64 8. Iff) is a monic polynomial function of degree 4
(6) 93

f) =;
n (c) 0 (d) date insufticient satisfying for i=1, 2, 3, 4 then
sin x- cos x +V2 (a) number of zeroes at the end off(5)! is 4.
3. F() =

be the minimum value of F),

where
7Let
and M be the maximum
m
(6) number of divisors off[5) is 8.
(c) sum of even divisors of 5) is 56.

value of F), Then

[2M () sum of odd divisors of f(5) is 18.
is equal to (1.] denotes greatest 9. A function f:
RR
satisfies
integer function). +
sin2x sin2y f(3x 3y) +f(3x 3,y)} = cos2xcos2,y
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 4
Y3*+ 3y)}; if0) = 1 then iff(0) = 1 then
() 6 (a) 40) +9f" () =0 (b) J) +f) =0
4. Let f) = 2tan and g(r) be a differentiable function
(c) 4VO)}2+9)} (d) 92 +4f(0))?=4
(x+2y )_g()+2g0)
here
satisfying ,ye R 10. The maximum value of the function defined by ()
f -
3 min (e, 2te-x, 8) is a then integral valueofx satisfying
and g'() = 2. The number
of integers r' satisfying
the inequality
f2(g))-5/g)) + 4 where
>0 xe
(-10, 20) is equal to
-[ax+12
<0 is

(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (a) 8 Note: [k] denotes greatest integer function less than or
an invertible function such that cqual to k.
5. Iff: RRis fr) and
are symmetric about the liney=x, then (a) 1
(b) 3 (c) 5 () 6
f()
11. Let:
f:A B and g: B Cbe two functions and
(a) f() is odd.
gof: A
Cis defined. Then which of the following
(6) S) and f() may not be symmetric about the line statement(s) is (are) incorrect?
y=x. (a) Ifgofis onto thenfmust be onto
may not be odd. (b) If f is into and g is onto then gof must be onto
gual (c) f) function.
(d) None of these. (c) Ifgof is one-one then g is not necessarily one-one.
() Iffis injective and g is surjective then gof must be
MULTIPLE CORRECT bijective mapping
12. Let fbe a constant function with domain R and g
= be a
e 6. Iff: R R,f) (a-2a +1)- (b'-3b + 2)+x +
certain function with domain R. Two ordered pairs in fare
(4, a' - 5) and (2, 4a-9) for some real number a. Also
est
1, a,
be Ris an into function then
(a) Number of ordered pairs (a, b) is 6. domain of is R-{7}. Then

(6) Number of ordered pairs (a, b) is 2. (a) a=2 (6) V(10))0=1

(c) Sum of
all possible values of a is 0.
(c) (100) «D=1
(d) Sum of all possible values of b is 3.

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 BY @CBSEIANS AND DURGESH
defined by
f(x)=3x-1+}
13.
18. Letf,g:RR be
Letf: R + 5), then
be a function defined g) =(3x 5)- |2r
+

asf() -2V5 (a) fog- gof

5V2r-1 |then which ofthe following is(are) comect?
(b) fog)l=gog
(a)
/f(2017) = 2017. (c) y=min (fog(r), fog (r)), (fog(:)),.
not differentiableeat exactly three distinct
(b) f)=f) has more than 3 real roots. val
(c) f) is a bijective function. fogofogofog..fog (5) = 3
(d)
100times
function
such that any
19. fbe real valued
Let a
for
14. A function S(15+x)=f(15-x) and f(30-+x)=f(30-)."
f:RRis defined by Thn
of the following statement is true?
frty)- ky =f()+2y² x,yeR andf(l) =2:/2) =8, (6) fis even
(a) fis odd
where k is some constant, () fis not periodie
the equal (c) fis periodic
to: (where x +y* 0)
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) k (a) f1) MATRIX MATCH
15. Which of the following z e satisfies the system of
20. If x, y,
R
statement(s) is/are correct? equations -
(a) Equation sgn )= + (z} = 12.7, [x] + y}
sinx has one solution. +z=4.1 and (r +y4n
(b) Equation -4x| +3| = l has (where .} and [.] denotes tthefractional
six solutions. Iandintegn
(c) Ifa is solution of equation respectively), then match the following:
log,, -log,-) =4,
then sgn () =1
Column -I Column-I|
(d) Equation (sin'x) +
(cos') +
(tanx=3 sinx: A
cosx tan has no solution
x

(where sgn() denotes signum function) B

C.
I.
16. Letf()
then -0s*sl and st9)=4:(1-),0srs1,
D.2+]-{} S.

(2) A-(); B-(S); C-(p); D-(4)

(a) fog= 1-4x+4x
(6) A-<q); B-(p); C-{s); D-()
1+4x–4x ,0sx<1
() A-(q); B-(P); C-(s); D-()
1-4x-4y? 1
(b) fog = (a) A-(s); B-(q); C-(p); D-(r)
1+4x-42'2 21. Let A= {1,3, 5, 7} and
B= {2, 4, 6, 8} andf:A
(c) gof= 8x(1-x) then the number of functions
f' possible for:
Column -I
8x(1+x) Columt
() gof= 0sx<1 A itfi)< 10,
(1+x)
B
ie (1, 3, 5, 7} 16

17. Letfbe a real valucd function

such that for any real x,
C.
f0-i> ie {l, 3, 5, 7}
2, 24

S15+x)=f15-x) andf(30 +
x)
=f30–). Then which |S06, Vie {1,3, 5, 7}
of the following statement is true? D.
(a)
f)i+ 1, ie {1, 3, 5, 7} S.
fis odd
(a) A-(9); B-(); C-(p);
(b) fis even D-(s)
() fis periodic () A-(); B-(q); C-(p);
D-(s)
(d) fis not periodic (c) A-(); B-(p):
C-(); D-(s)
(d) A-); B-(r); C-(s); D-(p)
74

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22. Match the following: (a) A-(q, r); B-{q, r); C-(q); D-(s)
List-I List-1| (6) A-(s); B-(4, n); C-(); D-(4, r)
7+9{r} }-5{}+9fr}(}-2 p.
0 (c) A-(p); B-(q, r); C-(); D-(6)
0, x} is factional part of x,
then 2x may
be cqual to (d) A-(9); B-(p); C-q, n); D-(4, r)
)B, 2ry- 5r =0 has non-negative a. 24. Match the following
If 2+
integral solutions in x andy then y may
2
lues be Column-1 Column-II
cqual to
CA1,3, 5, 7} and B= (2, 4, 6, 8} number
A.
x+1, r<0 p.x+1
of one-one functionf:
A B such that f(Ö) f)= 0 then
/U)
-i227ieA
en w for-1 Sx<0 is:

B.
2 tan x |4. x-3
x+sin x, 1+ tan* 2
xE (0, T)
=3
D. S) 0, (cos 2x+1) (sec+2 tan x)

1 2
T+1
1+(r-? Te (T,oo) then f() is
then the value of x for which
f(*)=f0)
C

IER+y+1)=Wr)+) r.+ 2r

= 1, then
t. VyER and f(0) f() is:
D s.(+ 1?
(a) A-(r, ); B-(p, ); C-(p); D-(p)
(6) A-(s); B-(); C-(p); D-(s)
If4<x<5 andf()
where [:] denotes G.I.E. thenf()
(c) A-p); B-(); C-(); D-() is :
() A-(p); B-(q); C-(t); D-(s)
23. Match the column (a) A-(s); B-(r); C-(p); D-()
(b) A-(D); B-(P); C-(); D-()
ColumnI Column-I
() A-(a); B-(p); C-(); D-()
A The period of the function y p.1 () A-(); B-(r); C-(q); D-(s)
COMPREHENSION BASED
+3 sin Comprehension (Q. 25 to 27):
5rt -
Consider ax + (7a 26)r + (12a-
B
y= (sin ()} is a many one function q. 14b-c- (24b + 7cr
8 +1- 12c = 0, has no real roots and
forx e (0, a), where x} denotes Jlog.. (a' +(7a-26)r +(12a-14b-c)x²-(246+7c)x+1-12e)
fractional part ofx, then a may be f)=
Va-sgn(l+ac+b’)
The fundamental period ofthe function r.
2

sin sin
24
2 25. Domain off(r) is
0 (a)4,3] (6) (-o, 3][4, «)

() (,4]U[3, o)
(a) [3,4)
D. s.
Iff: [0, 2] [0, 2] is bijective 26. Number of integers in range
of/() is
function defined byf) =
where a, b, c are non-zero real
a
+ bx tc,
(a) 0 (6) 1
(d) 3 (c) 2
27. Number of positive integers in range
numbers, then f(2) is equal to off,) is
(a) 0 (6) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

nctions
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Comprehension (Q. 28 to 30) not defined if
34. The
function h(g(r)) is
Let f: R o) (b)
R be a function
satisfying (2 - 0), q e (10,
pe(5,
pe(5,0), qe
and f(20 -*) =f) x) = (2t*) (a)
,
following.
x e R. For this function answer
f the (c) pe (0, 5),q e (10, o) (d) pe (l, 5),qel
28. Iff0) =5, then the minimum then range of h(g) )is equa
35. Ifp =4 and g=6,
ofx satisfying f() =5, for x e possible nunber of values (b) [8, 12] (c) [8, 12) ()
[0, 170], is (a) [4, 12] x in
(a) 21 the value
of interval[1,:3\
(b) 12 (c) 11 36. Ifg=3, then
29. The graph ofy (d) 22 is equal to
=f) is not symmetrical about h(r) +g)= 12,
(a) Symmetrical aboutx =
2 (6)
(6) Symmetrical about x = (a) 2
10
C) Symmetrical about Comprehension (Q. 37 to 39):
x=8
d) None
+
30. Iff2) A6), then the
f()=tt ax+bxeR
(a) Fundamental period for whichh fo) is injectivefung
off() is 1 37. Least value of 'a'
(b) Fundamental period of
(c) Period of fx) cannot
fr) may be 1 (b) 1

be1 (a)
(a) Fundamental period of 4 8

Comprehension (Q. 31 to 33)

is 8 f) 38. Ifa =-1, then f(o) is
Read the paragraph carefully and answer (a) Bijective (b) Many-one and o
questions:
the following (C) One-one and into (d) Many-one and in
The logarithmic function is defined as is invertible iff
logx = y 39. f(r)
=x where x > 0, a > 0 and a #
(
1S called
common logarithm,
while O8 is called not1 (a)
where e is an irational quantity logarithm
value is nearly 2.71log x is written aswhose approximate
Inx. Where base
of log is not written then it is assumed to be 10. i.e.,
log x means log,
31. Solution of the equation Comprehension (Q. 40 to 42): Let the functionfbe def
(0, 1). Two more furnctions are given as
Jog x)°+loga' -2 = log Vx g)=eand h)
40. The number of solution of the equation gc) het
is
(a) 10 (6) 1000 1
1 (a) 0 () (c) 2 (a) 3
(C) (d) None of these
100 41. Domain off(g0)) +f(h() is
32. Solution of the equation (a) (-e,-1) (6) (-e,-1) U(1,)
dog(l100:2) (e) (Ve,e)
+(og(l 0:)? = 14+og (a) (1, e)
42. Let jfbe one-one function
with range (1, 2) and g
defined then domain off- og
(b) 10 () is
(a) (0, 1) (b) (e, e) (c) (Ve,e) ()
(c) 100 A
() None of these Comprehension (Q. 43 to 44): the
If function f() satist
equation
33. Solution of the equation logVx+1+)-3,,
is
log
-40 fr+ 1) +fr- 1) = W3 fx) for all xeR.
(a) 35 43. Period of
(b) 48 f) is
(c) 99 (d) None of these (a) 12 (6) 3 (c) 18 () 6
Paragraph (34-36):
px
+3, -oo<I<-1 44. If f(2) =9, find the sum
Letg(r)= andh()=
3x+2, -oo<I<0 žr2+12)
| 2x+g -1<x<oo x+4, 0Si<8 r=0
(a) 90 (6) 91 (c) 99
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Comprehension (Q. 28 to 30) h(g)) is not defined if
Let 34. The function pe(5,o),qe
f: R a function satisfying
R be e
pe(5, o),
q (10, o)
(b)
and f(20- x) =f) (2 =
f2 + ) (a)
xE R. For this functionx)f, answer 5),q e (10, (d) pe (1,5),q o)
following.
28.
the () pe (0, q range of
h(g))
e
Iff0) =5, then the minimum possible and =6, then iS cqual
35. Ifp =4
of x satisfying (r) number of values [8, 12] (c) [8, 12]
=5, for x e [0, 170], is (a) [4, 12] (b)
(a) 21 value of x in interval[1,3]
(6) 12 If q=3, then the
29. The graph (c) 11 (a) 22
ofy=fr) is not symmetrical about
36.
h(*) +
g) = 12, is equal to f
(a) Symmetrical about x 5 3
=2 (6) (c)
(6) Symmetrical about x = 10 (a) 2
(c) Symmetrical about x
=8 Comprehension (Q. 37 to 39):
(d) None
30. Iff2) A6), then
the
-+ ax+bxeR
2
(a) Fundamental period which f() is injectivefuna
off) is 1
(6) Fundamental period of
37. Least value of
'a' for f
fr) may be 1 1 (c)
1

(c) Period offr) cannot be 1 (5)

() Fundamental period off) is 8 8
Comprehension (Q.31 to 33) 38. Ifa =-1, then f(r) is
(a) Bijective (6) Many-one and o
Read the paragraph carefully
and answer the following (c) One-one and into (d) Many-one and
questions: i
The logarithmic function is 39. f(x) is invertible iff
defined as = y
(ay =x where x > 0, a >0 and a # log.logx x
common logarithm, while is called
log,r is called natural logarithm
where e is an irational quantity
value is nearly 2.71logx is written as whose approximate
Inx. Where
of log is not written then it is assumed to be 10. base i.e.,
log x means log,
31. Solution of the equation Comprehension (Q. 40 to 42): Let the function fbe des
(0, 1). Two more functions are given as g)
oRiog )?s loga* -2= log =e and A(a=

2 40. The number of solution of the equation

g(r)hgt
is
(a) 10 (6) 1000 1
(a) 0 (b)
1 () 2 (d) 3

(c) (d) None of these 41. Domain off(g())

100 +f(h() is
32. Solution of the equation (a) e,-1) (6) (-e, -1)U(1,)
(log(l00:x) + (log(1 0:))' = 14+ log
(c) (Ve,e) (a) (1, e)
is
42. Let fbe one-one function
1
with range (1, 2) and g
defined then domain
(a) (6) 10 off- og () is
10
(a) (0, 1)
(C) 100
(b) (e, e) c) (Ve, e) () -
(d) None of these Comprehension (Q. 43 to 44): If the function
f() saist
log(x+1+)-3.,is equation
33. Solution of the equation
log
r-40 fx+ 1) +f– 1)= 3 f) for all xeR,
(a) 35 43. Period
(6) 48 off) is
(c) 99 (d) None of these (a) 12 (6) 3 (c) 18 () 6
Paragraph (34-36):
px +3, -o<x<-1 44. Iff(2) =9,
find the sum Xr2+127)
Letg)= andh(x) = |3x+2, -o<I<0
2x+q -1sx<oo |x+4, 0Si<8 (a) 90 (b) 91 81
(c) 99 ()
76

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(4mprehension (Q. 45 to 46): Consider a function :

+S0) =foy – z) + fox + y2) RR 52. A function f is defined for all real numbers and satisfy
4, such that
(() +J()) where
S2 +x) =f2 -) and (7 + x) = (7-) for all real x.
to 0,Z,1ER Ifx=0 is a root off) = 0, then the least number of roots of
4,12 s
For thenon-constant
function,f: RR,f) Kr) = 0 in the interval[-1000, 1000] is
is
OT
(a) Even (b) Odd 9x
W
then the number ofvalues
(c) Neither even nor odd () None of these 10r
The number of
ofx in (30,40) where [] denotes greatest integer function,
functions/:RRwhich satisfy the given is equal to
functional equation is
s4. If = coScc r-1 secx-1
(a) 1
(b) 2 f) |log 4
cosecx+5 V
4 sec x + 5
(c) 3 (d) None of these
Then the number of integral values of in the interval
Comprehension (Q. 47 to 49): 0 is said to be well behaved
ifit (0, 2r), where f(*) is defined, is equal to
ones in interval are intelligent if
0.They they make domain 55. The sum of allpossible integral valuc(s) of 'p' for which
2 1

off+gand g equal. The values of 0 for which h(0) is defined the equation -3p-3 has exactly two distinct
are handsome, Let
solutions, is equal to
f)=Jer-2(0-3)x–120,g() In(r49), =

56. Ifthe range of f()= 2x-14x-8x+49 is (a, b]then

to Ke) = ln| f4cos tdt x-7x-4x+23
-ewhere O is in radians. (a+ b) is cqual to
57. The graph ofy= ) is shown, then number
of solutions
R
47. Complete set of values of 0 which are well behaved as of the equationf/)) =2is equal to
well as intelligent is
23)

48. Complete set of values of e which are intelligent is

H,)
n

(5,-1)
(5,-1)
49. Complete set of values of 0 which are well behaved, 58. Number of solution (s) the equation 78[- 5] +
of
intelligent and handsome is 90[cos'Tr + sinr- 5] = 169 is/are (where [] denotes
G.I.F)
( 59. Letf:RR such that
fx-f)) =fY) +xfo) +fx) 1Va,y e R. -
NUMERICAL TYPE Then find the value of |(f(16) -125.
60. Number ofnon-negative integers in the domain offunction
50. Let
fr)=-2ax +a-2 and in the interval x e (0, 4)

If the set of real values of 'a' for which Lg(r)] f)=log c+2u) Lx'-S[x]+7)
<0 xe R is (k,, k,), then the cquation h(x) =
(where [] denote greatest integer function and
[Sk,-3k]has 6 distinct solution where f() = -2| and (} denote
fraction part function) is
h)= fl....f()..), then find the value of
61. . 2007) ..,
n times Letf: k+{k, 1, k+ 2, {1,2, 3, n} be
[] denotes the greatest integer function)
'n' (where defined by f() = 2007 (where [.] denotes
the greatest
51, If the largest positive value of the function defined as L

is mn, where m, n integer function). The maximum value of that

f)=v8r-t-l4x-r-48, 1o such
e N, then the value (m +n) is equal to (where n is prime
of
it is not possible to make fan onto function for any value
number) of n is

unetions
77

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CRITICAL QUESTIONS (CTQ'S)

.THINKING
1. Find the mininmum of the andda number sequence
Letc be positive integer,
a
function 6. x
f:RR Satisfy =c and
x,

2.
-+1
Let a, B and y be three fixcd
positive numbers and
given interval. Findx,v, z [a, b] a
in [a, b] for which the expression where [x] denotes the largest
integer not greater
thanx
B, y,z) -ar-y+ B(-z +Y-x} has maximal valu. x, in terms ofn ana

,
of
Determine the expansion
3. It is given that there are two sets
A= {a,, a,, of real numbers For ne N, consider non- -negative integral

mappingffrom A
ay
and B= (b,,
b,., bon. If there is a
and B such that every element B has
7.

funtions fon {1, 2,

..., n} satisfying fi)
val

an inverse image in
and fa) s...
Then the number of such
sfa,) sfa,o), = 2023. Choose n such that -
mapping is(). i>j and (i+ f0)
(a)
1C (b) C () C (a) Cap
4. Let the three sides of a triangle
be integers I, m, n, is the least. how many such functions exist in that c
respectively, satisfying |> m>n and 8. Find all functions
f: R-
{1}Rcontinuous a0
satisfy
where {x} =x - [x] and
forzeR-(0).
denotes the integral part of the number x.
minimum perimeter of a such a triangle.
Find the f)-
5. For cach positive integer, define a function 9. Find all functions
satisfying
f :{0,1, 2,..}x{0,1, 2,.. R

0, Ifn is the square of an integer

=
fn) 1

ifn is not the squareof an integer.

(Here [x] denotes the maximum integer not 0
exceeding x,
and (x} I- ]) Find the value of () =x-
}. then 10. Find all functions R
f: R satisfyingfxty)=f
- csin x sin y for all real numbers X and y, where e
Constant greater than 1.

78
Calc

x
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Yer
se
seque
ANSWER KEY
2,3 DIBY- (2.1 to 2.23)
tgyeater 2. (Not a function)
3. (a,d are functions) x=
4.
(re-1, 1]o3,5)) 5.
6.
[1,4]U-2} 7.
xe-1, 3]}
e integ 8. [4] 9. xe2, -l) u [4, 5). 10. 2025 11. x=
ing 2 13. {0} 14. [01 15.
fi x=2nnnel 16. (0) 17. [1] 18. [125]
19. [21 20. [2]
1such 21. [1] 22. [1] 23. (200]
t 24. [3] 25. [N=r 26. R 27. R-{1}
28. R- {0} 29.
exist
ins [1, 2] o [3, 4] U[5,6) U(7,8) (9, )
htunuog
32.
R 33. (-,-2] -1, 1]
[72, ) 34. (-, 0) 35. 36.

38. xe(-,-2) U (3, o) 39. D,=R 40. D,=R 41. D,- (a, 1)
,
1) 43.
B.2. 44. xe(-a,-3] 45. xe (0,-1) (0, )

46. xE (0, 10) (10, 10-2) 47. (3, 4] 48.

52.
xe(-o][v2,-)uto} 53. [-1, 0) 54.

56. [0, 1) U(1,4] 57. (i-xe (2nn, (2n +1

2 6 58. R1,1]

59. (-0, 1][2, o) 60. (2024, 2050] 63

I<ys 65. 6. ) 67. -1,3) 68. (0-1, 1] ()4,4, (m) -1, 1]

max =
+ sin(1)
=1+ sin(1),
1
69. min 70. [-15] 71. [4] 72.

73.-V19 sf)sV19 74. [35, 39] 75. [0, o) 76. 3,-2,-1, 0, 1,2, 3} 77. [6, )

78 80. f)=ltl+4log, (a)

2
81.
f)-2+ r-) 82. 2039 83. 5 85. Even 86. Odd 87.
a+p0---)
x+*:0sr<3 +:0s<3
x+1:3<rs5 ;Odd extension =
k(r) = x+1:3<xsS
88. Evencxtension k(x) =
-x+r:-3<rs0 -:3<xs0
-x+l:-5Sr<-3 -1:-5sr<-3

nefions

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possible. 90. (2r]
extension not
89. Even extension= k)=J* +x+sin x-cos
x +
logl +x):0SxSl Odd
x--sin x- cos +log(l-x):-1x<0 gof=
96. [-1, 1]
97. fogx-2r + 2;
92. [r] 93. (not periodic) 94. (2r] 95. [1]
101. [41
100. x+
98. fog= sin(Vr-2) gof= Vsinx-2 99.
(-,-V2]u2, 109. [120]
[0] 1

106. [45] 107. [93] 108.

102. gr) =+x(r- 1) 103. {1} 104. {1} 105. [2]
116. [126]
1) 115. [3]
111.
f) =1, Vre (0,1) 112. ro)=DN-2) 113. [16] 114. P) =x(*-
2

120. [0]
117. [2060] 118. [P(r)=2x + 3] 119. f(x)=
(a'-b)

122. [2]
121.

vsinx

124. [4] 125. [1] 126. [12] 127. [64]

123.

128.

JEE MAIN
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (d)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (6) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. [0001] 18. [51 19. [55]
21. [127] 22. [4] 23. [7] 24. [100] 25. [2] 26. [39] 27. [3] 28. [2] 29. (a)
30. (20] 31. [819]
JEE ADVANCED

1: (c) 2. (6) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (a,c,d) 7. (6,d) 8. (a,b,c) 9. (a,c)

10. (a,c,d) 11. (a,b,c.d) 12. (a,b,c) 13. (a,b,c,d) 14. (6,c) 15. (5,d) 16. (a,c) 17. (a,c) 18. (a,c)
19. (a,c) 20. (a) 21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (C) 26. (d) 27. (a)
29. (c) 30. (c) 31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (a)
39. (a) 40. (b) 41. (b) 42. (d) 43. (a) 44. (a) 45. (a) 46. (c) 47. (d)
49. (b) 50. [3] 51. [5] 52. [401] 53. [1] 54. [3] 55. [21] 56. [5) 57. [3]
59. (2] 60. [4] 61. [4]

80
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CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS (CTQ'S)

1. 2. xy d,
z-b and for xmyb, za 3. (d) 4. (3003] 5. (768]

6. x,n +1)n + 2) + 1, for em1(mod 3); x, (n +1)X0n + 2) + 1, for cm1 (mod 3)

ao3)-1 tomO(mod
) 7. [15] 8. UO) c] 9. Wp4) pg, pq 20.]

10.
(/(*)= Ve-1 sinx + cosx and
f()Ve-1 sinx + coRr. 1

etlo

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Self respect is the cornerstone of all vitue

Jofin Herschel

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIO
3
FUNCTIONS

|Basic idea: If sine =, then 9 mayl

INTRODUCTION
be any angle whosesine is x, and We have studied that the inverse of a function f, denoted byf-, exists one-one and onto
iff is

we write = sin
'. It means that 0 There are many functions which are not one-one, onto or both and hence we can not talk of
is an angle which can be determined their inverses. We know that trigonometric functions are not one-one and onto over their naturd
from its sine.
domains and ranges and hence their inverses do not exist. In this chapter, we shall study abou
the restrictions on domains and ranges of trigonometric functions which ensure the existence
DEFINITION
sin ', cos'x, tan!x,
of their inverses and observe their behaviour through graphical representations. Besides, some
The functions
cot'x, cosec-'x and sec 'x are
elementary properties will also be discusscd.
called inverse circular or inverse The inverse trigonometric functions play an important role in calculus for they serve to define mamy
trigonometric functions. integrals. The concepts of inverse trigonomnetric functions is also used in science and engineering.

DOMAIN AND PRINCIPAL VALUE RANGE OF INVERSE

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION
|Each of theinverse cirçular functions Ifx is positive, the principal values of all the inverse circular functions lie between 0 and Ifr
is multivalued. To make each inverse
circular function single valued we is negative, the principal values of sin'x, cosec-'x and tan'x lie between and 0, and those of
define principal values. 2
cosx, sec'x and cot'x lie between and t. From now onwards we take only the principal values

Ifsin ÷x 0= sin'x where 0e (range) and x e (-1, 1] (domain).

This ensures that the function = sin-'x is one-one and onto.The domains and ranges of inverst
trigonometric (or inverse circular) functions are:
Function Domain Range
sin x I-1, 1]

cosx-1,1] [0, ]
tan- x R

cot r (0, t)
sec- x -
(-0, 1]v[l, o)

cosec-x (- co,
1]U[1, 0)

TG-eDOEANODUROESH
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GRAPHOF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
OREMARK
(a) fo)= x = sin-'x
1,
sin f'c)
sin-x is monotonic
increasing in its f:-a2, /2] (-1, 1]
f:-1, 1]-a2, /2]
domain.
2. It is a bounded function.
3. It is an odd function. y= sinx
4. It is aperiodic. /2 y= sin'x
y= sinx T/2
5. It is continuous
-T/2 -1
Note 1
/2
0 1

max (sin x)=

2 y= sinx
-/2
min (sinx)=
y= Sin 2
y=X y = sin'x

(b) fx)-cos x
f()=cosx
REMARK
f: [0, a] H,1] f:,1] [0, a]
1. cos x is monotonic
decreasing in its y= cosx
domain. T

2. Itis a bounded function.

3. It is aperiodic.
SEIANN T/2
4. It is neither even nor odd.
5. It is continuous. T/2
10 1 +rGR. AM
1
-1 |0
Note
max
(cos x)= 1
min(cos x) =0 y=x
(c) S)= tan x
)
=
tanx
REMARK f:(a2, 2) R
f:R2, 2)

1. tan-xis monotonic 1t Ty = tanx

inereasing in its y tan'r
domain.
It is an odd function. tan'x 0
.
3. Itisa continuous function.
It is aperiodic.
y= tanx
0 T/2 T
y= tan-x
T/2
It is a bounded function. -Tu/2

y= tanx

erse
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x
() ) = cot x f ()= cot!
REMARK )
f: (0, ) R f-l:R(0,
1. cot-x is monotonic
decreasing in its
domain. y= cot'x
2. It is neither even nor y=cot'x
T/2
odd function. y= cot'x r/2
3. Itis a continuous function. TL/2 T y= coty
4. It is aperiodic.
-T2T
5. Itis a bounded function. 0

y=x y= cotr;

(e) f) = sec x, f (x) = sec-x,

DREMARK )
f: [0, r/2) U
(a/2, n] fl:o,-1]U[1,
[0, /2) (r/2, n]
1. sec-lx is increasing (o,-1]v[1, o)
whenever it is defined. 4V=Sec
x

2. It is neither even nor

odd function.
2
3. It is aperiodic.
4. Itis a bounded function. 37t
0

-1

f) cosec x,
EIA f)- cosec- x,

fl:(o,-1] V[1, «)
OREMARK f:/2, 0) 0, a/2]
,
(a, 1]vl, *)EGRA 0) (0, a2]
1. cosec-' is monotonic P=COsec x

decreasing within
domain.
2. It is an odd function.
3. It is aperiodic. 0

4. Itis a bounded function.

-T/2

PROPERTIES OF INVERSE TRIGNOMETRICFUNCTIONS

Property-1
1. cosee-'x =
sin1
2. sec-lx= cos-; k>1
x
tan-! X>0
3. cot'x=
T+tan-,x<0

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Property-2
1. sin-' (-) =- sinx;-1sx<1 2. coscc-l (-) =- cosec- x; >1
3. tan- (-)=-tanx;xe R 4. cot! (x)=1- cot- x;x eR
Note 5. cos sec- ()=-sec-
(-)=1-cosx;-1sx<1 6. x; 1

Property-3
tan+ tan
1.
sinx+ cosx=; x
s1 2. tan-!x+ cotx=*;xe R

3. sec-lx+ cosec-lx= :2 1

SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. Find domain of sin- (22+ )
Sol. Let y= sin (2+1) Sol. tan
y
For to be defined -1<(2r²+ l)<1
-2s2rs0xe {0} = tan = tan
2. Find range sin-! x+x+1
of
5. If the range of the functionf) = tan- (3* + bx + c) is
Sol. Letf)=+*+1
(domain is R), then prove that b² = 12c:
Sol. f= tan '(3+ bx tc)

sf)s1 sin(),-Isxsl and S)20] Range is for 3x2 + bx te=0, D=0.

W3 >-4 -x 3 x¢= 0 =12 c
sin s sin ssin'1.Range
2
Vf() 6. Letfr) sin'x- cos'x, then. Find the set of values of k
3. Simplify
for which
of
f()) =k has exactly two distinct solutions.
Sol.
sin" TELEGRM
T/2
Sol. Simplifying the given expression to get
Tn, 2T
T, 2T 177
4 3
4 3 3 3 12 0
4. Find the value of tan

DIBY 3.1
1. Find the domain of the function
= sin of cos
fa) 2. Find the value
-Vsin' x +sin x +1

3. If x = and (x+1)(y +1) =2. then find tany.

3
If range ofthe function f(x)= sin"*-cotx+**+2*+ 6 is [a, b], then. Find [a+b] (Where, [k] denotes greatest
integer less than or cqual to k)
5. If the range of the function f(r)=tan'(*)+1+l- tan(*) is la, b], then. Findthe value of (a +b)

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6. Find range of
the function f(x) = 4 tan-'x+3sinx+ secx
8. Find range of
7. Find range of the function
f(x)=sec (x)+ tan(*) f() =cos"g+l
47 .Find
9. Find the value of the expression tan cos-!
+ tan" 10. If
tan'x+ tan' y 5
(cotx+ cot'y)

Property-4
1.
sin'x= cos'1-
(0SzsI)
=
tan = cot = sec
)
(r<) (0 (0srSl)

2. cosx= sin -tan- V1-*

=cot
=sec- cosec-!

(0<<1) (9<sl) <) (0s<l)

3. tan-x= sin

= cot = COsec
(r>0) (x20) (rE-0;)

Property-5
) y=sin (sinx) x;
(ii) y=cos (cosx) =x
xe-1,
O
e
1],y (-1, SEIAH
1]
xE-1, 1]ye-1, 1]

NfTELEGRAM
K45
1
-
1

(iii) y= tan (tanx)=x; (iv) y=cot (cot ) =;

xE R,yeR xER,yeR

K45" 450
0

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() ycoscc (coscex)r (v) y scc (sec-x) =x

|x| 21,|y|21

-1: 0 1

Property-6

sin (sin x) = () y= sin- (sin x), xE speriodic function with period 2 and it is an odd
function
|-7-x, -ISrS-I2
I/2
I-x,Sxst
/2 3r/2
-3r/2
2

TU/2
2T

-/2
ONTLEGRAM
Illustration: sin-'(sin l) = 1; sin (sin2) =
sin-'(sin5) I-2; sin'(sin3) =I-3; sin-"(sin4)=1-4;
=5-2r
cos
(cos x) = (i) y=cos (cosx), xeR,y e [0,
), is periodic function with period 2r and it is an even function
-x , -TSXS0
x,0<xsI
2T-x , T<XS 2Tt
,
x-2n 2T<xS3T

an(tan x) = -2T -3T/2 -T -t/2 I1

T/2 3/2 2

Illustration: cos-'(cosl) = 1; cos

(cos2) = 2; cos '(cos3) =
cos'(cosS) = 2n-5 3; cos-'(cos4) =
2r - 4;
(iii) y= tan (tan x), xe R
;

ye-is periodic function with period n

and it is an odd function

verne Trigonametrys
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T 3T
37
-2T

(iv) y= cot' (cot x), xe R- (un, n e D,y e (0, n), is periodic function with period and i
is neither an even nor odd function

cot! (cot x) =
x+T; -<I<0
;
0<x<I
x-1; T<I< 2

-2T 2t

y=coses- (cosc 9), x e R- (nt,n e

) h.yeoo is periodic function wit

period 2T and it is an odd function

cosec- (cosec x) =
ONTELEGAM
/2

-/2 3r/2
-2T -3r/2 T/2 2

-/2

periodic functio

with period 2r and it is an even function

sec(sec x)
R+21; -2n<x<

27-x, T<X<2r

-2T -3T/2 - -/2 1 3T/2 2T

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
- Find
the value of
sin(sin 7) and sin (sin (-5).
Let j= sin (sin 7) => sin 10. For anyy e R, let cot () e (0, r) and tan
Scl. (sin 7) 7 as
7e

2<7< ,
5T
graph ofy = sin (sin x) is as
:
Then the sum of all the solutions of the equation
tan for 0<
<3, is

cqual to:
n2
Sol. Case-I: -3 <y<0
tan
-n2 3T/2
++ tan
-2 -5-3n/2 7
2r S2
2 tan

y'-6v3y-9=0 y=3/3-6(: ye(-3,0)

From the graph we can see that if sxs Case-lI: 0<y<3
2r then
y= sin'(sin x) can be written as :y 2 tan 6y 2T
.:.
(sin 7) =7-2r
sin =x-2
Similarly if we have to find sin- (sin(-5)) then
y=N3 or y=-3/3 (rejected, since, y> 0)
37 =
-:-2 <-5< Sum 3+3/3-6= 4V3-6
2
.:.
from the graph of sin (sin x), we can say that 11. Letx y=ty
* and (x * 1) *
=* (|
1 * 1). Then find
sin- (sin(-5)) =2n +(5)=
8. Evaluate the following
2–5 the value of 2 sin-!

(i) sin(cos 3/5) (ii) cos(tan-! 3/4) Sol. Givenx*y=+y and (r + 1) * l=r*(1* 1)

(iii) sin
So, (r+ 1) * 1=x*2 (+1? =+8
+
|
x+2+2=r+8 = 0

Sol. (1) Let cos 3/5 = 0 then cos 0 =3/5 sine = 4/5 oN )+*-6=0 (r+3)( -2) >x-2
. sin(cos 3/5) = sin 9 = 4/5 Now, 2sin
(iüi) Let tan
.. cos(tan 3/4=0 then tan =3/4 cos =4/5
3/4) = cos = 4/5 =2.*=
6 3
(ii) sin -sin-| 12. Considering only the principal values of the inverse
trigonometric functions, find the value of
= sin 2n_v3
30s 2
+ tan -

9.
2
-
Let y = sin (sin 8) tan-'(tan 10) + cos-! (cos 12) - 2V2+ 4
2+1
sec(sec 9) + cot'(cot 6) coscc-(cosec 7). - Sol. Let tan =

Ify simplifies to an + b then find (a -b). 2

Sol. sin-(sin 8) = sin-(sin(3r 8)) = 3r
-8 - 3
- -+-sin
tan(tan 10) = tan-(tan(10 3r) = 3r 10- V2+2tan0 4
cos(cos 12) cos(cos(4r -
= 12) = 4n-12
(2V2V2 tan ®
Sec(sec 9) = sec'(sec(9 - 2r)) =9-2r + tan -1
cot(cot 6) = cot'(cot(6 – ) = 6-7 2+2 tan? 0 V2 tan
cosec-(cosec 7) = cosce-'(cosec(7-21)) =7-2r 3
=žcos (cos 9)+sin(sin 20) + tan (cot 9)
y=(3r–8) + (37- 10) + (47– 12) + (2r -9) +(-n+6)
+ (2r-7) = 13n– 40

a=13 and b =- 40 4-b= 13 -(-40) = 53 -oa-29-

verse Trigonometric Funetions
89
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I5, Ir0 <<, then
evaluate:
13. Find the value of tan

Sol. Lety" tan eot

m

Sol. Let cot cot 0

"
cot() cot,xeR
(i) can be written as
ym tan -cot -m (ow)
"
cottanl ifx>0

..-tan
+
cos '(cos (7n/6).
14. Find the value of sin-' (-3/2)
y=Nl+x (xeos0 + sin0)' -1|
sin-(-3/2) -sin (N3/2) -/3
=
and cos[cos (7n/6)] cos'[cos2r -Sn/6)]
Su/6
cos-1 |cos(Sn/6)]-
hence sin (-V3/2) + cos- (cos (7n/6)

DIBY 3.2

11. Simplify the algcbraic expression f()=

12. Find the value of (coscc (cotx)-cot (coseex).

(sinx)} -sin'(sin x).
13. Find the maximum value of the function f()=(sin
M
14. Find the value of

Is. Find the Number of solutions of he equation sin(sin x=cosx, for

xe:
- tan'(tan(12)). (The inverse trigonometric functions take the principal values)
16. Find cos-'(cos(-5)) + sin-'(sin(6)
3T
(i) cot-(cot
4)
17. Ifx= sin-(sinl0) and y= cos-'(cosl10), then find
y
-x. 18. Evaluate: () sin sin
4

Property-7
tan

n+tan>0,y>0,xy >I
-xy
(Ö) tanx+ tan 'y -r+tan<0,y<0,y >l

5>0,y>0,y=|

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(tan"

y <-1
(ii) tanx- tany=+ tan
*> 0,y> 0,

7+ tan X-)ifr< 0, y<0 and xy >l

1+xy

() tan'r+ tan- l, + tan-I,= tan- X+y+z-)z

Note -xy-yz –zx
tan-x + tan-y + tan'z
à tan ' +
tan 12+ tan 3 I
-1 X+y+z- xyz
tan
1-(y+yz +zx) where x > 0,y > 0,z> Oand.y + yz+zr<l
luD cot|
+
cot 2+ cot-13 I
+y+z+xyz ,
T+ tan- where x
>0,y >0,z>0 and xy + yz+zx>l
1-(+yz+ x)
Ifx >0,y>0, z> 0, ifx < 0,y <0 and xy> l and (xy +yz + zr) <1
Property-8
() sin-'x + sin'y
- sinx/1-y
+yl-, +ysl ify <0and a x,ye(-11]
if or
+y'> l; where

| Inspite ofusing property 8-9, =R- sin-y +

and e
convert the corresponding yi-x, ito<rs1,0<ysl +
yl
terms into tan
|property 7.
and use --- sin1-' +yi-
if-1s x00 <ysl and tl
(i) sin-'x-sin 'y =
sin-y'-i-a.y>0,y>lor+ysI
=T sinx/-y-N-.0<*sl,-Hsys0.*+y>1

=-- sin-y'-l-*-1sx<0,0<y< 1,+>1

Property-9
() cosx+ cos y

cos(xy-I-* i-,-1sx,ys 1,x+y2 0=

2n- cos -i-).
-I Sx,y 1,x+y<0
y =
() cos'x-cos cosy+-*-',-1sx,ys l,rsy
--cos(xy+-*-).-sys0,0<rS l, r>y
SOLVED EXAMPLES,

16. Prove that: sin-!

3
+ sin-!
-
3N11
+ sin-!
3
=
2
= tan
942
27
+ tan-!
3

Sol. tan 3 3
tan + tan-! = tan-! + tan-!
2V2 3

Cor! 3 + tan-! 3
3
tan + tan-!
1-%

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17. Find the valuc of sin-! 3 +
cos-!
11
+ cot- B. ..
2cos! tan -63
V146 16
- 63
Sol. tan-! + tan-! + cot-!
3 tan
11

Since, and
4
12
+
cot-! /3 5 13
tan
.. cos-l 4 12
coc!
5 13
= tan- (1) +

18.
6 4
If cos-! x/2 + cos- y/3
4y?=36 sin'0
=0, prove that 9*2+ 12xy cos) + =
..
COS
169
144
cos-!
()
cquation (i) can be written as
Sol. Let cos- x/2= a, and cos- y/3=ß
cosa =x/2 and cos B=y/3. cos tan
.. cos + B) = cos 0
Given, a +ß =0 (a
cos a cos B- sin a sin ß = cos 0 )
z= Sin tan ...(

cOs 0 63 (63
Sin tan
69 16
.. from equation (ii), we get
= cos 0
6 6 z= tan 63 tan 2=0
(y- 6cos 0)² = (4-x)(9-y?) 16
- 12xy
=36-91- +xy cos 4j?
>36cos²0
9x?- 12y cos0 + 4y2= 36 (1 - cos²0) 21. Show that tan
9- 12rycose + 4y 36sin?0. Na'-x
19. Prove that
26 Sol. Let sin-! = 0. Then x
=asin., as (x *

+ tan coS
4 2
TELEGR Ax asin = tan
..
Sol. Let cos-1 =0 cos
b Va-x Na'-a' sin' e
L.H.S, = tan = tan(tan0) =0=
tan
2
tan
1+ tan 1-tan |1+ 22. Show that tan
cOS.x
4 2
1+ sinx
1-tan 1+ tan 1-tan" Sol. We have
2

2 = - R.H.S.
COS.X
x
sinx 2sino
1+sin 1+ cos 2 x 2cos?
cos a
1-tan2
2
COS..
- 63 tan
cos 12 + sin-! 4 -tan-!
20. Evaluate
13 16
|l+ sinx 4

for
Sol. Let z = cos-l
12 + sin-! 4
13
lan-l 63
16 -<7 2
4
Since, sin-! cos -1 or
5 2

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DIBY 3.3

19. Evaluate: tan- (1) + tan-!

20. Evaluate: tan

21. Iftherc exists a positive rcal numberx satisfying cos (tan- x) =x, then find the value of cos

22. Find the range of values ofp for which the cquation sin cos-! (cos(tan- x)) =p has a solution.

23. Solve the cquation: tan-1 X+1 + tan-! tan-! (-7)

X-1
3
24. Find the a so
value of
that sin-! a are the angles of a triangle.
Jho sin

25. Show that 2tan-1 +

H=
tan 7
tan 31
17

SIMPLIFIED INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

-I-2 sin'x
) sin- 2x
VI-= 2sin-'x
1 0 1

-2 sinx

(i) cos
(2-1)
2
cosx: 0sxsl
()

2r-2 cosx; -1sxs0

ELEGRA
M

(-1,0) (1, 0) T+2tanx ;x<-1

(ii) 2x
(üi) tan-l
1
2
tanx; -l<x<l
-T+2tanx ;
x>1
(i)

-7-2tanx ;x<-1
(iv) sin-1
2x tan x ;
2

1+² -1sxs1
T-2 tanx ;x>1
2
tan x; x20 2.
cos
() (iv)
-2 tan-! X;xS0

--3sinxi-1Sx
() (v) sin-! (3* – 4r) = 3sin

;
T-3sin"*
(vi)

Verse Trigonometric
Functions
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-2n+3cos'x ;-Isrs
cos
(vi) (4r-3r) 2n-3cos;

3eos'x:srsI
2
-1/2
(vii)

T+3 tanx
0 1
(viii) tan 3
tanx
2
(viii)
-n+3tan'x
:>
SOLVED EXAMPLES

23. Show that cot +2 cot-!

3
t Now, tan
)

Sol. cot! +2 cot-! 75,-tan ;+2--tan

2 1- cos9 1-cos 0

V1+cos VI-cos e

37 - tan -1 2-1/3 1/3 1

tan-!
1-(1/3)2

LEGRA
M

I3)E Let tan-! =

<0<
= tan-!7 4 (ii) =0. Then tan and 0

7 4

()
Now, tan 2 tan
)-(-)
2 tan
-tan (1)= tan 20–1 |- tan 0
2 2 4 4 1+ tan 20 2 tan
24. Evaluate 1- tan 0

tan
e-+
cos
) (ii) tan 2 tan
2 tan -1+ tan'
|- tan 0+2 tan !,2
Sol. ) Let cos-1 2 =0. 25 5

10-25+I -14 -7
Then cos0=
3
and <<
0
2 25-1+l0 34 17

EQUATIONS INVOLVING INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS
The equation involving inverse trigonometric functions can be sinplitied using substitutiet
trigonometric formulae, examples are shown below.

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
6. Solve
cosx3 t cos'x =/2. Sn?
Sol. Given, cosxV3 tcosx=/2 -2tan-x. (r/2– tan)=
.()
-
cosxV3 =/2 cos-!x (tan-! x

cos
cosxV3 = cos
(r/2- cosr)
-2..tan-x+2
2 8
3r
Ns =sin cos-lr orx 3 2 (tan-x)-n tan-x =0
8
- sinsin-!
-2 tan-l x= - t/4, 3/4 tan-l x= -t/4; x = -I
{neglecting tan-x=3r/4 as tanxe
27. Let (a, b) c (0, 2r) be the largest interval for which
-
sin (sin ) cos- (sin0) > 0, e (0, 2r) holds. If
+ Bx + sin-' (-6x + 10) + cos' (-6r +
ar' 10) =0
and a -B-b-a,
a.
then. Find the value of
Sol. sin "'sing -sin'sino >0
On squaring we get
3=1 sin(sin®) >
4

Tt where 0 <@ <

When x =-1/2,

L.H.S. of equation = cos

cos (-1/2)
-0+R>,
4'
"<e3
2 2

=1- cos! +7- cos (1/2)

(CUHB
N
So,
b-a==a-ß >B=a
=I-/6+n T/3 =3T/2 R.H.S. of equation 2 2
..
x= 1/2 is the only solution > ar+ sin' [(*-3? + 1] + cos- [(r-3)° +1] = 0
Br +

Domain of sin '() is [- 1, 1]So, (x-3)? +121

26. Solve for x:
(tan x+ (cot x= 8 x=3,90.+3B++0=0
2
Sol. We have, (tan- x) + (cot-lx= +=0
tan- x. cot-!
y =

(tanx tcot-! x)?-2 18 12a-I=00a= 12

DIBY 3.4

26. If 3sin-! (log,x) + cos-! (log,v) = (log,x) + 2 cos (log,y) = l1r/6, then find the value of
/2 and sin-
27. Find the total number of the solution of the given equation sin (2cos{cot(2tan-'x)}] =0.

28. If the sum of all the solutions of

a-,4
a.

2x -1<x<1,x*0, is then find the value of

tan" atcot" 2x 3

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INEQUALITIES INVOLVING INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Using some standard inverse trigonometric function graph or by analytical appronch many typ
expressions can be simplificd.

SOLVED EXAMPLES,
28. Find the interval in which cos x> sinr +
1.

Sol. We
have, cosx> sinx+1
tan'r-0e(0. tan0
{for cosx to be real; x e (-1, 1]}
2- sin> sinx+
1

2m-o-oem20)
2-1>2 sinx
T4–1/2 > sin x
20:.49 0, 8

X= tan..=/2-1 04 14

31. For xe (-, 1| the number of solutions of the equaty

2 tan x is cqual to
sin'x=
29. Find the solution set of the incquality sin (sin 5) >-4x Sol. From the above graph we get only two solutions.
Sol. sin-l(sin 5) >
-4x n/2|2tan r
-
sin-[sin(5 2r)] >-4x -4x<5- 2r sin'x
r-4x+ (2r- 5)<0
2- V9- 2t <x< 2+/9-2n
xe (2-/9- 21, 2+/9-2T)
CBSEIANA
R:0<x<land 2
tan
30. Let 32.
E.GRA.M.
Allx satisfyingthe incquality(cotx-(cotx) +10>
lie in thc interval:

Sol.
If n(S) denotes the number of clements
0
<I<]
in S then: Sol. Let cotx=te
on factorizing
(0,
(!-
)
-
2)(t - 5) > 0
7+ 10>0
o
te(-0, 2)
(5, o) >te(2, )
cot (x) e (2, n)
x€ (cot2, o)

DIBY 3.5

29. Ifa= sin and ß=cos then find

3 (3a-4a )?
30. Ifthe solution set of
inequality (cosec x-2 cosec-x
6 (cosee-x-2) (-
is o, m ]U [n, o) then find (m + n).

31. Find the set of values ofx, satisfying the equation tan²{sin )> 1.
32. Considering the principal values of the inverse trigonometrie functions, find the sum of all the solutions of the equatio
2sin '(r) =
cos'u)- cos(2r).

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SUMMATION OOF
SERIES
tan
1+x Aan-x-tan 1o solve these types of
series we generally use inverse trigonometric function formulae like tan-!
*- tan-y, cot x- cot y ctc.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

33. Find the sum the series, tan -l 4 6

+
tan-1
1+3.4 1+8.9 sin! sin
+ tan
1+15
·
1l6
..to "n' terms. Take sin both sides

2 (n + 1)
(r+1)
Sol. 1.=tan -
|1+{(n + 1) 1} {(n + 1'}
+
2n + 2
= tan
|1+(n² + 2n) (n + 1²
Vx'+1 a'+1
[:: sin(4 + B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB and
= tan 2n + 2
n sin-! cos
1+ (n +2) (n + 1) (n + 1)
Jr'+1
(n +1) (n + 2) – n (n + 1)
= tan (x+1)
1+{n (n +)} {(n +1) (n +
2)}
= tan- (n + 1)(n + 2) - tann
(n + 1)
Put n = 1, 2, 3, ..., n and add, we get
After solving this equation, we get, x =
lorx= 0
S. = tan (n + 1) S= 1,0}
(n+2) - tan- 2
34. Find the sum the series upto +
'n' terms, tan-1 + tan-l
4
tan-! tan-! 2 to n terms.
16 25
Also show that, S.= tan3.
Sol. T, = tan-!
2 (n + 2) -n 36. The value of lim 6tan tan
n' + 2n+1
=
tan-l
1+n(n + 2) "is cqual

to:
=
tan-' (n+2) -tan- (n)
Hence,
Sol. T.= tan (r+2)-(r+)| +
)
S, = tan (n + 2) + tanl (n+ 1)- (tan-! + tan- 1
2) |1+(r+2)r+)lan (r+2)-tan-(r
= T, = tan3- tan-2
tan-3 T, = tanr'4- tan-l3
IrS=ueR:sia x+1
-sin
T = tan(n +2) – tan(n + 1)
Va'+2x+2 n+2-2
tan-12 = tan-l
=
S, tan(n+2)-
1+2(2+2)
then
= tan
equal to 2n+5
(x+1) lim 6 tan tan = lim 6n
Sol. sin-! sin n
(Vr+)+7 n
2n +5 2
37. Let S, =
6

tan
rel
Then limS, is cqual (o:

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Sol. Given that, s, - tan

6 3

I,=tan -1 = tan -

tan

= tan = tan"
= tanoo-tan-l tan
22
DIBY 3.6
Integrate the following:
33. Find the value of 10 cot

34. Sum of infinite series s= sin

V6 2V3 Vn(n+1)
35. IF0<a, b<,and an a + a'+b a
' tan'bthen find the value of (a+b)-|H..
36. For any positive integer n,
let
S,:(0,-)R be defined by S,()=Scot+k(k+)* Where for any

xe R, cot xe (0,1) and tan Find lim cot(S, ()):

()e
GRA M

37. Find the value of sec

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SACHIN SIR SPECIAL (S)

1.
The value of > tan to
(n-2n° +scquals

Sol. tan tan We know,

n'-2n+5 (n'-1) +4
cosr'x-cos'y-
(n+1) (n-1
cos+Vi-. -}x<y
2R=z COs -
= tan cos"|
(n+1) (n-1)
1+
2 2
-
= tan
(n+1) (n+1)?
tan Now, k o
2 2
T, = cos Rcos
tan
r=

= cos - cos
T,

T,= cos
tan'(8)- tan'(2)|+....+

/lan/ tan- (k-)? limcog-1

2 BS R+1
R=

8n lim cos
tan
2 -2n
+5)N TE =cos =
cos0- cos
= tan
(k +1)?
-tan
2 3-2T
6
5) 3. Ifx, e (0, 1]1,
Vi= 1,2, 3,.. 28. Then the maximum
value of +
-

tan ttan(2) sin' Jcosx, ysin'x, ycos'x,

2
2
+ysin', Jeos"'x, +ysin yeos'
2. cos
(1+(R-1)R(R+1)R+2) is equal to kr, then k is equal to
The value of lim
n
R(R+1) Sol. [7] Let tsin"x cos,..
F
R=2
=sinycos" x,

is equal to then k is equal to +ysin

xcos
cos-tyR(R-1)(R+1)(R+2) We know AM>GM
Sol. (6] S

k=2 R(R+1)
sin
2
+cos"
xz
xcos sin

1+(R-1)(R' +2R+1-1) sin x,

+cos"sin',cos*3
2
R(R+1)

.VR-1)(R+2R+1-1) 2811R
4
R(R+1)
So, k =7.
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6. The value of lim(4, + B, +C,) is cqual to
4. The value of tan is cqual to kr, then k is cqual
to 1

(a) (b) (c) (d)

10 10
1-x 1+X
Sol. [25]Let m = tan
...()
Sol. (b) From the solution
of O
31:

)
10 10

m=SSttan
...(it) lim(4, + B, +C,) = lim )
Add () and (ii)
10 10
x(*-1)(1+x+*)
2m = lim
(r-9(1+x*)
10 10
2m=tan+cot| 2m = )S"
ral sgl T2
x (0, 1l)
2m
=10 2m =(10)(10)
2 =: 100 =
50 So, xón0When n 0
m= 25T Jim(" -1)=
k= 25 X-1
7. The value of 'x' for which A, =B, + C,, is
COMPREHENSION BASED
(a) (b)
Comprehension (5-7): For
) (c) (a)
)

Let 4, - Ž sin (sin"

), B, - Žcos(cos")and
Sol. (c) 4, = B, +C,
C, =)tan (tan x), where

5. The correct order of A,, B, and C, is given by

neNandn>3. SEL x(*-1) (-1) *-1)
-1
(a) A,> B, > C (0)4,>C,>B, TELEGR*_+*)
(c) A,<B, <C () 4,<C, <B, *-1
x +x-l=0
Sol. (a) A,
-sin (sin )
=x+*+*'+.... *a-2

-1tV1+4-1t/5
B, -)cos(cos)
(=l
=++...+ gn? 2

So,
C,,=X tan (tan) =+x° +*+..on 8. Two functions (x) and g(x) are
defincd as *-2
x-1 f()=log: and
-10x+24|
Here,
s(x)=sin 2[*]-3)
then find the number of eve
15

Now, 4.8.c)=) integers for which (

(x) + g(x))
[Note: k| denotes greatest integer less than
is defined.
or equal
for k.]
Sol. (S] Domain =-6,10)-{2,4,6}
So, A,> B, >C : Even integers in the domain are -6,-4,-2,0,

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[Note: sign (2) and (z] denotes signum function and

then the grcatest integer function].
4
value of (*-y+z) can be (a) A-(p); B-(p); C-(t); D-(t)
(6) A-(q); B-(p); C-(s); D-(s)
Sol. As
ssin
xs1sxsI 2
(c) A -(p); B-(q); C-(t); D-(s)
(d) A-(r); B-<); C-(s); D-(t)
os(sin"x)'s (sin'» +(sin
":}sr4 Sol. (d)
A-(r)

: (sin" a) +(sin" y) +(sin' 2 =

:)
3r

4 0, Sgn(r) =
Sgna) =}0,x=
is possible if x, y, z,e {1,1) |x|
.
Possible values of
X- JV+z from the ordercd triplet |-1,x<0
(x, V, 2) are as follows:
Hence set of valucs of (x-y + z) is
{tl, 3}. -i(*+121)
(x, y, z) (x-y+z)
(1, -1,-1) -1
(-1, 1, 1)
'A (0, a/2)
-1
(1, -1, 1) 3
sgn(r + 1)
(1, 1,-1) -1
(1, 1, 1)
y sin
(1,-1, -1) -1
(-1, 1, -1) -3
(-J,-1, 1l) 1
Number of solution of sin
is equal to 2.
MATRIX MATCH
B. cos
10. Match the Column-I and Column-II ()= I+r* +|0,1)
Column-I Column-II TELEGRAM
cos(0)s cos
The number of solution(s) of the
A cquation sin-!
1

= sgn (x* +1), is p.

+*
(are) 2
If the range of function
So, cos
B g.
1
is equal to

Ifa and B are the roots of the 2r-3x-2

Now lo-j=(o-a--u1-1
0, then C. 2x-3r-2 =0= 2-4r+x-2=0
2r(x-2) + 1(*–2) =0>(r-1)(2r + 1) = 0
-1
C. 2 x=2 or x =

+lan COS - 1S
a=2,ß=
2

D. (If Ax) = sin (cos-1 (sín (cos )) + Now,

sin (cos (sin-! x), then the value of S. 3

is equal to + tan
16
.
4

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sin(eos"'*) =sin (sin

"(-)) -V
Similarly,
cos (sin
'x) = cos(cos(VI-r))=V
Now,
f(:)-sn cos(Vi-rl»sin (Vi-)

12.17
Nowfr)= 1

D.
f)=sin cos(sin (cos"*) So,

=|+1 + |+1=4
+sin'(cos(sin" )]
cosx = sin1? So,

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JEE MAIN
SINGLE CORRECT
If a. b, 8. lim S tan
1. c be positive real numbers and the value of
lata+h+e)
"is equal to

0= tan! +
b(a+b+ec)
bc tan-1 (a) (b) (c) (d)
Ca
4 4 2
tar
cta+h+c) then tan 0 is cqual to: 9. If pt cos
cos q +
cosr=1. Then valuc of p² + q+
+
ab 2+ 2pgr 2024 is
cqual to

(a) 0 1 (a) 2024 (b) 0 (c) 2025 (d) 2026

(b)

(c)
a+btc J(-sin x)
+J(l+ sinx)
(d) None of thesc 10. The value of cot-! 1S
abc ) -1+sinx)
|J-sin
2. The number of solution oftheequations (a) n-X (6) 2r-x
2sin-12* (c) x/2 (d) n-x/2
-=0 is equal to
11. If \tan (tan x)| = cos x, then which of the following is
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3 (arc) correct?
3. If0 <r<1, then 1+x x cos (cot x) + sin (cot! (a) Number of solutions =
x)}-112 is equal to:
(b) Number of solutions
=3re(-,t)
(a)
V1+x?
(6) x (c) z+x (d) + (c) Number of solutions =84xe (-2,2r)
(d) Number of solutions =
The set 5xe(-2, 2)
4. of values of
'a' for which+ ax+ tan- (r-4x+5)
+ cot'(-4x +5) =0 has at lcast one solutions is 12. IftanV)) + cot(g()) =re
2
R, then which of the

(a) (-o,-2r]u[Vn,-) following is (are) correct?

(a) When f(x) =x and g(x) =e, then no. of solution of
6) (,-n)u(An,o) equation is one.
(c) R
(b) When fx) e
and g(x) =e,
then no. of solution of
cquation is one.
(d) None of these (c) When f(r) = log,r and g(*) = log, , then no. of
5. If 1< x < V2, then number of solutions of the equation solution of cquation is zero.
tan'(r - 1) + tan-t tan-'(r+ l) = tan- 3x, is/are (c) When fx) =x and g(x)=e, then no. of solutions of
are
equation four.
(a) 0 (b) I
(c) 2 (d) 3
=
6. Ifa, B, y are the roots the equationrtmx +3x+ m= of
13. If S(r) sin4x
Athen which of the following is

0, then the general value of tan-a+ tan-ß+ tan-y is:

(are) correct?
(o) (2n+1),nel (b) nn, n e I
2

(c) (d) None of these

7. 1ffcot x]+ [cosx]= 0, where x is a non negative real

number and |.J denotes greatest integer function, then
(c)
set of values ofx is

(a) (cos1, 1) (b) (cotl, 1] (d)

(c) (cosl, cotl) (d) None of these
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20, Number of integral values k tor which the eqU2%.

of

two solutions, is
14. The maximunm value
(7-s(*3)]) cos-(-x) =khas cxactly
4

of sec-! (b) 5
2(;+2) (a) 4
(d) 7
(c) 6 a
21. Let m be the number of elements in the domain of
cos [cosec (3 co
(a) (b) where fx) = sin [scc (3 tan x)]+
6 12 m is
x)1, then the value of
7
(c) (d) (a) 3 (b) 4
12 (d) 0
1
15. The true set of values of 'K for which sin (c) 1

1+ sinx
NUMERICAL TYPE
KT may bave a solution is: 22. If the range of
m
for which the equation cosec-x
2. is equal to
has exactly two solutions is
0,then
10
(a (b) [1, 3]

23. If maximum value tanx+ 2sinx+3 sec-xis Pa

of

(c) (d) [2, 4] where p, q are coprime integers, then p-q equals.

24. tan-n, tan-'(n + 1) and tan-'(n + 2), n e N, are angles of

l6. The range offx)= sec (log, cot +
x
logot 3) is a triangle
if n
25. The number of ordered pairs (, y) satisfying b= cosz
(a (6)
and y = sin- (sin x), where -2r<x<3r is
26. The number of clements in the range of the function:
(C) (d) None of these y- (] denotes te
sinr|+oswhere
17. The complete set of values ofx for which 2 tanxt cos
greatest integer function is
independent ofxis 27. The function defined as,
li+is ONTELEGRArM
(a) (-o, ] (b) [0, o)
,xeI,
(c) (-o, -1] (a) [1, o)
0, xe I.
18. Let gr) = ax + b, where a<0 and g is defined from
[1,3] to [0, 2] then the value of cot (cos' (sin x + (cos x) then sum of possible values of [cos is ([] is G.LE,
(f)]
+ sin- (Hcos x-
|sin x)) is equal to {} is F.P. of x)
(a) s(1) (b) g2)
(c) g3) (d) g(l)+g(3)
28. If a=2 tan-! + sin and
2
19. Sum of the integers not satisfying in the domain of the
B=cos-! 12 +sin-! 4 lan l6
function sin 13 63
.Findtan(a + P).
29. The number of solutions of the equation
(a) 6 (b) 48
(c) 57 (d) 60 Itanrl| = r+1 -4r? is

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JEE ADVANCED

SINGLE CORRECT
, (Vi-4r-2V3x
1fthe range of the function f()= tan! (3r² + bx + c) is 7. If f(x)= tan
3-12r²+2x
(domain is R), then:
then the value of is equal to
(a) b=3c (6) b² = 4c
(c) b? = 12c (d) b²= 8c -5T 5T
(a) (6) (c) (d)
2. Letf(x)= sin x- cos x, then the set of values of k for 12 12
which of |f()=khas exactly two distinct solutions is:
MULTIPLE CORRECT
(a) 8. Which of the following is/are correct?
(a) cos(cos(cos 1) <
sin(sin(sin(z – 1))< sin(cos-!
(cos(2r– 2)

3. IfO <I<1, then tan is not equal to (b) cos(cos(cos- 1)) < sin(cos- (cos27-2)) < sin(sin-!
1+x
(sin( – 1) < tan(cor'(cot 1)

(a) (6) cos-! E1+x

2
(c)
5000
cos (cos(2rn-1)) = ) cot-' (cot (tm+ 2)
t=l
t
where el
(c) sin (a)
tan1-x (d) cot-l cot cosec-l cosec sec-l sec tan
sin- sin 4 =4-n
tan- cos cos-!

4. Ifthe solution set of (cor' \(anr' ) +|2- corx

N
9. S= then S can't be
a, cot i)
-3 tanx -a2->0, is (cot then
(a) 2024 (6) 2025 (c) 2023 (d) 2
(where [-] is G.I.F) 10.
Letf:RR defined by f(r) = cos(-{-}),
where fx}
(a) 0 (6) 1 is fractional part function. Then which of the following
is/are correct?
(c) 2 (d) -1
two (a) fis many-one but not even function
5.
Ifx+ax+b=0 has distinctnegative integralroots and
(b) Range offcontains two prime numbers
tanx (c) fis a periodic
+alogn| 1 Fa-b
(d) Graph offdoes not lie below x-axis
has no real solution. Then find the minimum value of a.
11. If the domain of f() where,
1
(a) 5 (6) 2 (c) 4 (d)
x>0 is [a, b] and the range off() is [e, d), then:
6. Let f(r) sin-3 +6r-1
=
then the value of (a) a, b are the roots of the equationx-3r+3= 0
(b) a, b are the roots of the equation-+-2r+ | =0
(c) at=1
(d) a+ b² + ²+d=|1
(a) (b) 12. If tan- (sin²0 + 2 sin 0 + 2) + cotr (4sec' + 1)
=has
4 solution for some and then
3T (a) sin = | (b) sin =|
(c) (a) cos
4 6 (c) =1 () cos o -|
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13. The solution(s) of
the equation cos- x= tan'x satisfy one is/are =

19. Let f(x) = sinr+ cos'x, Then which

(a) *s-1 2 2
(a) (b) f(k- 2k +
3), k eR
=
(c) sin(cos-! (d) tan(cosx) =
2
2
(C) () f-2) 2
14.
2
3 sin
sin
5+4cos 20
cOMPREHENSION BASED
6 tan 0 Comprehension (Q. 20 to 22):
(a) sin (6) 2tan
9+ tan 0 We know Inverse trigonometric function have defined doma
& range & [x] denotes greatest integer less than or equals to
Answer the following
(C) sin! (d) All of these 20. If [sin-! cos- sin- tan- = 1
then x belong tot
interval
(a) [-1, 1]
15. Conside, =
f(r) tan" E st)=sin (b) [tan sin cos tan sin cos sin 1]
1,

(c) [tan sin cos2, tan sin cos sin 1]

and h(r) = tan (cos (sin x). Identify the correct (d) None of these
statement(s): 21. Positive value ofx for
sin' (cot ( tan-' ( sec (6 cosec- x))) +
4 cos (2 1
=0is
(a) Forx>0, (hf)) + h(g())) is equal to

(6) For<0, (h(-) + h(g)) is cqual to 0

x
(a) 3 (6)
2
(c) Forx>0, (h(f)) + h(g(r)) is equal to x
(d) Forx <0, (h(r) + h(g())) is equal to S (d) None of these

22. The sum of series

V10 V50
cos sec- W2
EGWM t
16. The function f(x)=cosxt then; sec-! + sec-l +.....
3

(4) Range off() is

10T
+ secl
(n +1)(1-2n +2)
(n'-n+I)
(6) Range (a) tan| (b) tan-n
off) is
+ 1)
(c) tan(n (d) tan (n- 1)

(c) f) = is one-one for xe Comprehension (Q. 23 to 25): It is given that A = (tan

(cot'x),
(d) f() = is one-one for xe where x > 0 & B= (cos-')² + (sin')?,

17
47
is equal to:
& sin-lr + cos-'r:
2
for -1 sxsl
n=l n-2n +2 +
(a) tan-2 + tan-3 (b) 4 tan1 tan-'x cot'x=reR
2
(a) sec"(-V2)
r2
(c) 23. The interval in which A lie is
18. 1f o, B are the roots of the equation
6x² + 1lx+3 =0, then - (b)
cos- a and cos- B are real
(a) Both
(b) Both cosec-'a and cosec-B are real T

and tan-B are real (c) (d) None of these

(c) Both cot-'a 10 5
(d) Both tan-'a and tan-'ß are real

Calco
J06

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3
D. f()= S.
() () (d) None
sin-!
he ofAis À &
maximum value
ofB is u then
ar Slis
2
(a) A-(s): B-(r): C-(p): D-(q)
() (b) A-(r): B-(s): C-(p): D-():
(c) A-(s): B-(r): C-{q); D-(p)
-7R () A-(p); B-(r); C-{p); D-(s)
(
MATCH NUMERICAL TYPE
VATRIN
28. The number of pair solution (r, y) of the equation
r=(sin G.LF.
(os)°where[J is
1++2r sin (cosy)=0 is
ListtI 3sin 2a tan a
List-iI 29, tan + tan
+3cos 2a 4
A. 0s 3)
le-1, 16

B lxecas 2.91, cos 2.89] 4

where
2
<a<,
a Othen find à.

30. The number of solutions of the equation

C.
lfxe (Us3,-sin v2] I.
cos
1-r*-2r
n(1-r}), for x e [0, 76]
D.
Ifre [os 2.64,-sin 1] S. (r+1)
(a) A4s); B-{r): Cpl: D-{g)
is equal to (where {} denote fraction part function)
() A4): B{s); C-p): D44) 31. Consider two geometric progressions a, ay, a .., a, &
() A4s): B{r): C{): D-(p)
b,,b,, b, ., 6, with a,==2 and another sequence
(a Apl: B-{r): C-{p); D{s)
*. Match the statement in Column-I with statements in
Column-I.
NTFEG , SuchRAM =
tan
I I that t, .(] is G.ILF.)
2a, +b,
cos
Column-I Column-I
then lim . is
A À- u+ cos-y=3x
cos- p. 2
then à.u ur+và is
32. Number of integral values of K for which the system
of
equations;
If
sin+tanr=, then 2 sin*
5(2r+1) is cosx+(sin
y)

=T4
10
S
sinx=nt then x, is (sin" y)° cosx=
16
.(0) poSsesses solutions

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CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS (CTQ'S)

Vk?+4k +3
Evaluate tan"tan 2.4 + tan (cot A) + tan (cot A) 6. Let Scosee
Vk+2-Vk
a, then (where

for 0
<A<2are denotes the greatest integer function)
2.
If,,, IzIthe roots the cquation
of sin 2ß +
cos 2ß-x cosß - sinß =0. Prove that tan-x, + tan'x,
x-r (a)
F
+ tan-x, + tan x, = nt -B. where n is an integer.
+ (a+tan
)
2 [tanx]dr = -tan2
=e 2
3. Given the functions f(r) lim (1+sin(*-a)-c-a
(C)
(4-2cosr
g(*)=cosec" and the function h(r) =f)
3
defined only for those values of x, which are common to (d) an"Jár=2- tanl
the domains of the functions fr) and g(r). Range of the
function h(r) is 7. Let
(a) R (6) [0, «) (c) [e6, et] () [e*, e] f(r)=sinos
9+x 9+x
then

4. Consider two equations in x; (a) Total number of

local maximum off) in (-6,6) are i
= 3r+6ln 2
(I) cos
(6)
s)dx
(c) Total number of
local minimum off) in (6,6) are

The sets X,, X, are such (d) Number of points wherefx) is non differentiable i
c[-.1] and Y,Y, cI-{0} (-6, 6) are 3.
that
X: the solution set of equation (i) 8. Let p =3sin and q = 4cos
X,: the solution set of equation (ii)
Y,: the set of all integral values of y for which equation M
(i) Possess a solution -4sin then which of the following is (re
10
Y,:the set of all integral values ofy for which
equation correct?
(ii) Possess a solution. (a) p=9 (b) p<I
Let C, be the correspondence:X, Y such that xCy (c) q<I (d) 2p +3q = 5u
forxX,yY, and (*, y) satisfy (i). 9. Let g(*) = cot! and h(x) = tan
Let C, be the correspondence: X, Y, such that xCy
for x X, y Y, and (, y) satisfy (i), then (1-x+-t... co), then which of the following š
(a) C, is an into function (are) corect for xe (0, 1)?
(b) C, is an into function
(c) C, is a bijective function
(a) Range of g(r)
(d) C, is a bijective function

t cot"y=then
(6) Range of h(r) is tan
02)
5. If cos" 6
(c) Range of g()is5
(where [.] denotes G.I.F.)
(a) Maximum value of [lryl] is
1

1
(d) Range of h(r) is
(b) Minimum value of [ryl] is
If tan-(r+x+a)+ 5 cot-(r2 +r +a)
=
10. 4 has tuc
(c) Maximum value ofr +y is 3
4
distinct solutions, then possible non negative integr
is
10 value(s) of a is (are)
(d) Maximum value ofr+y 3 (a) I (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0

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ANSWER KEY

DIBY (3.1 to 3.6)

1. 2. [5r/6] 3. 4. [10]

5. [6] 6. -3T 5n 7. [0, ] 8.

22
9. L 10. | 12. [2]

13.
(a) 14. 15. (2] 16. (4r -11]

17. (] 18. () ) (4–). 19. 20. (2/2]

21. 22. [0, 1) 23. [x= ] 24.

5

26. [8] 27. [2] 28. [2] 29. [31

30. [1] 31. 33. [14]

S
34. 35. log,2 37. [0]
ON TELEGRAM
EE MAINS 9

1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. () 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (6) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. [S] 23. [3] 24. [1] 25. [5] 26. [1] 27. [1] 28. [0] 29. [4]

EE ADVANCED
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (6) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (6) 8. (a.cd) 9. (a,b,c,d)
10. (4,b,c,d) 11. (a,b) 12. (a,d) 13. (4,c) 14. (d) 15. (B.c) 16. (b,c) 17. (a,d) 18. (c,d)
19. (4,c) 20. (b) 21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. [1]
29. [4] 30. [76] 31. [O] 32. [2]

RITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS (CTQ'S)

1. {0, } 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a,d) 6. (a,b,c,d) 7. (6,d) 8. (a,d) 9. (b,c) 10. (a,d)

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lim (Struggle) = Success

(Distraction )-+0

4 LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS

HISTORICAL NOTE
INTRODUCTION
are built on th
It should be noted that neither The two broad areas of calculus known as differential and integral calculus
Newton nor Leibniz had a clear foundation concept of a limit. Initially our approach to this important
understanding of the concept co1 will be intuitive. We will understand what a limit is using
of a limit, despite their work on
erical and graphical examples.
inventing the calculus. Originally, the Greeks used this idea to find the area of a ircle, called
That understandingcame later; the method of exhaustion. Take regular polygons, inscribed in a circle
the modern concept of a limit and measure the areas of each one, and take progressively more sides (which gives a polygon thzu
was pioneered by the work looks progressively more like a circle).
of Carl Freidric Gauss and Limiting value: What is limit or limiting value?
Niels Henrik Abel. Illustration: limx+2
However, it Was not until
Augustin Louis Cauchy, in limit x tends to 2 x2>lim ( +2) = 6/exact '6' (limit provides
1821, that the limit was given a x2
us exact value)
rigorous definition.
lim (+ 2)= 6/exact '6'
Approaching from left hand side:
a a+0 =a+(0.00001) =a
a+0 =a-(-0.00001)=a
ONTE X=a a+0* =a-(0.00001) a =

a+0* =a+
= a
Approaching from left hand side: (0.00001)

xa r-axis

DEFINITION OFA LIMIT

Let a function fbe defined at every point in the neighbourhood ofa (an open interval about a) exeg
possibly at a. If as x approaches closer and closer to a, but not equal to a, then the value of t
approaches a real numberl. The number I is referred to as the limit of as x ten
function f()
to a and we write it as lim f(x) =l
()
Right Hand Limit
We say that right hand limit of/x) as x tends to ,
'a' exists and is equal to if asx approaches
through values greater than 'a', the values of (r) approach a definite unique real number l,
we write
lim f(r) =h or lim f(a+h) = h (where h > 0)
h0
Left Hand Limit
We say that left hand limit of /(*) as x tends to 'a' exists and is equal to 1, if asxapproaches
real number , and
through values less than 'a', the values of /(*) approach a definite unique
write
lim f(x)=h or h0lim f(a-h) =, (where h > 0)

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Existance of limit
f(x)=4
lim
TLHL = RHL = finite, then we say that limit of the function exist.
Limit by Graphs
lim f(x) =3

2) =4 44
3

X-axis
y=2
INDETERMINATE FORMS
Chintu Oops!! moment
Sum, product, difference of two infinitesimals will always be infinitesimal but quotient of
two infinitesimals may or may not be an infinitesimal i.e. If numerator and denominator both
approaches zero, the tendency of the ratio cannot be determined at once. Such situations are
Known as indeterminate forms. Following are the various types of indeterminate forms.
.
0 0 (bo) -()
0
,
0X0 (l) (>0)
Indeterminate form are simplified (worked out) with the help of formulas to know where they
approach to.

ALGEBRA OF LIMITS
Let a and b be real numbers, let n be a positive integer and let fand g be functions with the following
limits, that exists uniquality. lim f() = L and limg(x) = K
If lim f(x) and lim g(x) exists and it is unique.
Xa
Exponent rule: If L,
K> 0, + = =
then
lim[f(x)j9 = I*
1. Sum Rule: lim ) g)] L+K 2. Diference Rule: lim )- g)] L-K
L
3. Product Rule: lim )g)] = LK 4. Quotient Rule: lim f)_ provided
K
0
WI xa g(x)
5. Constant Multiplication Rule: lim [bf)] = bL

6. Composition Rule: lim fgr) =f lim g

()-(m); if fiscontinuous at x=m.
In particular,
7. lim [f(*)
=im f() =I, for all n e N.

METHODS OF REMOVING INDETERMINANCY

Basic methods of removing indeterminancy are
(1) Rationalisation method (2) Factorisation method (3) Using standard limits
(4) Substitution method (5) Expansion method

|Notee

In order to find the limit of a function of the type as x 0, where ) and g(x)
g()
are algebraic functions of x, it is convenient to divide all the terms of
f) and g) bythe
highest power of x in numerator and denominator both and use the following standard
limits: (1) lim 1 (2) lim 0, ifp > 0.
y

imitsof Functions

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METHOD OF RATIONALIZATION
This method is useful where radical signs expressions of the form (i.e., expressions of the
va + vb ) are involved either in the numerator or in the denominator or both. The nume
or (and) the denominator (as required) is (are) rationalised and limit taken after cancellime
the common factors.

sOLVED EXAMPLES

1.
Va+x-va-x is equal to = lim
-sin x(sin x-2)
lim
40 4x r-2(|+ sin x)(v2 sin x +3 sin x+4+ysinx+6sin re

Sol. lim
vatx-va-x = lim atx-a+x
4x 0
4x Va +x+va-x
3. Evaluate: lim
4-VI5x +1
= lim 2x 1
1 2-/3r+1
4x(Va+x+va-*) 4va 4-15x +I
Sol. lim
12-/3r+1
2. The value of lim tan x2 sin x+3 sin x + 4 (4-V1s+)(2+VGr+D)(4+ 1Sr+l)
XT2 = lim
-Vsinx+6sin x+ 2) is equal to (2-V3r+I)(4+V15x +l)(2 +V3r+1)
Sol. We have. = lim (15-15x). 2+V3r+1 5
x1 (3-3x) 4+V15+1 2
lim tanxv2sinx+3sin x+4-Vsin x+6sinx+2)
X2 4. Evaluate: lim
Vr-2a+-2a
(2sin x+3 sin x
+4-sinx-6sin x-2] Vr'-4a
= lim tan x Vr-2a +Vr-V2a
Sol. We have, lim om
V2 sin x+3sinx+4 +\sin´x+6sin x+ 2 X2a
tan xsin x-3sinx+2)
= lim ELEGRA
= lim
N-2a+-2a
Vx+v2a
X22 sin x +3 sin x +4+Vsin“ x+6sin x+2 x2a Vx-2a vx+ 2a
sin x(sinx-1)(sin x-2)
lim
2(1-sin x}(W2sin² x + 3sin x + 4
+Nsin x+6sin x+2) = lim Va-2a

Method of Factorization
If /x) and g(x) are polynomials and ga) #0, then we have
lim f)
lim f) f(a)
lim g(x) g(a)
Now, if fa) =
0 gla), then (x -a) is a factor of both
/() and gx). We cancel this common
(x-a) from both the numerator and denominator and again put x
=a in the given express
If we get a meaningful number then that number is the limit of the given expression, other
we repeat this process till we get a meaningful number.

SOLVED EXAMPLES,

2x+x-3 is cqual to =lim

(2x +3)(x-1)
5. lim
3-3x² +2x-2 i3r+2)(x-1)
Sol. lim
2x+*-3 lim: 2x+3
3-3r*+2x-2 3r+2

112

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6. The value of
Sol. lim xPl-(p+ )x +p
(r-1

-lim -px-x+p -lim x(P-l)-plx+)

1
-1
ol. We have, lim
Dividing numerator and denominator by (x1), we get

x(r-1)
+2x+4 V(r-2)-N2(r-2)
= lim
lim X-1
x(x+2) (*-2)(Vr-V2) X0 (x-1)

=lim tx+* t..+xP)-p

= lim
+2x+4 (-2)(Vr-2) (x-1)
x(x+2) (r-2)(V*-V2) (x+x+x+..+xP) -(1+1+1+...upto p times)
= lim
X1 (x-1)
= lim x+2x+4 lim
+2x+4|
I2 x(x+2) x2 =
lim
(-1) (r-) (r-1)
7. Evaluate: lim
P+l-(p+1)x+p P(p+1)
(x-1' =1+2+3 +4+....tp= 2

Note SUBSTITTUTIONS
imit of polynomials can
alculated by substitution
be

Sometimes in solving limit problem we convert lim ANS

im(C,x' + C,t.+ CG)
f) into lim f(a+h) or lim f(a-h) as the need of the problem. (here h is approaching to
h0
Ca+ Cat.. Ca zero).
h0
NTELEGRAM
SOLVED EXAMPLES

9. Evaluate:
8.
cot x- COS X
lim(secx-tan x) (G

Evaluate: lim
x2 (-2x)' 2

Sol. lim (sec x-tan x) (000form)

ol. COt x COS X
lim
(7-2x)' 1-sinx
lim
cOSX

= lim
cot-cos+ Put
)

(-2h)

-tan h + sin h sin h (1-cos h) Limit = lim lim I- cosA

= lim h0 0

-sinh
=lim cos
(-2h)' h0 cos hx 8A

1 sin
h/2,
1

-lim sin h
2sin' 2
=lim lim
8 0
h 4(h/2) cosh 16 -2 sincos 0
COS

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DIBY 4.1
Evaluate the following limits:
x(2-1) 2. X
2-Vr-3 4. lim
5
1. lim lim 3. lim
0

l2-D(V+x-)| 0
7
x49
(2r-3)(Vr-1) 2(2x-3)
4-V1Sx +1 VI+x-V-x 8. lim
-3* +2x
5. lim
2-V3x+1
6.
X0
lim 7. lim
2x'+x-3 2-2
+2-* -6
2 Vr'+8-V0-x
9. lim 10. Evaluate: lim
222 _lx 1
V'+3-s-x?
STANDARD LIMITS
Sin x = tan x [Where x is measured in radia
ouch 1. lim lim =]
X0 X0

Sin X tan sinx 3. lim (1+x)* =e; lim (1+a) =e

lim Sin lim lim =1 x0
I0 X>0 X0

e-1
4. lim
() *e; lim 5. lim
X0
= 1;

ouch In(1+
6. lim
a^-1
log =
a
In a, a > 0 7. lim *)-1
X0 X0

lim si siX a'

8.

Iffx)
lim

0, when x
na"

a, then
EIANS
sin f(x) cos f(x) =
1. lim 2. lim 1
Xa f) NTELEGRAT
3. lim
tan f(x)
4. lim
e-1 =]
f*) fx)

= In b, (b > 0)
In(1+ f(*)
5. lim 6. lim
Xa f(o) f()
SOLVED EXAMPLES,
x
tan x-sin
10. Evaluate: lim 11. Evaluate lim x2*-x
X0 x01- coS X
tan xSin x
Sol. lim Sol. The given limit
x
tan x(1-coS x)
= lim
x lim
(2-1) = lim 2
0 2si
tan x. 2sin 2 Sin
2
lim ln 2
= log,
1
tan x sin(x/2)
lim
x/2
-2log,2 log,4

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In cos(sin t)
12. Evaluate lim Sol. We have, lim {1-x+[x-]+(1-l}
0

In 1-2sin? (sint) 2sin?/Sinr - lim{1-(1-h) +[1-h-1]+[1-(1-)]}

In cos(sin t)
Sol. lim lim 2 2 h0
10 (0
-2sin = lim {h +[-h]+(b|}= lim (h-1+0) =-1
h0 h0

sint
and, lim {1-x+[*-1]+[1-x}
sin
2 sin t
lim-2.
Sin t
- lim{1-(1+h)+(1+h-1]-[1-(1+A)]}
4/ 2
2 1

= = lim(-h+0-1)=-1
lim{-h +[A]+[-|}
lim In tan X h0 h0
13. Find the value of
x/4 1-cot x
Hence, lim f(x) =-1
In tan x In (1+ (tan x-1))
Sol. lim tan x
lim tan x = 1.
tanx-) (tan x-1l) VI-cos
17. Evaluate lim x
I0 1-cos
+1
14. Evaluate: limltan-! J2sin (x* /2)
x+2 4 V1-cos x
Sol. We have, lim = lim.
I0 1- coSX X0 2 sin x/2
lim x
tan
-1 X+1 x -1 X+1
Sol. lim tan tan
X+2 x+2 x/2
sin

2/2
Iim xtan
x+1
x+2
x+1
lim x tan
X
-1
2x+3
CBSE x/2
1+
x+2,
ON
tan 1 1 Sol. We know that
lim
2x+3
cos cos 2A cos 44...cos sin 2" A
A
2-A=
2 sin A
15. Let fx)= sin x, xt na, where n e Zand is equal to 2, x= nT
K) -+1,xt2, then lim
X0
is
e[r()]
lim cos
n

))
sin x
2 = lim
Sol. f) n
2" sin(x/2" )l
3. f) =2
sin x
(x/2") x
sin x+1, x#nT lim
Sin

3. x=nTL sin(x/2*)

er(0+h)] - +1) =
h 1.
RHL= lim lim (sin'
19, lim is equal to
h0 h0

LHL- lim [s(0-h)] - linm

(sin² h +1) -1.
h0

lim
h0

&r(*)] - 1.
Sol. We have,
lim1-cos 2 4co
16. If [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, |-cos |-cos
4
then the value of is lim
lim{1-x+[x-1]+|1-x}

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Cosx
1
l-cos* 1-cos sin'|
2
lim 2 4 = 2 lim
8
64x0 r0 |-c0sX

cos9
L1,1_1 : lim 22. The value of lim 2
sin (2-x)
1S

642 256| 0 2

cos(sinx)-cos X

20. The value of lim is equal to Sol. lim

X0 x2 sin(2-x)
x
Sol. We have, lim
cos(sin x)-cos
= lim (e-),x 3(r-2)
=-3
3(*-2) sin2 -*x(2-x)
X+ sin x X-sin (2-x)
2 sin
2 2
= lim a ax + bx +c= 0th
+0
23. Let andB be the distinct roots of

x 1- cos(ar +bx +c)

+Sin x
X-sin is equal to
sin sin lim
=2 lim
2
(r-a?
I0 X+ SInx X-Sin X

2 2
ar + bx+c
2 sin
1- cosar+ +c) bx
2
Sol. lim -= lim
(r-a) (x-a
x+ Sinx Y-Sinx [Since a and b are the roots of of ar + bx tc=0,
CBSEI
s0i
sin Sin
2 2
=2 lim can be written as a(x – a) (x - B)= 0]
I0 X+sinx X-sin x
2 2
2sin
(a(r-a)(r-B)
sin x -
sin x 2
EG- lim
2x (r-a)
x

X-sin
213
= lim
x

=2 lim
X- Sin X
= lim x-sin
X0 2x X0

= lim
= lim 2
0
-a-B
e-esinx
24. lim is equal to
= lim x0 x- sin x

1- cos(1-cos x)
eein
Sol. lim lim
21. The value of lim IS I0 sin x-x sin x-X
X-0

1-cos
x
1-cosX (1-cosx
2sin 2
2 sin
2
= lim e lim x-x
Sol. lim lim x
X0 x0 Sin
1-cos
0

2 =exl=1

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DIBY 4.2
Evaluate the following limits:
(1+x)' -l lim e-1 3x-sin
11. lim 12. 13. lim sin 2x 14. If fx) = ,then lim 3f(x) =
X0 x/2 r0 sin 3x 4x-tanr 0

a is a
sin(ar +bx +c)
15. If repeated root of a“
+
bx+c=0, then lim iS
(r-o)
16. The value of lim 1- cos' x 17. lim
Sin x

-, is equal to
x50 xSin xcoX (m<n)
x0(sinx)

ONE SIDED LIMIT OR LIMIT DOES NOT EXISTS (L. D. N. E)

CASES
Case-1: Both RHL and LHL exists but RHL ÷ LHL
Case-2: RHL exists but LHL doesn't exist
Case-3: LHL exists but RHL doesn't exist
Case-4: Both RHL & RHL doesn't exist
SOLVED EXAMPLES,

tan [x] V2 sin(x-1) V2 sin(1+h-1))

RHL lim lim
where [x] denotes the greatest (r-1) h0 (1+h-1)
0. V2 |sin
lim sinh =V2-1
integer less than or equal to x, then find lim
I0
f(x) ONm h RV2 h0 h
tan [-h] Since LHL RHL, Limit does not exist.
ol. L.HL= lim f(0–h) = im
h0 h0 27. Evalute lim(-1)". (where [.] denotes the greatest integer
X0
tan(-1) function)
Iim = tan 1

h0 (-1) Sol. LHL = lim (-1) =

lim(-1)=(-1) =-1
X0 h0
= lim
tan[a]
R.HL= lim f(0+h) undefined.
h-07 h0 h| RHL = (-1)" = lim(-1)0+| -(-1P=
lim 1

h>0 0

Since L.H.L#RHL, lim f(x) does not exist. .: LHL# RHL .. Limit does not exist.
x0
28. Evalute lim
sin(x-10;
26. VI- cos2(x-1) {10-x}
Evalute lim
X-1 sin fx-10}
Sol. RHL lim = lim sin(8 +h-10}
J1- cos2(r-1) V
J2 sin (x-1) {10-x} h0 {10-8-h}
ol.
lim = lim
X-1 X-1 =
sin{h-2} sinh
lim =0
J2 sin(x -1) h0 {2-h}
lim
(x-1) sin {x-10} sin {8-h -10}
LHL = lim lim
V2 sin (x-1)
V2
sin(1-h-) 8
{10-x} 0
{(10-8+h}
LHL= lim lim
(r-1) h0 (1-h-1) = lim sin(-h-2} = lim sin|
0
(2+ h} h0 h
V2-sin
Iim -V2 lim
sinh =-2-1=-. Hence RHL exist but LHL does not exist.
h50h

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DIBY 4.3

or cqual to x, then lim f(o

I8 IfAx) |-2x where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than
0,
equal to
sin x
19. lim 0

20. () Find lim f(r) () Find lim f() (ii) Find lim f(r)

O 1 2 3 4 x

LIMIT OFFUNCTION WHEN x 0

Limit of Rational Function

lim
fo, ifa >1
1 ifa=1
@LBSEIA do,if p
0, if0 <a<l 0, if p<q
lim
agx
+a,xt..ta,_xta, R

o, if 0
br thx+.... b,- xtb, b
.p>q
b
Working Rule

1. Put x= and applyy - 0

2. Divide by greatest power of x in numerator and denominator.

Remember

- 12 + 22 + 32 + ... tn= n(n+1)(2n +l)

2. En'
6

3.

4. Sar=at ar t
ar... t ar

provided | r|<1.

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SOLVED EXAMPLES,

XSin
9. Evaluate: lim Sol.
1-x

= lim

Sol. We have, lim

1-x
= lim put

sin(x)
x' sin(x)-x
= lim
l-x
= lim
x-1 1-0
0-1 = lim

B0. The value of lim Va'x' +ar +1 -va'x'+1 is (a> 0) "+yolto) +1

y-0

32. Let fx) = x- x] where [x] denotes the greatest

Sol. lim var +ax +1-va'+1 integer Sx and g(x)= lim
, then g(x) =

= lim ar+ a+1-a'x-1 R, 0

Na'x +ax +1 +va?x +1 Sol. As 0<x-[x]<Ire <fr) <1

S
= lim
1 :. lim {r(r)}"2n =0
n
1
Va'+a? 2
Thus, forx e R,

is equal to
ON 0-1
=-1.
nf()}"+1 0+1

DIBY 4.4
Evaluate

21. lim
x'+5 22. Iim
(n+2)+(n+1)! 23. lim (r-Vrt) 24. lim
(Vtr+l-v+)
xo (n+2) !-(n+1)!
25. lim
ax
+b
26. lim 1+2+3'
+....
tn 27. lim
1n+2(n--)+3.(n -2) +..n.1
(n' +1)² 1 +2 +... +n*

IMIT USING SERIES EXPANSION

of function like binomial expansion, exponential
Kpansion & logarithmic expansion, expansion of sin x, cos x, tan x should be
membered as a result (Proof is not required):
x ...
1.
et=1± + +... to
o
2. log(1 +x) = tr to o,-<r<|
1! 2! 3! 2
(xloga)' +

3. a'= e log a = +x log at1

2!
+... to o. 4. (1+x)=1+nx
2! -t.. to ,-1 <x<l,

5. sin x=X 6. cosx=] ... to 0

3! 5! 2! 4!

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+., to o

7. tanx= to o
8.
sinxt 31 S 7!

9. tan to 0,
10. -a(- a('ata +.. +a)
3

-
11. (1+) 1
+x+ 2
r+.. (n e
) 10. (1+x)

sOLVED EXAMPLES,

1+sin--sinx lim
(cosx-D(cosx-e)
33. Evaluate: lim 36. The integer 'n' for which 0
0

finite non-zero umber is

V1+ sin x--sin x
Sol. We have, lim 0
(cos-1)(cos-e)
Sol. lim
(1+ sinx)-(1-sin )
= lim
0 1 -2sin
Iim
0
2 Sint
2! -2sin
2! 3!
lim lim
0 10

linm Sinx+0=
sinr
34. lim
cOS1+
r
2
@CBSEIE 3/

x0
n -3 =
x
ON TE LE G
This is finite if 0ie., n=3
4! 6! In(1+ x)
Sol. lim 37.
0

= lim
X0 4!
+ terns containing r and its powers
4! 24
(+*)*_',
Sol. lim
35. Evaluate: lim
tan-sinx
-(r+x'/3+..)
Sol. lim -r3+...) =
lim
20
x0

+higher powers of x
lim r
- lim 0
23
X0

DIBY 4.5
Evaluate:
n(1+x)-sinx
e-(1+x) 29. lim
e-(1+x)s 30. lim
e
te +2 cosr-4 31. inm
2
28. lim
I0
0
tan x 0
r tan , sin
A

Cale
120

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L'HOSPITAL'S RULE
We note that one cannot use
Hospital rule "in reverse" to If fx) and gr) are functions of x such that f(a) is either then
uce thatf g' has a limit iffig g(a)
a limit.
=x+ lim S() f"(x)
mple: Let f) sinx and lim lim till a determinate term is obtained
x. Then
fx).g(*)o asx0 X a g() xag"(x)
lim
f)
gx)
= lim
1S*-1 but Proof: For f.g:{a,b)Rto continuous functions on (a, b) by defining (la) - ga) - 0.

the limit lim- -

lim(1+ cos x) Ifa <x< b, then by the mean value theorem, there exists a <c<x such that
g'r) g0) - g)- ga) - g'(cx a) + 0
docs not exist.
so, g 0 on (a, b). Moreover, by the Cauchy mean value theorem there exists a<c<x such
that f(x)_fx)-f(a)_fc)
g(x) g(x)-g(a) g(c)
SOLVED EXAMPLES

cos x-x sinx– Pl-*)-oll-r)

33.
SeL.
Find the value of lim

This limit is of the form 0/0

X0 2x
l+x Sol.
H]-im (-)(1-)
Applying L.H. Rule, we get
= Lim P- pr -qtqr L-H Rule)
x||-x-P+yPtg
-Sin x-Sin x-xCOsxt
(1+x) = Lim t gprl
lim px
+p+ q)xP*g-) –form
o
X0
39. Evaluate the following:

(a) lim logsin, Sin 2x (b) lim sec

@CBS x-q(q-1)x-p(p-)x
Pglg-1)x+pa(p - )x-2
(Again apply L-H Rule)

+(p+q)p+q-I)xlprg-)
2
X0
ON ELEG-pq + pq +
p´q- pq
.2 cos 2x -qtq-p´ +p+p+ pq-pt qp +q-q
In
OL. (a) lim sin 2x Eom lim sin
2x
X0 In sin x X0 p´q-pg_ pqp-9)_Pr9
x
.COS X
sin 2pg 2pq 2
cos 2x x
lim =1 (By L.H. Rule) 1+sin -cosx+In(1-x)
cos x 41. Find the value of lim
X0 x
X0 tan“x
(b) lim sec
TU
= lim In x
1+ sin x
-cos x+In(l–x)
2
Inx (oo x0form) Sol. lim
X-0 x tan x
cos
= Lim 1+sin
x-cosx + ln(1
X>0
+hApply L-H Rule)

= lim 1

(In 2)(-1) coS x+ sin x

-sin* = Lim
X0
1-x (Again apply L.H. rule)
2
-Sin x + cos x

In 2 = Lim ((-)?
0

6x

. Find the value of Lim

-coSx- sin x
2

(-)-l-2
Lim
0
6 2

aits of
Functions
121

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42. lEfN g) be difterentiable functions and

lim
S)g(*)-f(x)g()
fOsr-f()g(1)-f)+g() s(*)-f()
A-2then lim
s()-f(x) (By L.H.
is equal to
g'(x)-f(x)
Sol. im
f)s(1)-f(x)g()-f()+g(0) om -2 lim
>g(x)-f(r)
2

g(r)-f(r)
DIBY 4.6
Evaluate the following:

32. lim
*-3r+2 33, lim SIn Sx 34. Lim 35. Lim

x-xlnx + Inx-1
S-100 38. 1+tan.x Lim
V2-cos- sin 9
37. Lim Lim1-2cos* x 39.
36. Lim (40-)
I-1 I-1
im, 8(*)-g(1)
40. Ifgr) =-25-then I-1
3f(x)-4f(3*)+f(9x)
41. Letf) be a twice differentiable function and f"(0)=$, then lim
0

42. Iff9) =9 andf(9) = 1,

then lim
3-f()
43. Iff5) =7 and f(5) = 7, then lim xf(5)-5f() 8SEIANS
44. Iff) is differentiable and strictly increasing function, then the value of lim
I0 f()-f(0)
-
(a+h) sin(a + h) a' sina
45. lim

=1, then lim

2x-4f'()
46. If f(2) =2,f"(2) I2 I-2
47. If
=
f(a)=2, f'(a) lg(a) 3,g'(a) -1,
= then= lim ()g(*)-f()g(a)

48. The derivative of function f) is tan'x. Iffr) =0, then lim is equal to

49. is differentiable function andf"(0) =a, then lim

2/(*)-3f(2x) +f(4r)
Iff) 0

50. It is given thatf'(a) exists, then lim

f(a)-af() is equal to
X-a
sin(a +3h)-3sin(a + 2h) +3sin(a+h) -sina
51. lim

52. If f(1) = 1,f(1) = 2, then lim

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Limits of form 1, 0°, o

1. 1 type of problems can be solved by the following method

(a) lim (1+x) e

0

(6) lim ) ; wheref) 1:g(x) o as

xa
m-Dgr)
lim [1+ f(r)-1/o--zo) =lim e
lim[f (x-1le(s)

2. All these forms can be converted into form in the following ways
(a) Ifx1,y o, then z = ( is of (>1) form
In x
Inz=y In x In z=

As yo0 andx 1 lhx 0

(6) Ifx 0,y 0, then z =* is of(0) form

In z =y In x In z= )
In x
(c) Ifx0,y0, then z=x is of ( o) form

In zy In x Inz = ANS
SOLVED EXAMPLES
43. If a
and B be the roots of ax? + bx tc=0, then
1/(x-a) lim tan
lim (1+ar +bx+c) is
45. is equal to

lim
l. lim (1+ar +bx+e-) =eialr-a) Sol. limn = lim 1+ tanx
I0 1- tanx
lim g()[/()-1) lim + tanx
(Using lim
[/()] =elax[l- tanx 1+ tanx
1- tanN landas0
Provided fx)1 and gx) 0 as x
a] tan x
lim2 tanx)
lim 2tan4
a(x-a)(r-B)
= el0x(1- = el0 tanx
lim lim
(x-a) (I-a) =a-p),
46. The value of lim (cosx+a sin bx) is equal to
| a,B are roots ofax + bx tc= 0]
hm (cosr+a sind-1)
SInx n is an integer, equals
Sol. lim (cos.r+a sinbx).
4. lim ,a n, X0
Ia sina im o()[/(1)-)
ol.
lim Sinx k-4 1+
sinx- sina
(Using lim
[r().
lim As
x) as
Zasina sina l and ()0 xa]
a-sinxtab cosb)
lim cos COSa

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47. Evaluate: lim 1+ tan S1. The value of

is equal to

Sol. + tan lim

im
Sol. lim
tan

6 lim
Iim tan

4 lim

48. 3r-4)3
3
The value of lim is equal to of a and by
the values
3r+2 $2. If
lim1+=e,then
3x-41 = lim| [alx+bi?)
Sol. lim 1+

3x+2 Sol. b alx+bi

3r+23r+2 3
lim1+lim
lim lim (1+x)*
-2r-2 a+b
lim lim
(give

R.
a=l and be
49. Evaluate: lim a+at...t a,
53. Evaluate: linn
H- 1,3 3.5 7t (2n-1)(2n+1)

Sol. Let x=Then,

1

lim Jata+..+a
n
EBSE Sol. Let S,
13 3.5 5.7 ,t.+ (2n-1)(2n +1)
n/y
ON
= lim: ata t...ta, TELEG-}|i
= lim
1+a' +a, +...+a
:. lim s,= lim 1
2n+1 2
n2
lim y
y0
=e 54. Evaluate 2a

-log a
+log a, t.+log a e a,
a,a, .. .a,
I-cos(x-1)

limJ+2x'
50. Evaluate:
+x+l| ( Sol. put
x=ath
x+2x+3
-cos(x-1)
|+2x² +x+l| (
Sol. We
have,
+2x+3 (a+h) im
Zain2(-1)

-lin2xil
=lim
P+2x+3
im -cot
2a a+
2a
tan
2a

124 Cale

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x
Evaluate: lim

Let y= lim
-0
In sin x
57. For x>0, evaluate lim (sinx)
In = lim xln
y
x= lim -=0 as
110 x0"

sin x
Sol. Forx >0, lim(sin x)"
X0
Evaluate: Lim X-1+cosx
X0
= lim (sin sin x
x""+lim 0
=0+ lim
X0
X-1+cos x
-1+1
Lim =Lim 2! 41
En(x)
r0 lim sin. lim
p0-cosecr
fon
= Lim 2
lim lim
sinx
x
Cot x)
X0 2 41 =pl0(+cosec =el0x cOSX p=|

DIBY 4.7
luate the following:

limt6 } 54. Ifa, b, c, d are positive, then lim 1+

a+bx
cosec x
1+ tan x

5. lim 56. The value of linn+5x

0
1+ Sin x
x-0 1+3x

The value of lim(sin x) tan

x x+5x +3 then lim f(x)
S

r'+x+2
K+3

5. For xe R lim

The value of sin x+ coSx-1

lim(2-x)2 62. The value of lim

.
X

X0

w+2
The value of lim
x+3 64. lim

. The value of lim

-X+1
- tan
66.
X01

lim(1- ax)" is equal to

X0

6x+1

The value of lim 68. lim

3x +2x +1 r2
x'+x+2
Sin x 70. lim
1

The value of lim

-0

The value of lim (1+3x 72. The value of lim(log, 5x)

2+3x

Sof Functions 125

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3-2
x'-2r+1 74. The value of lim
x+2r+3 *2 ,
is
73. The value of lim
-4x+2
[a' +b' +c'|2/x
75. The value of lim 76. Evaluate the lim
3

4x+2 (1+x)'*
77. Evaluate lim (2x
2x'+3
78. Evaluate lim(tan x)n2 79. Lim
X0
80. Find lim (sin xyine

UNKNOWN FINDING
for
"Parameters can be determined using the concept of left hand and right hand limits
function if limit exists."

SOLVED EXAMPLES,

sin 2x+a sin x

be finite, then the value of a and
..a-1=0a=1
8. If lim x
X0 Now,
the limit (a-1)x* +
ar-1 ax-1
sin 2x+a sinx lim =b lim =ba =b
Sol. Let k= lim +1
2 cos2x+a cosx
Hence, a=b=1
= lim
x0 3x
[Using L' Hospital's Rule] x,xe Z
We require 2 cos 2rta cos
X=0 forx=0 as denominator 61. Let
is zero.
f()=*a-4) Then, limf)
12
. a=-2. limit =1 2-x
2 cos2x-2 cosx Sol. We have, lim = lim
Hence k= lim
3x
f(x) f(2-h)
X0 M
h0
ON LEGRA
= lim -4 sin2x+2 sinx (8) k(2-h)'-•) A(h-4)
X0 6x limfx)= lim =k lim
12 h0 2-(2-A) 0

-8 cos2x+2 cos x -8+2

Iim =-1. k(2+*)-+)
x0 6 6
= lim
lim f(r) f(2 + h) = lim
(e-1) sin kx 2* h>0 2-(2+h)
59. If lim -=4, then k is equal to h(h+4)
lim = k lim
f(x) =-4k
(e-1)sin k 0 -h
Sol. lim
I0 x
=4 lim
I0
e-1x
kx
sin kx
SMXk
kx
=4 :. lim f(x)= lim f(x) for all ke R
2
2*
k=4 k=2 ar +bx+c
a finite number, then (a,
62. If lim =2, then (a, b, c) is
60. If lim a-=b, b) equal (r-1)

to
Sol. We have,
Sol. Given, lim 4tbr+e =2
(r-1)
+
ax (a-1)x* ax-1
av
lim =b lim This limit willexist, +br+e= 2(*-)
if
ar +
Since b is a finite number. Therefore, degree of numerator bx+e= 2x-4x+2
must be less than or equal to that of the denominator a=2, b 4
e=2

126

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4+3a,
and
l 3+2a, ,n1 and if lim a, =a: 4+3a
t la, of a is
3+2a
s0) then the value a= lim a,
where
= 4+3a,
ap4)
We have, 3+2a,
al 2a'=4a=ty2
4+3a, But, a cach a, >0
lim ay+l
= lim #-V2 because
n34 2a,,
Hence a=

DIBY 4.8

,then find a-Va'-x-r/4-,a>0. is finite, then

8L. If lim (a, b). 82. Let L= lim IfL
x0
find (a, L).
+ ax
83. lim
3x
+a-7 exists, finitely then find a. 84. If lim Vr-r+I-ar-b}=0. then find (a, b)
r+2x-3
x(1+acos x)-bsinx
85. If lim =1, then find (a -b).
I10

h(x) SANDVWICH THEOREM OR SOUEEZE PLAY THEOREM

g) Suppose that f(r) < gr) < h) for all x in some open interval containing a, except possibly at
x=a itself. Suppose also that lim fr) =l= lim h(r), then lim g(*) =l.
a
Note: a or I may be finite number or
M

a x tooLEGRA
SOLVED EXAMPLES,

n Since, lim g(n) =1= lim h(n)

64. Evaluate: lim -+...
n+1 n'+2 n' +3 n
+n
Hence, using sandwich theorem, lim f(n) =l
n
SL. Let
f(n) = +...+ [x]+[2x]+3x]+...+[nx] where denotes
n+1 n'+2 n'
+3n+n 65. Evaluate lim
n
[]
Note that /(n) has n terms which are decreasing suppose
the greatest integer function.

hn)
=

n
Sol. We know that, x-1<[]sx
n
terms
n+1 n' +1 +1 »2x-1< [2x]< 2r
n

[obviously fn) < hn)]

3r-1< [3x]s3x
n'+1

and gn) n -+...+ < [nx] Snx

n+n n+n ntn
+
nx-1
.(x+ 2r + 3x +... tnx) -n< x] +
+ 2r
[2x]
t.t [nx] s(r
t...t nx)
n+n xm(n
Hence, +)_n<SdsXM(0+1)
lim gn)< lim f(n) lim <
h(n) 2 2

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Thus, lim +(2x]+... + [nx] 66. The value of lim ((1'x+ 1] +[2*+2]+..*
+
n') (where (} denotes the greatest integer fun
lim lim
x]+[2x]+... [nx]
n2 n'
lim
S
lim Sol. lim LŠr+r]=
= n(n+1)(2n +1)
<lim x+[2x]+..+[nx]x lim x-)r+lim 6
2 n
n'
[x]+[2x] +.. +[nx]_ x n(n + Dy(2n + 1),-0+
.:.
lim 3 3 3
n' 2

NEWTON'S-LEIBNITZ'S RULE

f) dt
=

Let us consider the definite integral F(x)

p(x)

Newton-Leibinitz's formula states that

Proof: Let =
(r)di F*) F)- f) -
-
I)
=

F(V() F0)) =>

I)
=
F(y(). v'() FO)).o'()

SOLVED EXAMPLES

-cosr'dt
1

67. Evaluate limn

32NELE 68. Evaluate: lim
X0
(r'-6x)
3ed-3r+
Sol. Let lim
3x x- cosrdt
= lim
1-cost'da
dx Jo
Sol. lim
3dd. -3x+* X0 -6x X0 3x-6
= lim (by applying LHR) Applying Newton-Leibnitz rule to
15x
By applying Newton's Leibinitz's formula, we get
cos)dt= cos().1 -0
dx
-e0)=e
. lim
. lim 3a-3+3x²
K0
dx
15x
lim
0
3e-3+ 3x?
15x4
3r-6
I-cos(*)
= lim

lim3(2r)e? +6x - lim 3(-2)

603 0 60x 1-cos(0)
K0 Ll-1
3(0-2) 3(-2)
lim 0
103 0
X0 -6

128

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following: DIBY 4.9

oalufe the
lim
d l-cosx-dx

(where a is a constant)
xty

sec
r()dt
416
-
9. Let f:R R be a
differentiable ffunction such that S(3)
=3,f(3) =Then, the value
of lim
13
x-3
sec'tdt
90, The value of lim is
r0
XSin x

be a differentiable function such that f(2) =2. Then, the value of lim is
91. Let
f :RR x2 *-,
. Let be a differentiable function having (2)
f:RR f(2)=6,f =|
4
Then, lim 6
X2 x-2

GEOMETRICALAPPLICATION GRAM
When the number of dimensions of a geometrical figure tends to infinity or a process repeats
infinitely or any dimension tends to zero or infinity, then to find its limiting area or circumference
or any other property we use limits.

8-8Definition
The number A may be either finite or infinite. In particular, if the number A and a are finite
we obtain the following definition.

A number A
is called the limit of a function fr) as x a, A = lim f(x), if for any > 0
-
there exists a number S(c) >0 such that for all x satisfying the inequality 0< al <

and belonging to the domain of definition of the function fx) the inequality f) –A| <e
holds true. (The definition of the limit of a function after Cauchy).

The Limit of a Function of Two or More Variables

Let fhe a function of two variables whose domain D includes points arbitrarity close to (a. b).
we write
Then we say that the limit of J(*, P) as (*, y) approaches (a, b) is L and
lim f(x,y) = L
(x,y)a,b)
lim (5x-xy') =5 x 1-12 x 2?
=5-4 =1
Ilustration: («.y) (1,2)

lim xy cos(x - 2y) =6x 3 cos(6-6) = 18 cos 0 18

llustration: ()-(6.3)

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SOLVED EXAMPLES,
69. A circular areca AB of radius 2 subtends an angle x radians
(0<x< 2) at the centre Cof a circle. The tangents to
circular are at B and A meet at point P as shown below, lim
then find. Sin tas
B
tan Sin
2
r
6 S! 6 5!
lim lim
20 2x
lan SIn tan sinx
2
(a) ar AABC (6) ar AABP
(c) Area of circular segment shown by shaded portion 2
(S)) (say) =4 lim
20 tan x

lim
ar AABP S() 2
(d)
4(1)2 (1) (1/6) - 23
(e) lim
X0 arAABC 0ar AABP
70. Show that the perimeter of a regular polygon of n-side

Sol. (a) ar&4BC =(4C)x (BC) sin L4CB 2 and r

equal to 2nr sin, where is the circumr
c
r=2 sin x of polygon and hence show that the circumference of

of radius ' is 2rr.

(b) arAABP (AP)x (BP)sin Z4PB Sol. Let the number of sides of polygon be 'n
Central angle is given by

-{AP)(BP)sin(T-)
B
OCBSEIA
ON TELEGRA
M

2 C

-sin x

(c) ar S)=(ar. sector 4CB) -(ar AACB)

sin x= 2x-2sin x
-(2'-2 AB = 2AL = r sin 0
2
arAABP
2 tan
2
sin x

=
2
Perimeter of regular polygon having -sides
where

(d) lim =lim lim tan=0

0arAABC 0
2sin x 0

ar
S(x) = 2x-2 sinx
(e) lim lim
-0 araABP The perimeter would convert to circumference of ciN
2 tan Sin x
2
-2(sin x-x) circumference of circle is given by
=im
2
tansin
2
x
C= lim 2Ksin 6)
130

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Ifa, be the side of another square, then

a V2 =a
sin 4= V2
=
m
2 [:n 0 00] a,
2 =
aa, =
2
(1) 2rr =
=
2r
segment AB =l (igure) is divided into n
equal parts, So, sum of areas of all the squares,
base of an
A
1. as a
isosceles triangle with
serving
cach part
angles a = 30° Show that the limit of
perimeter of
S, =a' ta ta, t... upto nterms

hase

(zig zag)
line thus formed is different from the of length
AB inspite the fact that
in the limiting condition the zig
zag line
geometrically merges with the line segment.
30°

B = 4R?
lim S, = lim
le the line segment AB is divided into n equal parts.
Thus length of cach equal part is /n. cos TLX-x
73. Evaluate f(x) = lim sin(x-ind lim f)
1+r+!2n
(1+h)2r-cos Th sinh
(1+h)²" 0-sin h
Sol. f(x) = lim lim =-1
HL
h0 h0 0+h
30° (1+h)n La+h) +h
30°
-l/n BRSE
Let us consider any small triangle formed on a sub equal
part of length
l/n as shown in figure. 74. Let f(n) = lim 1+sin kx
If lim f(n) exist and
oN TE R M

In AXZL, cos 30° = XL e/2n

XZ 2nx
is equal to e', where p and q are relatively prime, find
V3
(pt).
2 2nx
Sol. lim f(n) =
2
Perimeter of zig-zag line = (2x) X n
(1 form) ...(1)
.Perimeter of zing-zag line is independent of n

21 Now, L = lim lim

.lim 21
ne 0

nr2 k=

sin kx
T. Asquare is
inscribed
a
inscribed in a circle of radius R, circle
circle
is

so
L= lim lim Se kx
lim
0
sin k
kx
=1|
in this square then a square in this and
the sum of areas of all the
On, n
times. Find the of = n(n+1)X(2n +1)
Squares as
limit L= limlim Sk im
n
Let
0. n
6n
the side of aI square, S, be 'a' units.
R

L=lim
6

So, required limit

=

e=ee
p=land q = 3. Hence,
t q =4 p

C, n.3*
Then, lim N, then find the
au2-2RR= 75. n(x--2)" +n.3*3Whenne
range
number of integer in the of '.

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Sol. lim n.3* sin x tan

n(x-2)' +n. 3"
sinxI> tanx > lor -<1

lim Put y=x-1y0

sin y
lim 2025 lim(2025(1-h)]
h10
Which is possible
Hence,
iff<l-3<r-2<3 =lim(2025- 2025h] 2024
= siny1 Sin
-<<5.
Number of
y
integers =5
lim 2025 -lim[2025(1 + A)]= 2025
76. Evaluate: y
L =
1lim 2025. Sin(r-1)
2025.sin(-1)
(r-1)
2025 lan lim(2025(1+ )] = 2025
-D2025 +: tan
(-1) h0
(x-1)
(x-1)
+ 202s SIn(x–|) lim 202s lan =
lim[2025(1-h)] = 2024
(I-1) (where [.] is G.LE)
Sol. For xE
0.:sin
2 x<I<tan x Sin x
<lor1
tan x lim 2025|-2025x0 =0

fx) =2024 + 2025 + 2025 + 2024 =

8098
93. The circumference a DIBY 4.10
of circle of radius r is divided
right angled triangles are into 'n' equal parts
formed on each subdivision and curvilinear isosceles P
conditionn tends to as shown
infinity. in figure. Shown that
in limiting
Then show that sum
of perimeters of isosceles
circumference triangle (except
of circle inspite when n base) is different
circumference circle.
of o, the perimeter of curvilinear from the
A's coincide with
94. A mass
hanging by a spring
is vibrating with a
k are constants, displacement at
then find time t given by
(a) Displacement mass S(t) =
(b) Velocity
of at time when
a B a²-R? (Sinßt- sina); where o
of mass at time when
95. Find the
aß
limit of the sum of
the lengths
of the ordinates
96. In the of the curve
figure below, y=esin
let fO) be the area at the point x =
of APQR and g(0) be 2 0,1,2,3,4 ......0.
the area of shaded
portion. Then
evaluate

(a) lim (O)

g(0)
97. Given a length
fixed circle C,
having its equation of PO(minor)
(6) lim
be in variable +y t 4y=0 engthof
left most point
of shrinking and a shrinking chordPO
of two circle. Let PO
circles and Q and circle
and lying on y-axis,
R PR
bethe C, having
zero. then find the
limiting lengthline segments passingits equation +y
of RQ
whenthe through points
radius of interset
of shrinking
132 circles tens

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SACHIN SIR SPECIAL

(S)

..i)
L
Showthat
as n
oo (for n>6)
we
choose andy such thatx
x
tmyu andx-ny=Vwhere
and n e N
n
while for >6 u, VE R

. (ii) becomes, |f(u)-f)|s

2
for arbitrary n e N
1 3"
4,
=1+2. -+2-
"C "C, lim
2
i.e. as n 611f(u)-f(S
(n-2) no3
= ve R
4 -42(n-2) r)-f)|s0 fu) f(v)u,
n n(n-1) nCy Hence fis a constant function.

4 12(n -2) 3. SupposeP) -a, taxta+. tay. If| P())s le-1

-4, Sl++
n
n(n-1) n(n-1)(n-2) for all x
0, prove that a, 2a, +3a, t..tna, S1
+

16 Sol. Here, P() = a,

t a,x +
art... ta*
S14 2
4,
..) + 2a,r t... nax
... tna,
n n(n-1) P()=a,
=a, + ...)
2 P() 2a,t t
iso 4, =1+25 ..(ii) Now, |P(r)|Se-1| for all x>0
|P)|s|e-1||1Hl|=0 i.e., |Pr) |s0
-sa, Sl+ 16
n n(n-1) Now, |P+)|s|e"-1| for all h >-1, h 0

| P(1+h)–0<e-1| for all h >-1, h+ 0

|PO+)-PO (: P() = 0)
h h
Taking limits as h 0, we get

By squeeze principle for limits, we get lim

|P(l+ h)– PV)| < lim
...
la, + 2a, + 3a, + na,|s t 1
(from ()
Hence la, + 2a, + 3a,t..
t nas1
2 Suppose
that function R R satisfies the inequality 4. Let ka,), {b,}, {c,} be sequences that
f:
(a) a, tb, te, -2n + 1;
S3yr+ky) – f(x for every positive (b) ab, + b,c, tc,a, -2n-1
(c) ab,c, =-1;
icger
function.
n
and for all x. ve R. Prove that fis a constant (d) a, <b, <c, Then find the value of lim na,.
ML
Replacing n
by (n Sol. Given P, =a'-l-1;P=a2-1 = sum of roots
-1) in
ab, +
b,c, t ca, = 2n-l= sum of product of roots
...) taking two at a time.
a,b,c, =-l product of all three roots
weget are the
...(ii) ab,e, wts of equation
Subtracting
(i) and (ii), we get r- (2n + I)x
a
(2n -])x t
Clearly, xr=lis root of equation ()
+l=0
BUa+ny)- f«-ny)}
|S2 -1)(-2nr- l)=0

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6. At the end-points and the midpoint circular ane

ofa
2ntv4n +4.1 ye ntyn +1:1 tangent lines are drawn, and points A and B are joi
2.1 Prove that the ratio of the areas of the two triangles
Thus the three roots of the cubic equation (i) are formed tends to 4 as the arc AB decreases indefinitel
r
Sol. Let the radius of circle is and O
be its centre.
n+vn' +1, n-va' +l,1: Let LAOB- 20 and the tangents at A and B intersers
As a,
<b,<c, arc AB.
Cand R be the mid point of
LACB =1-20 (points A, C, B, O are concye
. So, limn a, = limnn-n?), +Nn +1
n+n? Also ZACP = BCP=*-0
2
= lim n(n-n-1) = lim -1
= AP AP
In A40P, sin
n+vn'+1 OA

5. Ifn e N and a, =2? + 4 + 6

+..t (2n and b - 1?+32
+

5* +....t+ (2n - 1). Find the value lim P

CR/E
Sol. Given a, = 2[1+27 +
3' +.. tn]
2

AP=rsin
Now, a, + b, = 1° +22 + 32 + 4° + 5² + 6° +...+ (2n - 1

and cos 0= OP OP
OP=r cos 0
a, +b, = 2n(2n + 1)(4n +1)

2n(2n +1)(4n +1)

6 0CBSE Now,

A4OC, sin
AB=24P= 2rsin
OA

b,
=
a,,
ONTELEGRA M2 OC

cos 9= =
2n(2n +1)(4n +1) 4(n(n+1)(2n + 1) 0C cos
OC
Now, PC= 0C- OP
(using (1)
2n(2n+1)r4n-2]= n(2n+1)(2n-1) -r cos (using (ü) and (à
3
cos
- cos e

lim
=r
cos 9
=(1-cos?e)
cos
n
Vn
..
J4n(n +1)(2n +1) PC= cos sin 9
9
= lim 6 n(2n + 1)(2n-1) 1

32 i ar(a1BC) =-ABPC =2rsin 9 sin8

cose
= lim V4n +6n +2 -V4n-1) (From (ü) and (
3 =r tan 9- sin
1
-(6n +2+l) Also RC= 0C- OR
V3 (By rationalization)
= lim CosAcos 0)
n V4n' +6n +2 + V4n?-1
3

= Iim
J3 6
6+

2 4n'-1
1

52+2 2
6
In ADRC, tan

DR
-)
cos 0=
J44+ + DR= RC cot e
nn'V2 RC

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1-cos ) cot 0
-

Cos 9
(using (vi)
tan 0ml tan , sin , tan
rl-cos 0) 1+sec6, 1+ cos 0,
l-cos 9). thus
sin 9 sin 9
rl-cos
0)
2 2
sin 0 ...(viii) 2T
Now, 0,=0, tan
2r 3.2-1 3.2n
DE- 2DR= (1-cos 0)
Non
sin (using (viiil)
tan(2r/3.2") 2T
NaN area of
(ADEC)
-x DEX RC
lim 2"x, lim
n
(1/2") 3

0)
12r(l-cos e) r(l-cos r1-cos 0)(1-cos ) (a-coss([e-cos21M)-(a-cosntl) exist
Sin e Cos sin - cos 9. Iflim
x0

,20
Sin
4 sin4 and has the value equal to 120, where p, ne N, then find
2 the value of n +p.
2
sin -cos sin cos0 ...(ix)
(r-sin x 2r sin 2x
3x
sin 3x
Now, 4B = 2rsin 9 (from (ii) 3
Sol. lim
0
=120
F480i.e. 2rsin0=0-0 X-Sin) sin 2x sin 3x Sin nx
2
ar(A4BC)
= lim
2
tan - sin
im lim 2x 3.x =
48-0 ar( ACDE) 120
4 sin I0 +

2
sin
-
cos 0

1-) = 120; (P =n+2)

tan 6
cos
=
lim
1.1.1
4
n=7ntp=16
80 sin(0/2) 4.1.(1/16) 10. Suppose that circle of equal diameter are packed tightly in n
rows inside an equilateral triangle. (The figure
e/2 ON illustrates the
case n = 4.) IfA is the area the triangle of A is and
Letg: R
(0.o) be such that the total
area occupied by the circles in n rows, then lim equals
se'te0, then limg(r) is nA
g(0)

<0

Sol. IfL is the length of a side of

thé quuilateral triangle, then
the area is
sg)se:Vxe (0.) esf)se;Vre l,o)
-L and so L = 4
4 ..()
Let r be the radius of one the circle.
rows of circles, the figure of When there aren
hetce, lim f(x) =e by sandwich theorem. show that
L=V3rtrt(n-2%(2r) +r+v3r
Llf=3 and
tquals
to
Xn+1 Vne N, then lim 2"x, :.L=2r(n-1+3) r= 2(n-1+V3)
L
.()
Ldx
tanb
Now,
tan
9,=Xntl tan , The number of circles is
the total area of the circle is
l+2+...+n="2+)
2 and so

1+1+x, 1+/1+ tan0,

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2r.Vcos:3x.Ncos 4x.
|-Vcos cosnx
12. If im ha
10, then of n
value equal to
the value cquals

D[[(cosro)
r=2 (UsingLHospiu
Sol. L= lim =-lim 2x
0 x0
n(n+1)
2 n
Let y-[|(cosr
n(n+1 44/ N3 n(n+1) TLA
r=2

2 4(n + v3-1)² (n+3-1) 2/3 1 dy

An
lim inm n(n+1)
n(n+3-1)² 2V3
-Dy =y tan(rx)

= lim
2/3 23 D[J(cos rx) tan(rx)
n|1 =2
n r=2

11. If S, |1- tan -

tan y:) tan(rx)

+2
L= lim r=2 12+3+4+..+n)
.
The value of lim S, is 2x
Sol. Here,
tan n(n+)-21n=6
tan1- 2

cos'
T
-sin' cos? sin
4
cos- sin 13. Express: lim
1
+
bv2, fand
m-19601,=n+n-1
coscos.cos
T T

TELEGR digit of (2b - ao2s,

Sol. We have
co Cog $ Cos
yntyn'-1 n+1 n-1
23 9n+2 2 V 2

Coe
Let M = cOS
24
.COs
g1-1
n+1 n-1
2n+1 n-12
sin| 2-3, T
Sir
22 2
V2 2 2

2"=sin sin

Hence telescopes t
the sum fromthe statement
i. S, = lim 19602 19600+1
cos
2+2
V
2 2
V5V980I
=VO801
Sin +70N2=992 2
=lim 2 32 a=99, b=139/2.
24
12 (2b-a) 40
Last digit
of (2b-ayo25 0.

136

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JEE MAIN

1.
(sin)' ]+(2° (sine)'+..(r(sino)]) tan Tx +(x+1y' sin x
lim
7. If f)= lim find lim f(x).
n +(r+1y" 0

where [·] denotes G.IF is:

(a) T (b) DNE
4
(a) 0 (6) () -n
(c) 0 (d)
tan(x}
2. limx X>0
where [] denotes greatest
x0
8. Let f(x) = x=0, where [] is the step
integer function, is equal to
Wix} cot(x}. x<0
(a) 0 (b)
(c) 2 (d) Limit does not exist
up function and (} is the fractional part function of x,
then f(0') -f0) is
tanx
3. Let f(x) =- then (a) 0 (b) 1

(c) - 1

(d) DNE
lim a-1+VBY
9. lim ,a>0, 6>0, ne N
(where [·] and{} denotes greatest integer and fractional
part function respectively). (a) ab (b) bla (c) a'
e
(a) (b) e (c) e
-100
4. For
x>0 and x*l andn e N, cvaluate, 10. lim k=l
is equal to
x-1
lim + t.. log
n
log,2-log,4 log,4- log, 8 2"log,2" (a) 0EGRA M
(6) S050
(a) log;x (b) log,x (c) 4550 (d) 5050
(c) logx (d) None of these
5. Evaluate lim '+3 11. lim is (where [] denotes greatest integer
|||ir where II X1/2 COSt

represents the product of function. function)

2 3 5 (a) -1
(a) (b) (c) (6) 0
6. Consider the function 7 (c) -2 (d) Does not exist
12. lim (ln(sin'x)
-In(r+er)) =
maxx,
,ifx # 0 (a) 0 (b) 1

f)=
min (c) -1 (d) Does not exist
13. lim ncos
„ifx = 0
then lim f)} + lim (f()}+ lim [f()]= (where
(a)
3
} denote fraction part function and [-] denote greatest
integer function)
(c) () None of these
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 () 3 6

its of Funetions
137

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20

14. lim sin'cosr+ is cqual to

lim sin

1-2 e (b) e
(a)
(d) Does not exist
(a) 0 (b) (c) 1/e
6
(c) (d) Does not exist
lim
is equal to ([.] is G.I.C)
25 0 r'sinx
1s. lim(vr-+1 -a'-b}=0 then 1

(b) (c) 0
a= a= 1, 1
(a) 1 6
(a) 1, b= -2 (b) b=
(c) a- 1, b = -1/2 (d) None of these 26. lim|x(x-1) f where ] denotes greatest inh

I0
= x*0 then lim to
16. Let f(x) f(x) function, is cqual
0 X=0 (a) 1 (b) 0
equals (c) e (d) Does not exist
on (-z
(a) 0 (b) -1/2 27. Let f*) and g(x) be differentiable functions
f
(c) 1 (d) None of these and let f()and g'x) denote derivatives of

17. lim (x) In

sin x is equal to g) respectively. If f(0) =s(0) =;(0)=1
X0

(a) 1
(b) 0 2f(2x +3r)-1
(c) e (d) Does not exist g'(0) =2, then the value of lim
3g(x)-1
18. lim (cosmr)"/x
X0
(a)
(c)
en4
emz
(b) ema2
(d) e
m
CBSEL (b)

(d) 0
1-cosxvcos2x +r? 28. The value of lim where [.] denotes GlF,s
is equal
19. The limit lim
X0
x
toTELECRW X0

(a) 1/2 (b) -1/2 (c) 5/2 (d) 1

(a) 0 (c) -1
(b) (d) 1
-2
cos(sinx)-cosx +x* 29. Iffis a positive function such that fx+ )=) (T>

20. The value of lim x

is equal to
X0 Vre R,
then
(a) 1/5 (b) 7/6
lim n f(x+T) +2f(x+ 2T)+.+nf(x+nT)
(c) 1/4 (d) 1/2
n- fa+T) +4f(r+4T) +.+n°f(rtnT)
*+5x+3 is equal to
21. lim (a) 2 (6)
+x+3 3
(a) 0 (b) e (c) e (d) e
(d) None
of these
lim sec (inx) is equal to
2. 30 sin x dene
Lt (where ]
(a)
2
(b) In 2 (c) (d)
2 xcos lGsinx-sin 3e)|
2]ncosx
2 2ln 2 Tn 2
sin greatest integer function) is
23. lim0 1+lcOsr quas to (where denotes greatest integer
(a) 2 (b) 1

function)
4
(a) Equal to (b) sin
1

1
(c)
(c) Equal to zero (d) Does not exist () Does not exist

138

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1ff) be a bi-quadratic polynomial and lim f()

4
cot'(Vr+1-V)
36. lim is equal to
then f1) can not be equal to *0 (tan ) 2x+1
Sec
(a) 0 -4 (b) (c) 4 (d) 3 x-1
xe
f(a) = x-[x]:
I (a) 1
(b) 0
Let
1;
where I is the set of integerS
(c) n/2 (d) Non-exístent
and x] represents greatest integer < r. 37. If

If g(x) = lim
fa) = lim cos(l- cOs
x)(x+ 1y" +A.sin(n -yn'-)x
+1 then g(r)|=) is satisfied r+1y' +x
f))?
by
x0 is continuous at x = 0, then find the value of
(a) no real x (b) all integer values of x (a) 1/2 (b) -1/4 (c) 1/4 (d) 1/3
(c) x=0 only (d) x=l only 9cotx 43cotr_ltcotx
sin(sin x) - sin x
38. The value of lim IS
.
If lim ax + bx +cx +
1

: then (2oy
+
(9cot x
y/2cot 1
x-0 dy?
(a) 5 (b) 2
(a) a=2, b = 0, ce R, d= 2 (c) Non-existent (d) -2
(6) a=0, b = 2, c e R, de R
lim x
(c) a=2, be R, c=0, d= 0 39.
(d) ae R, be R, c= 2, d= 0
.
a
-T/2 (b) 2 (c) /4 (d) -4
If lim x
tan then ordered pair(s) sin x-x-(x}-x}
40. lim0 { is fractional part of x

(2, u) can be
x cOs
x-x-x
1
(a) (2022, 2023)
(b)
(b) (2023, 2022) 3

(c) (2024, 2022) DN (c) 1LEGRAM (d) Does not exist

(d) (2022, 2024) = ...

41. Let S,
1+2 +3 + +n and P, =I;; where
.

If a and B are roots of x

+- cos 26x +0 =0 where
ne N(n 2). Find lim P.
0<0< then lim 1,1 n0

60 (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 9 (d) 27

4x
(b) -2 42. lim

(c) v2 (d) Does not exist (d) 4/9

(a) 9/4 (b) 9/2 (c) 9/4

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JEEADVANCED

SINGLE CORRECT
1. 1f for a real valued function 8. If fr) =Sinx)- e} s fractional part of
'+br+e
fx, k) (0,),k >l: then AI.A2) are non-zero finite number then 2e A
R1/e, 1) is
lim
aVre (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) -I (d) 2

(a) e
(6) 1 (c) 0 (d) DNE 9. lim
1

x
-+ cos(a+n)- co
2. 1f a. B are two distinct real roots of the cquation ar'
+x1-a 0. (where
at-1, 0 and a, ß 1) then e where a = 2m + 1, m el
lim l+a)x-x-a is equal to (a) (b) ra+2
(e1Xx-1) 16a

(a) a'-B (b) a(a-B) c)

ra +4
(d)
ra +4
16a 32a
a(a-B) - tan x =3
(c) (a- B) (d 10. If a is the root of the equation x whe

then which of the following i

sin [2024)
3. The value of lim 2025 correct?, (where [-] denotes the greatest integer funch
and fractional part function).
2024n tantan n+ coS n
n max(tan x, (x})
(a) lim
where [] = GIF and {.} FPE, is X-3
(a) 1012 (b) 2024 (c) 2025 (d) min( tan x, (x})
(b) lim

HBSEIA 1m
I-3
[min(tan x,
{x})-0
(6) C, X-3
(c) rC (d) limit does not
I+2 +3* +...tr'
existFGR.A,Mmax(
lim
tan x, (x})|
5. If =

I'+2 +3+..tr-y,. ral

11. a, B
tan x
are roots of equation ar' +
bxtc=0where
I<

-2
(a) (b) lax bx+c +

9 <Bif lim =1, then which of the folow

max+bx +C
(c)
2 (d) None of these
are true
3 (a) a<0 and a <m<B (b) a>0 and m < 1

4 (c) a>0 and a <m<B (d) a >0 and >1 m

12. Let P =al-1,n =2,3,... and Let P =a-I whem

f2x) f(3x)
6. lim Sr) f(4x)
wheref)=l-r aeR.Evaluate lim
0x
(a) 30 (b) 60
(c) 0 (d) Does not exist (a) (6) (n a y
7. If P= lim
3
[tanx]+2[1-tan+[(tanx) (c) [ln (ea)- 1] () (n a)
lan

and
= lim, [tan x]+[(tan x) ]+ [tan x}' then {PO}
tan3
is (where [His GF. and ( is fractional part of x) xe (0, ), then the value of ( +) is equal to
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
28 14

140

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 BY @CBSEIANS AND DURGESH
19. If tangent at Cintersect extended PA at then the area of

14. The value of ACPQ is

...o0
Ocote)
1S (a) tan
sin 0+
2 3 2 9-sino
(b) 4
(c) ( + 8cot9)
tane sin 0(1
(b)
2 0-sin
ULTIPLE CORRECT
sin°0(1-Ocote)
15.
Ifk e Nand a e (0, o)- {1}, then (c) tan
9-sin
n+1
lim 1S
sin 0(1+ cot®)
n Vn+2 (d)
9+ sin
(a) 0 for exactly 3 values ofk
area (ACPO)
(b) Non-zero finite quantity for exactly 2 values of k 20. lim
->0 9
(c) 0 for exactly 2 values of k
1

(d) Non-zero finite quantity for exactly 1

value of k
(a)(b) (c) 0 (d) Notdefined

and N
Ttn Then
Comprehension (Q. 21 t 22):
-1 N
Letf(x) = lim(1-sinr Vesinr)",ne
+

n=3
1+2n
n=1 n

(a) N=2 (b) L+N=8 2

a= -lim
(c) L+N= (a) LN= 110|x
2 3

(ar+1)"
17.
lim is equal to
b= lim
tany -
(a) a ifn e N
cost
(b) oif n e Z anda =A = 0
Note: [k] denotes greatest integer function less than or equal to k.
(c) ifn = 0 21. The value of (a + b) is equal to
1+A N

and a
(a) 2E(b) 6 c) 10 (d) 12
M

(d) aifn eZ,4=0 #0 22. Number of integral values of à so that the equation
bx?- b'x+à =0 has roots a, B such that < a <2 and
1

OMPREHENSION BASED 2<B<3 is

a (d) 3
mprehension (18 to 20): A tangent line is drawn to circle (c) 2 1
(a) 0 (b)
Comprehension (Q. 23 to 25): Let f(x) = max (p, q, r}, where
radius unity at the pointA and a segment AB is laid off
aose length is equal to that of the arc AC, a straight line BC sinx + a "lcosx
a"
drawn to intersect the extension of the diameter AO at the
p= lim lim
no01T
int P +
a" sinx "lcosr
q= lim lim

r= lim 1+ cos F
cos
2T
-t..+cos (n-1) n| Then
OD A no0 4n 2n 2 2n
23. The value of p
is

8. lim PA =
(a) 2|sin x
(b) lcosx (c) \sin x (a) ;
80 24. The value of q +r- is
(a) ;
3
(b) 3
(a) cosx (b) 2cos x-1
(c) 0 (d) None of these (c) sin x+ 1

() (sin x + lcos x

mits of Functions 141

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 BY @CBSEIANS AND DURGESH
25. Range of
f() is 32. Match the column:
Column Colums
A Left R be such that
1f the sequence is defined by
f:R
Comprehension (Q. 26 to 27): = 2 and
a
0 and a = a + 4n + 3, n 1. f(a) =1,f'(a)
26. a, 1s
(a) 2n' +n+3 (b) 2n'+n lim
flatx) =ethen k

(c) 2n'-n-3 (d) 2n'+n-3 f(a)

Na, +yaa tla,, tJ,,t.tV0, B
27. Valueof lim costan tanx
lim

(a) 683 (b) 783 (c) 883 (d) 863 2

2
Comprehension (Q. 28 to 30):
sin(cost+1)
sinr + ae+be +cln(1+x) lim
Consider f(x) = where a, b, c
cos
are real numbers.
D

28. 1f lim f() is finite, then the value of a + xe 3

07
b+cis in –esin(sinx)
lim
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 2 sin“x–xsinr
29. If lim f(x)=l (finite), then the value of
/ is (a) A-(q): B-(q): C-(); D-(q)
1
(b) A-(r): B-(): C-(p): D-()
(a)-2 (b) (c) -1 (d)
3 (c) A-(p): B-(); C-(r): D-(q)
30. Using the values of a, b, c as found above, the value of (d) A-(q): B-(q); C-<p); D-(r)
lim xf(x) is
07
NUMERICAL TYPE
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) 2 33. Evaluate lim cos(Vn +n), when n is an integer.
MATRIX MATCH
31. Match the column:

limf(x),
0
ABSELA
where f (x) is as in Column-1, is
2S Insec(r)

Column-I Column-II
35. If lim (x) exists and is finite and non-zero
A

Sx)= e-tan
tan -e V2

8
lim
fa)S, then the value
of

sin x
where ] represents greatest integer lim f(x) is equal to
function.
B. 15
36. lim l-cosrvcos2x lt cos'x+ 3cosx +3cosx
coSr+ 63
where [] represents greatest integer to
equal
function.
C 37.
N+--2x
38. If fa)=cosec(x*) <x<|
0

D
J2-tcosx |
In sin(2.xr)
I<x<3/2
and

sinx 2/ +1
gx) = see
(a) A4q); B-(); C(s); D-(p)
then find tan (g(1) t (sl
(b) A-): B-(p), C(s); D) 39,
Letx,, are roots of equation (x
-8(-31
(c) As); B-{); CA); D(p) Then find the value of
(d) A-(p); B<); C); D<) lim lim(cos(rn!x))

142

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CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS (CTQ'S

mn!
m+n+2): , find [a] (where -] 6. Evaluate: lim
rr+l
isGIF) 7. Ifan electrostatic field E acts on a liquid or a gaseous polar
As shorwT in the diagram, there is a sequence of the curves
2 dielectric, the net dipole moment P per unit volume is
P 2nd P.
by P, has area
PIt is known that the region enclosed
I and P, is an equilateral triangle. We P(E)= Evaluate lim P(E).
cbran P from P, by operating 2s follows: Trisecting -e-E E E-0*
every side of
Pthenwe construct an equilateral triangle 8. The first appearance in print of I' Hospital's rule was in
utw2rdly on every side of P, sitting on the míddle the book analyse des infiniment petits published by the
segment of the side and finally remove this middle
Morquis de I' Hospital in 1696. This was the first calculus
segrment (k=0, 1, 2
...).
textbook ever published and the example that the Marquis
Find lim S,
used in the book to illustrate his rule was to find the limit
of the function

V=
V2a'x--alaax as x
approaches a, where a>0.
a-tar
P P P. (At that time it was common to write aa instead of a.)
1, a, =1} be
a,.a,| a=
0 or 1, 1
3. Let M- 04 sisn- Solve this problem.
2 set of decimal factions, T and S be the nurnber and the 9. Monalisa wishes to meet her boyfriend at a point D inside
Surm of the elernents ín M, respectively. Then a scalene triangular park ABC: such that ADB-ACB

@GBSE lim |4B|.|CD

4. Evaluate. lin 4BAC|-| BC|
N
TE LEGu
Let a, a,, ... a, be sequence of real numbers, with
10. lim
and a, = 0 if then k is
4,. =a,
+l+a limis,
then, find [2] (where [.] greatest integer function).
equal to

143
nits of Functions

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ANSWER KEY

DIBY (4.1 to 4.10)

1. [4] 2. [1] 4. [Does not exist] 6. [1]

11. [n] 12. [6] 14. 15. [a] 16. 17. [0]
10,

18. [Does not exist] 19. [Does not exist] 20. (i) [Does not exist], (ii) [0], (ii) [1]
, a>0
21. [1] 22. [1] 23. 25. 0, a=0 26.
-0, a<0
29 30 33. [5] 34. [3] 35. e| 36. (2] 37. [5050]
31. 32. [-1]

45. [a'cos a + 2a sin aj46.4

1

38. 39 41. [120] 42. [1] 43. [-28] 44. [-1]

47. [-5] 48. [0] 49. [3a] 50. (a) - af'(a)] 51. (-cos a] 52. [2]) 53. [e] 54. [e 55.

56. [e] 57. [1] 58. [e*] 59. [e] 60. [e] 61. [e] 62. 63. [e] 64. [e] 65.

66. [e] 67. [e] 68. [9] 69. [e'] 70. [e] 71. [1] 72. [e] 73. (e) 74.

76. [abc)o] 77. [e] 78. 79. [e l") 80. [1] 81. (1,-2) 82. 84.

85. [O] 86. 87. [e 88. 90. [1] 91. [32f"(2) 92. [18]

-kt cosBt
BtsinBr - cosBr)
k
94. (a) 2ß
(b) 97. [32]

JEE MAIN
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10.(
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (6) 19. (c) 20.(
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (
31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (d) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (a) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (d) 40. (

41. (a) 42. (c)

JEE ADVANCED
1.(a) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (6) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (5) 9. (c) 10.

11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (6) 15. (c.d) 16. (a,d) 17. (a,b,c.d) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20.
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (c) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (d) 30.
31. (a) 32. (b) 33. [0] 34. [650] 35. [1] 36. [2] 37. [270] 38. [0] 39. [1]

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS (CTQ'S)

1. 4. [n] 5.

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"Continuity gives us roots, change gives us branches, letting us

stretch and growand reach new heights"

5 CONTINUITY AND
DIFFERENTIABILITY

HISTORICAL NOTE
CONTINUITY
A
A function fx) is said to be continuous at x= a if limn
f()= lim fr) =Aa) = finite value
form of the epsilon-delta
definition of continuity was first i.e. L.H.L- RHL. Ja) = value of the function a i.e. lim f(x)=f(a).
given by Bernard Bolzano in
1817.
Iff*) is not continuous at x = a, we say that fr) is discontinuous at x = a.
Augustin-Louis Cauchy
definined continuity of yy = fx) fx) will be discontinuous atx= a in any of the following cases:
as follows: an infinitely small
lim f(x) and lim f() exist but are not equal.
incrementa of the independent
variable x always produces an
infinitely small change
lim f(x) and lim f(x) exist and are equal but not equal to fla).
fx + a) -f) of the dependent CTfla) is not defined.
variable y.
LT At least one of the limits does not exist.

Properties of Continuous Functions

Let f(x) and g() be functions, both continuous at x = a. Then
E
cfx) is continuous at x = a where c is any constant.
T f) tg(x) is continuous at x a. LEGRA M
ET ). g(x) is continuous at x = a.
ES f) /g(x) is continuous at x = a, provided ga) 0.

These results also hold in any interval, if both f(r) and gr) are continuous in that interval.
Think
Function fr) Interval in which fE) is continuous.
x, (n is an integer> (-0, o)
x-5 (-, o)
discontinuous function x, (n is a positive integer) (o,0)- {0}
at x = 5 a + axt.t a,-ta, (o, o)
Sin x, cos x, e R
fr)= tan x R
X-5 n=0,
Continuous function
Cot x
R- fnr :n=0, t 1, ...}

5 sec
R-(2n+)r n=0, t 1, ±2,...t
cOsec X R- (nt:n= t0, #1, +2, ..}
|n x (0, o)

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sOLVED EXAMPLES

-*-1, x<-2
,x#0
1. Letf[x) = Sol. We rewrite fx) as =:
2x+3, -2Sx<0
f(x)
x=0 +3, 0sx<3
For what valuc ofk; fx) is continuous at x =0. -15, x23.
1+ tanx
1/ At the point x= -2, lim f(r)= lim(-*-)=1,
= =
Sol. lim f(*) lim tan(+*) lim0
10 x0 4 1- tan x and lim f()= lim (2x+3) =-1,
I24

|lim{a+ tan x)'"im{- tan

x)a Therefore, lim
-2
f(x) does not exist.

=exe-e Thus fx) is discontinuous at x =-2.

Since fx) is continuous at x =0, lim f(*) = f(0) At the point x =0. lim f()= lim f(x)=f(0)-3.

'=. Therefore fx) is continuous at x=0. At the point x=

Hence f(x) is continuous at x=0when k=e. lim lim f(3) = 12.
f(1)= X+3*
||x+1|, x<-2 Therefore, f(x) is continuous at x=3.

2. Discuss the continuity of f(x)=

2*+3, -2sx<0 Consideringthat R=(-o, -2)U -2} U-2, 0) u
+3, 0sx<3 U0, 3)
U
{3} U(3, o),
-15, x> 3. we conclude that ) is continuous at all points i
except at x =-2.

CONTINUITY OFAFUNCTION IN AN INTERVAL

Continuity in an Open interval
function f) is said to be continuous in an open interval (a, b) if it is continuous at each
A po

of the interval (a, b).

R
Continuity in a Closed interval
Letf) bé continuous in the
A function fx) is said to be continuous in a closed interval [a, b] if
interval (a, b). Then, while
passing from one value X 1. x) is continuous at each point of the interval (a, b).
of x to another x, in (a, b),
the function fr) must take 2. fx) is continuous from right at x = a i.e. lim f(r)=f(a).
every intermediatc value in
x
G), fx)), atleast once.
at
3. f) is continuous from left
=bie. lim f(*)= f(b) and;
If fx) is continuous in (a,
b), then the graph of y Geometrical meaning: The function f) will be continuous in the closed interval [a, b]i
fx) cannot have any breaks graph ofy f) is an unbroken line (curved or straight) from the point (a, fa) to (b,f0)
in (a, b.

ALGEBRA OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

Let fx) and g(r) be two functions, then the following results holds true.
Case I: Iff and g both are continuous at x = a, then cf) ± c,) and f). g0)
continuous x = a. And fVg) will also be continuous at x = 4, pro
gla) 0.
Case Il: When one of the function for g is discontinuous at x = a, thenc)
definitely discontinuous, but nothing can be said about the continuity off)S
fr)/g(). They may or may not be continuous at x = a.
Case IlI: When fand g both are discontinuous at x = a, then nothing can be said no
.
continuity ofcfx) + c,(*), J*) g*) and rsx).

146

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TYPESOF DISCONTINUITY
Definition: Let a function fbe defincd in the neighbourhood of a point c, except perhaps at c
itself. Also let both one-sided limits lim f() and lim
f() exist, where lim f() 4 lim f().
Then the point c is called a discontinuity of the first kind in the function (x).
In more complicated case lim f(x) may not exist because one or both onc-sided limíts do not

exist. Such condition is called a discontinuity of the second kind.

Removable and Non-Removable Discontinuity

Removable Discontinuity In case
1. limf(x) cxists but is not equal tof(c) then the function is saíd to have a removable
If lim f() cxists but is not cqual discontinuity. In this case we canredefine the function at single point such that lim f(r) = flc)
to fa), then fx) has a removable and make it continuous at x=c.
discontinuity at x = a and it can
be removed by redefining fx) for
Removable Type of Discontinuity can be further Classified as
a. () Missing Point Discontinuity: Where lim f() exists finitely butf(a) is not defined.

e.g., f(r)=(1-x)(9-*) has a missing point discontinuity at x = 1.

(1-x)
(ii) Isolated Point Discontinuity: Where limf(r) exists and fa) also exists but;
lim f(x) + f(a).

CB, f(a)=-16,x4 andf4) =9 has a break at x =4.

X-4
2. In case limf(*) does not exist then it is not possible to make the function continuous by

redefining it. Such discontinuities are known as non-removable discontinuity.

Illustration 5: Redefine the function fa) = [sinx] where xe(0, ) in such a way that it could
become continuous for x e (0,
).EEGR A M

Sol. Here Sn]=0 but f1.Hence, f(2) has a removable discontinuity at x

[sin x]
To remove this we redefincfx) as follows f(x) =

Now,f) is continuous for xe(0, T).

Illustration 8: Redefine the function As)-]+ [-] in such a way that it becomes continuous
for x e (0, 2).
Sol. Here lim f(x) =-1 but/(1) = 0. Hence,
f:) has a removable discontinuity at x = 1.
remove this we define xe (0,1)u(1,2)
To ft) as follows f()-* -1, x=1
Now,Jx) is continuous for x e (0, 2).
Non-Removable Type of Discontinuity Can be Further Classified as
Son-removable discontinuity 1. Finite discontinuity: Both the limits (i.e., L.H.L and R.H.L.) are finite but not equal
lim f(x) docs not exist, then we x+1 for x<0,
an not remove this discontinuity.
o this bccome a non- remnovable (1) The function y= 5 for x=0,
Scontinuity or essential discontinuity. for x> 0,
has a discontinuity of the first kind at x = 0.

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BY @CBSEIANS AND DURGESH
at x =0 it has a discontinu
(ii) The function y= x/x is defined for all e R,x0; but
x
the first kind.
1 The left-hand limit is lim y=-l, while the right-hand limit is lim y=1.
I0

Illustration 6: Prove that fx) = (x} has non removable discontinuity

at anyxe I.

1 Sol. Since lim f(r) does not exist for any a e I.

Hence, fr)= non-removable discontinuity at any x e I
(x} has
2. Infinite discontinuity: Atleast onc of two limits is infinite e.g.,
=- or g(*) = -
() f) X-4 (r-4)
at x = 4.

(ii) The function y = has no limits (neither one-sidednortwo-sided)atx=)

(r-2)(r-3)
x=3. Therefore x
=2 andx =3 are discontinuities of the second kind
The function = In y at the point x = 0 has the limits limln|x-oo,
k Consequs
I0
lim f(1) (and also the one-sided limits) do not exist; x = 0 is a discontinuity ofs
second kind.
It is not true that discontinuities of the second kind only arise when lim f(r) =te
3. Oscillatory discontinuity: Limits oscillate between two finite quantities
e-g, The function y = sin (1/x), has no one-sided limits for and
x0 x0*
There is no limit as x0 since the values of the function sin (1/x) do not approach a cerx
number, but repeat an infinite number of times within the interval from to l as -1 x)

|Noteo .
1. In case of finite discontinuity the non-negative difference between the value of

the R.H.L. at x =c and L.H.L. at x =cis called THE JUMP OF DIscONTINUITY.

function having a finite number of jumps in a given interval is called a PECE-WIS
CoNTINUOUS OR SECTIONALLY CoNTINUOUs
function in this interval.
2. All Polynomials, Trigonometrical functions, Exponential
and Logarithmic functios
are continuous in their domains.

Type of discontinuity

Removable
type e
Non-removable type
of discontinuity of discontinuity
Missing Isolated
point point
FiniteInfinite Oscillatory
type type type
discontinuity discontinuity discontinuity
discontinuity discontinuity
(Isolated point discontinuity)

Jump discontinuity
Infinite
discontinuity Missing point
disçontinuity

Oscillatory discontinuity

148

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
-
Sol. r) (sin (r D1- (sin (r )}
>' ncn checkfr) is continuous at
Let g(r) [sin (r- D]+ (sin (x- )} =sin (r -1)
-lornot; ifnot thcn comment on the type of discontinuity.
which is continuous at r*+ as [sin (* - l)] and
Sol.
|x x<l

lim f(r) = lim x=1 and lim f(x) = lim=1

(sin (x - 1)} both arc discontinuous at r =+1.
. lim f(x)= lim f(x) = finite X41

and f(1) is not defined.

Atmost one of x) or gfx) can be continuous at

So fx) is discontinuous atx= 1

and this missing point
removable discontinuity.
As g(r) is continuous at x =+1, therefore.fx) ust be
cos' {cot x}, x< 2
discontinuous.
4.
If f(r)= Alternatively, check the continuity of fr) by evaluating
x]-1, xs
2
Find jump of discontinuity, where [·] is greatest integer
function and{} fractional part function.
6. Consider f(r) = lim x-sinx forx >0, x* 1,A1)=0
cos{cot x} if x< n
+sin
x

= 2 then
Sol. f(r)
[x]-1 if x27 (a) fis continuous at x = 1

(b) fhas a finite discontinuity at x= 1

L.H.L. lim f(x) = lim cos"{cot x}

(c)fhas an infinite or oscillatory discontinuity x= I at

ON (d) fhas a removable type of discontinuity at x =1

= cos {o*} = cos-l0 =*2 x-sinx
RH.L. lim f(r) = lim qx]-1=1-1
Sol. (b) lim
xy +sin x
if0 <x<Ithen 0 when n
Jx) =-1l ifx > 1

+
r-sin.x sinx-2 sinx
i. Jump of discontinuity =|-1-=-1.
2 lim
2 +
sinr'
5.
Iff) = (sin(r - 1)] - {sin(x- 1)}. Comment on continuity 2sin x"
=1- +
limit ifx >1,
at x sin
G.I.F. and
}
of
fx) =*+1 (where ] denotes
2
lim =l so has a finite discontinuity
denotes fractional part function). atx=1
DIBY 5.1
x

1, If fa)= lim
Inr+2)-sin examine discontinuity offr).
x" +1
2. La
f)=(:1sin+ where [.] denotes greatest integer function. Then find domain offand the points af discontinuity

offin the domain.

x', when xSI l+, whenxS2
3. Discuss discontinuity of x+5, when x>1
4. Discuss continuity of f() =
S-, when 2<*<3

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1, when
0<rs 4 6. If ror)V+42.x (x0), is continuous
5. If f() = then discuss continuity. sin
2sin xwhen function at x = 0, then (0) cquals

-10x+25 forx * =
7. If fx)= 5 and fis continuous at x= 5, then (5)
x'-7x+10
x'-1 when x#1
is continuous at x=1, then the value
of k
will be
8. If function f(x)
=x-1
k, when x=1
[Vi+kr-Vi-kr
for-1sx<0 at
x=0, then k=
9. If f(a)= is continuous
0
2x' +3*-2, for Sxsl
x+1
10. The points at which the function J *)= 1 iS discontinuous, are

11. The function f() =x| +* then discuss thediscontinuity.

+*-16x+20 if x*2
12. Let f(r)
=
(x-2)' Iffx) be continuous for allx, then k=
,if x=2
|sin 2x when x
13. If f(x) = 5x
#0 is continuous at
x=0, then the value of k
will be
x
k, when =0
x+4, x< 3 ONTELEGRA
M

at
14. If f(x) = 4, x=3 is continuous x=3, then
x >3
3x-5,
x
[1-sin
15. If f(r) =I-2x be continuous at x = T/2, then value of is

(1+ax)' x<0
x=0, then 3(e + btc)
=
16. Letf(x) x=0 is continuous at
is equal to:
(x+c)-1 X>0
17. Iff) =
x+ [x- 1], where [.] is greatest integer function, then f(r) is:
(a) Continuous at x
= 0 as well as at x = |

(b) Continous at x=0 but not at x =|

x = (d) Neither continuous at x=0 nor at .r
(c) Continuous at x = but not at 0 I

JB. IHg)- (e-1|+ Hx-1 -2r-2), then the number of point of discontinuity of gé) in {where [.) denotes

Continuíty of Composite Functions

1f the function w ) is continuous at x =4, and the function y gu) is continu
u -Aa), then the composite functiony= (goM*)
s/)) is continuous at
xa.

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
7. Find the points of discontinuity of
9. If x+I and then discuss the
where tu =
1
f(x)= g(*)
u+u-2
continuity off*), g(r) and fog(r).
Sol. The fiunction u = )= is discontinuous at the point.x=1.
Sol. (x)=
X-1
The function y = g(u) = Jx) is a rational function it must be continuous in its
u+-2 (u+2) (u-1) domain and fis not defined atx= |
.. fis discontinuous at x = |
is discontinuous at u
=-2 and l.

When =-2> -1
-2 r= 1/2; g()=
x-2
g(r) is also a rational function. It must be continuous in
When u=l =l=2. its domain and g is not defincd at x = 2
Hence the composite function .. g is discontinuous at x = 2
y=g)) is discontinuous
at threc points x= 1/2, and x = 2. x=1 Now fog () will be discontinuous at
(a) x=2 (point of discontinuity of g(x))
[sin r]
(6) g(r) = 1(when g(r) = point of discontinuityoff)) if
where {.}
1sxs2' g() =
1

X-2
represents fractional part function and [.] is greatest ..
discontinuity of foglr) should be checked at
integer
function, then comment on the continuity of function in X=2 and at x=3
the interval [0, 2].
Sol. (a) Continuity should be checked at
the end-points of
intervals of each definition i.e. x=0, 1, 2.
(b) For [sin Tx], continuity should be checked at all values
BS fog(*) =
S
x-2
of x at which sin
r e Ii.e., x= 0, ONTFJog (2) is not defined
1

-2+1 .- 21-x+2
(c) For continuity should be = lim
im fog(r) limtr-2=1
checked when 0 -2
--1
fog () is discontinuous atr=2 and it is removable
.".
(as sgn () is discontinuous at x= 0) discontinuity atx=2
i.e.,
5 fog (3) = not defined
x=and when x-el
+1
i.e., X = (as {x} is discontinuous when xe)
lim fog(r) = lim 2

3 r-3

.. overall discontinuity should be checked at x =0, -2

5
2 check the discontinuity your self.
.and lim fog(r) = lim
-3
2 1

--1
discontinuous at x= X-2
.. fog(r)is discontinuous at .x
=3 and
removable discontinuity of Ilnd kind.
iS non

DIBY 5.2

9
V+ pe)-l- p) -1 Sx<0 ig continuous in
the interval [-1, 1], then
fa)= 'p' is equal to:
„0sxsI
A-2

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20. If f(x)=x(Vx-x+1),thendiscuss the continuity of().

J)F be a real valued function then discuss the continuity off().

4l
22. The function f() = sin'(c0s x) discuss the continuity off)
then
Let *] denotc the integral part of e Rand gr) =y-[xl.
x Let fx) be any continuous function with J(0) =S)
function h(r) =fg)
(a) has finitely many discontinuities (b) is continuous on R
(c) is discontinuous at some x=C (d) is a constant function.

24. The function f) is definced by

Jlog,4r- (x-2x+s) i<x<l x>l
f(x)=1
(a) is continuous at x = 1 4 ifx=1
(6) is discontinuous at x = 1
since f(1+) docs not exist thoughf(1) exists
(c) is discontinuous at x= 1 since f(1-) does not exist though f(1)exists
(a) is discontinuous since neitherf(l) norf(1)exists.

sin (cos x}

25. If f(r) = then fx) is (where *} represents the fractional part function)

x=
2

f(x) exists, butfis not continuous at

(a) continuous at x =
(6) lim

(c) limf(x) does not exist OCBSEET

26. The function f(x)= 1

(à) is continuous at x =0
x=0 NTELEGRI
(b) has removable discontinuity at x = 0
(c) has jump discontinuity at x=0 (a) has discontinuity of IId type at x = 0

DIFFERENTIABILITY
Let y =f) be a continuous function of x in (a, b). Then the derivative or differential cocffic
w.r.t. x xe
offr) at (a, b), denoted by dyldx orf'(), is
dy f(x+ Ar)-f()
lim
dx Ar0

provided the limit exists and is finite; and the function is said to be differentiable.
To find the derivative offr) from the first Principle
If we obtain the derivative ofy = fx) using the formula dy = lim f(x+h)- f()
h+0
say that we are finding the derivative off) with respect to x from the definition or from the
principle.
For example, y = cos2r.

Here f(r) =cos2x and

dy lim - (r+h)- f(a) lim Cos2(*+h)-cos 2x
-
dx h
h
2(*+h) + 2x 2x-2(x+ h)
2 sin sin
= lim 2
h
lim-2 sin (2x+

Cale
152

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Right Hand Derivative
Kight hand derivative of fr) at x a is denotcd by, Rr'(a) or
f(a') and is defincd as
s(a+h)- fo)
Rr(a) = lim: 2,h>0.
h-0

Left Hand Derivative

Left hand derivative of fr) at x= a is denoted by
Lf(a) or f(a) and is defined as

L' (a) = lim fla-h)- f(a)

-,h>0.
-h
Clearly,f) is differentiable at x = a if and only if R(a) = Lf(a).
I fthefunctiony=f() is differentiable at x=
X, it must be continuous at x = X

Proof: Since fx) has a derivative at x=X

lim f)-f%) exists.

We write
fx)-x)= f()-f) (x-x), so that

lim [f(*)-f)]= lim 9.lim(*-%) =f)-0=0

lim f()=f(), and hence, the functionf) is continuous at x= Xo
X-0

IS A function which is continuous at x = X, may or may not

be differentiable at x = Xo e.g.
f)=x is continuous at x=0, but not differentiable at
x=0.
Here f(x)=x,x> =-x,x<0 and lim f()= 1im f(x) =0 ) is continuous at x
r-0 =0.
Butf(0+)- lim (*)-f0) lim–=1
X0*Y

lim
ËLEGRAM
)-f0) = lim=-1
andf'(0-= -X
+0

so thatf"(0) =f (0-l)
f) is not differentiable at x
=0.
Differentiability of Sum, Product And Composition of Functions
1. If Ax) and g(r) are differentiable at
x= 4, then the functions f)t g(), A). g) will also be
differentiable at x = a and
ifg(a)0, then the function fVg(r) will also be differentiable atx= a.
2. If x)
is not differentiable at x =a and g(r) is differentiable at

differentiable at x=a.
x=4, then fr)tgx) is non
3. IffX) is not differentiable atx =a and g(r)is differentiable
atx= a, then the product function
F) =fx).g(r) can still be differentiable at x = a e.g., fr) = |rl and g(x)
4. IfX) and g(æ) both are not differentiable at x 4, then the product function
=. =
can stillbe differentiable at Fr) fx).gr)
5. IfAX) and
x=a e.g.,fx)
=
g(x) both are non-differentiable at x = 4, then
and g(x) =.
the sum function Fr) = A)+ gr)
may be a differentiable function. e.g., =
fx) and g(r)=-xl.
6. Iffis differentiable at x = a,

then lim
f(a+g(h))- f(a+ p(h) =
f'(a), where lim p(h) = limg(h)
g()-p(h) =0

alinuity and
Differentiability
1S3

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SOLVED EXAMPLES,
10, Comment on
the differentiability 2a+h=3
Hence
of
*<1 6x if x<I r")= 6; f"(h,.
at x
=1. f')=2a if x21
continuity off" (*): 2a =6>a=3
Sol. R.H.D, = f'u)= lim +h)-f) b=-3; c=
1.
Hence a=3, b=-3;c1
from (ii),
h->0*

(1+h) -1-= lim 1+h² +2h -1

-
:: Sa'=19
= lim = lim (h ++2) = 2
h0+

13. Showthat the function defined by f(x) =

L.H.D, f')=
h0
lim J-h)-
-h
f()
lim
h0*
1-hl
-h every value ofx but
0,

As L.H.D. RHD, is differentiable for the deriv

Hence fr) not continuous at x =0.
is not differentiable at x 1.
x
Sol. For #0,
= S4+ Bx
x<1
11. If f() find A and B so 2xsin = 2xsin
|3Ax– B+2, x>1' then S)=
that f(x) become differentiable at x =1.
f(l+)-f) f(4)- f(0) =lim
Sol. fT)= lim For x=0,f'(x) = lim
h0 h0
h0*

= lim 34 (1+h)- B+2-34+B-2 3Ah - lim sin=0;h

= lm =3A
h

im -h)-f) 2x sin-cos, x*0

fU)= -h
Thus, f)= x
ON TE LEGRAM 0, X=0
= lim A+ B(1-h)' -34+B-2 f'() is continuous at x =0 if
h0t

+
() limf() exists.
2) Bh -2Bh
= lim (-24+2B- (ii) The value of the limit is f(0).
h>0 -h
hence for this limit to be defined - 24 +
1
2B-2= 0 Now limf) =lim 2xsincos which ds

B=A+ 1 =
2B
:.fT)=lim-(Bh-2B) cxist since limcos does not exist. Hence,f'e)
x0
For fx) to be diflerentiable at x =
1

continuous at x =0.
.f()=f(I) 14. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the

3A 2B= 2(A+
=
1) : B=A+ 1

A=2, B=3 |x (3e+4) x#0

if x<1 f()= 2-e atx=0,
12. Suppose ax +
bx+c if x21 X=0
Sol. The given function may
Iff"(U) exist then find the value
of
a'+ b² + c2. be written as
x= 1 we havef(1) = 1
-x (3e +4)
Sol. For continuity at
andf(1*)=a+btc f(r)=o
2-e-V<0
.". a+b+c=1 ..) X=0
if x<1 for continuity off(*) at x
=1
2-e
2ax+b if x1
3;/ (1*)
=
2a +
b For continuity, lim
f() = lim
-r (3e+4)
f)= 2-e

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= lim
-x (3+4e) -
2e-1
=0
£'0)= lim )-f(0) lim
(3eh+4)
x(3e +4) x(3+4
h h-+0
h(2-e)
lim
I0+
f(r) = lim
x0+ 2-e
lim e*)-0 -(3+4 e"") h (3 e +4)
e%-1 f(O) = lim
r0+ 2 = lim =3 and
Since lim f(*) =
f(0) = lim f(*),
h0 2 eh-1
e )
h-0* h
(2-)
I0 (3+4
fx) is continuous at x=0. = lim =-3
h->0* 2 eh-|
For differentiability,
Sincef"(0) +f",(0),f) is not differentiable at x = 0.

DIBY 5.3
whenx <2 *-1 x

27. If SC) =**1, 2:x-7x+5

for #1
12x-1, when x >2 iscuss the differentiability at x =2 28. If S(*)= thenf"(1)
=

x
for =1

29. The function f(o) = * sin-,x*0, f(0)= 0 then, discuss the continuity & differentiability off(*)
X
30. Discuss the continuity & differentiability of y = x
|sin
31. Which of the following is not true?

(a) Every differentiable function is continuous.

(b) If derivative of a function is zero at all points, then the function is constant.
(c) If a function has maximum or minima at a point, then the function is differentiable at that point and its
derivative is
zero.
(d) If a function is constant, then its derivative is zero at all points.
32. Find the number of points of non-differentiability offr) =||x-1|+| cos TX| for- 2<x<2.

FUNCTIONAL EQUATION USING DIFFERENTIABILITY

Basic Steps
1. Write down the cxprcssion forf"(*) as f()= lim f(x+h)-f(r)
h0
2. Manipulate f[x + h)-f(x) in such a way that the given functional rule applicable. Now
apply the functional rule and simplify the R.H.S. to get f'(r) as a function of x along with
constants if any.
3. Integratc'(x) get fr) as a function of x and a constant of integration. In some cases a
Diferential Equation in formed which can be solved to getf).
4. Apply the boundary value conditions to determine the value of this constant.
Standard functional equation:
If x, y are independent variables, then:
1. Jy) =fx) +fy) *) =k ln x orf(r) = 0.
2. Jxy) -fx).Jly) )=", n e R.
= ar,
3. x+y) =J).f) f)
4. frty) =/) +y) J) = kx, where k is a constant.

where xe R-{0} =
5 >) I
t,ne W.

mtinuity and Differentiability 155

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
M

IfMis the mid-point of AB, then co-ordinates of

15. Jenson's Functional equation: Let
J()+J) for all rcalx and y. Iff(0) exists
(o)
According to the graph, co-ordinates of
p

and cquals -1 and f(0) = 1, then find f(2).

Sol. Analytical Method: Since )and PL > M.
= f(2x)+ f(0) 2x) +
(0) =2/x)
f(r)
2

[2r)-2/r) f0) ...() 2

f)= lim S(x+h)f -f()

But
fr)+02 which is possible, w
h0

P M
i.e., P lies on AB. Hence y fx) must be a lincar functi
f')= lim Let x) =
ax+ b(0) =0+b=|
=
(given)
and fr) = 0+b=1(given)
ax
b(0)
+

[f(2*) + f(2h) ..fx)=-x=-+ I.. J0) =-2+ l=-1

lim x+2y)_f)+2f)
16. tx,ye R and f'()=
3
- lim
e)+2)-2/9) 2h
prove that f(x) is continuous for all xe R.

Sol. Analytical Method: f

(from (i) 3
2h
Replacing x by 3x and y by 0, we get
--1xE R
(given)
fo)
Integrating, we getfx) =-x te f(r) =(3)+2 J(3r) - 3fx) =-2/0)
3
Putting x=0, then f0) =0 +c=1 (given)
C=1, then f)= |-r Now, f(r) = lim r+h)-f(r)
h0
Alternative Method: : r+y)f0t
2
f() ELGRAM h
34
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x treating y as constant, 3xt2)
= lim 3
lim
h
Replacing x by 0 and y by 2x,
then f'(r) =f(0) =-1 (given)
Integrating, we have f(x) =-xt 3
-f)
= lim
Puttingx=0, f(0) =0+ C=1 (given) 0
.. c= I
3

1, then fA2) =-2 +1=-1

+

Hence f(x) =*
Method (Graphical Method): Suppose A(x,
Alternative =lim
y= =f(0) = I
be any two point on the curve x) 0

fx) and B(Y, ))

On integrating, x) where d is a cons

=xtd
integration, which is linear function in x and
always continuous function for all .x. he
Alternative Method: :
M, M,

156

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Diferentiating both sides w.t.t x treating y as constant y) fr) Av) + 2ry - Ix,y eR
+ +

Sol. Given
fx
Putting x y* 0 in (i), we get /0) = I

3
3 lim t h)-fr)
i: fr) A0
and replacing x by 0 and y by 3x
= lim fr) +
f(h) + 2xh -1 -fr) =
lim
f(h)+2rh-|
then f'(r)=f(0) = I (given)
On integrating, we get
fx) =x t d, d is a constant of integration which is linear -lim f()-+lim
function inx and hence it is always constinuous function
for all x.
Altemative Method (Graphical Method): Given
= lim
h-0
/)-f(0) +lim(2r)
= 2{(0) + 2r = sin + 2x
3 Integrating both sides w.rt. x and taking limit 0 to x, then
Suppose Ar, fr)) and B(y ()) are two points on
the curve y=Ax) and let M be any point which divides restk= joing*21)de
:
(internally) AB in the ratio 2 1 then co-ordinates of M
ar
(1x+2:y 1:f)+2f())
1+2 1+2

f)-0)
=
xsin
+
+r =
f)=rsin
1

0) )
(:
1
y-fr) Here it is clear from graphfr) R.
>0re
18. Letfbe a one-one function such that f(x)fly) +
2-fx) +

)+f(y) Vr.ye R-{0} andf (0) = 1.f() = 2, then

prove that
3|f(rdx -xT()+2).
Sol. We have fr/ly) + 2 =fr) +
f) + Av) ...()
N
Putting and y
x=I 1, we get(V +2 - 3/(1)
:.)= 1, 2 => f)=2
..
Co-ordinates of N are )1 (': J0) = l andfis one-one function)
y
It is clear from the graph, NL > ML In (i) replacing by

f)+2f()
3
:.

but given
f()+2fO)
3
(:A)=2)
which is possible only when N M ..J)= ltrne N)
Hence N lies on AB,
=
i.e., A, N, B are collinear. f()=tnf) tn =2
Hence y = fx) must be a linear function. Taking tve signn=2
Let f(x) = ax +b Now,

f)=u f')=a-1 (given)

Hence it is always continuous for all e R.

x

onstant
) + 2
+
7 Let fu ty) -A) Ifor all 4, yeR. If/()
-
is differentiable and /'(0) sin, then prove that /(r) >0 19. Ife " xv) =
e) te), eR, andfl) e,
detemine /).

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Sol. Given e")) e" + 21. Let Axv) xl) +

yr) for all x,yer).R, and
differentiable in (0, o) then determine
Putting x=y=l in (i), we get l) 0
Sol. Given f(xy) xfY) + yx)
= lim:f(u+h)-f(r)
Now, f() Replacing x by I and y by x, then we get x/(1) =0
.·)=0,x
0
("xy
= lim f(x+h)-fa)
lim
Now, f'x) h0

=
lim

=f()-1+eti,) =
f')+ r)-J- ro)

f)=f)+ del
I to x
On integrating have ef)= In x+ catx-= 1,
we
c=0 On integrating w.r.tx and taking limit
:.f)=e Inx then )_J0= fU)(tn x-In l)
20. Letf: RR, such that(0) = I andf +y)–f) +) 1

=er+y)–xe-ye+ 2y Vx,yeR, then determine fr).

Sol. Given fr + y) =f) +fy) = e ty)- xet-ye' + 2xy
f)-0= f') (: A)*
...) :.
f*) =f(I)(r In x)
Putting x
=y= 1, we get f(0) =0 ...(i) Alternative Method: Givenfry) =/() + yfr)
= lim f(x+h)-f() Differentiating both sides w.r.t x treating y as constant
Now, f(r) + yf
h+0 h f')y=) y ()
Putting =x and x = 1, thenf"(r)x=f*) +xf(1)
= lim f()+f()-e*r+h)-xe' -he' +2.xh-f()
h0
V

= fh)+
lim:
xe* (e"-)+ heh -he + 2.xh TELEG 1

= lim Integrating both sides w.r.t. x taking limit I to x,

h h

=f(0) xet:1 te-1+2r=1+xe +et +2r-1 f) =f){lnx-nl}

=xet e+2y
Integrating both sides w.r.t. x with limit 0 to x nx
.. f)-f0)
("fo) =0)
-0-f') (:AD*
=xe-ete2
fx)-0 - xe-x hence f(r) -0 =xet Hence,
f(*)=f() (¢ In )
DIBY 5.4
33. Let fxy)
=f) R andfis xy e differentiable at x
such thatf()=l also (1) # 0, then show thatfis different
=l
for all x * 0. Hence, determine f).
34. If2/1) =fy) +fly) for all x, ye R*,Al) =0 and (1) = 1, then findfe) andf'(2).
35. Suppose p(r) = a, a,x+
, ...
t Ifp)) S |e-1| for all.x20. prove that la + 2a, +
at... ta. naj s1. t
all real x and y. constant, for all non-zero real
36. Let s=for 2
IfI)=f), show that/() +Al-)=

158

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SACHIN SIR SPECIAL (S*)
NGLE CORRECT
1. The relation bctween a &bif thc function

–-
a+sin(x"))+{b-sin() () so)= lim = 0

f(r)= lim
(1+*)sec(tanr +*))
is continuous at x
=? s(o)=lim =0
(a) a=b (6) a+b=0 = [4x]+ (3x} where [.] denotes GIF and
(c) a+ b=-1 a+ b=1
(d) 3. If) {.} denotes
FPF then forx e (0, 5]
*(a+sin("))+{b-sin(")
b1.
(6) f(*)= lim (a) Number of points of discontinuity of fr) are 25
(+ Jsc tan
(+) (6) f(0) =0
For continuity at x= 1 (c) f'() =3 wherever defined
limf (x) must exist and equals f(1) (a) fr)< 20
Sol. (a,c)
I (a+sin 1")+b-sin(1") Possible points fdiscontinuity of (*) are x =0, 1,2,.., 20
f(1)= lim, sec and 3x= 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 1, 14 so total 30 points but
1+1) tan"(1" +1")
sr) is continuous at x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 45(*)= [4r]+ 3x-[3x]
a+ sinl+b-sinl a+b f'(x=3)
sec( tan 2)
2/5 ;xis irrational
4. Let f(x)= 2
Now forx> lin the immediate neighborhood q :ifx=(rationa!)
|2g'-q+q sin +5
a+sin(x")+b-sinr" (where HCF (p, q)= 1; p, q >0 and fr) is defined
f(r)= lim7 x>0 then which of the following is/are incorrect?
o(tan"( +*) N
(a) fr) is continuous at each irrational in (0, o)
(6) fx) is continuous at each rational in (0, o)
a +( somne quantity betweenl and-1)+0
-=0 (c) fr) is discontinuous at each rational in (0, co)
Isec(tan') (a) fr) is discontinuous for all xin (0, co)
Sol. (c) Let .x=
Similarly for x <
1
1
in the immediate neighbourhood
. 3
AV3)=0
= 1.732050807
of /3
b As the decimal part increase then in the expression
f(*)=. =0
Isec( tan'o)
E,g becomes very large
Hence x*1
f(x)=0 for
.lim f(x) =0 = a+b 2
So, 0
2. = (sin
'x)²cos(1/x) if x *0;S(0) = 0,f() 2q'-qt+q+sin“ q+t
fr) is
(a) Continuous no where in Hence lim_f(r) =0
-1sxSI
(b) Continuous everywhere in -1sxsl
Thus, fx) is continuous at each irrational.
(c) Differentiable no where in -1sxSI
5. S()= cos (|x |+[x]), then, where [.J is GIF
(d) Differentiable everywhere in -l<x<l
(a) fis continuous at x = 1/2
(b) fis differentiable in (-1, 0)
(c) fis continuous at = 0
=0
(0)
f(o')=0,/(0)=0,f(0) (d) fis diflerentiable in (0, 1)

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Sol. (b) 1) cos T (|x + [x])

x"f(x)+ h(x) +1
Sol. [5] g«)= lim
(a)
=
= cos 2:x"+3+3
cos(r|x|+0)

x} +0) =cos g(x) =

scos(*| -0 |h(x)+1
3x+3
(6) ()= cos((-x+(-)) = cos(z(r + 1), xe (-1,0) sin (T 2') =2
g(1)= lim
x- scc (Tt 2*)
(c) S(0)= cos((x +0)) = cos TV = COs(0) =1 log,
=
Now g(x) is continuous at x
|

S{0 )=cos(7(-x-I)) = cos(r) -1

=
g(1)-g)=g()
(d) f(x)= cos(T(x +0)) = cos TLx,xE (0,) f)_h)+1 -=2
NUMERICAL TYPE 2
A)=4, h(1) =- 11,g(1)
= 2

1-p' +xp.ln (p) 4g(1) 21) h(1) =8+8-

+
|| =5
x<0
8. Letf: R*R satisfies the cquation (xy) - e
6. If g(x)= k (e'f) + e{)) ,ye R*. Iff'1) = e, then find{

(2p) -x In(2p)-1 Sol. [0] Given functional equation

fxy) = e" * (efx)+ efy)) x, y e R*
Put x=y=1
(where p >0), then find [g(0)] so that g() is continuous +

at x =0. (where [-] is G.ILE)

f) =el(efl) ef()) =A)=0
now f(x)= lim f(x+ A)- f()
= lim P +**p'ln (p)
Sol. [0] L.H.L,
X07
-p' lIn p+ (ln p) (P txp lnp2(L.H. rule)
= lim
X0 x'p'np+ 2.xp* = lim
-0
= lim p(ln p) (n p)

x0 2ON
(xp lnp+2p*) TELHGRAM
= lim
fe-)+e
R.H.L. = lim (2p)-
xln
(2p)-1 h-0

=
x0
(2p)' In2p-In2P(LH. nle) =f(a)+e) f)=f()+
lim
X0 2x
ef)-f(r)e'
= lim (2p) (ln 2p'_ (n2p)
2 2
X0 Integrating both sides w.r.t. 'r', we get
For g(r) to be continuous = (In 2p)²
(n p)

)
1
In|x+e= or fr) =e (n|x+c)
+ (npt In 2p) =0p=
sincef(l)=0 =c=0
.. g(0) .. f)=e Inl x
9. Letflr) be a real valued function not identically ze
lim J()+h(x) +) that /(r +y')=) + l) Vx,y eRandf(0)2
7. sx)= 2.x" +3+3 find (10).
Sol. [101 Given functional equation
sin'(r 2*)
g)= lin log,. sec(r2')
Il
x -0)
ty)Jr) + ) and f"(0) > 0 put
HO) + 0))
at x = 1, then find the value
f0)=0
be continuous function
a
assume that fx) and h(x) are = litn f0+)-o)
of 4g(| ) 2/(1) h(1), also f0) lim
-
+

0
Continuous alx]

160}

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Let K=f(0)
= lim
f(0+ (/D)' -f(0) ,(ra
lim: = K

or K= K° or K= 0, 1, -1 as f"(0) >0f'(0) =0, 1

Thus f(x) = lim- f(x+h)-f()

h0

= lim fx+()-f)
h0 (y +2x.-2<x<-1
-1Sx<0
Sr)= lim )+(fH')-fr) f'()= 0,1
g(x)
=

0sx<2
h-0
Integrating both sides, we get 2<x<3
,
f)=0 orfr) =x+c (2x+2 -2sx<-I
As(0) =0, we have f(x) =0 or
fr) =x 0 -1sr<0
Now fx) =0 is impossible as 0<x<2
fr) is not identically
zero 2x-2 , 2<x<3
.
f) =x and (10) = 10 clearly g(x) is discontinuous atx =0 and not
10. IfAx) =2 differentiable at x 0,2.
+f) +fxy) +fr).f), for allreal values ofx
y
and andfx) is a polynomial function withf4) = 17 and
12. If f(*f) =,ye R,y = 0. then find
1)1, then find the value off-3).
Sol. [10] Let x =y= 1

Ax) + fy) +fy) = 2 +f). fy) Sol. [1]

3/1) = 2 + (1)² 1) = 1, 2. But given that
N T () Putxyzl in given relation, we
getff()) =A)
f)1 so f(1)= 2. x= 1,y =A1) in given relation, we get
(ii) Now put
Now put y=!
=l from (i) and (ii)
f()

..jl) =1
Put x=1,f) =)
Now f4)=
17n=2 now substitute y
=f)
1+ = 10
()', .f-3)
=
Jx)
11. Consider fx) -x- 2, and g() in the interval (-2, 3],
where 13. lf function f() - |sin x + sin x
then, find number of
= min.{f(t);-2<1s -2sx<0 x}, non-differentiable points offx) in (-31, 3t).
gx)
max.{f();0 S1Sx}, 0sxs3 Sol. [5] Graph ofy=| sinx|
find g'x) at x= 1.
Dl. 0] Discontinuous at x =0 and not differentiable at x=0,2

+2x, x<0 -2T

'-2x, x20
Graph x
by definition of g(x) of= sin

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f(3) =A3*) = 9 it means

(r) is continuous at

f(W10) = 10;f(V10 ) =9

f(IT)=11f(V1 )=10
2T

Graph of x + sin
y=f)=|sin |x} f(S)= 25:/(5)= 24
sr) is discontinuous at x=/10,Vi,.
(16 points).
max
-3Tt 3Tt
15. fx) =
|1+x,J4-,-2sxs0
min | V1+x,J4-*|,0<xs2
Find number of non-differentiable points of
fr).
f(x) is continuous every where.
Sol. [3]
f«) is not differentiable at x = nTt.
14. f(3) = [] for 3 Sxs5 where (] is the greatest integer
function. Find the number of point of discontinuity.
Sol. [16]If 3 <x<5 then 9 <<25
Integral values of x are 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25
Possible point of discontinuity x =3,
So it is obvious that discontinuous at one point
V10, 11,., /24,5
non-differentiable at three points in the given dom

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JEE MAINS

1. Laf)= for 0SxsI 8. If y= Where r= then the number of

a sgn(x+1) cos(2.x-2) +
bx, for 1<xs2 2t-2
If) is differentible at x= l, then points of discontinuities ofy -f), re R is
(a) a'+ b'=3 (b) a'-b² (d) infinite
= 2
-3 (a) I (b) 2 (c) 3
(c) ab (d) a-b=3 9. Letf(r) be defined in (-2, 2] by
2. The graph of the function y = fr) has a unique max
tangent at (e", 0) through which the graph passes then
In(1
+7/())- sin(/(r)) f(x) =
(Va-.+)25x50
lim
3/(x)
is cqual to
then gt min( 4-,Ni+r) .0<xs2
(a) 1
(b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 7 (a) is continuous at all points
(6) is not continuous at more than one point
3. 1If
f(*) = max- **,*“ xe [0,oo), then the sum of (c) is not differentiable only at one point
the square of reciprocal of all the valucs of x where fx) (d) is not differentiable at more than one point.
is non-differentiablc, is cqual to 10. The number of points at which the function
82
(a) 1
(b) 81 (c) 82 (d fr)= max. {a-x, atx, b} -0 <r<o, 0 <a<b
81
cannot be differentiable is

4. Let
(a) 1
(b) 2
then
0,
(c) 3 (d) none of these
x=1
11. Iff: R R be a differentiable function, such that
(a) fis neither differentiable at x= 0 nor at x = 1.
r+ =f)2y) +
f2y) + 4yy Vx,ye R, then
(b) fis differentiable x =0 and atx=1.
at

+
=f(0) –
1
(a) f()f(0) (6) f() I
(c) fis differentiablex at x = 0 but non
differentiable at =l (c) f(0)f(1)+2 () f0) =f()-2
(d)fis differentiable at x = lbut non-differentiable at 12. The function fdefined by
x=0.
J(1+sin zr)f -
R be afunction defincd by f\y) = min.(r + 1,
5. Letf: R
k + 1). Then which of
fu)= lim
sin r)f +I
to(1+
is
the following is true?
(a) f(x) I%re R (a) everywhere continuous
(b) fx) is not differentiable at x=
1 (b) discontinuous at all integer values ofx
(c) fx) is differentiable everywhere (c) continuous atx = 0

(d) fx) is not differentiable at x=0 (d) none of these

13. Let f()=-+*+l and
6. Let when -2 sxs2. Then (where [*] max
(f()} for 0 Stsx for 0sxsl
Tepresents greatest integer function) 3-x+*? then
for l<xs2
(a) x) is continuous at x =2 (a) gr) is continuous & derivable ut .x|
(b) fx) is continuous at x = 1

(b) g(r) is continuous but not derivable at r= l

(c) x) is continuous atx1
(c) g(r) is neither continuous nor derivable at .x = |

(d) fx) is discontinuous atx=0

(d) g(r) is derivable but not continuous at .r =
fu) - sgn(x) and g(x) The function
+
6).
7. Let x(-5x
glx)) is discontinuous at
14.
Iff is a real-valued diftlerentiable tunction satistying
|a)-f)s(-).,ye R and f(0) = 0,then )
(a) infinitely many points (b) exacly one point equals
() exactly three points (l) no point (u) I
(b) 2 (e) 0 (d) -1

Ontinuity and Dilferentiability

163

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24. Find the number of ordered pairs(s) (a, b) real of

15. Function f(r)=(lx-1|+1x-2|+cos x)
wherc for which the function /(x) sgn ((x- ax+ Do
XE 0, 4] is not continuous at number points of +
)) is díscontinuous at cxactly one point. [Note:
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) (d) 0 1 denotes signum function ofx.l
16. A function f: R Rsatisfies the cquation
a tan 0sx<4
J(rt)Ax),fy) for all x, ye R,f(x) 0. Suppose that
the function is differentiable at x= 0 and f0) 2 then
X=4
(a) fir) (b) 2/r) (c) x) (d) -2/x) 25. Let (x)=
17. Let f(x) =[cosx+ sin x,0<x<2r where [x] denotes btan 4<x<6
the greatest integer less than or cqual to x, the number of
points of discontinuity offr) is
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 4
sin (7-x)+,4 6sxs8
(d) 3
IfX) continuous
is in [0, 8], then find the valu

18. The function

;x#0
is [x] represents (a' + b).
= lim
(1+ sin x)" +e where
X=0 26. If f(«) xe[-2r,2:],s
1+(1+sin x"
the greatest integer less than or equal tox
the find the total number of point of discontinuity off.
(a) continuous at x =1 (6) continuous at x = -1
= 27. Let the equations + 2r+px + b = 0 and ++n
(c) continuous at x 0 (d) continuous at x=2 common and the third rocg
r=0 have twoare roots
19. The set of all point cach equation represented by a and B respectie
for which J()=r-2 is
[l+x]
continuous is

(where [] represents greatest integer function) e logi+xla+p

(a) R (b) R-[-1, 0] -l<x<0
(c) R-({2}-1, 0)) (d) R- {(-1, 0) Un, n e ) If S(x)={ a. X=0
20. Let fx) be a continuous function defined for sxs3. If
1

fx) takes rational values of for all x and f(2) = 10 then

0<x<l
the value off(1.5) is tanx
(a) 7.5 (b) 10 is continuous at x =0, then find the value of 2(a +b)
(d) None of these
(c) 8
ELEGRAM [l*+1-adl+la+1-2r+2, asx<0
21. If fr)=p |sin x |+q-e +r|x and (:) is differentiable =
28. If f(x) In(b-1+ sin 2x)
at
x=0. then 0<xsb
(b) p=0,q =0,re R
(a) p=q=r=0
(c) q=0,r 0,pe
=
R (d) p+q=0,re R continuous at x =0 with (0) = 2, then find the vale:
[a + b]. [Note: [y] denotes greatest integer function
22. Let f(x) = sin x, g(x)=[x+1] and than or equal to yl
= h(x) then
gT) is (where (*] is the greatest 29. If E"sin (a,) = lor any ne N and
integer function)
V-(3- 2.r)
(a) non existent (b) I
=
(d) None of these
p=Il(a,). If f(*)
(c) -!
[x' +,then
=
23. If S(x) is continuous at x =p, then find the value of
6(*
(where, ["] and {* denote the greatest integer and
fractional part functions respectively) =

(a) x) is continuous at all integral points

30, If f(r) is continiio
(b) fx) is continuous and differentiable at x 0
(c) fx) is discontinuous Vxe /-) x denote n
0then the value of 0) is (xl and fr}
(d) fx) is differentiable VxE/, part and fractional part of'x respectively)

164

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JEE ADVANCED

SINGLE CORRECTION 6. The graph of function fcontains the point PU, 2) and
1. 1f Ar) = (+ 1)}- 4r- 5|+ sine + cos(lr - 1), then Os, r). The cquation of the secant line through P and
fx) is not differcntiable at The value off(|), is
(a) 2 points (b) 3 points s-I
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 points (d) No points
(c) 4 (d) non existent
2. Number of x points
of valucs Iffx)= max. (1-x, Min. (r, then number 1)
of
in 4,4] where fx) [3x + 14] 7.
+ar where f() is non-differentiable is/are
-(2+3r-2) +in is non-derivable, is
(a) 5 (b) 4
cqual to
(c) 3 (d) 2
Note: [k] denotes the largest integer less than or equal to
8. The number of points at which the function
k.]
max
.(1+ x,1-x), ifx<0
(a) 23 (5) 24 g(r) =
(c) 25
min.(1+x.1+). ifr 20
(d) 26
3. Let is not differentiable, is

s9-(-sr+2)(-6e +llk-o]-bn) (a) 0 (b) 1

(c) 2 (d) 3
|

non |3+sgn(x -|-Sx)

Number of points at which the function fx) is
differentiable in [0,2n], is 4+x*
(a) 5 (b) 4

ax+b,
(c) 3 (d) 2

-0<IS2
is non-derivable atx = X,, X, , then

4. If the function f()=x5x+6, 2<x<3 isON TSx cquals

px +
qx+1, 3S<oo
[Note: y], and sgn(y) denote greatest integer.
{y}
differentiable in (-o, oo), then fractional part and signum function ofy respectively]
-4
(a) a=-1,p= (a) 0 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5
(o) b=2,4= 5 -4r+cos(/rr), x20
(c) a= 1, b=2 -sins)-|( +&r+12)*|
(d) -5 then number of points wheref-) is non derivable is
a=-1,9=4
5. Let fbe areal valued function defined on R given by fr)
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 8
11. If f(r+y) = +
- (x} +2[x] where [y] and (y} denotes largest integer S y f(r) f(v)+|x|y+n°,vr.ye R

and fractional part ofy respectively. The function /(x) is andf"(0) = 0, then
(a) continuous and differentiable Vxe R (a) x) is twice differentiable at x=0.
(b) continuous Vxe R but not differentiable at integral (b) Area bounded by
f(),r=l,y=0 is
points.
(c) neither continuous nor derivable at integral points (c) f') is continuous re R

(d) no where differentiable. (d) f) is ditferentiable Vre R.

ontinuity and Differentiability 165

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MULTIPLE CORRECT 17. Which ofthe following function are not twice ddifferenta

at x (0?
12, Which of the following functions are continuous and
differentiable atx0? (a) xx
[Note : sgn(k) denotes signum function of k.] (b) |sin?)

(a) f)= cos sgn |x|-sgn | x|

(b) ga)=cos sgn |x|+ sgn|x|

x#0
() Ax)= sinsgn |x|sgn |x| (d)
x<0
18. Let = sgn(-?) sgn(x') where sgn x denotes
f) si
function ofx, then which of the following statement
13. Which of the following statement (s) is (are) correct? (are) incorrect?
(a) 1fg(r) =*, then lim 80 (a) f(0)=-1
= 1

(6) f(0) =lf'(0)

(6) 2x+|| Yre R. (c) fis continuous but not differentiable at x=0
dx (d) fis discontinuous at x = 0.
(c) Letfbe a rcal valued function defined on R. Iff1)> 19. Let fbe a differentiable function satisfying
0 and f3) < 0, then there exists a number c between
and 3 such that f[c) =0
1
fx+= y)
=
+ (e- 1) (e'
fx) 1) x, - y e R

(d) The equation xo–10:+5=0 has a root in interval (0, 2) r(0) 2. Identify. the correct statement(s)?

(a) lim =4
fx)-x
14. Let f(x) =

1.
x*0. If
r=0
DDSE
(0) =1, then
(6) lim(f(r) + cos x)e =e?
X0
=0 is 2
C) Number of solutions of
the equation x)
(a) a+b=
1
(b) a=b= ONTE
2
() Range of the function y =fr) is (-, o)

-.
-1 3
(c) a= (d) a-b=1 2(x + 1), -o0 <rs-1
=
20. Let g(r) -1<x<l then
15. Given
f)
= tan, ifx e0
then 1<x<oo
|0, ifx =0 (a) gr) is non-differentiable at exactly three poinis
(a) fis continuous but not derivable at x =0.
(b) gx) is continuous in (-, 1]
(b) fis differentiable at x = 0. (c) gr) is differentiable in (-oo,
€ -1)
(c) fu) is continuous for every x R.
(d) fx) is not differentiable at x =0.
(d) gr) has finite type of discontinuity atx

J6. Let f) =x'sin for 0 <xs l and l0) = . but continuous at x =-1.
max
{e',e",2}.
= Which of
21. Let f(*)
If Ar) =x for x e [0, 1] then which of the following
|min.{e .e"2),
statement(s) is / are correct? X>0
(a) fu) is differentiable in [0,1] following statement(s) is/are correct?
does not exist. (a) ) is discontinuous atx=0,
(b) lim
(b) x) is non-derivable at exactly two points
(c) lim f)gx) does not exist. (e) ) has non-temovable type of discontinuiya
with jump ot discontinuity equal to 2.

(d) lim does not exist. x

() a) is continuous but non-derivable at

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 BY @CBSEIANS AND DURGESH
22. Let () = sin
2r-). then
27. Lct f(x) = [sin x] then
(o) fx) is continuous and differcntiable at x=
(where [*] denotes the greatest integer function)
(a) domain offx) is
(b) fx) is continuous and differentiable at x= (2n+1,2nr + 2r) u{2nTt+1/2}
4
(b) fx) is continuous when xe (2nT +, 2nT+ 2rc)
(c) fx) is continuous and differentiable at x= (c) x) is continuous at x = 2nn+ r/2
6
(d) fx) has the period 2r
(d) f) is continuous but non-differentiable at x= -1 1-x"
28. Let f(r)= lim Then
23. Let a
f:RRbe differentiable function satisfying
(a) fx) is a constant in <x<1 0

f()+j.ve R.1f f0)= 1 and (b) fx) is continuous at x =1

(c) f) is not differentiable at
x=|
f(0)=-1, then which of the following is (are) correct?
(a) Al) is discontinuous at one point. (d) None of these
29. Let f be a continuous function on R.
(b) Number of solution of the equation
fx) =f'() is n
exactly one. I f(uæ)-(sine )e +
then f[0) is
10
= 286 n'+1
ie SO (a) not unique
r=0
1
(b)
(d) tan(f) is derivable re R,
(c) data sufficient to find f(0)

for x > 0 (d) data insufficient of find fO)

24. Given f(x)= then 30. fr)= 1+x[cosr] in 0<xS/2, then fr) is (where [*]
x denotes greatest integer Sx)
for <0
(a) It is continuous in 0<x<I/2
which of the following statement does not hold good.
(b) It is differentiable in 0 <
(where *} & *] denotes the fractional part and the r<r/2
integral part function respectively) (c) Its maximum value is 2
(d) Its not differentiable in 0<x<n/2
(a)f0) =0
+
(b) f0*) =3 31. If f() =3(2.* +3) 2r +3, then
= continuity offat x =0 (a) fx) is cont. but not diff. at.x =-3/2
(c) 0) 0 (b) x) is diff. at x =0
(d) irremovable discontinuity offat x = 0
(c) f) is cont. atx=0
25. If f(x) = S4, |xf, where a', s are real constants, then (d) fx) is diff. but not cont. at x=-3/2
k=0
32. Let [-3+|x,-o<<l
r) is
f()=at12-x},1Sx<o and
(a) continuous at x=0for all a,
(b) differentiable at x=0 for all a, e R gr) =-*-<r<2
|-5+ sgn(r),2 Sx< oo
(c) differentiable at x= 0 for all ay
=0 where sgn(r) denotes signum function ofx. If h(r) =f)
(d) none of these t g(r) is discontinuous at exactly one point, then
26.
Let (x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal tox. (a) a=-3, b = 0
IfAK) = [*sinnr], then ) is (b) a=-3, b = 4

(a) continuous atx=0 (b) continuous in (-1, 0) (c) a=2, b= |

(c) differentiable at x =| (d) differentiable in (-1, l) (cd) a = 0, b |

ntinuity and Differentiability 167

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 BY @CBSEIANS AND DURGESH
37. Number of points where gr) isnon -derivable ie

(a) 0 (c) 2
38. Number of points of non-differentiability of g(f
04asin 1)t, x<0 (c) 2
33. Let f) (a) 0 (b) I
=0
Comprehension: (39 to 41) Consider f(r) (r-2)sgn (rf,
x
(sin +c) -1-.
x>0
(1+tan )? -1
and
g(*)=-2
1. x=2
I5 Continuous at =0, then y.]
[Note: sgn(v) denotes the signum function of
3
(a) a= In() b= (c) c= 1

(d) a=1n 39. Which one of the following statement is correct?

3
(a) fx) is continuous for every x e R.
Which of the following statement(s) is (are) correct?
(b) f) has a removable type of discontinuity at r-n
(a) Ifg) -*. then lim )-g(2)) 0 (c) fx) has a non-removable discontinuity of finite s
X-2 at
x=2.
1

(b) lim -(r> 0) (d) fx) has a non-removable discontinuity of finite n

2Vx at x= 0.
1

(c) Let fbereal valued function defined on R. If

a
40. Number of points where f(r) is non-derivable is
fU)>0 and f(3) <<0, then there exists a number c
(a) 0 (b) I
(c) 2 (d) 3
between l and 3 such that flc) =0
41. The value of g(2), is
(d) The equation xl0- 10x+5 =0 has a root in interval
(0, 1). (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) nonu
35. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) correct? Comprehension-3 (42 to 44)
must be Let f(r) =2 +r-l| and. g(r) = min(), where.rSIst+r
(a) Iffr) is differentiable Vxe |0,1], then f)
bounded in [0, 1] 42. Range of g(r) is
(b) There exist a bijective function f:0,1]+[0,1| (a) [2, o) (6) [-2, 2] (c) [0,2] (d) (-a, «}
which is not continuous. 43. Number of points of discontinuity of g(r) is
(c) Letf:(-1,2] R be defined as fx) a-cos(r) +
(a) 0 (b) I (c) 2 (d) 3
4, then f\c) = 2n for some ce (-1,2). 44. Number of points where the function g(x) is ae

(f''(4) is equal to -
differentiable is
(d) Iffx) =3 +x+ e, then
(a) 0 (6) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

COMPREHENSION BASED Comprehension (45 to 47): Consider f. g and h be three

Comprehension-1 (36 to 38) valued continuous functions on R (the set of all real nume
defined by
lim (Va' +nI-Va'-n+i} x0
Let f(a)= and
A=0
for all xe R.,
elsj=+-, fu) =
P.
34. Which one of
tic following statement is correct? qx+4, l<<o

(b) a) is hon-difierentiable at x=0. a+bcos x

=
(c) fa) has hun-Tenovable type of discuntinuity at x =), g(x) and
id) ay has removable type of discontinuity at x 0.
|a-1,

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 BY @CBSEIANS AND DURGESH
6 Which of the following statcment(s) is (arc) corrcct?
MATRIX TYPE
3 51. Match the Column-I and Column-II
(a) The valuc of (p t ) cquals.
Column Column-1

(b) The value of (p + 5 (p)0

) cquals Sinx, xS0
2
(c) The valuc of (a + b) cquals 1. 0<r<2r
Let f(x)=
d) The value of (a+ b) cquals 0. cosx, 2rsx<3r
A6. Which of the following statemcnt(s) is (arc)
correct? -1, x23T
(a) Number of real roots of cquation fx) =0 is one. then number of points where fr) is
(b) Number of real roots
of cquation h(x) =0 is zero. discontinuous in (-0, o), is equal to
[Note: (k] denote greatest integer less
4 than or equal to k.
(c) The valuc of g(r) cquals
B.
Cn(1+x+*+. *) (q) 2
(d) The range of function h(x) is R. If lim exists
47. Which X0
of the following statement(s)is(are) correct?
and is equal to 1/5 then the value of
(a) There exists some x, > 1
such that h(x) > fx) is true n, is cqual to
for all (*g o). C. Let gr) - 4r' - xlcos(rx) then (r)3
(b) Both fx) and h(r) are not injcctive. number of points where g() is
non-differentiable in (-0, o), is equal
(c) Numnber of real roots of cquation g(x) = 0 to
in
[0, 4z] are 3. D.
Let fbe a differentiable function (s) 4
(d) Range offr) is R. such tha f(2)=- then
Comprehension: (48 to 50) Consider f()=(r-2)sgn(x(x- 1))
s(2+31')-f2-5#')
x#2 lim is
nd g(x)
=x-2 [Note: sgn() denotes the signum
1,
x=2 equal to
unction of v.]
(t) 5
48. Which one of the following statement is correct? (a) A-(t); B-(s); C-(): D-(p)
(b) A-(r): B-(t); C-(p); D-()
(a) x) is continuous for every xe R
(c) A-(q): B-(p); C-(r); D-(s)
a
(b) f) has removable type of discontinuity at (d) A-(s); B-(p); C-(q); D-(p)
52. Match the Column-I and Column-II
x=0, 1

a Column-I Column
(c) fx) has non-removable discontinuity of finite type
at x
=2. sinar -,
a I#0
(d) fr) has non-removable discontinuity of finite type A Let f(x)=
. at
=0, 1. x

Number of points where fu) is non-derivable, is

3

fx) is continuous at
If
4a' I=0
= 0,
(P) 1

(a) 0 (b) 1
then a can be
(c) 2 (d) 3 B. In a triangle ABC, if tan4 + tanB
+ tanC =
50. The value of
g(2), is N- 6r + 5, then the
number of integral values of
(u) 0 I for which triangle ABC is obtuse
x(a)2
(b)
angled, is
(o 2 (d) non-existent

ntinuity and Differentiability

l69

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Number ofpoints ofdiscontinuity

of the function f() - [cos-(cosr)
an[,-+ ax
+b, 0<xs1
56. Let fx)= ax

sin(sinr)Jin xe is |2 cos(Tr) + tan" x, 1<rs2

(r)3
1

[Note: |k] denotes the largest is differentiable in xe(0, 2), then a = nd b=

integer less than or equal to k] 4
Find (k, - kj)
(s)4 = max.(|
57. Let f(r) 5-x|,7).Ifa is the numberOf
(a) A-(t); B-($); C-) where fx) is discontinuous and B be the number ofr
B).
(6) A-(p); B-(r); C-(r) where fx) is non-differentiable, then find (a+

(c) A-(): B-(p); C-(r) x

(d) A-(s); B-(p); C-<q)
58. Let f(x) = Ja+x(bx- sin x)
(a,be R) and

g() = |2 -x Ifp is the right hand derivative gt:

of

INTEGER TYPE (a+2%1

x=2 and lim f)=p, then find the value of

53. If number of points of discontinuity of the function

cos x],
f(x) =[2+15 * same as number of
is +e',
points of non-differentiability of the function gr) = [n t 59. Consider the function () =x+2, 0sxs3
m sinx], x(0, T), n, m e Ithen find the value of m.
3<x<*
Note: [y] denotes largest integer less than or equal to y.
where a, b, c are all positive quantities.
o
54. Let f()=
x#0
CBS Iff) is diferentiable for every xe
a+b+c
R, then find the và

|0, x=0

ONTELE
, Reei
60. If f(x)= lim sect -secx then find
t-x 4

61. Let a, and a, be two values ofp for which

x
tanr+ sec-! xe (-1,1)-{0}
55. Let f(x)= en(1+x)+ en(1-x)
x=0
xe(-1,0)
2 secx-cosr
m the value of
(a-3a-1)sinr +x*, xe [0,-)
If =f(0)and =f'(0) then find
(e+m). is differentiable at x=0, then find the value of
at

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CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS (CTQ'S)

1. 1fx e R letf: R be function given by fx) =

R 8r-x? 4. Given and
-4 and g(x) =3+*-2|, let /(x) be a function defincd by for x
max f(0) x+1st Sx+2 g(x)=n
lim
(f() -2n)x*(1-*) *1
for x=t1
o(x) = 0sx<5 then |-,
min x
+5 SSxs8 (a) Domain of f(x) is xe (-o,-1]u[1,)
(b) gx) is continuous for all x in its domain
min g(0):
x+1stsx+x+2,x<4 (c) g(x) is discontinuous at some points in its domain
Or) = max (d) gx) is not differentiable at some points in its domain.
2x +3: 4s4s10
5. Consider the following functions:
then () is
f(r)= coszand H,
(x) = min{f(r), 0st<x
(a) discontinuous and not differentiable
(b) continuous but not differentiable in (0, 8) 0sxs
(c) continuous and differentiable in (0, 3) (5, o) f(*) = cos xandH, (x) = max{f(1).0
sIsx}
(d) differentiable x =3
0sxs--*s
Ghea/c)-urreN g(*) = sinxand H,
(*) = min{g(),0<1 sx}

0sxsI.
= max
g(x)= sin xand H, (*) g (1),0
stsx
g(x) = lim
ON 0sxs=-r
2 2
n-00
Based on the given infomation, find out the correct statements:
(a) H,() is neither continuous nor differentiable at x = 2
x= /4 of g(x) is (0, T/2) where (b) H() is continuous but not differentiable at x = 2
=k for and the domain
(c) H,(r) is continuous but not diferentiable at x= 2
J denotes the greatest integer function. Based upon the
(d) H,(r) is neither continuous nor differentiable at x= 2
above information find out the correct statements. 6. Match the Column-I and Column-lI
(a) g(x) is continuous at every point in (0, T/4). Column-l Column-I
(6) For K= g(x) will be continuous at x= T/4.
1 A
Let f:R* be a function satisfying (p) 12
R°
(c) For K=0 g(x) will be continuous at x = T/4. the relation fr, fv) =fy) +r for all x,
(d) so g(x) will never be continuous ye R
lim ()-1 then

at x = T/4 qp is equal to
3.
Ify= fr) defined parametrically by x - 21-|-1| and y B.
Let (a) 5
=2/+ 1l, then
f)= max.-2r|x and

(a) is continues for all x

s()= min.
r-2x|| x}. fL
fr) denotes number of points wherefr) is
(b) r) is continuous for all
xeR-2 non-derivable and M denotes the number
(c) Ax) is differentiable for allx of points where g(r) is non-derivable,
(d) fxy differentiable for all x e then find the value of(L + MM)
R-(2}

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|Let y fr) be a differentiable

C

(r)2/3 r

xe R and satisfies;
funciton, (cos x)*x + (sec r)cosec ifx >0
f)=x+ef(e)de Ir H() =p ifx =0
e+e -2 cosx ifx <0
+[xf(z)d:, then the valuc ofA26) is
xsin x
Then the value ofp, if possible to make the function
D The no of points where lxf)l + l-2| (s) 1040 continuous atx0 is

1| is not differentiable in x e (0, 3)

nsx<n+
1+2cos 8. Let f(r)
=
3

where f(1) =|| n+l-*

3

where n belongs to integer then the No. of valuet

where f(r) is non differentiable in (-5, 5)
(t) 3/2
9. Letfr) be a rcal valued function not identically zeros
(a) A-(p); B-(s); C-(); D-(q)
that/lr + y)=fx) +UU)'x, yeR andf(0) 2 Othes
(b) A-(r); B<p); C-{s); D-(s) value ofA10) is
(c) A-(t); B-(p); C-($); D-(4) 10. Number of points of non-differentiability of the fume
(d) A-(r); B-(q): C-(s); D-() gr) = [r?] {cos?4x} + (r} [cos?4x] + r'sin²4x
+

7. Let f(x) = cosec 2x+ coscc 2 x + cosec 2x+... [cos?4x] + } (cos²4r} in (-50, 50). (where [] den
.
the greatest integer function and denotes the frach
cosec 2" x,
xe (0,r/2) and g(x) = f(r) + cot 2" x part of function,) is equal to

@GISEIANS
ONTELEGRA

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ANSWER KEY

DIBY (5.1 to 5.4)

1. (Discontinuous at x =+1) 2. (Point of discontinuous x e InD, domain D =I- {-1})
(Discontinuous at = 1) 4. (Continuous) 5. (Continuous) 6. [-1/8] 7. [0] 8. (2]
9. [-2] 10. [3, -4] 11. (Discontinuous x =0) 12. [7] 13. [2/5] 14. [1] 15. [0] 16. [7]
17. (d) 18. [2] 19. -1/2] 20. [Continuous,x0] 21. [Continuous, x > 0] 22. [Continous]
23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (c) 26. (d) 27. (Non differentiable at x = 2) 28. (-2/9)
29. (Continuous and differentiable) 30. (Continuous and differentiable at x = nn) 32. [7]
31. (a)
33. *) =x) 34. (1, 1/2)
JEE MAIN
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. () 19. (d) 20. (b)
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. [3] 25. [2] 26. [5] 27. [9] 28. [0] 29. [11] 30. [0]

JEE ADVANCED
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (6)
11. (c) 12. (6,d) 13. (a,d) 14. (a,c) 15. (b.cd) 16. (a,6,d) 17. (a,d) 18. (a,b,c) 19.
(a,b,d)
20. (a,c,d) 21. (a,b,d) 22. (b,c,d) 23. (c,d) 24. (b,d) 25. (a,c) 26. (a,b,d) 27. (a.b,d) 28. (a.c)
29. (b,c) 30. (a,b) 31. (4,b,c) 32. (a,b,c,d)33. (a,b,c) 34. (a,b,d) 35. (6,c,d) 36. (a) 37. (d) 38. (d)
39. (d) 40. (c) 41. (a) 42. (a) 43. (a) 44. (d) 45. (a,d) 46. (a,b,c) 47. (a,b,d)
48. (d) 49. (c) 50. (a) 51. (6) 52. (b) 53. [8] 54. [0] 55. [2] 56. [6] 57. [2]
58. [8] 59. [6] 60. [7] 61. [9]
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS (CTQs)
1. (a,c) 3. (a,b) 5. (a,b,d)
2. (a,c) 4. (a,b) 6. (c) 7. [2] 8. [19] 9. [10] 10. [0]

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"Truth is ever to be fouyd in the smplicity, and not tn the

multiplicity and confusionof things
ss4e ewton

6 METHODS OF

DIFFERENTIATION

INTRODUCTION
LinsTORICAL NOTE One of the most inportant problen in mathcatics was to find the equation of tangent

In the history of mathematics

cUrve at a given point, Now linding the equation of tangent for a circle or cven for y
y
two names are prominent to
was casy, even without the help of dillerentiation but unfortunately the same cannot te said t
share the credit for inventing any arbitrary curve,
calculus, Issac Newton (1542 Ih was Leibniz who solved the problen of tanyents and Newton ettled the Keple
1727) and G.W Leibntiz
(1646-1717). Both of them problem matlhematically. And durig their eflorts both of them invented Differential Calca
independently invented calculus
independently.
around the seventeenth century.
DERIVATVES USINGFIRST PRINCIPLE (AB-INITIO)METHOD
Derivative function or slopc functio ofa given function /(x) is delined as a function whose val
generates the slope of AN) wherever it is defined and /x) is diflerentiable. "There is a variety u
notations for the difTercntial cocflicient or derivatives, such as, ", D), f'),f
dx
y, Out of all these y' and y, are the most prominent.
,f'e),
ON d
Also known as dillerential co-ellicient of function, there can be considered as co-eficient
differential (dx)
-
Ilustration:y-A)-xytAy=x4 Ar)
(xt A

Ay
x+A)-J2+ Ar
lim
- 2x
called as
dy
for y
x'
so derivative of/x) is obtaincd as

S)=lin: fx+)-f) lim

Algoritlhm to Differentiae One Variable w.rt, Another

Step-l: Let y - ) be a function and by substituting x by x +

Av in x): we will iry to calcul

y+ Ay i.e.,Jx +
Ar).
y
Step-ll: Subtract from 'y t Av'; thus obtaining Ay in terms ofx und Ar
:. t
Ay
A)-)
Ay
Step-ll1: Divide Ay by Ar, thus obtaining the value of

dy
Step-1V: Find lim
A0A
d
his IS called he value of orf' ()

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. Find the derivate of the following functions by Ab-initio
methodf) =x'cosr Sol. y=Ax)= tan 'x, let tan 'x=
.x
Sol. =)r'cos tan0 and tan '(r+ Ar)
=0 t A0
A=x Ar)-fr) =(r+ Ar) cos(x+ Ar) - cosx
tAr= tan(0
+

A0)
Ay=x(cos(x +
Ar)- cosr) +
2r Ar cos (r+ A) f(x+ Ar)-f() tan(x+ Ar)-tanx
+
(Ar° cos (r + Ar) A Ax x+Ar-x
(0+ A0)-(0) A0xcos(9+ A0) cos 0
tan( + A0)- tan sin(40)
A0
dy RHS = lim cos'0
Taking lim; we get lim--sinr) + 2r cos x= A6-0° sin A0
2.
Aro Ar
Find the derivate of the following functions by Ab-initio
= cos 0 =
mcthod ) = tan 'x sec² 0 1+ tan' 9 I+x dr

DIBY 6.1
Find the derivate of the following functions by Ab-initio method
1. f(r) =log (ax + b) 2. fx) = tan x 3. f(x)= tan y2x-3 4. fx) = log(cos x)

SOME STANDARD DERIVATIVES

The following formulas can be derived by using the Ab-initio method, similar to the example in Example 1.
Algebraic Functions Logarithmic and Exponential Function
1. d =n;ne R 1le)=e
R.A.R )-)
sgn (x),
=n:
x
dN2.a)=a'
ds
loga; a >0

d #0 d
R.A.R |x= 3.
log, I*))=4.(log, |x)= ;a>0, a#|
dx non- differentiable, x = 0 x log, a
Trigonometric Functions Inverse Trgonometric Functions

1. (sin x) = cos x 1. d
(sin"
d
=< x)

2 (cos x) =-sin x 2

x
3.
(tan x) =sec' 3 (tan*) = !1+ y?eR
4. (cot x) =-cosec'x d
dr
4. (cot" x)-eR
5. (scc x)= secx tan x +1
dr
cosecx) =-cosecx cot x 6.
d
(cosee")= -1
lxVe*|>1
Tethods of Differentiation 175

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
3. Find the derivative of
the following functions x x| x-scc x) =
(scc x + tan x)(1+ tan Sccx + tanr
Sol. y =x x! = *':x20 1+ tanx-scc.X
x+ sccx
dy
= ScC x tan
dy dx
.:. For x
0; = 2x and for x < dy
0; --2x 6. Find the derivative of the function
dx dx
1

d(x|*), y= tan -
1

+ tan
T+3r+3-+
tan
dx x'+x+1 +5x41

4. Find the derivative of the following functions 3l927* +

..n tetm
+

log = tan:!. = tan+l)

Sol. y=3teg, + logxy=3g,* + log,ax Sol. Let t, = an +x+1 1+x(x+1) 1+x(x+)
x + = tan-(+ 1)- tan-'x
+log,
4
y=3s, log, x
4 1

1 Similarly t,= tan

-
tan(x+2)-tan(zsh
dy_1 +3x+3
4 x
4 dx
5. Find the derivative of the following functions and
, = tan" = tan(x+3)– tan"'(+2)
x+5x+7
tan x + sec x1
tan-sec x+1 (x+n)–tan (x+ - 1)
n
1,= tan
Sol. y=
tan x+ sec x-l (tan x + sec x)-(sec x-tan x) . y=t+, +,t .... , = tan(*tn)-tan-!x
tan- secx+1 tan x-Secx+1
1 1
(tan x + sec x) -(sec x– tan x)(sec x + tan x) dy
dx 1+(x+n) 1+x?
tan xsccx+1

DIBY 6.2
Find the derivative of the following functions
x +1
5. 6. e+3* + logx 7. 3 cotx- 5tanx 8. cosl 9. 2tan-l(cosec tan'x- tan cotr)
V21+x
ALGEBRA OF DIFFERENTIATION
S
1. Addition and Subtraction Rule
The differential coefficient Derivative of sum of two functions is cqual to sum of their derivatives as
or derivative aconstant
of d
is equal
d(constant)
to zero; ie.,
dx de )
2. Product Rule
dx
Ify = u.v where u and v are two differentiable functions
x.
of
d dv
y=(u.v)
dx
=
u.+v-du or (u.v)' = u.v + v.w
dx dx
SS Aconstant factor may be taken
i.e.
It can bc remembered as "Derivative of the product of two functions = first functo
outside the derivative sign, derivative of second function + second function x derivative of first function.
ify = )
[k= constant], then In case of the product of three function. i.., y = u. v. w.
dy y'=u' (u.w) + u.v.w + (u.v).w
y=u,u, ...u, then y= u1,
=
Kf'C). ..
d .t4,u, "4,t.t uu,..u,',
3. Quotient Rule
du
If y= where u and v are two functions
then" dr

Calcu
176

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SOLVED EXAMPLES,

1. Findf () where fx) = x tan x+ e = f(x)

(i) v(x)
1+tanx g(*)
Sol. yx tan x +.

(r)s(*)-(s'(*))×f*)
1+ tan x
(s(1))
dy d())
dx »v()=(6)*g(6)-g (6)xf(6)
(e(6)
e)+tan x)-(+ tan x
dx
(1+ tan x)'
(6-3)
=2x tan x+x
sec
r4ete tan x-e secx
(1+ tan x)'
25 5
8. Iffandg are functions whose graphs are shown, let u(x) 9 45
f() 9. Find the derivative with respect to x of the function:
-fx), g(x) and v(x) Then find
g(x)
2x
(log,o, Sinx)(log,cosr) + arc sin at x =
1+x? 4
2.x
Sol. y=(log.sinr)(log.cosr + arc sin 1+x*
Cn sin
ln cos x
xn cos x
en sin x +2 tanx

ln sin x
x, +2tan
() u(2) (ii) v (6) Nencos
\(En cos x) COSX +(en sin x) Sin x
;x<1 dy lnsin x x
22 d En cosX
sin
(encosx) 1+x*
4 19 4
Sol.
g(x)=+ xe [1,4) ; g'() = ;xe [1,4);
(l+1)
x-3 ;xe(4,8) 1
;xe[4,8) -9=2 2 2x2 2

4
5 ;x>8 0 ;x>8

8 32
= en2
16+
f(x) :s)= 10. Lety) be a polynomial function of second degree. If
2,23 5 J1) ={-1) and a,, a, 4, are in A.P. Then show f'(a,),
() r) =f).gt) u() =f).e) +
g(),r() f(a,),f'(a,) are in A.P.
+
u(2)=A2).g'(2) g(2)/(2) Sol. Letf)=rttv. Thenf'()=2\r+m alsof(1)=f-1)
tty=-tv=0
:.f(a) = 2ha,f'(a,) = 22a,f'(a) = 2ha, as a,, 4,, a,
are in A.P.

f'la).f'(a,).f"(a,) are in A.P.

ethods of Differentiation
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11. Differentiate the following functions (ii) As we know,
(i) sin(sin 'x)
-TSIs0
(ii) cos (cosr) cos (cosx) = x
Sol. () As we know
y= 0sxsr
|2T-x TTSXS2.

y=-x

as: Thus,
y sin (sin 'x) is defined for xe (-1, 1] and and so on shown
ye-1,1] 1, xe (2nt, (2n +1) n)
dy_
:y=x for all xe (-1, 1] ==1 for all x e (-1, xe (2n+1)T,(2n +2)z)
dx
1]
dt-1,
DIBY 6.3
sin 8x +3sin 6x +4sin 4x-3sin 2x
10. Findf' () where f(x)is defined as
cos 7x+ 4cos 5x+8cos3x+5cos x
x

11. Find
dy
1or the function
y= cos-Zcosx +3sin 12. Differentiate: tan(tan-'x)
dx V13

CHAIN RULE
If'y is a function of'u' and '" is a function of
'* i.e., let us say y-Au)and u-g) ie,y=fa
dy dy du
then
dx du dx
-f'() xg)=f'(g() xg)
Differentiation of a Function With Respect to Another Function
of one variable, say, y
with respect to other variable
s

So far we have discussed derivative

x. In this section, we stilldiscuss derivative of a function with respect to another functa
Let u = x) and g() be two functions of x. Then, to find the derivative of f) wat
v

i.e., to find
du we use
the following formula
du dul dx
du du dul dx
SOLVED EXAMPLES

12. If y=e find

dy
14. If y= tan x+1
dx
find
Vx-1 d
y= sec0+l
Sol. Given differentiating w.r. to x. x+1
Sol. Here tan put x= seco y = tan Vseco-1
d{(tan'x'} d(tan-') Vx-1
We get 'd{e"
dx d{(tan x'} d(tanx) dx l+ cos 0
= tan = tan"|
1 V-cos
dy- 3(tan x)
dx
y
atx=
.y= tan
13. Find the derivative of the following =log sin //4
2x -.cosx y=se'x dy_
Sol. y'=:
sin x
=2(VR/4)= \r 2|xr-1

178

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15 Find the diflerential coctlicient

of'' with respcct to
16. If -<x< G
differentiate tan
log cos.x
respect to tan
=
Sol. Given
log cosx
3x-r
1 Sol. Lct u tan and y= tan
Let log cOSr =|= 1-3r?
(diflrentiating w.r.t. u)
Puttingr=tan), we have u=tan'(tan 30) andy=tan'(tan20)
d
- =30 and y=20
log cos x;
Let cos
du

du_1 du d dt
<-<0<
tan 0
6 6

730<and < 29<

d
d dt dx
3
(-sin x) =: sin x
1

tan x u=3tan'r and y = 2tanr

COS
du
d 2 d dr I+r
dy dy d ) =. tan x and v =
du d i,-tan (log cos x)°
dx 1+x 1+1' di du
dx 1+x

DIBY 6.4
dy
13. Ify = log(sin x); find 14, If y = sin(cos.r) + cos(r)+ cos(sin x): find at
dx dx 4
y =
15. If log, (tan
I +x*); find ds 16. Iff'() = sinx + sin 4x. cos x, then find f'(2r² + n/2).

DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS IN PARAMETRIC FORMS

Fom x = ), y = g) is said to be paramctric fomm with as a parameter. In order to find
differentiation of functions in such fon, we have by chain rulc.
dy
dy_dy dr dy_dt
dt dx dt dx dx
whenever0 dy_dg '(0)
dt df )
dy
and
|s) r
dt
[Provided f() + 0]

SOLVED EXAMPLES

2
=2at, find dy
= y
17. Ifx 2a, 1 + 4t4)
dr
d I+(21+) (2)l+(4 21
Sol.
dx
-=4at dy. =
6at
dy_dy t_6at3t dt
dr dt dx dt dx 4at
-e
dy
dy Hence,
18. Ifx = e
and y = tan (21+ 1), find dx 21(2* + 2t+1)

Sol. Here y= e 19, Find the

dy
for the following parametric functions:

dx
=e(-21) and
y =
tan (2 + 1) (a) x=alt + sin ): y= a(l - cos )
(b) x=2 In cot ;y= tant+ cot t

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Sol. (a)
dr
= dx-3 cos' /sin dy
t3bsin' t cos
a(l-cos): a
sint Sol. (a) d
d d
a sin dy 3bsin' tcost b
dy -tant
cot (12kr) dx 3a cos' sint
a(l-cost)
d'y. b
-2 cosec 3a cos t sint
(b)
a
cos't(-3a cos t sin t)
dt Cot sin 21
(6)
dx
=e cos t-e sin t=e (Cos t- Sin t)
4 cos 21
=

Scc-coscc t= d
sin 2/ dy cos (cos t +
sin )
=esintte t=
dy
4 cos 21 sin 2t dt
dx 4 sin 2t dy cost+ sint
dt COSt sin t
Find d'y
dy' of following paramctric functions: d(cost+- sint
y-dt
cos t sint
(a) x=a cos' t and y = b sin
dy2 e (cost- sint) e (cost-sin
(6) x=e cost andy= e sint
DIBY 6.5
du
17. Ifu=fr >), v= g),f()= cos x,
g'() = sin x then find dy

18. Ify= sec 4x and x = tan-'(), prove that

16:(1-)
dt (1-6f +r
dy d'y d'y as
19. Find dr
d? d where y
=J) is represented parametrically
,
x=at, * 2at (b) x=a cos
y
(a) y=b sin

SOLVED EXAMPLES

dy
21. Find =
d
(a) sin Vcos x

sin lo8
(b) sin| +l
1

x+1 x(r+1)
d{sin lcosx) a(Vcosx) d(cosx)
Sol. (a)
() y=log(*+e")
dx d(Vcosx) d(cosx) dx

sin x.cosxVcosx
= cos Vcos x. .(-sin x) = 2vcosx
2/cos x

(b) Let
2/*+eli
dr

Calcal
180

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 BY @CBSEIANS AND DURGESH
DERIVATIVE OF AN IMPLICIT FUNCTION
Ifx and y are related by the rute Fa, y) = 0 such that y cannot be obtaincd entirely or exactly
in terms x
of then y is said to be an inplicit function ofx. For example:
x
-y + 3ry =0

For implicit function put; partial differential of a

fx, y)} = where is
dx dy
given function with respect to x (ie. differentiating fwith respect to x keeping. y constant) and
means partial differential of a given function with respect to y (i.e. differentiating
f with
respect toy, keepingx constant).
Caution: Careless application of implicit differentiation may lead to errors, For e.g.,;
consider x +y= 0, through implicit differentiation, we get 2x+ 2y=0 dy. But
dy dx
there is only one value of (x, y) whích satisfy the equation ie., the origin only. Hence it is
wrong to find dy in this case. Hence it is important to note that implicit differentiation is
dx
a
mercly technique to find the derivative and is applicable only if the function is differentiable.
SOLVED EXAMPLES
22. Find dvldx
(a) log(ry) =ty d
(b) x+y= sin (ry) or
Sol. (a) log (y) = x+ y² logr + logy =* ty'
2x+2
Differentiating w.r.t x
or dy
1,1dy 2x+2y+1y+X. -=0
-= 2x +2y dy -2r dx dx
x y dx
dx dy or (2x+y)
or
(2y+x) =-(2x+ y)
1-2y² dy_2x-1 dy_ y(2x-1) dNTELdp dx (2y+x)
d dx x(1-2y') 24. If y =sin x+sinx+sin x+..s0, find
(b) x+y sin(ry). Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 1 + dy

-
dx Sol. y=sin x+ysinx+sin x+....
costzy).y
dx x
) +y y= sin x +y
y=/(sin
-xcos(xy)]=ycos(ay)-I
=
ycos(y) -1 Differentiating both sides, we get
d dx 1-x cos(xy) dy
dy 2,4 = coSx +

23. Ifx +y txy= 2, find

dx
Sol. +y+ xy=2, dy cosx
(2y-1)=cosx
dx
Differentiating both sides we get, dt 2y-1
DIBY 6.6
dy
20. Ify Fx cos y + y cos x, find 21. Find the of thefunction xy
=+y.
dx
sinx (l+y) cosx+ sin.x
22. Find for the functions y=x 23. If y=
cOS x
prove that
dx 1+ 1+2y+ cos.x-sin,x
sinx
l+
1+cosX....90

ethods of Differentiation 181

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DERIVATIVES
IWERSE FUNCTIONS AND THEIR
Theoren: If the inverse functions fand
g are defincd byy =/(0) and x= g0) and iffo
dy

as, if cxists and

and f() 0 then g') This result can also be written
dx dt
dy'
then dx dy dx
=| or
dy (dyldr) or dx dy dx (drldy)
= = then fr) is inverse of g(x) or gx) is inverse of
/x).
Jg)) g))
-or f'(x) =
g')=
s''g) g'f)
SOLVED EXAMPLES

25. Find
dy
of Sol. y(x)= cot VI+sinx+l-sinx
dx
y= sin 2x
VI+sinr-/-sina
(a) (b) y= cos 2x (c)y=x sin 'x
(d) y=a tan' (e)y= sec² x
x y=(log, ) sin+ cos + sin COs
dy = cot 2
Sol. (a) =2 cos 2x (b) =-2 sin 2x cos
dx ds sin+ 2
-sintcos
2
dy
+
(c)
dx
=x. sin' = Cot
x
= cot- Vl+sin x +i-sin dy
-1
26. If y(x) x
E|, then
Hence,
V1+ sinx--sin dx

find
dy
dx
at x=
57
6 OHRSHS DIBY 6.7
oNE GRA
M

4
2+3x then find dy
24. If y= tan 1+5x* +tan
3-2 dx

25. Let gl) be the inverse of the function fr) and f'()=S1+x* Then find g').

Note HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES

Let fx) is a function, then the derivative of Ar) w.tt. x; ie. f) is also a function and br
does not mean the derivative of a function is a function, the process of ditlerentiation can be applied 0Ne
over, till the derivative becomes a non-differentiable function.
multiplication of
and
dr d'y represents the rate of change of
It means the second order i.e. the rate of change of the rate of change
y w.r.t x i.e., "the du?
derivative of
can also say, that it is the rate of change of slope.
derivutive of the derivatíve"
Illustration: Ifthe position function ofa car that moves in a straight line is given by
be sS
2can
represented as or y' or
y
also
ds
=() =) i.e. velocity as a function of(). Similarly s d ds

or fx) (where y fu) =

()) V() u) i.., the acceleration as a function of and there by
y (dy
3, Note that and
ds
are
du
fwo different tlings. )-j known as the jerk ie rute of change of acceleration wet
dr'

Cal
182

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Rules of Higher Order Derivative

Ifk is a constant then" (k(f) =kCr)
dx?
d
2
dy? )tg)= dy' dr?
-(s())
3 d(uv)=u d'v d'u
where u, v are function of 'x'
dx dr? dx dx dx?
d'
(uv) d'v du d'v d'u dv vx„d'u where u, are functions of x

d'+3x dyt
4. =u +3x dx
V
dx d

,
S.
Ify -fu) and u= gr): then "
dy( du dy du
dx du dx du d

SOLVED EXAMPILES
27. Find the second derivative ofy = ax' + by + cx+ d. f)f"(1) =8
...(iüi)

=l in(i), we get,f(1)f(1) =f()f()

x
Sol. y= ax+ br?t cx +
d. a3y +2bx +c Putting
de
f)=(f()'>f). (f(V))' =8>f()=2
sa(2)+ 28(1) +0 d'y =
6ax+2b f()=4 f() +f)=6
de dx dx

Iffx) - (cos x + i sin x) (cos 3x + i sin 3x)..(cos (2n - 1)

2
la-b
28.
–
xti sin (2n 1)x then f"() is equal to
30. Ify tan
(Va+s anI then show
Sol. We have, fx) = COs (x +3x+...+ (2n-1) x) +i sin (xt
3x+... + (2n - 1)x)= cos n'x+i sin n'x
f)=-r(sin n'x) + n°(i cos x)

Sol. y=A tan

d'y
d?
bsin x
(a+bcos)
S
where A 2 Ja-b
f)= -n' cos n'x-n i sin 'x=-nf) =-TaVatb =;B=
29. The function f: R
R satisfies fr),f"(«) =f().f() 2 Ja-b
for all real x. Given that ) l =I andf"(1) = 8, compute AB = AB = 2
the value off'(1) +f" (1). Jla-b) (a+b) Va+b a+b
Eol.
fix),f"(c) =f).f) ...) ABsen? 1
dy
D 2xf'(*') f")
+
f)f") =f")f()+2f")f) 22 (a+b)
...(i) dx 1+B° tan a+0 (a+b) cos+(a-b)sin
2 2
Putting =l in equation (ii), we get
x 2

21) f"(1) +f1)f")=f") +A1) +f") dy d'y bsin x

...(1)
x 8 dx a+bcosx dy? (a+bcosr)
2f(1)f(1) + 1

=3/"(1)1)
DIBY 6.8

20. Given the parametric equations x=f) .y =g(). Then dy equals

d?
d's
21.
Ify cos x
+x cos y= 1, theny"(0) is 28. Ifs =l+ te, then di is.

29.
If f and e are two functions having derivative of order three. for all x satisfying f*) gr) = C (constant) and

=0. TheA is equal to

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Logarithmic Differentiation s
If u andv are functions of independent variable
x then to fferentiate the fncto
first we take the log and then differentiate

SOLVED EXAMPLES
logy =
loglr)= sin x logr
31. Ifr.=l.find dx
Differentiating w.r.tx. we get

pl. Taking log on both sides: I9= cosx log r + sin

ylogr + xlogv = log
1

Differentiating both sides, we get.

33. Differentiate y
=rtanx- (sin x

or v.-+l+log x +1.log y+x

y dr
=0 Sol. Let z =, v=(sinsr*r
dx By taking logarithmic, we may show that

ranss iogr

x
dy(u+xlog y) y (sin
)-sinlog sin
(x+ylog x) x
-
dx
,
32. Find the derivative ofy = Now
Given =x sin x taking log on both sides.
y
Sol.

30. Find the derivative ofr sin x.e.

DCBS DIBY 6.9

S
dy in cach of the following cases. Ify = (cosy*t (n
32. Find
dx
RAM
SUCCESSIVE DIFFERENTLATION OF EXPLICIT FUNCTIOS
(LEIBNIZ FORMULA)
If the derivatives of the (n - I)th order of a function = i)s alraty i
derivative of the nth order is detemined by the equality. y")= [y]
In particular, y() = '()). "() - ), and In x and v
scve,
n
differentiable times, then for their linear combination c
estns)w*
following formula:
(c,u t cy=
cc," and for their product uv the leibaiz formala (on
n(n-1)
e
(uv) = tnueh
= u, =v and C,= n(n-)..(n-+l)
where
123..k
Here are the basic formulas:
(1) (ry) n(m- 1)..<m -n t l (2) (n'ua >0) Ia pertiulat, (e
(3) (In xy= (-l)*: (a-)! (4) (sin
xinrt)
=
(5) (cos r costr* n2)

184

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
Eind the derivatives
of the nth order of
the following
functions:
(a) y= ln x;
Whence y'= (-) be-ad-c(cr+ d)*,
(6) y=ei; C

(c) y= sinr;
(e) y= In( +x-2)
(d) y=sin 5x cos 2x; y= (-)N-2) De-ad (cr+dy
c
bc
Sol. (c)
y'==;y"=(-)x*:y" =12*;
y49=1:2:3x.y=(-1y'(n-1)!x*= (-1y"(n-1)!
(b) yAm) =
e -c"(cr+d) (o+!)

(c) y'= cosx = sin(x + n/2); C

y"= cos(r /2)= sin(x 2T/2)

+ n!c
bc-ad).
+
=(-1) (cr+dy
In general, if we assume that for a given
n=k
then it will turn out that 36.
V-' find y,
Sol. Transform the given expression

Whence, by virtue of mathematical induction we

include that for any natural n
therefore y =

37. Using the Leibniz formula, find the derivatives of the

(a) y= sin5xcos2x =Lsin 7x + sin 3x] indicated orders for the following funtions: y = rsin x;
2 find y25)
Therefore Sol. ye25) = (sinr)25 -(sin x)"r+ 25(sin x)2"(y
oNEL +
25.24
(sin x)(r,
2
2x+1 since the subsequent summands equal zero.
(e) y= Therefore
x+x-2
To simplify the computations let us transform tthe
obtained function:
=(-600)cos x
+ 50xsin x.
2x+1 (*+2)+ (x-1)
38. Computer the recurrence relation of the nth derivative
+x-2 (r-2)(*+ 2) of
3.x+2
--1) (¢+2)-!.
+
the function y= at the point x=0.
x-1
x+2 r-2x+5
Whence y" =-1(*- 1y²- 1(¢ + 2); Sol. By hypothesis we have y(r)(–2x + 5) = 3r + 2. Let
+ 1-2(r + 2)'; us differentiate this identityn times using
y"= 12(- 1² formula; then (for n22) we obtain
the leibniz

yon =
(-1yn-1) ![x-1)" + (* + 2)"] y() (-2r + 5) + ny-(r)(2r- 2)
1
+ (0-1)y()2=0
Putting x =0, we have
35, y= ax+b ind y 5y(0)-2nyn-0)+n(n- 1)ytN0) =0.
ca+d
2
S0l. Transform the given expression in the following way: Whence y(0) =n" (0)-:n(n-1)
5
ax
+b_4
c
be- ad
c(cx+d)
abe- (cr + d)" We have obtained a recurrence relation
the nth derivative at the pointr=0
for determining
Cx+d C C
(n2 2).

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DIBY 6.10
33. Find the derivatives of the second order of the following functions:

(a) y=vI+: (b) = arc sin I

(c) =e"
e
Show that this fnction satisfies the cquationy-4'
s. Given the function y= ce+cr+t
3. Usng the Leibniz formula give the derivatives of the indicated orders for the following uneuos.
(c)re(3r-4) findy: ()y (| -r) findyn,
(a)y=rsin x; find ) (b)y =e"sin x: find": derivatives of the 100th order of the functr
Ustng theexpansion into a lincar combination of simpler functions and the
0. 1
= - = 1+r
(a) ()
x-3r+2 VI-x
37. Show that the function y xccos(In x) + c,sin(In x)] (C,, c,. n constants) satisties the cquaton
ry"+(1-2n)xy' + (1 +n)y=0
38. Prove that if fr) has a derivative of the nth order, then (far + b)jo= af(ar + b).

DIFFERENTIATION OF INVERSE, IMPLICIT AND

PARAMETRICALLY REPRESENTED FUNCTIONS
1. The derivative of Ifa adifferentiable function y=f). a <r<hh
an inverse function:
v' 0 then there exist also
a single valued continuous inverse function x=gv) and

2. Differetiation of a determinant h(r) =|P Q R

a B Y

W) =P Q R+P R+P Q R

3. The derivative of a function represented parametrically: If the system of equaties

x=O(), y=v(), a <I<B, where o() and y() are differentiable functions and o)2
defines y as a single valued continuous function ofx, then there exists a derivativey

v()
The derivatives of higher orders are computed successively: y=
and so on.

In particular, for the second derivative the following formula is true:

SOLVED EXAMPLES,

39. For the function (b) y=|te,

(a) y= 2r+3rtx; find xy (b) y =x-e; find x"
We havey' =6r + 15r+ 1, hence,
Sol. la) hence,

((+e')

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un
For each of the following functions represented Sol. (a) First find x
=e;y,= 3P,
narametrically find the derivative of the first order
of y - 3/
with respect to x: whence y = -=-3e?
(a) x= a(t- sin/) y=a(l- cos );
Then find the sccond derivative
(b) y= 2ln cot t,
y= tan + cott +21) +
21+2]
Sol. (a) Find the derivatives of x and y with respcct to the „m)1_3e"[2(
parameter t: x't a(1 cos ); y'()= asint.
31 + 1)
a sin t =-6e"(P+
Whence dy_ =ooth 24r)
dx a(l-cost) 43. Find the derivative y', of the following implicit functions:

dx -2 cosec't 4 (a) x+y +y²=0;

(b)
dt cott sin 2t (b) In x te=c;
+
(c) x'+y'- 4r– 10y 4 =0;
dy
= 4 cos 21
sec' -coscc't
dt sin 21
Sol. (a) Differentiate with respect to x, considering y as a
dy 4cot 21 sin 2t
function ofx; we get: 3r² + 2xy + x'y' + 2yy' = 0.
dx 4 sin 21
Solving this equation with to y' find
41. The functions are defined parametrically.

x=acos' t, x=e cost, y'=

3r +2xy
(a) (6) +2y
ly=bsin' ; =e sin t.
Find for them the second derivative ofy with respcct to x. 44. Find y", if:
Sol. (a) First find y',
(a) art tan y-y +x=0; (b) e-e=y -x;

y'= 3b sin't cos t; x=3acos²t sin t;

(c) x+y =e.
3b Sol. (a) Differentiate with respect to x, consider y as a
sin° tcost
3a cos t sint tt
tan (2k+1);] function ofx and determine y':

Then we shall find y, using the formula N

TE 1+y -y'+l= 0, whence y' ==y'+1.

b Differentiate once again with respect to x: y=-2yy'
where (y), a cos t
Substituting the value ofy thus found, we finally get
Whence y= a cos cos t sin t) 2(1+ y')
t(-3a

45. Find the value ofy" at the point x=1 2y + Sx+

3a' cos t sint ifr-
y-5=0 and yl,. = 1.
(b) *= dcos t- e'sin = e(cos t- sin ); Sol. Differentiating with respect to x, we find that
y= esin t-ecos (= d(cos t sin ); +

3r-4xy -4x'yy" +S+y' = 0.

cost + sin Putting x=l and y = 1, obtain the value ofy at x =1,
COSt- sin t 3-4-4y' +5 +y'=0; 4/3 y =

cost + sint Differentiate once again with respect to x:

6x –y²- 8ryy' - &ryy - 4rty? - 4'yy" +y" = 0.
2
cOst-sin t t)
e
(cost -sint) e(cost-sin
Putting x =1;y=I and y' = 4/3,
42. Find y find the value y' at x = 1:
(4) x=e;y = #; 64 64 y" =-8
x= sec t; y = tan
6-4--3y"=0, 27
(b)

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SACHIN SIR SPECIAL (S)

1. Iff.g and h are differentiable functions ofx and and
3. If Vi-
+/- =ar-)
D= (f' (xh) prove that then.
(xg)

f h
(e) f(ar)= (0)
D'= f g' =
(c) flr.) (d)

h
Sol. D= (f) (rg)' (xh)' Sol. (6)
(r°fy (*gy' (r*hy

- f
dr_V-y 'lavl-+)
D= xg'+g xh'+h
*f+4xf+2f *'g+4rg'+2g xh'+4xh'+ 2A
(1-*)-(1-) = or
Also, a(r'-')
D=|S g'
+y'=a-y -1-)
ACBSEIIH ayi-y- =
al-a +r
D'=0+0+ f
g

sy rgy (rh| ON TELEGR Hence, from equation(), dx

2. y=f) and x = g) are inverse functions of each other
then express g") in terms of derivative off{r). 3a'x+at 3a
2
(a) go)=) (6) g´o)= Find the value off (V3a) when a =0.5

() g"o)=) (d) None of these

Sol. [41 fo)=4J(r +a). r(ia)=32'-4
+b° +e°l
dy 5. If y= -cos whe
Sol. (a)
dx
=f() and
dy
=g0) 'o) =-) Ja-b-e
of
Again diferentiating w.r.t. to y 0= a+ bcosr t csinr, then K The value
is dx
cos-
Sol. [1]
a-4
Be
where A = va'-b'-c,

Which can also be remembered as

d'y dy 1
Bla-(at-)B
d
dy B'²
a-4
B

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7. Let y =
f) be a renl valued diNerentiable function V xE
BO A B R, such and ('&))++3¢f()
- that-
f(x)
Vi))' VxeR, then which of
the following statements
dy -A is(are) TRUE?
d ..) (a) if-l) =0, then /() (r+ )et +

(b) if-)=1, then fr) (+ l) )

absin x+ c cOS X
...ii) (c) fc)-fc) 1
lor somec€R
dx
dy_ dy d0 A(c cos x-bsin x)
dx do dx (d)
f'c)-f) e
for some C€R
C

[from (i) and (i)]] Sol. (b,c)

A(-c cos x + b sinx) 1

as
f) =) or f '()- r) + 0

WB'e-a'e -4 +
2a4'0 0
A(-c coS x+
bsinx) d +e
B+e)e -a'e-(a' -B-c)+ 2ae(a' -b' -c)|0 ef))=-eef)=x'e+e"
= +

x + b sin x)
x) (r+ 1) ce'
A(-ccos 1

8. Letf,() (1 +x)", r>0

|-{a' +b' -e) (0 +a'-b -c') + 2a0(a' -b' -c)0
Vne N-).
A(-c cos x+bsin x) and
-
WB'e-a'e 4
+2aa'e
Let lim =1,, lim s() =m, and S
m, |je N).
A(-c cos x + bsin x)
N Let n(S) denote number of clements in set S. Value ofI,
is
A(-cos x+bsin x)
Va'-b'-c J(b +e)-(0- a)' Sol.
cos x+c sin' x+ 2bcsin xcos x

x
: (B° +e
)-(0-a) =b' sin'
x
+e' cos'
-2bo sin x cos x = (c cos x-bsin x)
.
dy_JA(-c cos +b sin x)]
x

x) e
dy
dx
1

lim
= exp lin lts)"-e
|A(-ccos x+bsin Y-0* 0

dx
6. If n e N and f(x) = ("C + 1)("Cx + 2)("C,x + 3) p

+n+ 1) and f(0) =(7), then n is =

(C+4).(Cx
to
2
CXp| lim
equal
"C "C, In(l+x)-N
+
= exp lim
= CXp lim
-0

f(0) 1 2 n+1

f0)
= (2-1
(n+1)F2"-1) = Cxp lim

»n(2-i)=7! n-$

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Comprehension (Q. to 10): Let a polynomial f satisfies the

9 (10-2p) =0>p=5. 8h- bp -3 p=|
..
{A))) +(1-p)fx) = 3 Vxe R, where p e R + 1

.
relation
If lcading coefficient of
fx) is 2, then the value of d
fr)- 2r

at x=p is
U)=f(U(*)r(o)
dx
f)
10. fr)
=
ar+ 4, a<0
fUx)) a(ar + 4) + 4 ax + 4a
= +
(a) 2 (6) 4 (c) 9
(d) 17 4

10. Ifleading coefficient of fx) is negative and f(0) = 4, then

) a(a'x + 4a + 4) + 4
f(4) is cqual to + +
a'x 4a² 4a + 4
(a) 8 (b) 16 (c) 0 (d) 64 Now, a'x+ 4a +
+ 4)
4a +4+(1-p\ax 3*;
Sol. 9. (b) 10. (c)
Let degree of n .. n =n a'+(1-p)a =0=1-p(a 0)

fx) be + +
Hence,
4a' 4a 4 4(| -p)=3
+t

n=1.:: fx) must be lincar.

Let
fx) = 2r+ b ff)) = 2(2r + b) + b=4x + 3b x+4
4
f)) + (1-p)x)=3
re
R
x=16- 4y =f')
..2(4x + 3b) + b +(1-p)(2x+ (B)) = 3 f'(4) =0

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ONTELEGRAM

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JEE MAIN

SINGLE CORRECT
9. If y = sin then which of the following is false?
Let y=r- &r + 7
and x =
f)), IF
=2 andx=3 at
dx at dt 2
(=0, then (=0 is given by (a) for -1<x<l
dt dx 1+x
(6) 19 2
(a) 1
(C) (d) None of (5)
dy -2 for x<-1
2 19
1+x
these dx
2. lfy =fr) is an odd differentiable function defined on
dy
(-o, o) such thatf"(3)=-2, then f(-3) cquals (c) for -1 <x<l
dx 1+x
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) -2 (d) 0
3. Iffr) =|sin, then f (r/4) is equal to (d dy. -2 for x > 1

5
dx 1+x?
2V2
(a)

10. The value of is equal to

d'y dx
dx? dy
4. The derivative of sec at
x=is -
(b) (c) (d) 0
(a) 4 (b) 1/4
(c) (d) None of these Letf be a polynomial function such that f(3x) =f'().
1
11.
ON f"c), for all xe R. Then
5. If y=/sin x+y, then
dx (a) A2)-f (2)+f"2)=10 (b) f"(2)-f2) =4
sin x sin x (c) f"(2)-f()=0 (d) f(2) +f(2) = 28
(a) (b) (c (d
2y-1 1-2y 1-2y 2y-1 sin x
12. If function f() = 1
is discontinuous at k points in
6. If y = tan! then dy sin
dx
1 1
then the value of k is
1-2x 1-2x 1

20122000T
2V1-x²
(a) 10 (6) 11 (c) 12 (d) 9

7. If y= sin 2x then
1- dx 13. If y = (sin x)(in then
1
4 4
(a) (b)
+x (c) (d)
1+x²
(a)
y' cotx (6)
y' cotx
x
and y 1-ylnsinx l+ylnsin
If y =
1
8. sin'(xv1-*+ri-)
dr 2/x(l-x) ycot.x ycotx
+ P(x), then find P(x). (c) (d
1-yn sinx 1+yln sin.x
(a) 0 (b)
14. Ifx= sin' (34–4t) and y = cos
-), hen is
equal to d:
(c) sin'r (d)
(a) 1/2 (b) 2/5 (c) 3/2 (c) /3

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15. The first derivative
of the function a+hcosxh>a then dy
19. If y= cos
x
de
b+acos
with respect to x at x 1
is

(a) x
h+acos
(b) 0 (c) (d)
4
16. lfy- cos
cos(x-f), where (b)
h+asinx
|1 if x>0
fx) =-1.if x<0. then dy (c)
a+hcosx
0. if x=0
(a) -1 1 (d)
Vb -a
(b)
(c) 0 a+bsinx
(d) Indeterminate
NUMERICAL TYPE
17. If fx) = cot then f'(1) is equal to
20. Let fx+y) =fr) +fv)- 2ry - I
for all x and y F
exists and f(0) = - sin a, then the value offf(OH
(a) -1 (b) 1

1
f(50)f(30)
(c) In 2 (d) -In 2 21. f(x)= x+ -then
50
2r+
18. Let y,(x)=x + 2.x+...
(1+x* and
(1+x*y 1

22. If x +y' =t- and x* +y* =t+ then ry

v(x)=lim y, (x) then incorrect statement is

S 23. y
2r' 3x
when x* 0,ne N
(x-2Xx -3X(x- 4) (r-3)(r-4) x-4
0 when x=0,ne N
gE dadt b C
then a +
y +cis
2-x 3-x 4-x
x*0
X=0 24. Let f(n) =1-4sin bea function and I, =|
3-2*
(c) x) is discontinuous at x=0
then value
() vr) is continuous atx=0 of
im T,

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JEE ADVANCED

MULTIPLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS 8. The cquation of normal to the conic at (1, 1) is
,
The functions u esin x; P=e cos x satisfy the cquation (a) 5x-8y =0 -3 (b) 8y =0 -5x-3
dv d'u (d) &r- 5y +3 = 0
(a) r du
="+y (6) =2v
(c) 8x-5y -3 =0
d dx dx

MATRIX MATCH PROBLEMS

du
(c =-2u (d +dv -=2 9. Match the Columns:
dr' dx dx
Column-I Column-II
2. If x² + y' =e where =
sin then
dy A
If f')= and y = p. -2
dx 3r'+6 f), then
is equal to dy_
at x = 1,
dx
x+y a differentiable function such that q.
(a (b) (c) (d) B Iffbe -1
X+y X-y y+x 2x+y
fv): x, y e R, then fe)
+ +
Sry) =x)
sin(x+*) -cos (x+x*)
|cos (x+*) S1/e) =
3. If f() =|sin (x–*) cos(r-x') sin(x -*), then a twice differentiable function
C

Iff be 0

sin 2x sin 2x such thatf"() =fx) andf'() -g),

=0
If h() = ) + (g)} and h(5) =9,
(a) A-2)=0 (b) f(-1/2) then h(10) =
=4
(c) f(-1) =-2 (d) f" 0) D. y= tan- (cot x) + cot(tan x), S.
4.
Iff is twice differentiable such that f"x) =fx) and <r<I, then
dy
f()=gx). Ifh(r) isa twice differentiable function such that 2 dx
W()-) +(g)f. IfA(0)=2, h(l)=4, thenthe equation (a) A-(9); B-(g); C-p); D-()
y= h(x) represents
(a) A curve of degree 2
ON (b) A-(r); B-(p); C-(s); D-(q)
(b) A curve passing through the origin (c) A-(s); B-(r); C-(s); D-(p)
(c) A straight line with slope 2 (d) A-(s); B-(g); C-(q); D-(p)
(d) A straight line with y intercept equal to 2 10. Match the columns:
dy
5. Ifx.y = (xtyyta then is Column-I Column-II
dx
p
A. Iffis differentiable
at
x= 1, then p. 6
(a) Independent of
(b) Independent of g
.fo)-f)-6then thevalue of
(c) Dependent on bothp and g (d) x-1
2f(1) is
COMPREHENSION BASED PROBLEMS B. If f) is a differentiable function such g.
+
Comprehension (Q.6 to 8): Consider the implicit equation
thatf'(2) =6,f'(1) =3 then the value of

ry+y- 2x +y -6=0 +2)-f(2)

lim (+3h
f(2h-2h 1S
6. The value of at (1, 1) is +1)-f)
dx
C. Iff'(a) =5, then the value of 3
5 8 8
lim: f(a+34)-f(a+h)
5
(a (b) (c)
8 5 h0 2
7. The value of 4y at (1, 1) is D. Letf bea differentiable function such that 4

lim (2+h)
111
)-J6)_ 36 then the value
111 256 256 h
(a) (b) (c) (d) is
256 256 111 off"(8)

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(a) A-(s): B-{q): C-(p): D-()

(b) A-(r): B-(p): C-(s): D-(q) 1+ tan
sin x 3sin x +-n
(c) A-(s): B-{r): C-(q): D-(r) D f(x) =
4cos' x 8cos x 32
(d) A-(s): B-(q): C-(q): D-(p) 1- tan
11. Match the Columns:
Column-I Column-I E. ()= In cos arctan e'-e t. f)t
A.
(sin" x cos nx)
n
sin"xsin(n+1)x 2
B 4 n sin"- xcos (n+1)x f() = In
Vi+x-/I-x +2 arctan 1-x
(sin" xsin nx) u.f'0):1
J+x+-x V1+x
C.
(cos' xsin nx) I. -ncosxsin(n+1)x
D
(cos" x cos
nx)
S +n cosx cos (n +1x G.
Vr-x+1 2/3
arctan -2x+1 -+arctan
=
2024
(a) A-(s):B-(q); C-(p); D-(r)
(6) A-{q); B-(p); C-{s); D-(r)
(c) A-(s): B-(r); C-(q); D-{r)
(a) A-(p); B-(q); C-r); D-(s); E-(p); F-(t): G-u)
(d) A-(s); B-(p); C-(q); D-p)
(b) A-(p); B-(); C-(s); D-(r); E-(t) ; F-(p): G-{u)
12. Match the Columns:
(c) A-(s); B-(q); C-(r); D-(p) : E-(t);
Column-I F-(r); G-(u)
Column-II (d) A-(q); B-(s); C-(p);
D-(); -(t); F{s):G-{u)
A f)=3-2)Vi-2x-*+2arc sin X+1 p. f0)=0
NUMERICAL TYPE PROBLEMS
13. Letfx) be a function
B Sa) = x+2(3-x)* any number of
which is differentiable everywi
(x+1)° times and f(2r-l)=2f(x) treR
f024 (0) is equal to
(f () is nh derivative off()
C.
S)=+xe) r.r0)=0.6 14.,R.
-5
y=A find 6025/4 then findf"(0).

194

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CRITICAL THINKINGQUESTIONS (CTQ'S)

, -|-
Jfr-) defincd parametrically by x 21 1| and
-2+||. then (a) if f-1) = 0, then fr) =(r+I)e
(a) f) is continuous for all x
(b) fx) is continuous for allxe R-{2)
(6) if
f-) - 1, then fr) =
(x+1)+e-)
(c) ) is differentiable for all x

(d) A) differcntiable for all x e R-(2} (c) -1 for some c E R

C

=
2. Given f)
(d)
f(e)-fc).
-=e for some ce R
lim(f()-2n)x 2-2(1-) for x * +1
and g()=n then
7. Letf(x) =(1 +x)'",r>0 and Yne N-I).
-1, forx=t1
(a) Domain of g(x) is x e (-0, -1]U[l, o) -=I,,
Let lim Sx) =m, and S= (m, je N.
(b) g(*) is continuous for all x in its domain
(c) g(r) is discontinuous at some points in its domain Let n(S), denote number of elements in set S, then the
(d) gx) is not differentiable at some points in its domain. value ofn(S) is
8. Let f(x) be a function which is differentiable everywhere
(2n +1)x-x-(n'+n): nx<n+ any number of times andf(2r- 1)-2r'f(r) +xe R then
3. Let f(x)= n
f024 (0) is equal to ("() is derivative off().)
|n+1-x
2 sinx
where n belongs to integer then the No. of values of x 9. Ify= tan then
where fr) is non diferentiable in (-5, 5).
Va'-1 Va'-1 a+ya-1+ cosx
dy
4. If y= -cos a-a+b² +c²| where,N is (a|>

0= atb cos x + c sin x

then =, The value ofK (a) -
1

(b)
dx a a
5. If ne N and fr) = ("Cx + 1) ("C* + 2) ("C*+ 3) 1

(c) (d) a
2a
(Cxt4)... cCxtn+1) and f (o)
=(7), then n 10. Ifx,,x,X, Xy ...x, be n zero's of the polynomial P(*) =
...
where x,+x, Vi
.
=
is equal to x*t artB, andj 1,2,3, (n- 1).

6. Lety=f) be a real valued differentiable function reR. The value of Q0) = (*-) ,) (3; -)
(,-x), is
+ =
Such that
J9-1 and (()³+ 3rf) f)
fx) xe
f()
R, then which of the following statements
(a) "Ca (b)
"C2
is/are TRUE?
(c) "C-3 (a) "Cy

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We
live in the best of all possible worlds.
GW. Ceibnitz

7 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

SsTORICAL NOTE
Derivative has many applications in engincering, scicnce, social science, life science,
"Isaac Newton" and "Gottfried information science and many other fields. Derivative is primarily used to determine rates of
Leibniz" are widely credited changes of quantitics. Derivative leads to the determination of slope of the tangent to a curve
with modern diferentiation and at a given point. Derivative also help in locating the turning points of the graph of a function.
derivatives. In the 1 7th century,
they developed the fundamental
theorem of calculus. This linked
GEOMETRICAL MEANINGOF THE DERIVATIVE
differentiation and integration in Let y =fx) represent a given curve, and P(r, y) and O(r + ô,
ways that altered area and volume y+ 8y) be two distinct and neighbouring points on the curve.
O+&r, y
+ &y)
computation methodologies. Let the chord PO, joining P and Q, make an angle 0 with the
X-axis and the tangent to the curve y =f) at the point (r, y) P(*. y)
make an angle y with the positive x-axis. The slope of the Sx R

chord PO is given by
tan 0 = _(r+ år)-f()
PR ar
As Sx 0, the point P, the angle y and the chord
POcoincides with the tangent line to the curve at P and
dy
dx
dy = tan y
.
or
Then Thus the derivative f'() representsM the slope of the tangent to the
dx
curve y J) at the point (x, y).
EGRA
TANGENT AND NORMAL
Tangent:The tangent line to the curve y =f) at point p(r, fr)) is a line throughp with the slope
m= lim f(r+h)-f()
tangent h-0
Normal: Line which is perpendicular to tangent at the point of contact is called normal to the
curve at that point

Py)
normal
Think: Does a tangent intersect a curve?
Tangent at P can intersect the curve at .
EOUATION OF TANGENT AND NORMAL
Tangent at a point is a line which touches the curve at that point and normal at a point is a line
which is perpendicular to the tangent at that point.

Equation of tangent at P(x, )):y-= (x-4)

-1
Equation of the normal at P(x, J): y-= dy
-(*-x)

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9REMARK

1. If lim
h0 =0
or
-, then .=x, is tangent (Vertical Tangent) andy=y, is normal.
IF
2. (a) tangent at P is parallel to x-axis. (b) tangent at P is parallel to y-axis
=0
d\P(z) dx\p)
dy

3. (a) Iftangent is parallel to ar + by + c=0 =-*b

dx

(6) If tangent is perpendicular to ar+ by+c=)

dx d
4. If the tangent at P(,) on the curve is equally inclined to the coordinate axes =tl
dslex)
Parametric Form: If the cquation of the curve is respresented parametrically i.e., x= f(h

y=g), where=f) and

dt

dy_dyl dt_g) - g() dyI d

Then and the equation of the tangent is y'
d«l dt
(x- f)N
dx dxldt f')
y = 4ax, take x = at,
y= 2at. Some Common Parametric Co-Ordinates on a Curve
3 + y3 = q3, take 1. Forx+=, take parametric co-ordinate x
=r cos 0 and y
=r sin 0.
X= a cos* 0, = a sin 0.
y

, take 2. For tl, take parametric co-ordinate

x
=a cos and y=b sin 0.
= a'
+)
X=c Sec 0,
y
=c cosec .
3. For -=1, take parametric co-ordinate x= a sec O
and y=b tan 0.
Vrty=a, take
x=a cos 0, y =a sin 0.
*l. take x=a(sin 0)2 and y b(sin 0)".
a
SOLVED EXAMPLES
-
Find the equations of all lines having slope
1
that are
1.

tangents to the curve y =

Sol. The equation ofthe curve is
Differentiating with respect to x,
+=
we
va.

X-1 have
Sol. Slope of the tangent the curve at any point (r, y) is 1

dy -1 =0
given by dx
The equation of the tangent at (,, y) is
For the slope to be equal to -1,
=1or x- 1=tlr=0, 2.
-1
-=-l (-1)² Xl.
Jax, ay
For x = 0, y = - 1, and for x =2, y = 1.

Hence the equations of the tangents at the points (0, -1) The intercept on the x-axis = Jax
and (2, 1) are respectively The intercept on the y-axis =
- =

y+1=-l (x-0) and (y 1) -l (*-2) Jay,

+y+1 =0 and +y- 3=0.
x
i.e. x Sum of the intercepts =ax,
tangent to the +Nay
2. Show that the sum of the intercepts of the
on the coordinate axes is constant. -Valyx,+y)=a,which is a constant.
curve /x+Jy=a
Calc
198

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The curve
:
ar+ b*t crt
S touches the x - axis at
tle point -2, 0) and cuts the -axis at a point ( where Putting x= 1,y
its gradient is 3. Find a, b, c.
of
Slope normal |
Sol. Slope of the tangent to the curve at (,, ) is
is,
y-0
= Žax,
+2h, +e Equation of normal =ly=X-1
7. Find the cquation of allpossible normal's to the parabola
The point Qis (0. 5).Since the eurve passes through (-2,0). =4y drawn from point (1, 2).
- Sa + 4h-2e+ § = 0.
...()
Since the slope of the tangent at (-2, 0) is 0,
P(1,2)
12a-45+=0. ...(2)
Since the slope of the tangent at (0, S) is 3,
Sol.
Le)
c=3. .(3)
From (1). (2) and (3), a= c=3.
4. Find equation of
tangenttoy=eat .r=0.Also draw graph
Sol. Atx =0 }==
1

Hence point of tangent is (0, 1) Let point on parabola x= 4y as shown in

figure
Now, mp) slope of normal at Q.
=|
d
dx 2
Slope of normal
Hence equation of tangent is

5.
1(r–0) (-1)
Find equation
y=-|x||
=

at
x=-
y=+l
of normal to the curve
2.
@CBS 4
h-1
2
=8 h=2
Hence coordinates of point is (2, 1) and so equation of
neighborhood of.x =-2,y =* +x.
,
Sol. In the

Hence the point of contact is (-2, 2) oN required nomal becomes x + y=3.

8. Prove that for the curve xy =
() The intercept between the axes on the tangent at any
d
d
=2r+l =-3.
point is bisected at the point of contact
dr
(ii) The tangent at any point makes with the co-ordinate
So, the slope of normal at (-2, 2) is : axes a triangle of constant area.
3
Sol. Let the equation of the curve in parametric form be
= ct, y = clt
Hence equation of normal is (r+2) =y-2.
3 Let the point of contact be (ct, clt).
3y=x+8.
Find the equation of normal to the curve x Equation of tangent is
6. +y=*, at the y-c/t=r-ct)
point where it cuts .x-axis. ty=2 ct
...i)
Sol. Given curve is xty =x ..() () Let the tangent cut the x and y axes at A and B
respectively.
Atx-axisy = 0,
. Writing the equation as:
X+0==1
:. Point is
A(1, 0)
2ct 2clt
-| A= (2ct,0) and B

Now to differentiation
xty= taking log of both sides Mid point of AB = (ct, c/)
log(x +y) =y log x

dx
. + (og*) dy
(ii) IfO is the origin,

Area of triangle A04B =(04XOB)=

i.e., constant for all tangents because it is independent
of t.
2e

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9. In which of the following cases the function f() has a

vertical tangent atx= 0.

() f) =3 (ii) fx) = sgn x
(ii) f(r) =3 (i) f(x)=
2x
Sol. Concept: y f(x) has a vertical tangent at the point x =x, 10. Find the slope of the curve y= cos at x=
1+x*
if lim +h)-f(x,) =
o 0r-oo but not both.
Sol. [1/2]
h
The functions fr) = and fur) sgn x both have a
2tan x;
|x|s1
2x
vertical tangent x=0 but fx)=and
at
cOS
x;
1+x* -2 tan |x>1
f(x)=Jx have no vertical tangent since f(r) =x23
2
r(o)=lim if -1<x<l
no vertical tangent
dy
1+x
dx
at x = 0 if x>l orx<-1
f0)=lim 1+x
h0-h
DIBY 7.1
Evaluate the following:
1. Find the equation tangent to curve y= -13x+ 40| at point x = 6.
of

2. The normal to the curve x = a(l + cos), y = a sin 9 at point always passes through a fixed point find that point.
''
3. Find the equation of tangent to cuve xr= acos't, y= asin't at t.
4. Curve is represented parametrically by the equations x when te R and a> 0. If the curve toucts
x
ell and y
the axis of at the point 4, then find the coordinates of the point A.
t =t e

5. Find the points on the curvey+ 3r= 12y where the tangent is vertical.

6.
ON
The x-intercept of the tangent at any arbitrary point (p, g) of the curve -=| is proportional to p" find n.

7. Let C be the curve y = x (where x takes all real values). The tangent at A meets the curve again at B. If the gradient at B
K times the gradient at A then find K.
8. The tangent at (t, -) on the curve y
curve y = subtangent.
=x-x
meets the curve again at then find abscissa of , O.

9. For the bea, find length of

Subnormal
10. At any point of a curve find
Subtangent
11. Find the slope of
thetangent to the curvey= cos(cosx) at x =-r/4.
to the parabolay² Aax at a point (diferent from the origin) are in G.
=

12. Prove that sub-tangent, ordinate and subnormal

Tanger
y=u) LENGTHS OFTANGENT, NORMAL, SUBTANGENT AND
SUBNORMAL.
Length of
Nornal Let P (h, k) be any point on curve y
=j). Let tangent drawn at
nomal at point P meets x-axis at M. Then the length PT is called point P meets x-aXSano
the length of tangent
called length of normal. (as shown in figure)
M N
(h,0) (h +mk,0), Projection segment PT on x-axis, TM, is called
of of
on
the subtangent and similarly projection
segment PN x-axis, MN is called subnormal.
iength of tengln = slope
subtangent of Let m = of
tangent= tan 0
subnormal

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Hence equation of tangent is m
(x–h) (-k).
Putting y=0, we get x-intercept of tangent is
x=h-
Similarly, the x-intercept of normal is
xht km
Now, length PT, PN, TM, MN can be cnsily evaluated using distance formula

1. PT= |&1|+ Length of Tangent k coscc 0|

2. PN= |k|N+m² -Length of

Nornal k scc 0|

3. TM= Length of subtangent = |k cot 0|

4. MN= |km = Length of subnormal = |k tan 0|

ANGLE BETWEEN TWO CURVES

The angle between two curves (or the angle of intersection of two curves) is defined as the
angle between the two tangents at their point of intersection. As the figure shows, the angle ,
between the two curves, is givcn by

= V,-, tan = tan (y, -,) =

tan ,
–tan y,
1+ tan y, tan V2
where tany, =f() and tany, gu).
Two curves are said to cut each other orthogonally if the angle between them is a right
angle, that is, if ¢= 90°, in which case we will have, tan y, tany, =-1.
Two curves touch each other if the angle betwecen the tangents to the curves at the point
of intersection is
0°, in which case we will have, tan, Ftany,.
Tangent at Origin
If a rational integral algebraic equation of a curve is passing through origin when the equations
of the tangent at the origin is obtained by equating the lowest terms in the equation of curve
to the equal to zero.
1. Equation of tangentsat origin to x² -4y t+
t 3a'y + 3ry + 3ty+y =0 is -4y= 0.
2. Ifthe curvea+yt=xty', then the equation of
tangent would be+y=0 which would
indicate that the origin is an isolated point on the graphsheal
3. There may exist curves on which one line could be the tangent as well as the normal to a
given curve at a given point. eq. +y= 3xy (Falium descartes) the line pair xy =0is both
a tangent as well as a normal at =0
x

Normal at (x, y)
For equation of normal at (*, y;) of second degree conics ar² +2hxy + by² + 2gx + 26+ c=0
Equation of normal ax, +g
+
hy, hx +by, +f
la h g|
To remember h b f

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
11. Show that the curves ax + by2- | and cx? + dy² Icut dy and for
y e

cnch other orthogonally if . 1 dx .,)

a dy 1-/2
Sol. Let the two curves cut cach other at the point (X, y). 2
Then ax+ by = 1 dx lox. y)
...) m,m, =-1Hence =90°
and cx? + dy? =1. ...(ii) 14. Find the length of tangent for the curve y =
+3rs.
From (i) and (i), we get, (a - c)x? + (b-d)y? =0...(ii)
at point x=0.
Slope of the tangent to the curve ax² + by = 1, at (x, y)
dy
is given by tan y, = dy Sol. Here, m =
ds J) by,
m=
, cr+ dy? = l at (r, y) dy 3x2 +
4

Slope ofthe tangent to the curve 6x+4

dx
is given by tan =
and, k=y(0) k=-1
dy,
If the two curves cut orthogonally, we must have,
4

by, dy, -l acx? +

bdy? = 0. ...
(iv)
15. Find the length of tangent, normal, subtangent

From (iii) and (iv) we have subnormal to the curve y=: at the point har

a-c b-d 1 abscissa 2. 1-*

ac bd C d
12. Find angle between y² = 4x and x= 4y. Are these two
Sol. At x= 2, y=-V2
curves orthogonal? Point is P(V2,-V2)
Sol. y² =4x and ² = 4y intersect at point (0, 0) and (4, 4) (see
figure).
Now,
dy_(l-*)-x(-2x) I+x*
C,:y= 4x
C,:=4y dx ((-*} (1-*}
dy2
dx y
dy
dx 2
x
dy
l(o, 0) ax ko.o)
-0 R 1+2
=3 =m(let)
lat P (1-2)?
Hence tan = 90° at point (0, 0)
Length of tangent
vyl+m
2

2 3 m
dy =2 >tan * Length of normal
x l(4,4) dx 4,4) 1+2;
Two curves are not orthogonal because angle between them
at (4, 4) is not 90°. Length of subtangent=
y = eal2
13. Find the angle between curvesy'= 4x and
Sol. Let the curves intersect at point (, y,) (see figure).
Length of subnomal = lyxm=2x=2
for y² = 4x,

DIBY 7.2
Evaluate the following:
13, Find the angle of
intersection of thecurve x=32y and y² = 4x at the point (16 8)
14. Find the angle of
=
intersection between two curves xy 6 and
= 12,.
y
+

15. Find the angle of intersection between two curves -y²=5 and
8

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16. The curve y
ar+ bx+ cx is inclincd by 45° to x-axis at origin and it touches x-axis at (1, 0). Then find a - b)
17. Find the points of contact of the vertical tangents to
x=2-3 sin 0, y =3+2cos 0.
18. 1f the tangent at the point (at', at ) on the curve ay² =x mects
the curve again at P then find P.
19. Find the length of thetangent to
the curve x= a (0+ sin 0), y= a(1 - cos 0) at 0.
20. 1f at any point (r,, y,) on a curve the subtangent and sub-normal are
equal, then find length of the tangent.
21. 1fthc curves+=1
a? 4
and y = 16x intersect at
right angles then find a'.
22. Find the angle of intersection of the curves y =, 6y =7-at (1, 1).

ERRORAPPROXIMATION ANDRATE CHANGE

Let a function y= fx) be defined and if Ax) be the error occurred while calculatingx, then
we may also get an error is calculation of y iie. fx). The correct value
of y should have been
y=(x+ Ar). But the valuc that we have obtained because of the error in calculation
ofx will be
Therefore f(x + Ar)-fx) will be the error in calculation ofy and is denoted by
y=f).
Types of Errors
1. Absolute errors: It is deviation of measured value of physical quantity from its actual
value i.e. error
=
Ay
=f(r+ Ar)-fx).
2. Relative errors: It is the ratio of error to the total quantity measured e.g. Ôy
where Ay is
absolute error andy is actual value.
3. Percentage errors: It is given by relative error x 100 i.e.
oy100
4. Maximum probable errors: It is the error encountercd in the final measured quantity
assuming that all the errors occurring in the measurement of component quantities
same sign. i.e., cumulative in nature c.g. if z have
=x)+fv) then maximum probable error in
z=error in 1(<) + error inf).

|Note o .

o We must be careful to distinguished between derivatives and differentials.

Thev are
not same. we dy
certainly the When write we are using a symbol for the derivative
dx
and when we write dy, we are denoting a differential.

Approximations
As the name suggest, the topic approximation is useful to find the approximate
when a small change in x has occurred.
value of y = fx)
Approximate change in y = dy
ie. Ay Ar
Marginal Cost
Marginal cost is the instantaneous rate of change of total cost which respect to
items produced at an instante
the number of

Total cost: If total cost when x unit is produced is Coc), then. me=4C(.)d
d
Marginal Revenue
Marginal cost is the instantaneous rate of change of total revenue with respect to
the number
of times at an instant.
Total Revenue
If R(r) be the total revenue when x units are sold then, M.R.= d(R)

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SOLVED EXAMPLES

16. 1fthere is no crror of A% in mcasuring

the cdge of a cubc
then the per cent error in estimating its volume is -12)+1.2)+1.2)
R R,
Sol. V= dx
and the percentage crror in mcasuring
x=X00 dkx100 =1.24ie |,23
dV
The percentage crror in measuring volume = -x100
Now, -3x' dV = 3x² dx [from

dV_3x'dx dR
-x100 = 3k% x100 = 1.2%
R
17. A baloon is in the form of right circular cylinder of radius 19. The time Tof a complete oscillation of a simple pendt
1.5 m and length 4 m and is surrounded by hemispherical
ends. If the radius is increased by 0.01 m and the length of length / is given by the equation T =2n we
by 0.05 m, find the percentage change the volume of |8
the balloon,
is constant. What is the percentage error in T when :

Sol. Ifr be the radius and h the height of the cylinder. increased by 1%?
1.5 m
Sol. Let Al be the change in I and AT be the correspon

error in T. Then -x100 =1

4m

T = 2n,
Volume V = x00=1. Now,
w'h+r'+'='+
> In T= 2r + (1/2) In - (1/2) In g
3

8V = )Sh + 2(2rr)+(3r 4
(' 3
)ôr 1
dT 11 dT T dT
Tr(rh + 2hôr +4rôr) rôh +2hSr +4rår T dl 21 dI 21

dT dT x100 =
rh+ 42
3
TELEGPxl00=x100 2
1.5×0.05+2x4x0.01+4xix0.01 0.215
9
1.5x4x0.5°
So, there is (1/2)% error in calculating the time perid
:.x100=x100=2.389%
9
20. Find the approximate values of the following by
differentials /o.0037.
18. Find the possible percentage error in computing the
parallel resistance of three resistance R,, R,, R, from Sol. We write Jo.0037 = Jo.00036-+0.0001, because

the formula J_1,I1 (K kz, R,

are cach in Jo.0036 =0.06
error by plus
R RR.R.
1.2%.
Let y= x,: y+Ay = x+ Ar
1

++differentiating both sides, then

Sol. Given
Subtracting, we get Ay = x+
1
Ar-x
1
Ar=rtar-W

dp=|aris approx cqual oA

204 Cak

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Now, let x
0,0036 and Ar 0.0001
Now, 0.009 =.008 + .001, so we take x = „008 and
.. (0) 0.0001 ôx .001.
2VO.0036
-=V0.0036+0.0001-Vo.0036
Hence öy =
dy
.001
0.0001 = dx Jr=008
yo.0037-0,06
2(0.06) 0.001 0.001
i.c. ôy = „0.00| = =0.0083
/0.0037 =0.06+0.00083 = 0,06083 3 (0.2)' 3x0.04 0.12
21. The pressurc p and the volumne v We, thus, have f(0.009) = (0.009)3
of a gas are connccted
by the relation pr" const. Find the percentage error = (0.008 +0.001)3 = (0.008)3+0.0083
in p
corresponding to a decreases of 1.2% in v. =
0.2+0,0083 = 0.2083.
Sol. We have, pyl=k (constant) 23. Use differential to approximate J25.3
+ 1.4 log v = log k Sol. Take y -fAx)= W25 and dr = 0.3
logp Jr=
1
dp 1.4 dp 14p
Hence öy =f(r) Sr = so that
p dy dv 1

A25.3) =fx) + ôy =fx) +f(r) ör = 5+.03 5.03. -

Now, Ap= -Av Ap =*2Ay 4Av 24. The total cost C(x) associated with the production of x
d unis of an item is given by C(x) + 0.007 + 0.03x² + 15x
+ 4000. Find the marginal cost when 7 units are produced.
Sol. Given, C(r) =0,007r+0.003x+ 15x +
4000
x100=-1.4(-1.2) =
0.7*00=1.2given Marginal cost is given by MC(r- dC
dx
22. Find the approximate value
= (0.007)3* + (0.003)2r + 15 = 0.02 Lx² + 0.006x + 15
of (0.009)3, x
so that
When 17, MC()=0.021(17 +0.006 x 17+ 15
=ol. Let y=)=xl/3
Hence, MC(17) = 0.021 x 289 + 0.102 + 15 = 6.069
dx 3
+0.102+ 15 =21.171
DIBY 7.3
Cvaluate the following:

23. Find the approximate value of (26)2, ONTELEGRAM

24. Find the approximate change in the volume Vof a cube of side x meters caused by increasing side by 1% .

25. Find the approximate value off(3.02), wheref) = 3r + 5x + 3).

26. If there is an error of k in measuring the edge of a cube then find the percent error
in estimating its volume.
27. The total revenue received from the sale ofx units of aproduct is given
by R()=13r-26x + 15. Find the marginal revenue
x
when =7,

MONOTONICITY
Let y =fx) be a given function with D' as it's domain. Let D,cD.

Increasing Function
Ax) is said to be increasing in D, for every x,, x, E
Increasing Functions if D, x>,
y
fx) > fx,). It means that the value offx) will keep on increasing with an increase in
x.
the value of

Non-Decreasing Function
rA) is said to be non-decreasing in D, if for every

x) 2 x). It means that the value of f(r) would

N, , e D D, ,X, >x,
never decrease with an increase
Non-Decreasing Functions in the value ofx.

plication of Derivatives
205

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Decreasing Function
x) is said to be decreasing in D, if for
every r,, E D
>x,
an increase in &
It means that the value of () would decreasc with
>f(x)<r,).
of x.

Decrcasing Functions Non-Increasing Function cvery X, X,

€
D,.
,
Tf) is said to be non-increasing in D, if for
It mcans that the value offr) would
never increase with an in
fr)<fx).
in the value of x.

|Note •
or interval D, is cal-d
Afunction which is either increasing decreasing in the entire
Non Increasing Functions monotonic function.

APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION FOR DETECTINA

MONOTONICITY
Let / be an interval (open or closcd or semi
open or semi closed)
1, then fis strictly increasing in I
1.
Iff'(«) >0re
2.
Iff'() <0VxeI, then fis strictly decreasing in I

Basic Definition Test

frth) a x, if for a sufficiently small h>
The function f(r) is said to be strictly increasing at point
condition (Figure 1)

foo-h) <fr) <fo + h) is fulilled.

The function f() is said to be strictly decreasing at a point x, if for a sufficiently smallà > )}
condition (Figure 2)
+ h) is fulfilled.
Figure 1
fr-h) >fa)>f
A
differentiable function is called increasing in an interval (a, b) if it is increasing at t
y point within the interval (but not necessarily at the end points). A function decreasing
interval (a, b) is similarly defined.
frth)
Sufficiency Test
If the derivative functionf'(r) in an interval (a, b) is everywhere positive, then the tun
ol x h xo
x6+h fr) in this interval is increasing; If f() is everywhere negative, then f(r) is decreasing
Figure 2

JNote ee•

o The test (criterion) also holds true when the derivative takes on zero values
interval (a, b) so long as fl) does not identically become zero throughout the ints
(a, b) or in some interval (a', b') comprising a part of (a, b). The function /(*)
be a constant on such an interval.

Iff(a) = 0 then examine the sign off'(a')andf'(a)

(a) Iff'(a") > 0 andf'(u)>0 then strictly increasing
(b) Iff'(a') <0 andf'(a)<0 then strictly decreasing

Csk
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MONOTONICITY OF FUNCTION ABOUTA POINT

1. A function f(r) is called as a strictly increasing function about a point (or at a point) ae D,
if it is strictly increasing in an open interval containing a (as shown in figure).

fa+h)/ Ra+h)
fa) Aa)
fa- h)

fa-
h)

a-h a+h
2. A function fr) is called a strictly decreasing function about a point x =a, if it is strictly
decrcasing in an open interval containinga (as shown in figure).

fa-h)
f(a-h)
fa)
Aa+ h)

fla+h)

SEIA I=a

|Notee••

If x = a
is a boundary point, then use the appropriate one sided inequality to test
monotonicity off(*).

X=a
fis increasing at x=a fis decreasing at x =a|fis increasing at x = a |fis decreasing at x =a

X=4 Neither increasing nor

Neither inereasing nor
Increasing at x a decreasing at x =a Decreasing at.r=a
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SOLVED EXAMPLES,

log(+*) 2 2e"
25. Find the interval in which f(x)= is
decreasing. Now, g'(u)= =
log(e+x) 1+e"
+x) Therefore, g'(u) > 0 for all u e R
Sol. f(x) = log(r Thus, g(u) is an increasing function for alluep
log(e+*)
1
ylog(e+x) 1 log(t+x)
27. Letf:
+4 cos
R -Iffx)bea
function such thatf(o) = as
R
is invertible then find a.
x.

Sol. ) ax
+3sin x + 4 cos x
.f'a)= (log(e+ x) f() =a+3 cos x sin x -4 cos
r-4 sin
-553
28. Find possible values of that fu) =
'a' such
Let h(x) log(e +x)_ log(+x) e+ 2r monotonically increasing for x e R
is
Tt+x e+x + 1)et+ 2x, fr) =2e- (a+ l)¢
Sol. f(r) =e-(a
Let us consider g(r) =x Inr Now, 2e2r- (a+ l) e+ 2 >0 for all x e R
g)=x+Inx=l+ ln x
2|e'+-(a+I)20ffor all xeR
gr)>0
veand gl%)<0 (at+

Now e<Ie+x<Tt+x Vxe (0,o0) -

at1 has minimum value 2
g(e+x)<g (r +x) [.:g) is an increasing function
for x > 1/e]
(e+x) In(e + x) < (r+*) In(T+x)
BSE as3
29. Find the interval for which

In(e+ x)In(+ x) =x+tan-x +

fo) lnlV?+1-x) is increasing

e+* ONTELEGRAM
Sol. fo)x+ tanlx- Inr+1 +x)
In(e+x) In(t+x)
etx
<0> h() <0 ->0f(r) >0

h(x)
:.f)= (In(e + x)² -<0 re [0, oo) 30. Let f(x)="edt, xe(-s,) then fimd the ints

for which fr) is increasing.

Hence fr) decreases for [0,).
function
Sol. Given f(r) =edt
26. Let the g:(--)-be given by
on differentiating both sides using Newton's

g(u)=2tan"(e)- 2 Then find the interval in which Leibnitz fromula, we get

g is increasing.
T = 2 tan
Sol. g(u) = 2 tan "e-;s(-u)
= 2 tan -2.x

2.re
Now stu)+g(-u) = 2 tan"()+ core)-*
-0
(where 2
>,r and2r), 0ve)

.f)>0 Which shows 2r <0 orx<0

Hence, g(u) is an odd function xe (-, 0)

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Sol. The point (x, v) on the curve
can be written in polar
1 1ff)
=t ar+ bx +5sin'x be a incrcasing function in
R. Then prove that 36 15 a'- +
<0, coordinates as x= b cos and y= yasin 9
Sol. f(x)=x'+ar +bx+ Ssin'r sin 20
=(Vab sin9cos 0),_. Vab
r(r)= 3xr+ 2ax b+ Ssin2x <0 asf(x)+
Thus, ()m max
is J
Vab
But sin 2r2-1 (sin 20)m =1
2
.3x +
+
2ax
b-5s 3x' +2ax +b+5 sin 2x <0 are
35. Find the intervals in which the following functions
3x* + 2ax
+(b-5) <0 4a -4x3(b-5) <0 increasing or decreasing.
a-3b +15 <0 +
32, If
thefunctionfr) =2 log (r-3) -+6x 3 increases
in the interval(a, b). Find (a + b).

Sol.
f()=-2x+6
2 2
-2(r-3)= 2.!-(-3)
x-3 X-3 = log (2 +
x) 2x
(ii) fx)
f(a)=-2. -6x+8-2)(x-4) x+2
X-3 x-3 Sol. (9 *-4 (r-2\x+2)
For for) to be increasing,f(r) > 0 f) 2x
z
(x-2)(x-)0 xe(-o,2)u3.4) >0 for x>2, >0 for x<-2,
I-3 <0 for -2 <x<2.
Also for log (x -3) to be defined x-3> 0x>3 Hence fr) is an increasing function for x e (2, o)
Hence interval of increasing is(3, 4) =atb= 3 and for x e (-0, -2).
+4=7 €
cot 0 fr) is a decreasing function for x (-2, 2).
33. A function y
–f) is given by x= cos² and y=
sec (ii) Heref«) =-2sin
for all >0, then prove that fis increasing for (0, 1).

Sol. y= fx), x= cos²0 dx

de
=-2cos sin DEBS Hence,f'() <0 for -<r<
7T
and 1<x<t
cos 0
and f'(*) >0 for
cot 8
sec 0 sin 9 ONE Hence in the given interval [0,
].
dy 3cos 0(-sin 0) sin - cos 9
fr) is increasing function for 7
d
sin 8

dy 3 sin' cos 0+ cos 0 3

...(ii) and decreasing for 0 <x< and <I<I.

d. sin 8 8
2 2.x
Divide (ii) by (i), Yxe (0,1) dy
->0 (ii) Heref(r) =
dx 2+x 2+x (2+x)
.. Increasing for x e (0,1) 2r-2-x x-2
(2+x)² (2+x)²
34. Let 'a' and 'b'are positive number. If(r, y) isa point on the
curve ax+ by²=ab then, find the largest possible value Hence the function is an increasing function forx > 2
of xy. and a decreasing function forx<2

DIBY 74
Discuss the monotonicity of the following functions (28-34):

28. Jx)= 2lr- 1|+3- 2|Vxe (1,2), 29. 30. )

=-20+ 24Qr

2x 33. y=2x+ cot'x+ logii+*'-x 34.

31, fxy=xle 32. r) = In (1 +*)
1+x
f()=x+

pplication of Derivatives 209

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35. The length of

largest continuous interval in which function r)= 4x- tan2x is monotonic, S
30. The valuc of k for which x- cos x- x +bdecreasing for all real x is given by
f)= sin

37. The length of a

longest interval in which the function 3sin x- 4sin'x is increasing is
,.
38. If Ao)
=+4+Ar + l
isamonotonically decreasing function ofx in the largest possible interval(-2,-75) then find

x
39, Functionf) = Asin x+3cos is monotonic increasing then find
..
2sin x+6cos x

=
40. LetJ) tan{()}, where o(*) is monotonically increasing for 0 <x<2 then J*)15
.
(0, /3). Find
41. Let and f"(*)<0%xe (0,2), ifg(x) increases in

INEQUALITY (USING MONOTONICITY)

proye
k for all x 2 x, it is sufficient to
&

Case I: In order to prove that a function x)

fx) 2 kand f'() > 0 xor - =

Case II: To prove fx) 2 g*) for all x a. Consider the function h(x) f(x) gx)
:. h'() =S)-g').
Test the monotonicity of h(x). If h'(x) >0xa and h(a) >0, then h(x) > h(a) >0

h() > 0
Vx2af)
-
g) 2 0 Vxafx) 2
g) xza
SOLVED EXAMPLES

36. Prove that 2 sin x + tan x

3x » sin x -x<0
sin x<x
Sol. hx)= 2 sin x + tan x -3x xe [0, r/2] Similarly we can prove x < tan x
2 cos' x-3 cos' x +
1

Combining (i) and (ii), we get, sin x <x< tan

x.

h'(x) = 2 cos x
t sec? x-3 = cosx ELEG 38. Show that 1+ x in(x+va'+)2Vi+r' for all x20
cos² x+
1

=2 cos'x-
Let p(x) 3
=
x
r+)-+* for all x
Now px)=-6 cosrx sin x + 6 cos x sin Sol. Letf() 1+xin(x+ 2l
p'()=6 cos x sin x(1 - cos x) 1

For x e [0, /2]

+n(r+e+1)1
avze
hx)
h(x) >
is an increasing function
h0)
la)
2 sinx+ tan
x
2 3x Vr
= in(x+ +)+* = in r+
37. Prove that sin x<x< lan x, x €

(o)
Sol, Consider fx) sin x-x since, x +
x'+1>1 forx > 0
- f)<0
+fr)
= cos x I
=-2 sin' In(r+a+)> In l i.,A) >0 for allx>0
i.e.,f(x) increases forx> 0 >f*) 2/(0)
x) is decreasing
+xln(r+Vr+)-Ni+r20
Caleu
210

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39. Show that

1+x
In(1+x) <x
<
for x>0 log, x-2
f(x)=
x+2 or f(x) = L[in(r-2) - In(x + 2))
Sol. Letfr)= In(l+ x)-f)
= Inc Inc
1+x 1+x (1+x) (1+x) 4
and f(O) = 0 Differentiating w.r.t.x; we get f)
=
Then f'()>0 when
x>0 (lnc)(*-2Xx+ 2)
Thus fr) is monotonically increasing in the intervals (0,o)
x
Case I: If < c<0 1; then In c <0
f) >f0) =0 when >0 4
Now f() <0 (In c)(*-2)(x+ 2) -<0
Hence f(x) is positive for cvery positive value of x so that
In(1+x) >when x>0
x<-2
or
x> 2
1+x
=x- In(1 + x) (r-2Xx+2)->0
Again let gr)
Case II: Ifc> 1, then In c> 0
so that >g(x)>0,
In(l+*)
1+x
when x>0 and 4
<0
equality holds for x= 0 (ln c)(x-2)(x+2)

Therefore g is monotonically increasing in the intervals

(7-2)(r+2) <0xe
(-2,2)
(0,0)
Also g(0) =0, . gr) >
g(0) =0, when x>0
Hence gx) + ve for + ve values of x, so that x> In(1 +x) but for-2<x<2; log, *-2 not defined.
x+2
when x >0.
Hence case IImust be ignored
From (i) and (ii), we have < log (1 tx) <x when Thereforece (0, 1) and x e (-0, -2) or
xe(2,<o) for
x>0.
1+x f) to be decreasing
Now given that range off= [log, cb- 1), log, ca - 1)]
40. Suppose that the function is f(x) =
Inis defined for .: is max at x = a, min at x = b as fr) and xe (a. b)
x+2 c(2, o)
all x in the interval [a, b] and is monotonically decreasing. Hence
fmi)=b) = log, c(b -1)
Find the value of 'c' for which there exists 'a' and 'b'
such that the range of the function is [log,c(b x-2 = log,
(6>a>2) log. c(b-1)
-1), log, c(a-1)] x+2
Taking antilog on both sides; we get x-2 = c(b-I)
Sol. Given x+2
f(x)=log,
b-2= cb- l) (6+2) cb? + (c -1) b- 2c+ 2 =0
C>0 and c1 Now; D 20 [" b is real] (c -1)2 -
4c(-2c+2) > 0
And 0<cs 1/9 as c e (0, 1) according to case analysis
x+2
>0xe (-oo,-2)U(2, co)
() and (ii).

DIBY 7.5
Evaluate the following:
42. Prove that sinx + tanx> 2r, when 0 <x< t/2.
43, Forxe [0, /6), prove that 4x+ 8 cosr -4 log [cosr (1+ sinz)]]+ tanx -2 secr 6.

1
- f(m) s
Iffx) = In(ln, x) where x>e, prove that -sf(m+1) for m > c.
44. (m +1) In(m + 1)
m.ln(m)

e
x-8+6 sec >0 for
x x

Prove that tan 2r + 6In secx +2

cos
33.

Show that the equationx sin x + cosx has exactly two real roots.
0,

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MAXIMA AND MINIMA
Critical Points
zero or doesn't exist arc called Critical points,1
The points for which f'() is cqual to
should also be noted that critical points are the interior points of an interval.

Stationary Points of e
= in the domain. The value
0

The stationary points are the points where f(x) a or turning point, the tane
a
for
J)= 0 are also called the turning points. At stationary
curve y = fr) is parallel to the x-axis. On the left and right of a turning point, tangents to
k

have different dircction.

The points of local maximum and minimum
are callcd critical points or stationary rei
are called the extreme values of the fi

values of the function corresponding to these points

Illustration: Find stationary points the function fx) 4-
of
6r-24r +9. =

Sol. f()= 12r²- 12r- 24 fo)= 0 >r=-

1,2 =>f-1)=23,f(2) =-3I
(-1, 23), (2. 31) are stationary points
Illustration: Find critical points of fr) max (sinx, cosr) xe (0, 2).
=

COSx sinx cosx

5 n/4
Sol.
I/4

From the figure it is clear thatf(r) has three critical points x =

4'2 4
Illustration: Find the critical points ofthe function f(r) = 4r6r-24x+9 if () x e f0.3

xe(-3,3] (ii) e (-1,2]. x

Note Sol. S)= 12(²-x-2)

=
12(r-2) (r +
1) =f'()=0=-l or 2
x
Critical points are always (i) Ifxe [0, 3], =2 is critical point.
interior points of an interval. (ii) Ifx e (-3,3], then we have two critical points x
=-1, 2.
(ii) Ifxe -1,2), then no critical point as bothx=-l andx =2 become boundary p

MAXIMA AND MINIMA

A function f() is said to have a local maximum at x = a, if f(a) is greater than every
i
f value assumed by f(r) in the immediate neighborhood of x = a. Symbolically
fa) fla >
Local maximum f(a) > fa
I= agives local maxima for a sufficiently small positive h.
Similarly, a function f*) is said to have a local minimum value at x = b iff{b) is least
Incrcasing Decrcasing every other value assumed by f(r) in the immediate neighbourhood at x =b. Symbolica!
function function
fb) < flo+h)|
f(b) < fb-)gves local minima for a sufficiently small positive h.
Definition ofa local maximum

|Note ee
1. The local maximum and minimum values of a function are also known s
maxima or relative minima as these are the greatest and least values ot he
relative to some neighbourhood of the point.
2. The term 'extremum' or 'turning point' is used both
for local maximum ot h
values.
3. A local maximnum (minimum) value
of a function may not be the greatest (le
in a finite interval.
4. A function can have several local maximunm and minimum values
and a local m

value may even be greater than a local maximum

value.

Cuk
212

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First Derivative Test

Let f(r) be continuous and differentiable function.
Step-1: Find f(x)
Step-II: Solve f'()= 0, letx= c be a solution. (i.e. Find stationary points)
Step-ll1: Observe change of sign
1. Iff(r) changes sign from negative to positive as x crosses c from left to right then
a point of local minima
x=cis
2. Iff'() changes sign from positive to negative as x crosses c from left to right then x = cis
a
point of local maxima.
3. Iff() does not changes sign as x crosses c then x = c is neithera point of maxima nor
Minima.

Global Maximum
A function f() is said to have global maximum on a set E if there exists at least one c e E such
thatf(r) sf(c) for all xe E.
We say global maximum occurs at .r =cand global maximum (or global maximum value) is f(c).

Local Maxima
Note A functionf() is said to have a local maximum at xr=ciff(c) is the greatest value of the function
=
cis a boundary point in a smallneighbourhood (c - h, c + h) of c where h>0.
If x

then consider (c -h, c) or (c, i.e. for all xe (c-h, c + h), x#C, we havef(x) sfc).
c+) (h > 0) appropriately. i.e.f(c - 8) sfc) >f(e + 8), 0 < 8<h
Global Minimum
A functionf() is said to have a global minimum on a set Eifthere exists at least one ce Esuch that
f) f(c) for all x e E.

Local Minima
A function f(r) is said to have a local minimunm at x= ciff(c) is the least value of the function in
-
a small neighbourhood (c h, c+h)) of cwhere h > 0.
i.e., for all
-
xe(c-h, c + h), x * c, we havef(r) f(c).
i.., f(e 8) >f(c) <f(c+ 8), 0 <S <h
Extrema: A maxima or a minima is called an extrema.
Explanation: Consider graph ofy =f), x e [a, b]
x=4,x=Cyx=c, are points of localmaxima, with maximum valuesf(a), f(c,)f(e)respectively.
x=e,*=cy,x=bare points of localminima, with minimum values f(c,)f(e)f(b)respectively
x=c, is a point of global maximum
x=c, is a point of global minimum
Consider the graph ofy = h(*), xe [a, b)
h(c4)
h(c)

h(a)

C
Cg C4

x=C,*=Ca are points of local maxima, with maximum values A{c,), He,) respetively.
x-a, x = e, are points of local minima, with minimum values A(a), k{c,) respectively.
x=, is neither a point of
maxima nor a minima.
Global naximum is hc), Cilobal ninimunn is k(a).

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ORDED
MAXIMA, MINIMABY SECOND OR HIGHER
DERIVATIVES
up to sccond order
Second derivative test: Lct f(x) have derivatives
a
Step-1: Solve '(r) 0. Letxcbe solution
c is a point minima.
Iff'c) >0 then x
of
Step-l1: 1.
a
Iff"(c) <0, thcn x= is point maxima.
2.
c of

3. 1ff"(c) 0 then further investigation is required

-

shown in figure).
For maximaf'(r) changes from positive to negative (as
f) is decreasing hence f"(c) <0
nh Derivative test: Let f() have derivatives up to n" order
If(c)=f"c) = =f"(c) =0 and
f"c) 0 then we have following possibilitics
1. n is even, f ("(c)
<0>r=c is point of maxima
2. n is cven, f((c) >0=c is point of
minima.

3. n is odd, f"(c)<0>f) is decrcasing aboutx = c

4. n is odd,f("c) >0>f(r) is increasing about x=c.

SOLVED EXAMPLES
41. fx)=-5+ 5x- 10 has local maxina and minima at =
Sol. f) (3x+ ax-2- a)e
X=land x=m respectively then 2/ + m is equal to f) (3r + ax-2 - a)e
=
+e (6x + a)
= +
Sol. f) 5xt-20r 15:²= 5r r-)(r-3) for maximum =
e(3r +t x(6 + a) -2)
& minimum
f)=0r=0,
r) =20x -60x2+ 30x
1,3
10x
UHBSE
(2r²- 6x+3)
f()=0 at x 1

f'()= e(3-x-2)
=
3+
+
a)-2 = 0>a=-7
(6 +
=e (r- 1) (3r + 2)
A-2/3
f"0) = 0 Neither point of minimumn or maximum ELEGR 1

s)=-10 point of maximum X=lis point local minimaof

f(3) =90 point of minimum x=-2/3 is point of local maxima.

.. 44. Letf: R R be a function defined byf) =(
l=l& m=3 2/+m =5 "i(*-5)"2, n,, n, e N. Then, discuss the local ma
42. Let f: R R be given by f(r) = (x-1)(r- 2)(r- 5).
minima for (n,, n,) = (3, 5)
=
[Sodt, x>0. Sol. fx) = (*-3)"1 (x- S)2
Define
F) Then prove that f(x) is

f')=n, (r-3)°1 -(r- S)2 + n,(r- 5)2(r

local maxima at x=2. =
Sol. F()= (r-1) (* - 2) (r -5)
(r-3)1-(r-5)"2 -[x(n, n,) n, (r -3)) + +

+
- (r-3)P - (x- 5)"2- [x(2, + n,) - (5n, + 3n,
-
2 =(r-3) '-s2
3
x
Atx=land =5,F'() changes from --to + For n, =3, n, =5
Therefore, F(x) has two local minima point at a=I and =
f') 8(x- 3)
(*
-

F(x) has one local maxima point at x=2. +

43. Ifx = is a critical point of the function f(r) (3r+ ar-2 30

a) e, then find local maxima and minima point.

Calce
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Since, sign of/ (x) changes from -ve to +ve at x = 30 |2(x-1) x> 2
fr)=2(1-x) 0<r<2
. fx) has local minima at x= 30 €
(3, 5) |2(x-1) x<0
8 x
6.
Let Px) be a rcal polynomial of degrec 3 which vanishes at S) = 0 at x = 1
andf'(x) does not exist at
=0, 2. Thus

r-3.Let P(x) have local minima x= 1, local maxima at these are critical points.
49. Find the greatest and least values of
=
at x = -1 and P(*)dr 18, then the sum
all the of fx) -- 12rxe (-1, 3]
Sol. The possible points of maximaminima are critical points
cocfficients of the polynomial P(x)is cqual to
and the boundary points.
Sol. P() = a(x - 1)(x+ 1) = a(r-)
for x e (-1, 3] and f() =-12r
P(r) = x=2 is the only critical point.
Examining the value off(r) at points x=-1, 2, 3. We can
= 0
P-3) 0=a(-9+3) +cc=6a ...) find greatest and least values.
2 3

16
-1
f(r) =-16 and Maximum f(r) = 11.
=
2e 18
c=9 .:. Minimum
50. Find the points of local maxima or minima for f(x) =
From cq. () & cq. (ii), we get, a =

2 sin2x -x, x e (0, T).

Sol. = sin2r –x – 1
f(r) f)-2cos2r
Tt 5

f)=0 cos 2x:

. Sum 1

6
cf allcoefficients
=+9 =8 2 6

46. Iff(r)=*+ ax + bx + chas extreme values at =

x - 1 f')=-4 sin 2r
and x =3. Find a, b, c. Maxima at x =
05
Sol. Extreme values basically mean maximum or minimum N
TE GRAM
values, sincef() is differentiable function sof(-1) =0=f(3) =
Minima atx
f(x) =3x? + 2ax + br(3) = 27 + 6a + b=0 6

f(-))=3
-
2a + b=0a=-3, b=-9, ce R.
maximaor minima off(r) =
51. Find points
+
5-1.
of local maxima or minima off(r) =- 5r
47. Find the points of
(-2). Sol. +
Sol. f(x) = f() =*-5r 5r-1f()= 5 (r-1) (-3)
(r-2)? 10x (2-
= .f)=0=0,1, 3 f()= 6r+ 3)
fx) 4x (r- 1) (*-2) at
f) =0 x=0, 1, 2
Now,f"(1) <0 Maxima
x
x=1
Minima at
Examining the sign change off'()
f3) >0 =3
and, f"(0) = 0 IInd derivative test fails
So,f(r) = 30 (2r²- 4r+ 1)
+ +
2 f"co) =30
Minima Maxima Minima Neither maxima nor minima atx=0.
=
Hence x = | is point of maxima, x 0, 2 are points of 52. Find the extreme values of the function f(r),wheref(r) is
minima,
given byf)=-*+*
9%, Find the possible points of Maxima/Minima for 1+x+x
= - Sol. We have
fx) (x e R) 2x|
(l+x+**X-1+2x)-(1-x-*+2r) 2(r-1)
-2x x22 (l+x+**) (1+*+r°:
= for x=+1.
Sol.
fr) 2x-x 0<x<2
For x< 1,f(r) <0, and
-2x xs0 forx > 1,r)>0.

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f()= 2(r- 1)(x+ 1)(5x

1 +
Now, 1) +(:-1+1-
Forx<-1,f(r) >0 and for >-1,x) <0. x
+
Hence the function Ax) has a local minimum at x = I
(*-1 (S
=2 (x- (10+ 4x-2).
1)
with minimum value f1) The function has a
3 Atx=-1,f(x) =-16 <0
mnaximum and the local
maximum valuc at x= -1 and the maximum value is
of
a
point
X=-1 is maxim

I-1)=3. isf-1) =0.

53. Find the global maximum and minimum values of 144
0.
fx)= 4x-6x- 24x +9 on the closed interval [0, 3]. Atx= 25
Sol. Here f"(r) = 24 = 12?- 12r- 12(r-x-2)
- 12(r- 2) (x +1) Hencex= is a point of local minimum and b
The critical points of f(r) are -l and2, but -1 e [0, 3]. minimum is

To find the global maximum and minimum values of x),

we evaluate fat the critical point and at the end points.
We have f(0) =9;f2) --31 and f(3) =-9.
Hence, the global maximum value of fr) on [0, 3] is Atx= f")= 0 and we need further investigation
1,.

fO) =9; and the global minimum value is f(2)=-31. Again f"() =2 (10r+ 4x-2) + 2(x– 1) (20r+4)
54. Find the extreme values of the functions and at x = 1,f"(1) = 24 + 0.
Hence x = l is neither a point of maximum nor a poit

- minimum.
() --8r'+105
4 2 (ii) Here f()=-3xr-24r- 45x=-3(+&r+ 15
Sol. () Here fr)=(r-1(*+ 1° so that --3x(x +
3)(r + 5).
+ 2(r-1)³(r+1)
+ 1
IHence the critical points are x = 0, -3, -5. Alsof
f)=3(r-1° (r
+ +
= (x-1) [3x2 6x +3 2r-2] =-91-48x –45.
- (r-1 (5x + 6x l)=(-1 (5x 1) (r+ >x=0 is a point of maxim
+ + 1) Atx =0,f)=45 <0
a
Atx=-3,f(x) =
of
minime
18 > point
For critical pointsf"()=0 0x=-3 is a of marim

x=1, -1, -1/5. Atx=-5,f(r) =-30 <0>x=5 is point

DIBY 7.6
Evaluate the following:
47. Find the maximum value of
J(*)1+4y+
some value x
< 0 and a minima for Stt
f(x)= 2x +(2p-7)x*+3(2p-9)x-6 have a maxima for
of

48. Let the function

p

value ofx >0. Then, the set of all values of is

maxpssex-2sin xcosx
+
49. Find [a] (where [.] is G.IF).
to
50. A wire of length 20m is to be cut into two pieces. A piece of length is bent make
,
a square of area. A, and the other p
,
of length is made into a circle of arca A,. If 2A, 3A, is minimum then (r!,):,
+ is equal to:
ax
51. If the functions f)=+ 2bx+-and g(r)=tax
+
bx*,a+26 have a common extreme point, then
3

is equal to
a+2b+7 ia
52. The sum of the abosolute maximum and minimum values of
the function f()=-s+d-3r+2 in the
(-1,3] is equal. + value of t
53.
Letx= 2
local minima of the function
be
a
M.
x) =

2r- 182 8r++ 12, xe (-4, 4). M

If is local maximum
functionfin (-4,4), then find

Cale

216

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s4. For xeR, lct tan-!

()e-5Then the minimum value of the functionf: R-> R defined by
f(r) = ] dt

- -x+ De'.re R. is
$s. The minimum value of the twice differentiable function fA)
[erod -(
S6. The sum of
thc absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of the function fx) tan'(sin x- cos x) in the interval
[0. z] is
The sum of the absolute minimum and the absolute maximum values of the function
-x+2 -x in the interval
$7.
fx) = |3x
[-1.2] is
5S. The sum of absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of
the function fr) =|2r+3r-2+ sin x cos x in the interval
[0, 1] is

59. 1fm and n respectively are the number of local maximum and local minimum points of the function f(x) =
2+
then the ordered pair (m, n) is equal to
60. The curve y) = ar t br t ex + 5 touches the xr-axis at the point P(-2, 0) and cuts the y-axis at the point 2. where y is
equal to3. Then the local maximum value of y(r) is
61. Let f(*) =3*-3'4",xE R. Then which of the following statements are true?
P:x=0 is a point of local minima off. Q: x= N2 is a point of inflection off R:f' is increasing for x > V2

62. The sum of the maximum and minimum values of the function f(r) =|5x –7|+ [ + 2x] in the interval where [u]
is the greatest integer <t is
63. Let f(x) = |(r- 1)(-2x-3)|
+
x-3, xeR. Ifm and M
are respectively the number of points of local minimum and local
maximum offin the interval (0, 4), then m + M is equal to
TEFGRA M

as
64. Letf: RR be defined Iffis increases in (a, B) then find 2(a + B).
3xe, xs0
4
65. The minimum value of a for which the equation -=0 has at least one solution in
r
Sin x 1-sin
66. Letf() be a polynomial of degree 5 such thatx =*1 are its critical points. If lim then find point of minima

/maxima.
67. Let f() be a polynomial of degree 3 such thatf(-1)= 10,f(1) =-6,f(x) has a critical point at x = -l and f'(*) hasa critical
point at = 1. Then f(x) has a local minima at x=
66. Let a,. as, d.. ...be an A.P. with a, =2. Find the common difference of this A.P. Which maximises the product a, a,a,.

MEAN VALUE THEOREM (MVT)

Rolle's Theoremn
Let a function f(x) defined on [a, b) be such that
It is continuous in the interval [a, b].
It is differentiable in the interval (4, b).
Aa) -Mb),
then there cxist atleast one c e (4, b) suchf(e) =0

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(LMVT)
Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem
on Ja, b] is such that it is
If a function r) defined
Continuous over the interval [a, b)
Difterentiable in the interval (a, b)
=
c)
then there exist atleast
one ce la. b) where
b-a
Cauchy's Mean Value Theorem mean value
Cauchy's mean value theorem, also known as the extended f
theorem,
is
Ra) mean value theorem. It states that if both andgo
more general fom of the open
differentiable on the
continuous functions on the closed interval [a, b] c v

(a, b) and g'() is not zero on the

open interval, then there exists Some in (a, b)
fc)_f6)-f(a)
g(c) g(b)-g(a)
as the
is based on the same idea
Proof: The proof of Cauchy's mean value theorem
a new function h() and then we aim to tramt
the mean value theorem. First, we define
this function so that satisfies the coditions of Rolle's theorem.
a
Let h() =i)-mgt), where m is constant. We choose
m so that h(a) = h(b) m=:
s{b)-ge
= there exists some c in (a. bh

Since h is continuous and h(a) h(b), by Rolle's theorem,

that h'(c) = 0, i.e.,

We) =0=f'c)-0-Jgc) as required.

g(6)-g(a)

s'©)_fO-f(a)
gc) gb)–g(a)
'SOLVED EXAMPLES
=
55. Verify Rolle's theorem forf(r) =(-a (r-b)", where Sol. Letf) tan-x;xe [a, b] applying LMVT
m, n are positive real numbers, forx e [a, b].
tanb- tan a a
Sol. Being a polynomial functionf) is continuous as well as f)= for <e<b and f()=
b-a
differentiable. Also f(a) =f(b)
Now f(r) is a monotonically decreasing function
=0 for some e (a, b)
x
f)
n(x– ay-l (x-by" + m(r- a) (r- bym-= 0 Hence ifa <<e<b»f(b) <f)<f(a)
(r-a) (r-by [(m + n)x- (nb + ma)] =0 tanb-tana
nb + ma
which lies in the interval (a, b), as m,
1+b b-a 1+a*
Hence proved
m+n
n E R.
S8. y= f(Osintt 4cost)da in
56. Verify LMVT for f(r) =-+4r-5 and r e [-1, 1]
4
Sol. f(1) =-2;f-1) =-10
dy x, x lies in third quadrant.
Sol. =3sinx+4cos
S)-J)2e+4 =4
C=0 d
1-(-1)
57. Using Lagrange's mean value theorem, prove that if And at x= which is the least

b-a
y=*-25 3
b>a>0, then l+b?
<
tan- b- tan- a< greatest value =zero.
1+a

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DIBY 7.7
Evaluate the following:

L0 The value of c in lagrange's theorem for

the function fx) =log sinx in the interval

10. Iffx) ="logx andf(0) = 0, then the value of a for which Rolle's theorem can be applied in [0, 1] is

11. Function f(*) =x(r+ 3)e satisfy all condition of Rolle's theorem in the interval [-3.01. Then the value of ofc=

Consider the following two statements: (4):f(*) s for all x e [2, 4]

1, (B): f(x) ,for all xe[2, 4]
1). If Rolle's theorem holds for the function
(a, b) is equal to:
f (x)
=- ax² + bx - 4, x e [1, 2] with
r0, then ordered pair

73. Letfbe a twice differentiable function on (1, 6). If f(2) = 8,f(2) = 5, f'(x) 2 1
and f" () 4, for all xe (1, 6). Iff(5) +
f (5) > a
.
then find
74. The value of c in the Lagrange's mean value theorem for the function f(r) €
=x-4r+ 8x + 11, when x
[0, 1] is:

75. Ifc is a point at which Rolle's Theorem holds for the function, fx)= x*+0
log,
7x
in the interval [3, 4], where ae R,
thenf"(c) is equal to

76. For a polynomial g(*) with real coefficient, let m, denote the number of distinct real roots of
g). Suppose Sis the set of
polynomials with real coefficient defined by
S= {(-1) (a,ta,x +
a, t ar): a, a, a,, age R}.
For a polynomial/f, letf" andf" denote its first and second order derivatives, respectively. Then the minimum possible value
of (m, + m), wherefe S, is

NATURE OF ROOTS OF CUBIC EQUATION

1. Three real and distinct roots:
+ fx)= ay + br + cx+d
f)=3ax 2bx +c
+

D>0

fla(B) <0
2. Two repeated root and one distinct: f()=0, D >0
f(a) $) =0

Example: f) = (x- = 1)X(3* –

1)
(*-2) f) (r- 5)
3. Three repeated roots:
fa) =0 is cubic =>f() = 0 is quadratic
D=0has root a f(a)=f(a) =f"(a)
=
0

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4. One real and two imaginary roots:
() fr) = 0 is cubic f()-0 is quadratic
D<0
1- real and 2- imaginary roots =
Example: fr)=-+rf(*) 3-2r+1
D<0>f()- 6x-2
(i) fr) =0 cubic f) =0 is quadratic
D=0 has root a f(a) =f(a) =0
butf(a) * 0
(iüi) fo) = ar + br? + cx+d
fa)=3ar + 2bx +c
f(a)f(B) >0
Note
|Graph ofevery cubic polynomial
must have exactly onc point of
inflection.

CONCAVITY, CONVEXITY, POINT OF INFLECTION

A point (C, f(c)) of the graphy=f(x) is said to be a point of inflection of the graph, if fi:
concave upward (c -6, c) and concave downward (c, c + ) (or vice verse), for some e R &

Therefore, point of inflexion is a point where sign off "(*) changes from either negatiy:
positive or positive to negative.
1. y = fx) is said to be concave upwards (convex Concave upwards
x e [4, b],
downwards) in iff"() >0Vxe (a, b).
2. y =x) is said to be convex upwards (concave
downwards) in x e [a, b], iff"(x) s0 xe (a, b).
4Convex downwz
Convex upwards
(Inverted bowl shape)

Concave downwards (bowl shape)

3. Iff is continuous at x = c and f"() has opposite signs on either sides of c, then the
(c,f(c)) is a point of inflection of the curve
4. Iff"(c) =0 andf"(c) 0, then the point (c, f(c)) is a point of inflection

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM FOR DISCRETE VALUED

FUNCTIONS
A discrete function is a function in which
the domain and range are each at discrete set o

rather than an interval.

A non-discrete function is one that is continuous
either on its entire domain, or on
its domain. intea
Here we solve problems related to discrete
function using non-discrete function.

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
EO If the equation
show that 4p+
x+ px +q=0has three real roots, then Note that the graph is concave down on both sides of
27q'<0. x=0 and that the slope f'(x) decreases without bound
to
Sol. fx) =tpx+ q,f(*) = 3r2+p the left of x-
0 and increases without bound to the right.
. fx) must havc one maximum > 0 and one minimum This mcans the graph changes dircction abruptly at x = 0,
<0.f() =0 and we have a cusp at the origin.
63. Find the largest term in the sequence
p<0
n
(n e N).
n+10
fis maxinmum at x = and minimum at x=
Sol. Consider the function f()=. U

Then f(r) =
(r+10)-21?
(r+10)?
-r+V10)(-V10)
>0
(r+10)°
4p <0, 4p + 27q²<0. 0<x< 10
27
f() strictly increases in (0, /10 ) strictly decreases in
60. Find the intervals of concavity of the graph of the function
y=r+ 5x-6. (V0, o)
Sol. We have y' = 5x+ 5, y'" = 20x³. Ifx <0, then y" < 0 and f) has greatest value at x = V10
the curve is concave down ; now ifx >0, then y'" >0 and Hence, the given sequence has greatest value at n =3 or
the curve is concave up. Thus we see that the curve is n=4.
concave down on the interval(-o, 0) and concave up on
3
the interval (0, + o). Now, we have a, and a, = 4 Hence, a, = is
19 26 19
61. Find the inflection points of the curve y = (-5 +2. the largest term of the given sequence.
10
Sol. We find y' y" =
=(-5)28, 9/(r-5) 64. Find the largest term in the sequence a
n

The second derivative does not vanish for any value ofx (n'+ 200)
and does not exist at x=5.The value x=5 is the abscissa
ofthe inflection point since y" (5–h) <0, y'(5+ h) >0. Sol. Consider the function f(r) = in the interval
Thus, (5, 2) is the inflection point. Inflection points can (1, 0)
(+ 200)

also occur if
d'y .

ds
fails to exist
Since the derivative f()
x(400-)
Cusp: A point on a graph where the curve makes an (x+ 200)

abrupt change in direction is called a cusp. Our next It is positive at at x> V400,
Cxample features a graph with such a point.
0
<x<400 and negative
the function f() increases at 7< 400 <8and decreases
62. Find the first and second derivatives and write them in
at x > 400
factored form.
Sol. Let f(x) = 2y53 + S2a, From the inequality 7 < 400 <8 it follows that the
largest term in the sequence can be either a, or ag.
re- ) Since a, =
49 8
,the largest term in the given
543 89
49
sequence is d,
S43

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DIBY 7.8
Evaluate the folloning:

77. A cubic function vanishes at /(x) and at x=0 and f(- 2) --2 and has relative minimum / maximum x=-land x!
value f)
of will be
78. Find the points of inflcction ofthe function (() = sin'xxe (0, 2r]

79. Check the concavity of the function f(x) = 2x-3x°

S0. Find and classify all points of inflcction of f1)
=x-4r+ 5.
S1. Find the point of
inflection of
the functions. f(x) =*'-6x+12x+1
82. Find the largest term in the sequence: a,
(ne N).
n'+90

SHORTEST DISTANCE OFA POINT FROMA CURVE

Given a fixcd point A(a, b) and a moving point P(x, fx)) on the curve y =fr). Then AP

be maximum or minimum if it is normal to the curve at P.

(a, b),
Proof: F() = (x- a) + r)- b))?
a, b)

F)=2(r-a) + 2(/(x)- b):Ax)

. F*) = 0f)=(-a)fa)-b
Also map f(a)-b
X-a Oxfr)
Hence f(x) m4p=-1

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Finda pointon the curve = + =
65. x'+2y=6 whose distance from Op 4r+ (41 6) 4|+ 4P+9+ 121]
the line xty =7, is minimum. =
4S where S= + 4P+ 121 +9
Sol. The given curve dS =
6 3
-=1 4r +8t +12 = 4+ 2t +3 = 4(r+ 1X(-(+3)
dt
Any point on it will be given by (V6 cos0, V3 sin ) dS
Now =0 t=-1 (other roots are imaginary)
The distance of this point from the line x +y= 7 is given dt
cose + cose-7
by D=.
J6 3 dD d's = 4(3 d's
W2
for mid D,
de
-=0 So
di?
+2) > d?
>0
=0 tan =
1
Hence OP is minimum at =-1. But if is any A

V6-sin 0+V3 cos on the circle and on OP(min), then AP will be mini
V2 =
when OP is minimum as AP= OP-(radius of circlk
cos=and sin
Thus the required point is P(2(-1)° 4-) =(2.-4}
:. Point is given by (2, 1).
67, (a) Find the ponit on the parabola 4y=72 3r-
= is nearest to the line 3x + 2y+l=0.
66. The coordinates of point on the parabola y² 8x which is (b) Find the shortest distance between the curves
at minimum distance from the circle x² (y + 6) = lare
+

Sol. Let P(21, 41) be any point on the parabola

9y-30y+ 16=0and y²
=.
Sol. (a) Slope of the given line =-3/2, First of all we
The centre of the given circle is O(6, -6) and the radius locate the points on the curve at which the
is 1. parallel to the given line
te

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Diflerentiating 3r? 4y2 = 72 w.r.t. x, wc 68. The point on the curve 5x-8xy 5y2 4 whose distance
+
get
6x-8y
dy
=0 dy_3y_=-2
dx 4y
from the origin is maximum or minimum are
dx Sol. Let (r, 0) be the polar co-ordinates of any point Pon the
curve where r is the distance of the point from origin
Also,
-4--34-4-8 .. r=rcos and y=rsin O 0

=9y=3,-3 4
The required points are (-6, 3) and (6, -3) P5(cos?0 + sin'0) - 8sin 0.sin =r= 5-4sin 20
Distance of (-6, 3) from the gven line Now, r2 is max. when 5
-
4sin20 is minimum =5-4=
1

I-18+6+1|_ 11 when sin20 = 20 = 90 0 1

=
= 45°

.. 0 = 45o
r=t2,
And the distance of
(6,3) from the given line -
I8-6+1|
Again r is minimum when 5 4 sin20 is maximum
13
Vi3 =5+4=9 when sin20 =-1
V13 V13
= 3T =
3T
Clearly the required point is (-6, 3). .:.20 4
..0
(b) 9x+ 91-30y + 16 can be rewritten as
Hence the point are (rcos0, sin0) where r, O are given by
we
() and (2). Thus get the four points given in (a), (b),
(c), (d).
Any point on the curve y²= can be taken as (, t), 69. The largest distance of the point (a, 0) from the curve
then K= d=t+ (P-5/3)?
2x?
+y-2r=0 is given by
Now, we calculate the minimum value of L.

Sol. Let D be the distance of (a, 0) from (x, y) on the curve

Required distance=d-radius of given circle.
then D = r-a) +y?
dK-= 4t'.
Now, IfD is to be the maximum D is maximum
dt
D² =
For maximum or minimum, t=0 or 1 Now,
(- a? +y
dK oN D-(r-a + 2r- 2r²=-+2r(1 -a) + a'
Now, =121 +30:- 201; =0
dD
=-2x+2(1- a)
dx
But, d +0
Now,
dD =0 x=|-a
There is neither maxima nor minima at
t=0 dx
d'K By change in sign rule, D² is maximum or else
Also, ->0 att=l
di =-ive putting x
=1-a
is minimum at t= dy
1

is minimum at t= i.e. 1 d

So, shortest distance (value of d at t= 1) - (radius

= D² =(1- a)²+ 2(1 -a? + a =1-2a + 2a
VI3 .. +

of the circle) 3
-1. D=1-2a 2a² APL tangent tof*) at P.
DIBY 7.9
Evaluate the following:
83, The co-ordinates ofa point of the parabola y which is closest to the straight line y =3r-3 is
=+7x+2
px q cuts the straight line y=
84, The parabola y
=t t 2r-3 at a point with abscissa 1. Ifthe distance between the vertex
of the parabola and the x-axis is least then find (p, ) and least distance of the parabola from r-axis.

85. Find the minimum value of (, -x) where x e (0,V2) and x, e R.

B6. The point (0, 5) is closest to the curve x=2y at (a, B). Find a²-B.
87. Find the co-ordinates of a point on the parabola y² = &x whose distance from the is minimum.
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CURVE SKETCHING
The following checklist is intended as a guide to sketching a curve y -f), Not eo
relevant to every function.
1. Domain/Range: It's oflen useful to start by determining
the domain/Range D ofr
2. Intereepts: x-intercept or y-intercept are useful for curve sketching.
3, Symmetry:
(a) Even function: Even functions are symmetric about y-axis.
(6) Odd function: Odd functions are symmetric about origin.
(a) Even function (c) Periodic function: Periodic functions are symmetric after each fundamental ner.
reflectional symmetry 4. Asvpmtotes:
(a) Horizontal Asymptotes: If cither lim f() = L or lim fr) = L, then the
y=Lis a horizontal asymptote of thecitve y =f(x).
10 (b) The horizontal asymptote of a rational function can be determined by looking
degrecs of the numerator and denominator. (2 cases only).
.
(Case l) Degree of numerator is less than degree of denominator: horizontal asvm
at y = 0.
10
(Case II) Degree of numerator is equal to degree of denominator: horizontal asvm
at ratio of leading coefficicnts.
(c) Vertical Asymptotes: The line x = a is a vertical asymptote if at least one ofs
following statemcnts is true:
-10 lim f() =0 lim f) =0 lim f)
So vertical
=-0 lim
Xa
f()=- 0

asymp11A, (d) Oblique Asymptote: In a rational function in which the degree of numerator is
0.A.
Obligue asynptote
higher than the degree of denominator (no horizontal asymptote). Divide the numert
by the denominator to find the oblique asymptote (use polynomial long division),
can ignore the remainder as it is not a part
of the oblique asymptote, and the n
remainder (quotient) portion of the function becomes the asymptote.
2 4
6 5. Interval of Increase/Dccrease: Compute () and find the intervals on which
positive (is increasing) and the intervals on whichf() is negative(fis decreasing).fa
6. Local Maximum and Minimum Value: Local minimum
and maximum are helpful
identifying turning points.
7. Concavity and Points of Inflection: The curve
is concave upward where f"() >0
concave downward wheref"() <0. Inflection points occur where
the direction of conca
changes.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

70. Sketch the graph off() = = 2rvr+1-.V(2Vx+1) x(3x+4)

() f()
x+1 2(x+I)?
Sol. () Domain = {xlx + 1>0} = {xx>-1}= (-1, o) We see thatf'() =0 when x=0(notice that -43 i
the domain of), so the only critical number s
(ii) The x- and y-intercepts are both 0.
Sincef(x) <0 when-1 <x<0 andf()>0wha
(i) Symmetry: None >0,fis decreasing on (-1, 0) and increasing on (4
lim =
(vi) Since
f' (0) = 0 and f changes from negative
positive at 0, f(0) = 0 is a local (and absol
(iv) Since 0 there is no horizontal
X4r+1 minimum by the First Derivative Test.
as x
asymptote. Since x+1 0 -1t and f(r) is (vi) r)- x+]"(6x+4)-(3r? +4x)3(r+l)
4(x+l)
always positive, we have lim = 00 and so
_3r*+&r+8
the line xr=-l is a vertical asymptote. 4(r+1)12

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(vii)
Thc curve is sketched in Figure. (vii) f"(x) =
(r+ 1)e +e= (x+ 2)e
Since f"(x) >0 ifx >-2 andf") <0 ifx<-2.
concave downward
fis concave upward on (-2,o) and
on (-0, -2). The inflection points in (-2, -2e).
curve in Figure.
(viii) We use this information to sketch the
x
y
y=rtl

= xet
71. Sketch the graph off(«)
R.
Sol. () The domain is
(ii) The x- and y-intercepts are both 0.

Symmetry None
:
(-1, -1/e)
(i)
(iv) Because both x and e becomne large as x o, we 72. Show that f(x) = (r- 6r+ 12r- 8) does not have any
point of local maxima or minima. Hence draw graph
have lim xeš=oo, Asx-0, however, e0 and Sol. f()=-6*?+ 12r– 8f)=3(r–4x
+
4)
so we have an indeterminate product that requires the f)=3(x-2)f(r)=0 r=2 = 2.
But clearly f(*) does not change sign about x
use of L'Hospital's Rule:
f(2*) > 0 and f(2)>0. Sof(r) has no point of maxima
lim xe = lim = lim -= lim (-e')=0. or minima. In fact f(x) is a monotonically increasing
function for x e R. (concavity changes at x = 2)
Thus, the x-axis is horizontal asymptote.
() f)=xe +e=(*+ 1)et. Since is always positive, e
we seethat/'(x) >0 when x+ 1>0, andf()<0when

(vi)
x+1<0.Sofis increasing on (-1, o) and decreasing
on (-, -1).
Because f(-1) =0 and f changes from negative to
positive
at x =
-1,f-1)=-e'is a local (and absolute)
BSETO
minimum. NTELEGRM
DIBY 7.10
Evaluate the following:

x<0
88. f(r) =={1/4; x=0; sketch the graph of function.
x>0
89. Sketch the derivative of this function

90. Forf(x)= *-3* +2

x +3* +2
(()Determine the equations of its asymptotes.
any turming points.
(i) Find f(x) and determine the position and nature of
(ii) Sketch the graph of the function.
Skelch the curves () y=2 +x (ii)
Ax.
y=r-
92. Sketch the curves () y cos 2x, () y sinx.

Pplication of Derivatives 225

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SACHIN SIR SPECIAL (S)

1. Ifr) is a differentiablc function for all x e R such that 4. If a,
as ag , 2023 be real numbers satisij
fx) has fundamental period 2. fx) = 0 has cxactly two 2029 +
then the equation az02025
solution in [0, 2], also fr) 0. If minimum number of
zero of h(x) =f)cos x -fx) cos x in [0, 99) is 120 + k
S=0
r+1
then k is ta,x+a, =0 has
(a) At least onc real root in [0,
1

Sol. [7] h(x) =

deU()-cos) (6) At most one real root in [0, 1|
first find the minimum number of zeroes of (c) No real roots in [0, 1]
(x)- cos x) =0 (d) None of these
fx)=0 has minimum 98 roots in {0, 99) Sol. (a) Apply rolle's theorem for
cos x=0 has 31 roots in [0, 99) r+ In (0, 11.

maximum common possible root is only l 5. Let f(x) =+ ar=3*?+ bx + 1, a, e b R. Iffx)>t.

hence minimumn number of roots of )cos x =0 is xeR. then the maximum value of
a+ 6² is equal t

128. (a) 10 (6) 12

d (c) 16 (d) None of these
Hencef(r) cos r) =0 has minimum 127 roots
d Sol. (b) A)0
2. The angles at which the curve y = kek intersect they-axis
is/are
(a) tan-() (b) cot'(K)
which holds only when
1
(c) sin. (a) sec'vI+? 3-4+8?
4
->0a' +b s12.
Sol. (b,c) Let (0, y) be the point of the y-axis and the curve
Comprehension Based Problems (6 to 8)
Consider following two infinite series in real r and 0
o. k) cos 29 r cos 30
This is the slope of the tangent to the curve. EL C=1+rcos + 2 3!
+.
.:. tan = where is the angle made by the tangent
S=rsin 9+ r' sin 20, rsin
30
with x-axis
2 3!
.:.
The curve makes an angle with y-axis. If 0 remains constant and r varies then
.: The angle which the curve makes with y-axis 6. The expression C is equal to
dr
-tan (k)= cot' ()= sin (a) C+s2 (b) (C+ S)cos®
V1+k4
(c) (ce+ )sine (d) CS
3. Ifx+y+2=1 forx, y,
zeR, then the maximum value Sol. (b)
ofr +y +tz- 3:ryz is
1
7. The expression Cc
dr dr
is equal to
(a) (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
2 (a) c2+S? (6) (C + S)cos0
Sol. (b)
(c) (+S)sin0 (d) CS
Let 1=xy + yz + zx; so, -s1s1 Sol. (c)

.+yt z-3xyz 8 is equal to

= (x +y + z)(r +y' -xy- - zr) =
yz
(1+21) (1-1)
g2
:. Let = (1 +21)(1 (a) C+ (b) (C+S)cos0
f)
0) = 1.
-9 (c) (C+S)sin® () 1
Clearly fa,

Calu
226

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=
sA (2) We have C+ iS =l+re" +re+.=e
r'e
2! 3!
|C. If range
be R.
of y

then minimum number

fx) is [a, b], a, r. 3

...() of asymptotes parallel to x-axis

and C-iS =1+rerePe
2!
-29

3
of y = fx) is

...(ii)
Clearly C² +s² =le re
-lemn|? D If range ofy = fr) is non-finite S. 0
.(ii) interval then maximum number
Differentiate (i) w.I.. r, we get of asymptotes parallel to x-axis
dS 1s

dr
+i=e
dr
+re+ -+... = e

...iv)
2! Sol. As; B q; C p; D
p
(A) Ifthe graph ofy =f) is as given in the figure. It will
not have any asymptote.
(from (ii))
Multiply (i) and (iii)
dC dS C Ç C C
c-)=eea
ercos
=(cos +isin 9)
Equating real and imaginary parts and from (iii)
caeos (B) If the graph is as given in the figure then it will have
-(C+S²)cos and 2 asymptotes.
dr dr

d
-sC = (C +S?) sin .
dr
9. Let 'a' is 'K times repeated root of the
art a,_

+ a,x a, = 0, where a, +
0; 0
<isn. If'a'
+ ayx
t
satisfies the equation n²a,an-! +NTELE
(n-1a,,a+.... 4a,a + a, 0 then the least value (C) Since range is a finite interval, function must have at
ofk is least one asymptote.
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
Sol. (b)
Letfr) a
= +a,,l t
4,,2+... t a,ta,x
xf)= na, +
(n-1l)a,_+... tax
x)=f) a+
+ (n-1'a, t...ta, c
>af(a) +f() = 0f()=0:f(a) -0;
f"(a) =0, min value of k is 3.
10. Given C, < C, >C, < C,<C, and fuanction y=f) (D) For range to be finite interval it should be non
is twice differentible, F'(x)'>0 for x e (Cz C),
= 0 and bounded from atleast one side
fC,) =f'(C) <0 for all the remaining
f()
Alsof(C,) =f(C) =f(C,) =0 andf"() >0 for
values. maximum asymptote is one.
11. fr) and g(r) are quadratic polynomials and
Xe(C.C)U(C, o) and f(x) <0 for remaining values. )| > g(r)|,
Match the following: xe R. Alsof)=0 have real roots, Then number of
distinct roots of equation h(r)h"(x) + (h'())²
Column Column-1| (where h(x)=f*)g().
=0 are
1
A The minimum number of p. (a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
asymptotes parallel to x-axis Sol. (d) Clearly if fr) = alx - a)( - B) then g(r) = b
for y = fx) is (x- a)(r- B) h(r) = k(r-
a(-B)
The maximum number of q. 2 h()h() = 2k(r - a)(*-p(2r-a-p)
asymptotes parallel to x-axis of d
So, distinct roots of(h(*)h'(x) =0 are4.
y=Ax) is du

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JEE MAIN

SINGLE CORRECT 9. Let a'and 'b'are positive number. If (E y) is api

curve ar + by= ab then the largest possible
the
1. ofxy is
f)=[9cos' (2 In t)-25 cos(2 In1) +17)dt Vab (b)
la) Jab
is an increasing function for 2
(a) xE (6) xe R* only ab 2ab
(C) (d)
(c) xe R
only (d) xe R a+b a+b
2. The lower corner of a leaf in a book is folded over so as to 10. function f(),
Let for a h(x)=))+ +(f)} for v
just reach the inner cdge of the page. The fraction of width numberx. Then
folded over if the arca of the folded part is minimum 1s
5 3
(a) h is increasing wheneverf is constant
4
(a) (b) (c) 7 (a) (b) h is increasing wheneverfis decreasing
8 3 5
(c) h is decreasing wheneverfis increasing
3. f() is a twice differentiable function and g(*) is defined
as g(r) = (f'()) +f"()-fo) on [x,, x,]. If x, <x,<
*}<,<X,
fa)= 4,f(x4) =<,f(x)
-5,f (u)
=
= 6,0,fr)
and
-2,f()
= 0, then the
f(x,)
-, 11.
(d) None of above.
Let g(x) = a, +a,x+ a,r* +a,r' and f()=
minimum number of real roots of g(x) can be
=0 and f(x) has its non-zero local minimum and mat
(a) 8 (6) 9 (c) 10 (d) 11
values at -3 and 3 respectively. If a,e the domain ets
4. Let
f(x)=["e* dt, xe (-o,oo) then the interval for
function h(*) sin-l+**
=
The value of a, is
2r
which fx) is increasing
(a) (- o, 0)
is

(b) [0, o)
SE (a) Equal to 50
(c) -2, 2) (d) no where (b) Greater than 54
5. Let fr) -+ bx?+ crtd; 0<b2<c then f(r)
(b) Has local
(c) Less than 54
(a) Is strictly increasing maximaEGR
6
(c) Has local minima (d) Is bounded curve
The stationary points on the curve y = kr+6x in terms 12.
(a) Less than 50
If a,, azs ayy , a,eR and a, a, ay
+ a,
, 4, =
,*
of k is minimum value of
...
(1
t a) (+4, t a) (1*
(a)
4 32 taf) (1 +a, + a) is equal to.
(a) 3nt+1 (b) 3n (c) 30- (d 32
a
(c) ()
-4 160 13. Let f(sin x ) <0 and (inr)> Ve 0>

7. The value of a for which the function f) = (4a - 3) g(*)=f(sin x) + f(cos r), then g () is decreasiny"
(«+ log 5) + 2 (a- 7) cotsin does not possess )
2 (6)
critical points is
-
(a
(c) -1,o)
(b)

(d) (-2, co)

(- 0, 1)

()
bx +5sin'x be a increasing function in R.
14. Ifx >0, then find greatest value of the cxpres
8. IffX) =rt ar+
Then and b satisfy the condition
a
0 1+x+** ++...+0
(a) a'-3b-15 >0 (6) a'-36+15>
+
(a) 0.01 (b) 0,01$
(c) a'-3h-15<0 (d) a'-3b 15<0 (c) 0.0005 () 0.00S

Cak
228

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Jmax (/-4.*}. 20. Find the cquation of the tangent to the curve + y)
I5. Let f s2 =
d'x- y) at the origin.
x(*
2<||s4 (a) y+x=0 (b) y=2x
Lets be the set of points in the interval (-4, 4) at which
(c)y=x (d) y=ax
fis not differentiablc. Then s?
21. a
Let fx) be polynomial of degree 4,with, f(2)= -1,
(a) Is an empty set
f(2) = 0,f(2) =2,f"(2) =-12, f""(2) 24, then
=
(6) Equals {2,-1, 1, 2}
(c) Equals (2,-1, 0, 1, 2} the value of f"(1) is
(d) Equals (-2, 2} (a) 24 (b) 26
16. The curve y = ax + bx+ cx is inclined by 45° to x-axis (c) 28 (d) 30
at origin and it touches x-axis at (1, 0). Then 22. A continuous and differentiable function y =f) is such
that it's graph cuts line y= mxtcatn distinct points. Then
(a) a=-2, b= c=1 1,
the minimum number of points at whichfr)=0 is
(b) a=1,b= 1, c=-2 (a) n- 1
(b) n-3 (c) n-2 (d) can't say
=
(c) a=1, b=-2, c 1
23. The number of critical points of
(d) a=-1, b= 2, c =1 +3 +1
4 in [0, 6r] is
2
17. If the curves -=l andy = 16x intersect at right
4
(a) 10 (b) 8
angles then a² =
(c) 6 (d) 12
(a) (6) (c)
4 24. The graph of the function y =f() has a unique tangent
at (o, 0) through which the graph passes then
18. A ladder 5 m in length is resting against vertical wall. The
lim Cn(l+7f()– sin(f(«) 1S
equal to:
bottom of the ladder is pulled along the ground away from
3f() M

the wall at the rate of 1.5 m/sec. The length of the highestNEG
(a) 1
(b) 3
point of the ladder when the foot of the ladder 4.0m away
(c) 2 (d) 7
from the wall decreases at the rate of
(a) 2 m/sec (b) 3 m/sec NUMERICAL TYPE
(c) 2.5 m/sec (d) 1.5 m/sec 25. If the distance of the point on y
=+3x+ 2r which is
nearest to the line y= 2x- 1 is p. Find 5p'.
19. If f(x) = and g(*)= where 0
<xs1, then in 26. If YheR-{0},two distinct tangents can be drawn from
sin x tan x
the points (2 +h, 3h- 1)to the curve y
this interval =-6-a+
br

are increasing functions

a
(a) Bothf) and g() then is equal to
27. A particle moves in a straight line with position
(6) Both
f) and gx) are decreasing functions
to some origin O given by (t)
relative
=-3t + lcm, where t is
(c) fx) is an increasing function the time in seconds(t>0) then, what is the total distance
(d) gr) is an increasing function travelled for te [0, 2]?

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ANSWER KEY
pIEY(7.1 o 7.10)
2. (a, 0) 3, (rsectt eosect a) 4. (2e, 0) 5.
() 6. 3

8. (|- 20) 9, a 10, ) )

dyd 13. 0 tan 14. tan 15. /2

l6, 3 17. I-,3). (S, 3)) 18.

19,

23. [2.9629] 24. [0.03x'm) 25. |45,46] 26. [3A) 27. [156] 28. Decreasing
Decreasing (r e
(0, 1)o(2,o)) Incrensing (- o, 0)
u(1,2)
u. Increasing in (1, e) and Deerensing in (e, co)
30. Increasing for
xeR
32. Increasing in (1, co) and Decreasing in (-1, 1)

33, Incrensing on R 34. Incrensing in (-o, 0) U (2, co) and Decreasing

in (0, 2) 35. 36. (k2)
37. 38. [4] 39. (à > 1)
40. Incresing 41. 2=4 47. 1/6 48.

49. (3) 50. [6J 51. [6] 52. [10)

54. 0 55.

sin
87. 58. 3+(+ 2 cosl) 59, (2,3) 60. (2714] 61. P.
,R= True 62. [15] 63. [3]
ON TELEGRAM
64. [1] 65. [9] 66. Maxima at x
=-1, Minima atx =1 67. [3] 68 69. T/2 70. (o)
71. [-2) 72. (5, 8) 73. 28 74. 75. 76. [S) 77. [1]

79. ((-0, o)-{0}) 80. (2, -1ll) 81. (2, 9) & (0, 5) 83. (-2, -8)

84. (-2, 0) distance= 1

85. 8 86. (4] 87. (2,-4]88, -a 0
89

90. () (r + l)(x + 2) =0 91. is the point of maximum and x =

| is the point of minimum

92, point.
maximum point,
EE MAIN
1, (d) 2. (6) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8, (d) 9, (a) 10. (d)
II. (6) 14. 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (c)
12. (6) 13. (6) (d) 18, (a) 19, (c) 20, (c)
21. (b) 25, [1] 26. [1]
22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (C)

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caurage to
Success is not final; failure is not fatal; it is the
continue that counts.

DEFINITEINTEGRALS
9

DEFINITION
A definite integral is denoted by [f(*)dx , which represents the algebraic area bounded by
HISTORICAL NOTE the

skara was acquaited

cuggesDts
the
curve y =f), the ordinates x = 4, x =b and the x-axis.
alculus and ,
derential coefficient vanishes a unique value. Definite integral is denoted by f()dx where a is
The definite integral has
ct on extremum value of
function. upper limit of the integral. The definite
called the lower limit of the integral and b is called the
an antiderivative F in the interval
(11141185) integral is introduced either as the limit of a sum or fiit has
I

[a, b], then its value the difference between the values
1
of at the end points, i.e. Fb) –F(a).
F

FUNDAMENTALTHEOREM OF CALCULUS

Area Function
We have defined
as the algebraic are of the region bounded by the curve
We
function A() as
call the
ea function and is given by y=fx), the ordinates x=a and x

=b and x-axis. Let x be a given point in a, b]. Then

represents the area of the light shaded region in figurc. [Here it is assumed that

Ax)> 0] for x e [4, b], the assertion made below is equally true for other functions as well).
The area of this shaded region depends upon the value of x.
In other words, the area of the shaded region is a funtion of x. We denote this function of
/y-f) x by A(*).

First Fundamental Theorem

A
Iff) is a continuous function on [4, b], then F()'= Jf) dt is differentiable at every
point
d d =
X
*in (a, b) and F)rOdt
dx f) Vxe (a, b). This is called the first fundamental

theorem of calculus.

Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

If ) is a continuous function on [a, b] and F(*) is any anti derivative of fx) on [a, b]

ie. F) =
f) xe (a, b), then Jf)dx
=
F(b) – F(a) (also called the Newton-Leibnitz
formula).
The function F(*) is the integral off(r) and a, b are the lower and the upper limits of integration.

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SOLVED EXAMPLES

sin x+ cosx
1. Evaluate Jo
9+16 sin 2x-dx
cosx
Sol. Let l=[Sinx+
9+16sin 2x-dc
Put sinx- cos x=t, then (sin x + cos x)
d= dx n+1 then find the
I=J9+-l60-)
d
25–16:
5. () If S()
=
(n-), valug

S
r+l
(üi) Evaluate (lim Tdt.
5

n-1 2
Sol. () Here f,(3) = (n-1)!*x+ (n-1)!
-n log9-logl) = log 3.
2
Sothat
f)= (2-2)! (n-)
2. Evaluate
V1+x 2x"
S/.(0-2n- 2)1" +
n=i (n-1)!
JNi+xi-x
1-x n=l
Sol.
1=z 1+x
=
Vi-x dx
dx

l=(sin' x, +[W1-*=-1
8
2
Xf,() =e+ 2xe
3. Evaluate 2-3*dx
x1+x
x 2logd: 0 n=1

Sol. I= ds

Let log
x
=t=dt =el-0=e.
qlogx (i) The given integral can be written as
= (log x)', 2

Jo
flim ()s ()s? t.....t
0 1! 2 ! n!
8
2-3x dx is equal - (53)
4.
Vl+x
[*lim
14,!
1! 2! n!
Sol. We
haved=I
x1+x Js
lo
25\o
= 2t dt
Put 1
+=Pdx 2e0 1
9e0+1
When x
38,
=
then t=2-3 5 ) 25

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followinng:
DIBY 9.1
hsuate the
COSX-sin x
pr2 -dx
Jo 1+sinx cos
x
2. The value of (*-a (b -xdx is (6-a)" then find (m, n).

non-zerox.
3. Iffor
1

=a In b), then find the values of a and b

a+bcos
x

1+*+* 5. Find
(b+acosx) -dt

PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

P-1: Change of Variable

The definite integral f) dx is a mumber, it does not depend on x. In fact, we could use any

letter in place of x without changing the value of the integral;

P-2: Change of Limit

P-3:Additivity with respect to the Interval of Integration:

y=f*)
Note: This property is useful when fx) is not continuous in [a, b]because we can break up the
integral into several integrals at the points of discontinuity so that the function is continuous
in the subintervals.

P-4:
x
articular case
Particular case of P-4:
fa)dx =| fla-x)d*
of P-4

SOLVED EXAMPLES

6 Eyaluate Jtan.x dr+

[min| tan x |, 0

rom the graph it is clear that the function changes its 3r/4

definition at x = T 3n 3x/4
and
4 4
x
itan
- In | secx 4
(3n/4, 1)

(r/4,1) (r/2) (3r/4)

= In 2 + T
Fience, the given function can be written as 4

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dx
7. For x function fr) + 9. Evaluate
>0, let fr)=
1+t
d. Find the
(3+2x-2)|+)
dx
and show that (e) Sol. I= s+2(1-)-2(i-a][1**]
Int
Sol. f) =
[t,
1+t
xeR' f)
=

1+
dx

1 1

Let t= dr

»AU) =
-
dx

In y

-log 22
Nowfe) +AVe) = ne 2

8. Evaluate
/2
(sin x - cos x)log (sin x + cos x) dx .
2/11
n/2
x +cos
Sol. Here I= (sinx- cosx)log (sin x)
d
2 2
log
2/1T
2 2
(Using P.4)

=
- [(sin x
r/2
- cosx) log (sin x + cos x) ds

l=H 2/=0>I= 0,
DIBY 9.2
Evaluate the following:
"'sin.x
6. J1+sin 2x Tsin
r/3
fir-2x|de, 1. 8.
cos|
9
o
coscos.x
-T/3

cos ,
tdt then prove that g(r) + g(r).
10. If g)-

In particular, if
)fa-x), then

In particular,
0
itf) =a-0), then ffwdv =0 .

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Even 0dd Properties: j - +
P6:
rdt j() f

if f(x) is even,

if f(x) is odd.
0.
P-7: Iffx) is a periodic function with period 7, then
= 0.
ln particular, if a
|1.

(a) where ne l

= (n
-m)jf()d, where n, me I.
0

2. Ifn = 1,
(6) jsoát
.
(c) where ne I
a+nT

P-8: Change of limits of Integral,to the limits 0 and 1.

Proof: Substitute =r=a+(b-a):

b-a
dx= (b- a)dt

.jrdár = j(o -of(a+ (o-a))dt

This formula is useful when we want to change limits of integration from 0
jr)ds=(b-ofr(b-o)x+a)d:,

SOLVED EXAMPLES

x
l0. Evaluate dr tan
alim
1+cos x

Sol. Let / = xdx (T-*) de (by property 4 )

1+ cosx
+
cos'(
=2 e

l+cosx -l 2/
=

1+ cos²
(Use property 5) 11. Evaluate
(l+e)
sinx.
Sol. The given integral can be written as
2r:I+ cos?r dx
sinx| |sinx|
? sec x dx (l+e)
2+ tan' x
Lel tan x= so that for
x
0,--0 and for .x - /2, sin xt..
Hence we can write, Put cos -sin x
d= dt,

Delintte
Integrals

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is equal to
-

12. Evaluate 15. +3X1+e's dr

0

fnçg – 3)° dr + 2{ln(r + 4' de

-7 1

Sol. Let/ Sol. I=

P-8
- (-7+5[a(-7+)x-$-3Fd+2[lmta + 4)°át

--zjn4x+4)a+2jn(z +4)d
16. If S= [re dx, (where n is an odd integer) then

--2fn4da-2jnt*+4j' dr + 2jn(x+4) dt --2 in 4.

the value of S is
13. Evaluate [| cos x dk.
Sol. S= [d
Sol. Note that Jcos x is a periodic function with period T.
Hence the given integral

(using property 7)
=-1+1-1+1-..........-.1=-1.
17. For any teR let fbe a continuous function, and let
1+cos +cos'!

sin sin

=4 + 1]=8.[1
14. Find the value of integral Then

[a cos 2r|+|sin 2x )d«, where nn <t<mn+ Sol.

I+cos?
Sol. Let /= nT+
0<0< 4
*.

The given function is periodic with period : can be sin!

it l+cos
written as =
I+cost

( cos2x|+| sin2r )ydk

sin
I- [(
cos2x| +| sin 2x
)dt + sint
=
21, =2 s(x(2-x)Jit 21,- 21, =l
- 4n f ( cos2x|+|sin 2x )d + [(cos 2x+ sin 2x)ds sint

value of

(using property 7)
18. =7, then the
/4

sin 2x
= 4n Sol. Given s(*) dk = 4 and

sin 25 -cos 20,

2
cos 28
2 2 -jra-4.jráa=
= 1, sin 20
4n
+7 2
2 Now
+ sin 20- cos 20].
=8n + 1

=-14=-5

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following: DIBY 9.3

aluate the
2024 (sin x- cos r) dx 12. In(1+ tan x)dx Jog3

14.
1+ sin x cOS x
13. e
logl/3

16. dx
-dx [| sin' sinx \ ds, 00
is FPF) 18.
sec.r+ tan x 17.
Jiod (43 1+e
t/2
sin*x+ cos' xlx = k| (sinx+ cos' x) ds, then find k. sin 4x| +| cos 4xDdx
20. [
0

COS x
22. Iffx) = sin x
tan
tar sin x then find the value of
tan x 2
-L/2

3. ||sin 2rcr| dr 24. Iffis an odd function, then I= f (sin x) d

(cos x)+ f (sin x)
f
sin) 26. (a sin' x+b tan + c')dx 27.
/2n
dx -; (ne N)
| 1+(cot nx)"

INTEGRATION OF PIECEWISE CÔNTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

If fx) is discontinuous at points x,: Xz, x, in (a, b), then we can define subintervals
X3

(a, x), (*j, x,).. x). (4, b) such thatf) is continuous in each of these subintervals.
Such functions are called piecewise continuous functions. For integration of piecewise
continuous function, we integrate f() in these sub-intervals and finally add all the values.

SOLVED EXAMPLES
B. Evaluate the following:
1
0sxs
(i) f[sin x + cos aldk
-0 0 0.
(Where [.] is the greatest integer function) 4
3T
-<xSTt
And [sinx+ cos x]= 4
We
knowthat cot xe(0, ) xeR. -2,
3Tt
2
|3, xe(-, cot 3) -1,
3T. 7

xe(cot cot2)
3,

Thus [cot 2, 2 4
x]=
xe (cot 2, cot1)
0, xe (cotl, o). 3z/4
cot?
Hence I=
Hence =
I 3r/4
-10 cot 5
cot2 cotl
7/4
=30 cotl + cot2+ cot3.
+

+-2dr+ -lds+ odt

Wla- (sin x+ cos xjdr =nf[sin x ++cosx]dr 3n/2 7R/4

period 2r)
-+0-4+-3n+ 2n-+o=-t.
4 4
("[Sinx+ cosx] is periodic function with 2

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22. Find the

range of "a' such that
20. Evaluate
J|nedx, where n is a natural number greater

than 1 and [.] denotes the greatest

integer function.
can be written as
Sol. The given inequality
Sol. Put ne
=t so that dx= dt -ne
dr=
dt
Hence the given integral

n-1 t RHS
=
-sin r dx
=
Int+2Int +....+ (n-1)In
= In 2 + 2 In
2 +3 In T-coSTx cOS TX

2 3 t.. +
(n-1) In
n-1 2
= In 2 + In 3 + In 4' n"1
+
In
23.... (n-1) 2 T
=2,
= In 2-3.4°. = In so that lds > 2.
22-3 .4......7 -1)2-1 2-3-4.....n. -1 -la
0
= In n"
n! Case I:
Whenas 0, LHS = J|x+ade
21. Evaluate [| sin(sin x)
|ldx where t e| () For as-2, 0

2n,
LHS - J(-x-a) = -a
Sol. Since the function is periodic with period
integral can be written as
t, the given d =-2-2a
2n
2- 2a > 2as-2, a e (-, -2]
J[Isin" sin
I=
x'r+f [|sin"'sin xi]át (ü) For
-2<as0,
Let I=1, +, where I, - 2n [sin" sin x]àt LHS =

-a?
L
+a'+2+ 2a
2

T/2 2t
a+2a + 2 > 2a'+ 2a>0 aa +2) SU
3/2
|sin (sinx)
aE {0}.
Case II: When a>0
() For a e (0, 2],
T/2
L/2
LHS- jix-alác - jer+a)da+ je-ad
Lo /2 =
a- 2a+2a-2a+2>2> ala-2) >0
Hence, no solution.
(i) For a> 2,
I,-2n [7 -2], and I, = [sin" sin xj d: a>2
2a-2>2
[sin'sin x] dx where ze ae a
Hence,
(2, o).

2nT e(-,-2] {0} [2, 0).

- Jein' sin s)de - jod-
o.
23. Find the here (}
value of J} dt, xeR*,
Thus I=2n[ -2] +0= 2n[n-2]. fractional part
of 'x'.

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and x= n
+, whcre n
is non negative
Here
integer andf= (r? .
Jix*+x-2024}de (where (.} denotes the fractional part
25.
1,
ie 0sf< n+f
-1

of x) is equal to
Sol. The given integral is same as

= s
because {t}
tfor 0
t<1 and {t} has period 1.

Now
2
n+f

(Since (t}=t-n for n

StSnt)
V5-1

Odr

26. The value of ( where x} is the fractional

part of x) is
=1 =1
(r+a]-1*) r-[*) - 100
Sol. Given integral
f(V-[d (by the def. of {x})
Hence the given integral /= I, +1, = 4

Alernatively a graphical
2.
method can be used as follows:
100 10

i=l (-1
2

(Put x =

100

2000
1
2 n-1 3
lir=n+fthen the given integral,
2000
(area of
with base and height '1') + (area ofA with
A
base and 3
height (x -n))
2000 155
-615 =
3 3
- - rq cos x Dar
n

2
27. If1, and I, =sq cos.* )dx then
totxdr, (where [] represents the greatest integer (a) nl = 5I,
Tunction) (6). I, +I,=n+5
is equalto
+
cot 1

+
2T0 (d) none of these
lcot" xdk f[cot"
2
|(cotxr Sol. (c) We have I, = n
cot 2 cotI s(leos x)de
2 ldr cot1

+dx +0= + cot 1 - cot 2

T+cot cot2 4-s[;r(eosx)ar
1+ cot2.

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28. Iffr) = -s, 2, x=0

then is cqual
Graph of/)

3[x]
-s= 3[*]-5,
to ([.] denotes the greatest integer function) <0
Sol.
ifx>0 and 3[x] + 5, ifx

3/2
-2 -3/2
-+2-5-2=
DIBY 9,4
Evaluate the following (where |H denotes greatest integer function):

10

28. 29. 2 30.

-28*+196]-[]
dx

5x-[x]
either x is purely a ftraction or (*} 7
31. Ir ld, then prove that
f. I
d= J| x'++
32. 33
34. [sin t, 35.

= x20
36. j2sin]d«, 37.
,
ne N. 38. max {sin'(sin r), f()}. where fr) "
-1, x<0
(2n-1)x

39. [sin x]dx, ne N 40.

DEFINITE INTEGRALAS LIMIT OFA SUM

Some particular cases: An alternative way of describing is that the definite integral

l(a) lim is a limiting case of the summation of an infinite series, provided fx) is continuous on

la, b] ie, [r)dk = lim žf(a+rh) where h= b~a The converse is also true i.e., if we
r=0

have an infinite series of the above form, it can be expressed as a definite integral.
(6) The method to evaluate the integral, as limit of the sum of an infinite series is known
Integration by First Principle.
r
a= lim=0(as r= 1) Algorithm to express the infinite series as definite integral:

Step (i): Express the given series in the form

m:
B= lim=p
nn

(as r = pn).| Step (ii): Then the limit is its sum when n oo, i.e. lim

Step (ii): Replace by x and by dx and lim by the sign of .

Step (iv): The lower and the upper limits of integration are the limiting values o A

for the first and the last term of r respectively.

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
Eraluate
- dx
lim
[a'+1)(n +1+3)(n² +1+3+5).....2n terms Sol. lim. =I (say)
a+:

ifa = b
[(n'+1)(n +1+3)(n* +1+3+5)....2.n terms
[= lim nn dx

so that In

Iz lim-[In(n“+1) + In(n“ +1+3)+... 2n terms – In n" If a#b

1

= lim
..27 terns
(b+x
=
lim a-b (a+x o a-b (b(a+1)

33. Iffr) is integrable over [1, 2], then equal to:

=2 In
5–4+2 tanl2L=25 e(2tan }2-4)
I+2²n +....+n'e-, then find
(a) lim (6) lim
no0 n
1

)
lim S.

=
n' (c) lim 13
n
no
s|tnn (d) lim
)
ins,
lim)"- [*e'a
n n
Sol. (b,c)

Put= dr= dtu3 (a) lim

S.
lim

lim
sin-sin
2n
3
...sin 2-)z ya is (c) lim
2n 2n n
equal to:
1/n
21t -2(4-1)||
42|liml sin
2n.,.sin
-sin
2n 34. lim
(1+2*+3* +...+n*)
-=F(K), then
A(1 +2² +....+n'y( +2° +......n)
(ke N)
2n
Sol. (a,b,c)

2nA lim
(1 +2* +3* +... n)
(+2° +... n*
}( +2' +.....+n')
Now liml+2
t.-[d=pe k+1
N

4
Hence the given limit is finite of
a,
be R
is equal to
k<6& cquals 12/7 for
then lim k=6.]
ktan)k + bn)
niteInteprals
297

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DIBY 9.5
Evaluate the following (where [.] denotes greatest integer function):
.
41. lim
n

V4n'-2

42. lim
(3+4/n 2(3/+4/a v(35+4/a) 49n

1
n² n?
43. limn+
no (n+1(n+2)tt
DIFFERENTIATION UNDER THE INTEGRAL SIGN

Leibnitz's Rule
Rule-1:
liei
are differentiable functions whose values
Ifg is continuous on [a, b] and f(*) and f()
=
[a, b], then |g()dt g,()f)-g() )
dx

Proof: Let f) be an arbitrary antiderivative of F()

i.e. ft)dt = F() so that
F() =f0)
Then, f)dt =[F)]=F(o())-F(u(r))
Now, diferentiating w.r.t. x, we get

TrOarv)-Fu6))
=F())v()-F(u))u'(x) –)()–Aua))u'()
Rule-2: Rule-1:
If u(e), v(c) are differentiable function and f(, t) is a two variable continuous function over

rectangle [a, b] x [c, d] then

u(r)

[(Derivative of f(r, t) w.r.t.x keeping t as constant)dt

u(x)
+
derivative of keeping x as constant inf,9

=(Derivative of f(r, ) w.r.t.xkeepingt as constant)dt +fr, )u(e) -f, u) e

v()
-f(x,t)dt + f(x, V)y'()-f(r, 0))6'(*)

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SOLVED EXAMPLES

.iod the points of maxima/minima of (-4d. w.r.t. In x

2+e 38. dtx>0. Find derivative offx)
dt so that
when x= In 2

s()Sy'+4 er -2e'" =e-e")

2x -0 Sol. f'(x) =3 -3er.
2+e 3x 2x
derivative offr) w.r.t. In x
(-1)(x+1(*-2)(x+ 2)2.x
2+e d(f()
Erom the wavy curve, it is clear thatf() changes its d(ln x)
at x = +2, +1,0 and hence the points of maxima at x = In 2, its value is 48.
sign i
are -1, 1 and of the minima are -2, 0, 2.
x= [2 in záz and y dy
39. If
[² in zdz find
In
dx
dy
=
K. If N3-sin' tdt |cos t dt
+
0,then evaluate
dx Sol.
a= (² In')2t and d
n)2dt
dy
dt dt
Sl.
Diferentiating the given integrals w.r.t. x we have dt
40. Find the intervals of increasing and decreasing of the
J (cosi) dt = 0 number of
4 function Int di(x >0) and hence find the
x

3-sin²x+cos y dy
=0
dy-3-sin? points of extrema.
d dx coS y In In
So. Let
dF dg S9-j
B,
IFF)= (g,)ax, then ,
dx where
dt =9\* Inx-4 in x(:x>0)=(94*-4) in x
represents the diferential coefficient ofg with respect to t
keeping x constant. f)>09/r-4>Oninx>0
or
37. Find value of
dt 9x-4<0nnx<0
..fincrease in and

fdecreases in

f has local minimum at x = 1

and local maximum at
16
atx=1, given derivative = 1/2 81

DIBY 9.6

ate the following (where IJ denotes greatest integer function):

dt 45. If
Ify-;find dx
integral
then find the value of the
0

WIP)- dr, find F(1), F(2), and F'().

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Estimation of Definite Integeral and General Inequalities in Integration
m,
M be the infimum (minimum) and sunrehn
Theorem 1: 1ff*) be bounded on [a, b] and if

(greatest) of f(s) on [a, b] then nh-a)sfráesMb-a)

Corollary:
1. Bue [m, M] such
thatf()dk =(b-a)
2. Jee [a,b] such that = =
fe):[f)dr foX0-a)
which is called average
1
fc)=)dxb-aJab of the function f).
Corollary:
Aa) For a monotonicincreasing
3. functionfin (a, b), (6-a)f(a) <S)dr< (6-a)f()
4. For a monotonic decreasing functionfin (a, b), f(6).(b- a) < | f)ax< (b-a)f(a)

Theorem 2: Iff) be integrable on [a, b] and f) > 0 then

f() dr
20

Proof:

Corollary: Iffr) be continuous on [a, b] and fr) >0 for all x in [a, b] and if

then fr) =0 r in [a, b].

Corollary: If [fyák =0 then f) crosses X-axis atleast at,one point in (a, b) provided f is

continuous in (a, b).

Theorem 3: Iff*) and g(r) be both bounded and integrable on [4, b] and r) > gr). Then
b

a a

| Notee

If f g, h are bounded and integrable on [a, b] and g(r)sf(r) s h(x), then

Theorem 4: Iff*) be integrable on [a, b] then

a
Proof: We know that-)| sf) s )l

300 weCalculu

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ncOrem 5:
Iff:(a, b] Ris continuously concave up (convex) function then
function.
cquality occurs fx) is a linear

TT00: Concave up means points graph fx) are under the chord joining (a,f(a)) and (0)ND)
of

i.e., slope of chordAPS slope

of chord AB
f)-f(a) f)-f(a) f()sf(a) + f(O)-f(0(r-a)
b-a b-a

b-a
(": iffis concave up in [a, b] then S)+) Vs,ye (a, b)
f
Xh
707

|Noteo e.
Letf:[a, b] be continuously concave down (concave) function then.
R

SOLVED EXAMPLES
equality occurs when fr) (tx+1) =0
dx
Prove that: for at least one x e (0, 1)
41.

x+10x+9 sin x+5. 5 >f)=0

T+10r+5 0
Sl. Let
cos
f) + 10x + 9 sin x + f')=3r+
S5
10 +9 43. Show that jdke (l,e)
x>0 xeR>f)
1
is entirely increasing 0
is decreasing in (0, )
f() Sol.
0sxsl1sse
Absolute maximurm of
f*) in [0, ] is and absolute
5
minimum is
0 0
T+10T +5
d
410T+5 Jo +10x+9 sin x+5 0
1. Letfr) be continuous non negative
in [0, 1
"
+*+1) =0, then show that f(x)=0 has at
44. Let I, = d, ,= d
and

least one
rootis (0, 1).
Compare I,h and ,
sul.
Given
that fri **+)dt = 0

Since tan x
flr)
(+x+ 1)20 >ll,>and-<4<}
I,

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-
45. Show that In d
47. Show that
dxs1-In2
2<[
4
1

Sol. For
0sxsl, xS VrsltsxxsI xsin x -s1
Sol. 1+xsin x
1+xsin x
1+x 1+x
1+**sl+xxs1+x,
xsin x
cquality occurs only at x = 0, 1
1+xsin x dxs-
J1+x
de =1-In2
)

Therefore we write 48. Given that /satisfies fu)-f()|slu-v| for

[a, b] then prove that

2<l< () fis continuous in [a, b] and

In 4

46. Show that tanx(7-4/tanx)dx < 49r

64 Sol. () put u=x+h andy=x
Sol. f)= Vtanx(7-4/tanx) (i) LHS. =

4Vtan x +7-4Vtan x
=4Vtan x(7-4/tan :
4 2

Hence (*-a)dr= -a
2

DIBY 9.7
Estimate the value of given íntegrals:
1
sin x dx. 49. J6TA
48. 50.

ADVANCE PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

Theorem-I
First Mean Value Theorem: If the functions f, g are integrable on [a, b] and g keeps
sígn on [a, b] then 3ue [m, M] where m, are least and greatest values offrespectivey
M

b
where = f(c), ce [a, 6]

Theorem-1I: IffS,s.g are integrable on [a, b] then

Proof:We have ) - Ag(r)' 20 V*e (a,b] =1g)-2ag3)f()+ f)20

b

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Discrimincnt s 0

s0

This inequality is known as Cauchy-Schwarz inequality for integrals.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

49. Show that 50. for n> 1, then the value

of
Iis
0

1/2
-x+*de d -<2
Sol. I=
0

i DIBY 9.8
Evaluate the following:

dx'
51.
IfI= then
°1+x2
2
(a) I> In 2 (6) I<n
(c) I<I/4 d) I> T/4

S2.
Ifms (cot dxs M
then

V3 1 1
4
M can be,
m,

respectively (b) Values of respectively

(a) Values of m, M can be

V3 4 h (a) Values of m, M can be

c) Values of m, M can be respectively Erespectively
4 '3

Let f(,)dr where Jlr, ) is a continuous function

Theorem-1 V:
o()= of (, ) in the

rectangle R:{asxSb;cstsd} and derivative off, ) w.rt t exists and is continuous in R

then d! dt

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FORMULA
WALLIS FORMULA AND REDUCTION
or 2]..
sin"x.cos"" x dr = 2-)0-3)(2-5)...l or 2(m-1)(m-3)....
lor 2
(m+n)(m +n-2)(m +n-4)..

Where K = if both m and n are even (m, n e M); K= 1

otherwise.
2

Note: sin"x cos"xd: =2 sin"x cos"xd: ifniseven

if nis odd

GAMMA FUNCTION

Ifn is a positive number, then the improper integral |e"d is defined as Gamma fir
and is denoted by In.

i.e. In=e'ar, where x eg.

Illustration 1: Evaluate (i) TT () T2

Tl=fe*dk lim fed = lim[-eh=lin(-ee)

=
Sol. (i) -0+| =|

() T2=Je*d= limfexdt = lim[-xe*-eb

0

= lim[(-be-b .
-e')-(0-)) = lim+1| lim0+
L'Hospital
(Using

Properties of Gamma Function

Gamma function has following properties:
1. Tl=l, T0 = 0o and
I(7+1) =nIn
Ex. T54T4=4x3I3 4x3×2[2 =

4x3×2xiTl=4x3x2x1
2. If ne N, then I(n+1) =(n)! 3. r(U2)=vr
4.
TnI(l-n)=innt,0<n<l
x =
|sin" xcos" dx 5.
2r m+n+2

6. -r2m
7.

304 Ck

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Illustration 2: Evaluate
fe'rda.
Sol. By definition
of Gamma function, feea=feda=T4

Illustration 3: Evaluate
d.
.
ds Put log=t» dr=-edt

dx = In

BETA FUNCTION

The beta function is B(m, n) = (x-*yd, where m, n > 0

Properties of Beta Function

1. B(m, n) B(n, m), where m, n >0
Tm In
2. B(m, n) = where m, n>0
r(m+n)"
-
3. Bm, n)
=[
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Now put tan x =t so that
51. Evaluate (bz0). cos adt
dl
1

Inx
1+ sin C
da o+ 1+sin
x
Inx In
Vi+sin a. tan'v1+ sin o
1+sin a
1
or '(b):
b+1 b+l TL COS O

1(b)=) dbIn(b+1) +C. 2N1+sin a

Hence, I(b)= In (b+ 1). -Sin?

D0, then I(b) =0c=0. 2
S2.
Evaluate a > 0).
2)-cos
x) cosec*xdx (where
|In(1+ sin a.sin
sinco
Here, I=In(1+
/2
sin a sin x) cosec*xdx
to)-2nc.
dT t/2 cos a
cosec'x sin, I(0) = In(1+0.sin' x) cosec`xdx =0 e=-t.
do 1+sin sin x
sec xdx
cos aulx cOs a
61+sin asin x
(1+ sin) tan x+l

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53. Evaluate
[-) dx.
56. Evaluate sin x cos“ x(sin x + cosx) dr.

Sol. Let, I=|J(1-) dt Put let g² = ( 2xdx = dt

sin x cos x +
Sol. Given integral
=
d sin xos

x x = 2 1.2 4
T7/2T3/2 =0+2 sin cos' dx
S.3.1
(:" sinx cos'x is odd and sin' cos'ri

57. Evaluate xsin' xcos x dx.

0

x
Let xsin'xcos dx
then the value of Sol. I=|
2(a+b)(b+cl\c+ a)

+4)+9)
1-f (a-)sin'(*-1) cos(a-)de
Sol. Putting a = 2, b=3, c=0, we get =T f sin
,
cos
xdx - fxsinx.cos rá
+
+4)( +9) 2(2+3)\(3 0)(0+2) 60
2/=T.2 sinx. cosx dx
55. Prove that ((cos 20) cos de
16/2 4.2.5.3.1 8Tt
3 I=1 11.9.7.5.3.1 693
Sol. L.H.S, = (cos 28)? cos de
4 sin
· 58. If
1+x
d= c, then 4n-21+2-x:
2
d

= sin cos 0 d9 = Cos t dt)

(Put 2 sin t 4T-2 sin
when 0 then
t 0;0then t - 2
Sol. Let I= |
4
4T +2x

* L.H.S, =
[ osdt=317 let t-ab-a 1
and 4n -r*]
F422 -2 2

3T
16V2
=RH.S. (From Walli's formula)
I=sin2n-)-2d1)
2t+2 =t=a 1+t

DIBY 9,9
Evaluate the following:

2
xcos xd
53.sin Tsinxcosxdx
54.
55.sincos9de 56. sin 0 cos
9d0
0 0

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IMPROPER INTEGRALS

olim ne unction f) be defined for all x> a and integrable on any inverval [a, o]. 1nen
ro)d: S called a improper integral of the function fx) in the interval [a, too] and is
denoted by the system

Theorem: Let us function fr) he defined and continuous for x > a. If the function
X= 9), defined on the interval a
a
B (a andB may also be improper numbers
<t<
amd o), monotonic, has continuous derivative () +0 and lim o) =4,
iS
o
+.0

lim o()=too, then

t+B+.0
jroác-rexowo.
Integration by part involves no difficulties
Illustration 4: Evaluate the following improper integrals

6 (a) (6)

Sol. (a) By definition

24 lim -= lim
Atoo xlnx
(6) By definition,
dx dx
lim -
2vhtAtoo+2x+5
(instead of the point x =0 any other finite point of the x-axis may be taken as an
internediate limit of integration)
Compute each of the limits standing in the right side of the above equality:
1
x+1 --arc
1
lim lim arc tan
2 la 2
tan+
Bx+2x+5 B-2 4
1 1
dx
lim
4+2x+5
= lim
n,:arctan 2 lo4,arc tan 2

dx
Hence, +2x+5 2

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SACHIN SIR SPECIAL (S)

we
As
fx) sc F(x) Vx20, get
I. Evaluate . AO)ScF(0) >0) s 0.
dt
Sincef) >0 x20, we have
Sol. Let =
so that the given integral
f0) >0=0) =0.
dt -dP
p?
Since f is continuous
[0, o) and F'(*) =fx)
on
[0, o),
x 0.
F is differentiahl,
becomes
Since fx) sc
F(x)x0, we get
F(«)-c F(x) s0 tr0.
Multiplying both the sides by e
(theiintegrating

-- 12m+1
dt =-1»l=0.
we get
eaF)- ce F()s0 [as ect >0
b

d F()] s 0.
dx
2.
14)- [vo d and jomd=1, then find dhe valae Thus g() =e F() a decreasing
is function on 0-.
That is g) sg(0) for each x>0.
off2). But g(0)=c0 F(0) =0
fr) - t0
Here g) s0x0ex F(x) s0
Sol. jro. dt.
F()s0r0
Differentiating both the sides with respect to x we get
Thus f()sc F) s00. (for e>
But we are given that f(x) 20 0.

S(*) = () so that
-1
Hencef) =0 x0.
=xtc*)= cos x
x+c XSin 2xsin dr
4. Evaluate 2
Integrating both the sides from 0 to 2, with respect to x, (2 x-)
we get
x sin 2 x sin
Sol. Let
l= (2 x T)
-In x+c =1 -ntc C
=1
Substituting =+t,
x we get
=e
In
2+c
1 2+c
dx = dt and 2x-T= 21

2e -sin 2t) sin(-sint là

>c=2e + ce c= 1-e
-n/2
2t
Hencefx) = e-1
2e x-ex+2e
x*1-e
and f(2) =
2-2x+2e
3. Let f), x 20, be a nonnegative continuous function
=0+
and let F(r) (fdt, xi20. If for somne c > 0,
function/4
all x forodd
A)se F) 2 0, then find fx) for
for all xz0.
Sol, We are given that for x 0
Now, let sint =; »l-fzsin al 7

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TI+4*
Evraluate dx, r/4
s Sol. () Here 1, = tan" x dx

L/4
tan' x. tan"-
x
dr = (sec'x-1) tan-²x dr
(+4x') d: 0

x. tan x de
-( (sec' tan* xdr-
2Tt dx 2Tt dx
=
tan"x d (tanx)
2-al) 1,+

sec' dt tan -! *4
z 2r/3
2r dt 2
-cOSt n-l o n-1
nS 1+3 tan?
2 (ii) For0<x< /4, we have 0 < tan" x< tan-x so that
2dt 4n dt 0<1,<
3 Therefore, I, +2 <21,<I, +I2
1
<
<21,
n-1 <I,<2(n-1)
n+1 2(n+1)

8. Find the value of J dt, xe R*, here {} denotes

fractional part of 'x.

Sol. Here {t} =t-
[t and x =n+f, where n is non negative
6.
Iff g, h be continuous functions on [0, a] such that 1.
integer andf= (x} i.e. 0 sf<
fa-x)), gla-x)=g) and 3h(x)-4h(a-x)=5, n+j

prove that
hen
[s(a)s(*M() d =0.
ntf
dt +
=nft dt

because {t} =t for <t< l and 0

{t} has period 1.

-[r(a-s)e(a-x(a-x)ds Now

that ntf
and

(Since {r}=t-n for n

T-39+41 -j(*)s(:)34(1) -4h(a-}d Stsn +)
- n+ffrd-n
r=0 (since f(a-x) g(a-)
fa=r-ar
f) g)) I=0.
I, = x an integer). Show that
tan" de
(n>l and is

1 Hence the given integral

/ - 4, +i, -
1

2(n+1) <l,< 2(n-1) '.

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Alternatively a graphical method can be used as follows:

= real part

0, 1)
= rcal part

j+(cos0+isin 8) + 0s20+isn 2h)

2
1
2 3 n-1 cos 20 cos 30
Ifx = n+fthen the given intcgral. -J|+os0+ 2! 3!
+ (arca of
I=n (area of 4 with base and height 1) A

sin 30
with base and height (r -n)) -lo+sin8+ sin 20, -t....
2! 3.3!
o-G-9 . - (21 +0 +0+...)- (0+0+0+...) =2r

-3+- 11. IfU. =

1-cos x
dx
,
where n is a positive i

9. If(n) = 0.sin" de, neN, n >3, then find the value zero, then showthat + U,
=2 U
Hence det

2 sin'
ne nT
n-1 that
of I(n)- I(n-2). sin 0

I() = J.sin" 8d9 -

We
Sol. have U,-Ut1
Sol. e.sin* 0(1-cos' 8)de
- (1-cos(n+)x)
l-cos(n+2)*)
- In-2)-f(9.. cos .
).cos 0 sin"-2 ede 1-cos x
dx

cos(n+)x- cos(n+2)x
d
=-I(n-2) - 9.cos., sin*" 9 1-cos x
n-1 3

+[[e(-sin 0) + cos®]de
2sin? sin x/2
2
-
In-2)-e.sin"
(n-1)
8de

+cos
n-12
8.sin Bd0

From () and (ii), we get (U,-U-(U9

sin x/2
-dx

/2
=
I(n-)- iu-1)*(n-1)(r)-sin"eb
1 1

sin (n +)x-sin (n +)x

1
-dx
sin x/2
()=l(a-2)*(u-1)) cos(n +1).x sinx/2
or
1 U2t U, -2U,= ,2 sin x/2
n sin (n+1)x =0
2| cos(n +l)xd = 2
2
n+1
10. Prove that ecos (sin )d =21t.

Sol. Let/-real efcos (sin0) +i sin(sin 0)}d9 Now, U, =

Jo 1-cos x-d
[odt =0

en
2
e = real part de
=real part of [en (*l-cos.x
(Commonditter
= real part
U,= U,t n.t so that U, = nt

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ne
Now In
= iz sin*
Sin 9
de = (1-cos 2n9
-do 1-cos 20 Sol. Let F) = » F)=gx)
(writing 20 = x)
pl-cosnx-dx =
nT,
1
"}jrwra-}jeoa
1-cosx
Alternative: We
have UnttU,
1-cos(n+2)x+1- cos
nx

x dx Differentiating both sídes with respect to x, we get

1-cos

1- cos(2+1)
x cosx x2F()F)-(F()'
1-cosx
= 2xF(«Xg())-(Fx)
(n+1) x +eos(u+1
-cos
- 2U, +0.
)=lát
1-cos x
or
Prove that for any positive integer k
sin 2k =2fcos x + cos3x+....+. cos(2k-1)x. p-4t +2 =0, where t= xg()
sin x F(«)
Hence prove that
/2
sin 2krcot xdx=. =2±V2 or F()_22
x

2 2 F()
Sol. To prove that n
F(¢)=(2tv2) nx +
constant
or
sin 2kr = Zsin x[cos x + cos 3x+...t cos (2k-1)x] F(r)=Cx C-2
or
8)=F()=C C"i
let 1, 2sinx cosx = sin2x,
where C and C" are constants. But g is continuous on
t,=2 sinx cos3x = sin4x- sin2x, [0, co). Then x
is ruled out.
4=2 sinx cos5x = sin6x -sin4x,
-

Hence g(r)=C'also g(1)=C=1g() =,

14. Compute the integral
=2 sinx cos(2k- 1)x= sin2kx- sin(2k-2)x.
Adding, we get, R.H.S =S, = sin2kx.
(a) 1,= [(a'-*y dx, where n
is a natural number
sin 2kx
Now, sin 2lc: cot xdx =
sin x (6) (2n)!!
- (2cos xcos x + cos3x 2n +1 (2n+1)!!"
+...t.cos (2k -1)x Jd where Ch are binomial coefficients.
Sol. (a) The integral can be compute by expanding the
integrand (²- y
according to the formula of
the newton binomial, but it involves combersome
calculations. It is simpler deduce a formula for
t.+ [ (cos 2kx + cos (2k-2) x)dr. reducing the integral In to the integral To this
end let us expand the integral. I, in the following
But, we know
that cos 2nx dx =0
n e land n0. way:

Hence, sin 2kr cot xdk =

dr+07
13. Find
afunction continuousin [0, o) andpositive
g:RR,,
in(0,c0)) satisfying and integral the latter integral by parts:
g(1)=1 u=x; (a-yxde

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Hence, in particular, it follows that the integral

>
m n > To compute it we integratelh.
0,
0.

du =-dx; v=-(a'-x'y (n 0). at

ty
2n Putting, u = (In xy", dv =x" dx,
We obtain

du = -dx, v=
m+1

=a'l,,-,.
2n
Hence,

Whence I, =a' m +1 m
lo +1;
This formula is valid at any real n other than 0 and
m+1
In particular, at natural n, taking into account The formula obtained reduces to In pari

that a n,
with natural taking into account that
1
we get I,(-1y n!
m+1 (m+1y"
–4)...6.4.2
We get L =an1Zn(2n-2)(2n
(2n +1)(2n-1)(2n-3)...5.3 16. Compute the integral ma where

(2n)!!
= n are non-negative integers.
(2n+1)!!" where (2n)!! 2-4-6..(2n)
Sol. Let us
put (1-x)" = u; x"dx= dv;
(2n + 1)!!= 1:3-5...(2n + 1).
du =-n(1-x)"dx: y=
=,
(6) Consider the integral 1, -ja-*ya
(2n+1)!!
(2n)!!
m+1
Expanding the integrand by the formula of the
=--te
m+1
Newton binomial and integrating within the limits
Then I..
Lm+1
from 0 to 1, we get;

m+1
n =
The obtained formula is valid for all >0,

>-1. If is a positive integer, then,

m n applying

-ja-cç* +c-c* tat-)dk formula successively n times, we get

n n(n-1)
Ima
m+1 (m+1)(m +2)
2n +1 Jo
n(n-1)..[n(n -1)]
=1-2,G. L+...+
(-1y
(n+1)(m +2)...m + n)
3 5 7 2n+1
which completes the proof. But Z..= f"dt = 1

0 m+n+Io m+n+l
15. Compute the integral m > 0, n is a
n(n-1)(n-2)...3.2.1
natural number. Hence, I,m, , =
(m+1)(m+2)..m +n)(m +ntl)
Sol. First of all note that, thought the integrand
The obtained result, m non-negative,
fr) = (In xy has no meaning at x =0 if can be made with a

continuous on the interval [0, 1] for any m > 0 and n > 0, written in the form
by putting0) =0. Indeed, m!n!
lim x" (In x = lim(xi" In x)' = 0 (m +n+1)!

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JEE MAIN

dt then x can be equal to: 3/2

k
6 8. If |xsin r | dx = then the value of k is
-1
2 (b) V3 (c) 2 (d) 4
(d (a) 3T + 1
(b)
2T
+1 (c) 1

nl4 x sin x
dx 9. dx equals to:
3.
1 The value of the integral cos . 0 COsx
0x*+2x +1 where

0<a< is equal to: (6 ) ()

4
2 4 2 4

(a) sin a (b) a sin a

sin .
10. dx is equal to
(d) log -log 2
2sin 2
1
x<1 ,
thenf() dx
is equal to: (a) (6)
-3 (c) ()
x-1 x1
(a)
1

(6) 4
3
(c)
3
11. If7,
-|
e'
dx
ln x
and
-[ 1*
d, then

(a) I=1, (b) 21, = L,

4 Suppose for every integer n, f) du=n'". The value (c) 1,-21, (a) I-31,
t/2
x +
12. The value of In tan cotx| dr is equal to:
0

(a) 16 (b) 14 (c) 19 (a) 21

(a) T In 2 (6) - ln 2 (c)
2
In 2 (d)
–

2
In 2

(r/2)
|142c0sx| dt equals to: 13. x.sin x
dx equals to
0
0

(a) 1
(b) 1/2 (c) 2 (d) 1/3
) 2
(a) Tt
(b)
14. ([2e*] dt is cqual to
Ihe value of ax-21+x) t is equal to (where [1
t
-1
(a) 0 (b) ln 2 (c) e () 2er!
denotes greatest integer function) ,
then de where a >0 is
(a) 7
(b) 5 (c) 4 (a) 3 2

is 1finite, then
1,2)=3,f2) =5 andf(0) (b) 2a
2

(2) dx is equal to
(c) ()
(a) Zero (d) 3
(b) 1
(c) 2

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- ( dt then dx T then x =
16. Let 4

1+1 a-) a-1

d has the value
24. If
ž
(b) en 8 (c) en 4 (d) en 2
(a) Aea (6) -Aera (a) 4
(c) -ae (d) Ae 25 dx cquals to
5/2
17. The valuc of is cqual to (where [] 2
(6) (d)
denotes the grcatest integer function) 3 6 2
3+log3 log(4+x)
(a) 4+2-/3 (b) 4-2+3 26.
2-log3 log(4+x) +log(9- x)
dx

(c) 4-\3-2 (d) 4+\54+2

(6) is equal to 5
(a) cannot be evaluated
2
18. The solution for x of the equation
(c) is equal to 1+2 log 3 (a) is equal to tlog 3

2V2
(a) -2 (b) I
2
()
27. If dx = then value ofk is (where ("] denote
logl1
/2T(sin x + c0s x)?
19. The value of 2.x dx is greatest integer function)
VI+sin
(a) 11 (6) 101 (c) 110 (d) 111

(a) 0 (6) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3 - 0fxal
b
28. Iff(x) is a function satisfying. +f)
d for a
Sx Sb, then
20. If S)=g() equals cosec 0
dx
non-zero x, then f() dx equals
to sín 0
(a) b)-Aa) (6) gb) -g(a) (a) sin 0+ cosec 0 (b) sin?0

(c)
LSO-(a)' (c) cosec? (a) 0
2 2
29. Iff) and g(r) are continuous functions satisfying fx)=
a
21. If [x denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, andg) +g(a-x)=2, then Jf(*) g(*)
dr
is equal
5
a-)
then the value of
[x-3|] dk is
to
1

(6) 2 (c) 4 () 8 (d)

(a) 1

22. 30
has the value
8cos 2x+1
-n/2
(a) a>0 (b) a> 2
(c) a= (d) a=8 (a)
4
(6) (c)
12 18
24
bx
23. 31. Iffa +b-x)=f), hen f(*) is equal to
d
(a) (b) (b)

(c) (a) (d)

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dx is equal to 37. The value of definite integral

1+ 3
tanx 1

| (tan (sin(cos x) +cot'(cos(sin x)) dx is equal

(2) 0 (b) /2 (c) T/3 (d) T4 -1

„4 to
dx is (c) 1
(a) 0 (b) -1
7
1
() 0 (c) (d)1 38. Let a, fl-cos(2nx) -d, then the value of a4 as a6
=J-cos(2x)
34. The value of

equal to
is (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
39. The value of
(a) (6) 2eei 1+2 +..tn)? +2 +...+n°1 +2* +...+.a)
2e? lim

(c) (d) 0
is equal to
4 3
e
sin x (6)
dx= 5
J-/4
1
V2 (d
(a) (6) 5
2
40. Iff() =+3x+4 then value of
-1

36. The value equals

of
17 21 23
(a) 4 (b) (c) (d)
(a) ve (b) ee (c) e () eve 4 4

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JEE ADVANCED

SINGLE CORRECT
1. S, :Ifn is a positive integer then 6.
-20

) 11
10 420
dx =Ithen /+ 7939 is cqual to
S,: Sn> 2 on(0,/2) 20

110 110 110 120

(a) Both S, and S, are true (a) (b)
969
(c) (d)
939 739 759
(6) Both S, and S,are false
7. If f()=fedt where (0Sx<1), thern maximum value
(c) S, is true and S, is false
(d) S, is false and S, is true offr) is
(a) e-2 (b) e-3
(c) e-1
(a) 2(ve-1)
2, lim0 is equal to sin-1
x0
Jsin vadt 8. If | (7-4 sin 0) sin 20 in (14+ tan (sin 0) d0 is k, then

1
960k
(a) 1 (b) -1 is equal to
2 r'n 2
(c) 12 (d) 5
((-2)x* + (n-1(a + b)x+ nab) (a) 11 (b) 10
3. dx [(1+7)
(x+a)' (x+b)' sin-'(sin x) + cos" (cosx)
dr=i
9.
-4
(a) (b)
2(a-b) 2(a+b)

(c) (d)
b+al +b [-1 denotes greatest
2(a+b) (a+b)
tan-l(where, integer

4. Let f) be positive, continuous, and differentiable on function), then number of ways in which a - (2b +)
the interval (a, b) and lim f() =1, limf(x) =3". If distinct object can distributed among a-5 persons
equally, is
S)2f)+ f()
then the greatest value of b
-a is 9 12! 15! 10!
(a (6)
(41) (c) (a) (69 x3!
(3!9) (s!
(a (6) (d)
48 36 24 12
10. The value of equals
1(2013 V2013
5. If (a) n (b) n! (c) (n+ 1)! (d) nn!
r
ol 11. Ifa, b can c are real numbers, then the value of

o then k= lim ln equal

t0

(d) 20132011 (a) abc ab bc Ca

(a) 2013 (b) 2013! (c) 20132 (c) (a)

Caleulus
316

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 JOIN TELEGRAM @CBSEIANS

+2}+(*+3) (* +4)dr, (where. MULTIPLE CORRECT

L=({r+}{r
denotesthe fractional part), then 1, is equal to 19. dx
1
1
2 (1+x)(1+)
() (c)
3
(a
4
then:
o1+x (c) is same as d
(1+x)X(1+x)
(6) I<1,I,>1
() 7,>1,1,<1
1<1,<l, () I,<I,<1 (d) cannot be evaluated
. ) [0, [0, 0) be a continuous function such that
1ef: 1] dx following
20. then which of the
If I, d+yinEN,
r=10.Which ofthe following statements is NOT statements hold good?
–
(a) 2n I,.-27 + (2n 1) I,
necessarily true?

dtsi0
(6) I,=+* 4
5
(c) (a) 1, =
4= 8 4 16 48
() 10s sin(l0:)f(:)d* s 10
21. Iffx) is integrable over [1, 2], then j so dr is equal

to:
reasi00 - ž6)
(d)
(a) lim. (b) lim
n ,nt1
.Le ,
15

h=d, I-}t then

(c) lim
1 n
(d)
(a) I, =21, (b) I,=21
() 1-12 (d) I, =, 22. 1,
=
3n+1 3n
rn
nen n e
41 r=2n+1 +n2
d equals:
16. IEfu)= + Sx-1 then
Jr+5f'(a) {1, 2, 3...}
(a) I, >In 2 (6)

17.
(a) 0
The value of
(b) In 2 (c) In 7 (d)
9) 2

() S, >n
2
2
1 k+1
is
lim 23. If y
=f) and y g) are symmetrical about the line
non
a+ß ,then |f(*)g(*) dr is equal
k=l

(a) 1 (c)
2
(d) -1 X=
2
2016
I8. Let I(n) = xcos' (*-2016)dx (6)
2016
(T+4032)r
Statement 1: ()
4

=
2016 so both respectively
Statement 2: limnl(n) 3 (a)
are
(c) FT (d) FF
(a) TF (b) TT

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24. .
+ed is less then
x cos nx dk then
29. If U, = cos"
(a) 2 (b) 2e+ 2 (c) et-+2 (d) 2e 0
(b) U,, ..are in G.P.
25. Which
e e (a) U,, U,... are in A.P. U
of the following option (s) is/are incorrect?
+ (c) Uioog101 (d) Un = 9210
(a) sin(&nr) cos(&nx)l

COMPREHENSION BASED
Comprehension (Q. 30 to 32): If function Jx) is continuoe
in the interval (a, b) and having same definition between a and
b, then we can findS)dx iff«) is discontinuous and not
()
same definition between a and b, then we must break the
TL/6 interval such that f) becomes continuous and having same
() [ Vsin x(8–34sinx)dt > 8 definition in the breaking intervals.
9 Now, if fx) is discontinuous at
+
x=c
(a < c< b), then
1
TC/3
tan x -dx < [s)dr= [s)ds and also if f2) is
r)dr
4
/4
discontinuous at x = a in (0, 2a), then we can write
=
26. Let f(a)
= +1, 0<xs1 f) dx
a-x)+ f(a+)} dr
|2x*-6x+6, 1<xs2 and
On the basis of above information, answer the following
questions:
g)=|f()dr for te [1, 2]
30. dx (where [.] denotes greatest integer
Which of the following hold (s) good? Jo+1
function) is equal to
(a) f) is continuous and differentiable in [0, 21
() g) vanishes for t= 3/2 and 2 (a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 5 (a) 10
(c) g() is maximum at 3/2 31. sin(x] + [2x)dx (where [.] denotes the greatest integer
(d) g) is minimum at t= 1
function) is equal to
2014
27. Sinl Sin2
(a) sin 1
(6) sin (d)
2 3
then 1
32. | (where [.] denotes the greates integer
(a) A=l (6) -3
3 functions) is equal to
(c) u=2014 (a) u= 2014! (a) -3 (b) -2 (c) -1 (d) 0
28. Let fbe a real-valued function defined on the interval Comprehension (Q. 33 to 35):
(0, on) by f(*) = Inx+)V1+ sint dt. Then which of the
Consider f)= n+xcos 0)

cos d.
0
following statement(s) is (are) true?
33. Range off(x) is
(a) f") exists for all x e (0, o)
(b) f'(c) exists for all x e (0, o) andf" is continuous on (a) (0, T) (6) (0, r²)
(0, o), but not differentiable on (0, o)
(c) There exists a > l such that |'()| < f()| for all (d )
xe(a, o)
B >
34. The number of critical points of fx), in the interior ol
(d) There exists lsuch that )+o))sB for all domain, is
xe (0, 0)
(a) 0 (b) (c) 2 () infinitely many
1

318 CalculuS

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 JOIN TELEGRAM @CBSEIANS
at
. 0
discontinuous 44. If N)then a+b is
is continuous but not ditlerentiable at x
|
i)
)
NTEGER TYPE
continuous at
dittèrntiable
x0
atl 45.
1=, IniS
(1+X1+"n
dx
)
-(ne M)= then -
x
46. Find the number of values of
satisfying
| represent greatest
sin(r -)dt = in [0, 100].
integer function,

. Letfbe a positive function. let, 4,

=|(1-)] dt.
47. (where [:] is G.I.F.) and }
where 2k -1> 0.
Then is:
,=l-dr, fractional part of x

y=
=r-+x+-.
1
Considera parabola and the point F(0, 1). 48. Let f() Find the value of
3 4 2 4
Let4, (yhA, (y).A, (ayd4,y) ae where [] represents greatest intege
k
=
a' points on theparabola suchasaj>0and ZOFA, 2n function.
.., n). Then the value of p(x) be fifth degree polynomial such
t
(k=1,2, 3, limFA,, s 49. Let
p(x) + 1 is
divisible by (*-1)° and p(r)- 1
is divisible
+2 +3..+(2n)]-[1 +2 +..3n]3 Then find the value of definite integralP(
10
39. If lim (x+ 1)°.
t +2 +3..+(4n)] 2.5 -10
then a +b is
If.f)=r+f(9' +r*yODGy, find
f

50.
then 3[1+ p] is

where(-) is G.I.E 119

then ß
-a=
3fsin(Vydr
41, lim
S1. If I xdx and

=x then find
42. If e where g))
dr, then
0 0

3g'(2)
are continuous
Suppose that the function f, g,f" and g' is equal to
€ = 0,
over [0, 1], g(x) 0 for x [0, 1], f(0)
52. g)=x)-2+f")+4x(f0) +6) +4
2023 and g(1) =1. Find the value of the
&0) =e f)=-
2
definite integral, and h(r) is defined as h(x) = 0sxS
(r-6 +20, 6<*=
g'(*) then h(2) + h(S) + h(7) is

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CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS (CTOS)

x dx
1. Evaluate the iterated integral 1 -/2
sin(y°)dy du. 7. If 1=[
r-(+x)·log, then I is equal to
0 x/2 1+x
2. If f)=x+ [rr+)f()dt, then the valuc of the (a) -log (6) -log!
definite (c) log? (d) None of these
integralf()dt can be expressed in the form
8. Iffr) is a continuous function in (0, T] such that f(0)
of rational
as.Find (p + g). (wherep and q are coprime f() = 0 then the value of
numbers)
3. If the value of the definite integral ex)+f"(2x) sin x cos xdx is equal to
(a) t (b) 2Tt
(c) 3Tt (d) none of these
9. Let f: R a
R be continuous function and fr) =
dx= f(2x) is true x e R. If f(l) = 3, then the value of
where a,b, ce N in their lowest form, find the value is equal to
of (a + b+ c). (a) 3/0) (b) 0 (c) 3/(3) () 6
10. The value of a
the constant >0 such that

vkir -
4. Let A= B-[abc] and tan J cot" ldt, where () denotes the
6x
greatest ineger function, is
(+2)° 5x
2x
C= (r+2)² be 2(3+ cos 4) 2(3-cos 4)
5x 2x three given (a) (6)
2x (r+2)? 5x (1-cos 4) (1+ cos4)

matrices, where a, b, c and x e R, Given that 2(3-cos 4) 2(3+ cos 4)

tr(AB) = tr. (C) VreR, where tr.(A) denotes trace of 4. (a)
(1- cos 4) (1+ cos 4)
Inx TtIn p 11. Iff) is continuous functions f:[0,1] R satisfying
If Jo ca + ax+b-dr= where are coprime, then

find the value of (p+ q). find value of

2014
2 2014
1
5. If -lim f2024)
506 n
then
12. Let n be an odd integer greater than 1. Iff) is a continuous
(b) =3 functionf: [0, 1]- Rsatisfying

(c) =2014 (a) p=2014!

6. Given an odd function,f, defined and integrable everywhere,
jy =,n
dt k
=1,2.. -1, find the valued
periodic with period2 and let g(*) = [S()dt.Prove that
() g(2n) =0 for every integer n
(i) gis an even function periodic with period 2 n'

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fyou can't erplatn i simply, you don't understand it-well

enoughAbert Einstein

8
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

INTRODUCTION
JOIN In numerous real-world scenarios, for example a physicist who is aware of a particle's velocity
CBSEIANS may wish to know where it is at a specific moment. An engineer with the ability to gauge the
On Telegram
fluctuating rate of water leakage from a tank is intrigued in determining the total amount of
leakage over a specific duration. In each case, the problem is to find a function Fwhose derivative
is a known function; if such a function F exists, it is called an antiderivative off.

Interactive Demonstration. ANTIDERIVATIVES

Drag any point to investigate
DEFINITION: A function Fis called an antiderivative offon RifF()=) for all x in domain off).|
the tangent lines of the
function family, + C. Let us explore the antiderivative concretely by letting f)= 2x. Then we can readily determine
that the antiderivative offis the function F() =, ie. F()=f). However, the function F()+1
=+1 also has fas its derivative:
d d
F)+)=+)=2x
In fact, any function F() + C=+C for some constant C has fas its derivative:
-3 -2
d -(F()+C)= d
-(+C)=2x
It comes as no surprise to us that the graphs of the family of functions F(r) + Care visually just
vertical displacements of F(). In the particular case when F()
+
graphs of the family of functions F() C such that at any x
=, we can also see with the
point the tangent lines are parallel,
i.e. the tangent slopes are the same, i.e. the family of functions has the same derivative f(x) = 2x.
Indefinite Integral: The set of General Antiderivative: If F is an antiderivative offon an interval I, then the most general
all antiderivatives of a function
antiderivative offon I is F(r) + C where C is an arbitrary constant.
) is the indefinite integral of
with respect to x and denoted Particular Antiderivative: By assigning specific values to the constant C, we obtain a
family of functions whose graphs are vertical translates of one another and these are refered
as particular antiderivative of f.

Iustration 1: Find the most general antiderivative offr) = flr)=is In x+ C on any interval that
doesn't contain 0.
In particular, this is true on eachof the intervals (-o, 0)
Sol.
Recall d n)=.So on the interval (0, co) the general
and (0, co). So the general antiderivative offis
1 = fnx+C, if x>0
antiderivative ofis lnx+ C. general antiderivative of F() In(-x)+ C, if x<0

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INTEGRATION ASINVERSE PROCESs OFDIFFERENTIATION
JOIN
@CBSEIANS Method of indefinite Cocfficients
of differcntiation, if we are providcd with
h
We know that intcgration is an inversc procesS
OnTeleqram
derivative ofa certain function and nsked to find the original function and bby observation we can

is USod
identity the gencral form of original function thcn the method of indcfinite cocfficicnts
Ilustration 1: /= ((r+Sx+7)dkr
Sol. Let
r +Sx+7)d:= (a4,r* +a,rt..t+ a,)+C
PObsered Further, using antiderivatives = na, + (n- 1)
a,r2+...t a =+ Sx
+7
Provided with the polynomial Comparing cocficicnts and power ofx
P) integrals of form, 1
5
|Pr) dt we obtain a function n-1=2n=3 and na,=1 »a,--1)a,=5a,=
2
(1-24, =7
and 4,=7

of the form 0() where ) is Rest all the terms will bc zero
the polynomial of the degree
one more than the polynomial +7x+C
P), the essence of which is
explained by the Ilustration 1. Illustraion 2: Evaluate: I= (3r-17)edr.
Sol. = (Ar +
Bx'+ Dx+E) +C
(3x-17)edr
Differentiating the right and the left sides, we obtain
(3r– 17)er=2(Ax+ Bx² + Dx+ E)er +e(34x2 + 2Bx + D).
Cancelling e, we have
2lobserve)
3:r-17=24 + (2B + 34) x + (2D + 2B)x + (2E + D).
|For the mtegrals of the form Equating the coefficients at the equal powers of x in the left and right sides of this identity,
P(r) ed we obtain a
function of the form 0) e,
we get
3=2A; 0=2B + 3A; 0= 2D + 2B; -17=2E + D.
where Q) is a polynomial
9 77
of the same degree as the Solving the system, we obtain
polynomial P().
The essence of which is explained
2. n
Hence, f(3r-i7)edr +C.
by the lustration

Illustration 3: Evaluate: I = (r + 3x +5) cos 2xdr

Sol. Let us put ( +3x+5) cos 2x dx =(Ag tAx+A,) cos 2x + (B+B,x+ B) sin 2x +C
Differentiate both sides of the identity:
+3x + 5) cos 2x=-2(4,+A,x + A) sin 2x + (24 +A,) cos2x + 2(B,+ B,x+B
cos2x + (2Bx+ B,) sin 2r
The method of indefinite coef-| =[2B,+(2B, 24,)xt (4, + 2B,)] cos2r + [-24,+ (2B-24,)x + (B, - A,)] sin2:
+

|ficicnts may also be applied to Equating the coefficients at equal powers of x

in the multipliers cos 2r and sin 2x, we ge
a system of equations.
|tegrals of the form 2B, 1; 2(8, + A,)=3; A,+28, =$
sin ar a, axd, Solving the system, we find
P) |P)cos -24,= 0; 2(B,– A,)= 0; B, -24, =0
1 3 3 9
The csscncc of which is cxplaincd
by the Ilustration 3.
Ao=0;,Poi4-i,i4,-,= 4
Thus, (+3x+5) cos 2.xdx

238) Caleul

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Elementary Integral Table-1

(artby
far+b)'dr= -+C, n #-1 7.
(see' x dx =tan x+ C
a(n+1)
x+1
cosee' x de- cot x + C
particularly,
*d n+1
+C,n*-1 8.

dr
+h a
.=n
|ax+b |+C 9.
secx tanx dx= secx+C

= In cosec cot x dr= - cosec x +C

particularly, (-d |x\+C 10
x

1 aPkte

p Ina
-+C, a>0 11. drtan- +C
a
particularly, Ja' dr at
+C (a> 0) = sec'(x) +C
In a 12.

=-e +C articularly, e' dr = e +C 13.

sin(ax +b)dx = --cos (ax+b) +C = cos"

14.
-JTadx
va'-*
+ b) +C
l|cos (ax +b) dx =sin(ax 15. =-coSec x+C

Algebraic Properties of Indefinite Integration

Let fx) and g(*) be two integrable functions. Then the following results hold:
1. [af(r) dx = a|f() dx where a is an arbitrary constant.

d =
2.
jr)*g)Ja= f)d+[r)a. 3.
[Us)s)dar f(gt) +c.
SOLVED EXAMPLES

. Evaluate: (1+ cos 4.x)

2. Evaluate I= -
(cot x tan x)
-dx.
2 cos 2x
Sol. .sin x.cos x dx
cos x-sin x

-Jsin 4x dx =-cos4x+C.
3. Evaluate I=
sin x.cos“ x
Uâng +C Sol. Transform the integrand in the following way.
-+C= 7 + +
n+1 sin x+cos* x

22 sin xcos x sin xcos² x

= sec²x+ cosec²x

*0-27 +C Hence /= (sec² x+ cosec' *) dx = tan -

cot .r +c.

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4. Evaluate
[3r''(l+' )dv.
Sol. Here
3r(0+) is the derivative of +
(1
..= [3x'(1+**dx = (1 + c. +*2y?
5. Evaluate cos 4x cos 7x dx.
S
in5 (5 In
Sol. When solving such problems it
is expedient to use the
following trigonometric identities: [(ae)'dk= (ae)
(0) Ja'e'dr = In(ae)
+C
sin(mr) cos(nx) = (1/2) (sin(m
-n)x + sin(m + n)x], cosee xdx
sin(r) sin(nx) = (1/2) [cos(m –n)x- cos(m + n)x], 8. Evaluate see* x
cos(mr) cos(nx) = (1/2) [cos(m n)x+ cos(m +t n)x].- + cos
(sec* x coscee' xdx [ sinx
=
Here cos4x cos7x=(1/2) [cos(3x) + cos
llx] Sol. x sin cosx
[sin3x sin
»-(cos coslix)dx =. lk+C
-o
3x +
a3 11

6. Evaluate dx sin x
(0) J1+
sinx () J7+ sin x-dx f(se? x+cosec')dx = tan x - cot
x+C
Sol. () dsin x -Sin x
cosec x + tan x + sin
Jt
-
Cog? 9. Evaluate
sin x
|(sec² x-secx tan x)ds = tan x - sec x +C. =
Sol. Given integral Jcos eex dt + ] tan x Secx dr + jsiax
= (Sin
(i) Here ( Sinx dr
x+l-ld =- c0t x + sec x coS x + C
1+sin x
1+sin x

10. Evaluate J
x-1
dx =x- (tan x– sec x) + C. x
+x-X-1
(a) 2*-g*-1 -dx (6) [ae' ds(a> 0) Sol. dx (-1
7. Evaluate
J--1 -1X*
=-|)+x(*-1) dx

Sol. (9) [-s-i 10* (x?-1)[+1+x]

+* +)ar=((o-x+ Jás

DIBY 8,1
Integrate the following functions:
4-5sinx cos 2x- cos 20.
1. 2, 3. Va+
cosx cos
xcOs
4. 5. 2x-3 cos x
+ et
sin'x
+ cos' x
7. dx 8. s
1+
10, +3 11.
í2.3"" dx
(when m, n e )

METHODS OF INTEGRATION
ouch moment If the integrand is not a derivative of a known function, then the corresponding
found directly. Following methods can be used so that the integras
integral is reduced to the stanau
Body = Boy C
+
1. Integration by direct substitution 2. Some special integrals
3. Integration by parts 4. Integration using partial fractions.

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5. Indirect and derived

substitution 6. Integration of trigonometric functions
I. Eulcr's Substitution, Reduction Formula and Integration Using
Differentiatton
fintegrating with
transformcd te
, INTEGRATIONBY DIRECT SUBSTITUTION
t tnSto SOis With
respect to

rhe integral is of
theform (f(g()g'() dr, then put g(r) - , provided | f()dt exists.
c. dg(x)_
Ko)) + gx) =1 so that the integral
[f(s())g'()dt become
[fod= Jrod.
d

Elementary Integral Table-2

+
lisa(ar +b)dr =--cos(ar b) +C
2. Jcos(ar +b)dr = sin(ar+b) +c =sin (a+b) +c
[tan(ax+b)dt seclar + b|+ c lcot (ax +b)
a 4. dt=In sin lax +b|+C

esz dt= ln sec x + tan

x+C OR In tan++C
6.
fose x dr = injosee - cot xf+e OR In anC
lOR -n sec x- tan x +C
OR -In cosec x + cot x
+C
SOLVED EXAMPLES

Evaluate
d Sol. The given integral can be written as (after dividing
1.
cosec numerator & denomiator by x)
r-cotx
dx
Let
cosec X - cot x
rlcosec x+ cot x) dx x + cotx) d:
cosec* x- cot" x =|(cosec
+log |sin+C= log (1- cosx) t c,.

f+nx)? Diflreniaing ve
|2
Evaluate
-dx. gt--d
| Let 1 + Inx=tso that - dx = dt Hence
I= J7e+1]dttan
!
Now make one more substitution tan-t= u, Then
dt = fdu
du and I ==n|u|+C
3
+1 ,
Returning to t, and then to we have

Let Iny =t,Then dt =- dx. 15. Evaluate

Hence sin (lnx> - ar dr

I= (sint dt =-cost + C (a) x(log yj*> 0; (b)
Ttatx+b
*-cos(n x) + C.
Sol. (a) Let log x = t dr = dt.
(*-i)á Substituting in the given integral, we have

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(where f coS and dt -sin dr)

1

1-
-(log
m
x)" +c --n|r|+C- in+C In | scc
x+C
REMARK fcot x dx =|
cOS dr In |sin x|+C
x
sin
sin x =
For m=1, = log |log (By making the substitution of
-=log|t|+e x
+C
sec rdr
(c)
x + tan
=(Sec xsec Xr= n sec x+ tan
(b) Let I= sec x + tan x x+c
rtetk+b Where f= secx+ tan
x
and f =
SecXtan x+
Vr+a-x+b
-Ieatk+bVsta-z+b} Thus, sec x dt = In sec x+ tan x+C
(a-b)

a-bjlta-Vr+bjdát
(Osee x(cosec x-
cot x)
cosec x dx =
2 - (r+b)"]+c. () COsec X
-Cot x
3a-by+a'" = Inlcosec x - cot x\ wherej =cosecx- cot y

16. Evaluate
í++2 dr.
sin x
Sol. Let
xtr'+2 =p» e+2 =p-x Sin x

+2= p
+x*-2p x
19. Evaluate J cos x-cos(5x + 2)
-2 +p² -=x Sin x sin x
or dr = Pdp Sol. 2 sin(2x+ a) sin(3x+a
2p 2p'
cosx- cos(5x + 2a)
sin[(3x + a) - (2x + a)]
dx
2p 2 sin(2x + o) sin(3x+ )
cos(2x + ca) cos(3x + )
-*+da)-2 Vx+r'+2
1
+C -
sin(2x + a) sin(3x + )

17. Evaluate 1+ sin 2x dx

Sol. Vi+ sin 2rdx = [| sin x + cosx | ds 20. Evaluatecosr- cos'xdx, xe (0,Tt)
1-cos'x
3T
| (sin x + cos r)dr, 2nt-sxs 2nt+
4 4 Sol. I -[cos X-cosxke (Ncosxl-cos'rdx
cos x)dr, 2nt +:
7 1-cosx Vi-cos'x
-|(sin
x +
+Sxs 2nt 4 4 Vcosx sin x 3
cos
- + 3T
Fd (Let t= x)
sin x cos x +
2n
-*Sxs 2n
C,

4 4 V1-(cos x)?
– – 3T0 77
|coSx sin x +C, 2nn Sxs 2n+ then dt =cos? x(-sin x)dx 2dt =Vcosx sin
4 4 3
18. Evaluate
- 2dt
2
(a) ftan xdu (b) cot x de
cosec x de
therefore, I= sin+C
(c) sec x dt (d)

dk=
Sol. (a) tan x dk = [
COS X

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DIBY 8.2
following function:
arate the
cOST+
Sinx Cos sec' (log(x))
13.
4 4x +6 Is.
cOsrSinx sin'x.v1 x+3x +
100
16.

following Integral:
slbstethe

COS X
dx 19. [sec(* - a) sec(x -B)dr
cos(x-a)
COS x dr 21. sec* x 1
d
Sin x +sin'x 1=Jar x d 22.
/tan x(x+1)in,+1

25 26. d
e-1
SOMESPECIAL INTEGRALS
Some Standard Substitutions
Rer-orV-a,put For terms of the form+ a or put x = a tan® or a cot 0.
=0 sect
or a cosec0.
1.
Jr+a.
Va'
2. lfboth Ja+x, a-x are present, then put x = a cos/a cos 20.
Rre-tor or
uI=a SInt or a
cos.
3. For the type (Vr+tatx (xte-a'y, put the expression within the brackets t.
x+b =t.
-a 4. For the type (r+a)'i (z+b)'** or
1

(r+af
(n e N, n> 1), put

-b
Jsec-btan'0 1
5. For
-,
n, n, e N(and > 1), agan pur =t
(x+a)° (r+b)* r-b
6. For
-a
(r-a)(b-) Jbrput x=a cos?0 + b sin²A.

Integral Table-2 (Special 9)

2.

Vata?

9. (Va'- de=Va'-r+sin"+e
2 a

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243

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
dx
21, Evaluate
where a>0

Sol. Wc let x=a scc, where <0<z/2or x 0

Then dr=a sec 0 tan 0 d0

<0< 3r/2.
and 1
4x-3
=sin
=Na tan? e=altan =a tan 0
(3x+1)
24. Integrate (2x*-2x+3)
=
Sol. Here(2x- 2x+3) 4x-2
-2)+143
3x+1 -dx =
Therefore H
a sece tan 9 d
.1=}-2x+3 |
(2r-2x+3)
a tan 9
=Ssec9 de = n sec®+ tan e +C 4x-2
-2x+3
The triangle in figure gives

tan = Sec 0
-n(2-2+s) 2.2 x*-*+(3/2)
dx
So, we have d
+C
|a a

dx
1
22. Integrate
(2x+x-1)
dx
Sol. We have -a(2-2x+3)+
(2r-3)
25. Integrate
- (r*+2x+3)?
2 9
2 16 16 Sol. Here d +2x +3) = 2.x +2

1 3
1 14in 4 4 2x-1 (2r+3)
(+2x+3)? (r'+2x+3)?
2 23 x+-+
4 4 (2x + 2)dx -1
2r-1. (x*+2x +3) (x*+2x +3) x+ 2r +4
x+1|
1 Now let I, = d
23. Integrate I(x+1)° +21
4+3r-21) tan t, so that dx =
(Put x+1=2 2 sec²!di)

Sol. We have - dx V2see' t dt

4*3*-2r) (2 tan t+2) 4

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21)dt +sint cox]+C

x+1
8
e- Therefore sint = X+1
Now tan
x+1
:.l= +
+2x+3 4 x' +2x +3
and cost = V2-(x+1
J+2r+3) J(+2r+3) +.
8
from ()

=: -tan -1
x+1 x+1-4
Hence
8 4(+2r+3) 8

+- x+1 x-3 2
8 8
K(+2x+3)) +2r+3 4(*+2x+3)

DIBY 8.3
sluate the following integrals:
a
1
dx 31.
29. 30. r+)vi-x-rár
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
ference Order for the
function If u and v be two functions of x, then integral of the product of these two functions is given by:
t
hverse Trigonometric
function
= first function x integral of the second- integral (product
- Logarithmic function of of derivative ofthe first function
and integral of the second).
- Algebraic function
In applying the above rule care has to be taken in the selection of the first function (u) and the
- Trigonometric function second function (v). Normally following methods are used:
1. If in the product of the two functions, one
-Exponential function of the functions is not directly integrable
(e.g. In x, sin-x, cos-'x, tanr etc.) then we take it as the first function and the remaining
function is taken as the second function.
2. If there is no other function, then unity is taken as the second function.
Note 3. If both of the function are directly integrable then the first function is chosen in such a
ines, it may be necessary to way that the derivative of the function thus obtained under integral sign is
easily integrable.
by partsmore than once to Usually we use the following preference order for the first function.
dee the integration process.
(Inverse, Logarithmic, Algebraie, Trigonometric, Exponential) = 1 LATE
In the above stated order, the function on the left is always chosen as the first function.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

»=*-d-a' n(r+-a)
»I--a-a(r+*-ad) +e.

27. Evaluate sec 8d0.

dx
Sol. Let I sec' de
a

= seco
[see' edo-[tan (sec® tan @)/o

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sin'+C,
NN tant) ln ls tand
29, ivaluate -d,
2
vatuate substitution
8. tn{-+vit)a. Sol. Fist we make the
Sol. HeT we have only one lnction, If we take dt so that we
write
nvi-tt)as the tirst tnction and
integral as
las the svvnd finction then

can be evaluated by parts,

Now, this integral aking
and Vi as the sCcond function.
In-
the first function
la(-r+it)

2-3nr]+C.
9
- Returning to x, we obtain

Remember as a Result (RAR)

Ea In the integralgtr)e d, g) if can be expressed as g(r) =f) +f)th

(a sin kr - b cos AN) +C J[r()+) (o) +e

Jdr =

Some times we write p'()Tdr and in order to

(E evaluae

as the first
the integral by means of integration by parts, take
function
(a Cos h+ò sin br)+ C p'(x)

2.1 e
dr = +C.

e (sin x+ cos x) du =e sin x +C cos + sin 0

(b) 32. Evaluate cos 20 In |de.
a - cos-sin 0
(c) e'(cos sinr) dr =e' cosr+C
Sol. Let /= [cos 20 In cos +
sin 9
cos ecx(l-cot x) da
() e' cos -sin 9
=fe' (cosecx - cosec.x cot x) d=ecosee x+C
foos 20 in l+ sin 20
-

cos 20
31. Evaluate dr
28/
sin 20 2cos 20 2sin
(1-2r+x')
In
tsin 20 (sin 20 |

cos20
sl. Here
(fe,fe
(l+x'
Cos 20 |l+ sin 20

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1+ sin 20 tan 20 d0
2n
sin
cos20 34. Evaluate (*+1)2
2 1+ sin20
| scc
cos 20 20|+C, We
1

Sol. have

Ealuate J(xsin x+ cosx) d.

(r cos x)
dx
,Lalrcosx (*sin x + cos x) [Note that the integral of
1

is
(x cosx) (x+1)² x+1
-dx
(rsin x + cos x)°
xe
+f e' (r+i)de
(x+1)?
(rcos)
(*sin x + cosx) e-c=g*Itlxc=
x+1 x+1

(*
X Cos x
Sinx + cos r2||d
=el-+c=et+c=+C
x+1 x+1 x+1
Alternative Solution
We have - xe* (x+1)=d
-ISeCX
l(sec x + x sec x tan x) -1
cos x sin x + cos x (x+1)"
sinx+ ) .
-x Sec X rsec' xxsin x + cos x),
(xsin x + cos x) (xsin x + cos x) x+1 (r+11d
where f(1)
-XSecX
(xsin x+ cos x)
+ tan x+C. =e[f()+f()]ar,
=etc
x+1

9 REMARK

g Reducible to
efx) + f(*)dx, by a proper substitution

K Evaluate In x-1
Inx (Inx) Sol. x)?
(n
R Let
In x =t x=e and d= e'dt where t =In x;
et= x; edt dx
2t

where f=
+C
t Inx +C=. I+(In x
t+1
(n x +1

REMARK

Ye
(uv= u'y + uy where u, v are function of x
only | (uv) dx= J (u'v+ uv)dx > (uv+uv)dr = uw+C

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37, Evaluate *Sina

where r)
x+2sin cos "fr) +f()
Sol. : Given integral - Je'[f)+fjdr
I1+
+C=e', +C
- -e'f)
4r
*tan- Jtan a+fnà- xtan+c +|sg)ln(1
=
+Cthen g(1)-0)
38.
Sol. Given integral - J3nl +trd +
2.x

1+nr*- 6x 2x
Sol.
l+

1+x* = 3rIn(1+)2
(l-r-x

REMARK

=
Jef()--Dfr efy)-f) +
A)- n+(- 1y
po()) + C Where fNC) represents n" order deriativ

Proof: fe'f*Jåt =e'f)-fefods (By IBP)

-
ef)-ef)+fef)dt (By IBP)
=...=.. (continuing this process) = ef)-cf)+ ef()-.. +
(-1)en ) +(-1y |ef ()dr

Sol. e secxtanxdr
9!
40. Evaluate

=-e' sec.xl-eex- tan' x]

Sol.
-e'sec x- (see x + sec x tan² )}åt
1!
- secx
x+1 (x+ 1)* e[secx tanr]+C
2! 8! where f= secx and f =secx tanx
(r+) f"= secxtan x t sec³x, therefore,

e' sec x
tan'xdc
=Se2 (tan x -1]+C

j)= tan x– 1
then
41. If (e secx tan xdr =Sexf()+c
2

Calet
248)

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SREMARK

0e"g)=e"g) +
e0f)g{) - te') +fo)e())
Thus, fe f)g)jd= eg(r) +C
f(bx) + e"bf (bx). Thus,
(eaf(bx)+f'(bx) dr = etf(bx) + C

43. Evaluatc
-lår cquals
(a)

Sol. (e)
[e0+x-e*ldt - + (e"Yák
fe te xe(xe')ee-
- ete.ex +Cwhereg=ef= = +C I)

-(((tan )+())ds

g=x x+,g=x
shere
f=tarn (), xe +
C, wheref-
DIBY 8.4
Mgrate the following:

sin x 33. x In x, n-1 34. e (r-l) 35. e sec x (1+ tan x), 36. x (log x)
(1+x
1

bg log x
+

(log x)² 38. e sin x cos 3x

39. e* 1– sinx 40. +x+1
x(sinx – cos x) – sin x
1- cosX
42. e
1-x (1+?
sin x (x n x) x
Inx

Tabular Method/Short Cut Method

Iterative integration by parts can be completed in tabular form. As we know we
Ist function and integrate IInd funstion
differentiate
iteratively with propcr composition.

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Sol. Wing tabular method, taking algebraic function
d asI
Wing
tabular method, taking algebraic function as I sin 4Y
d cos4 x
dr 4
12x
e 4?
24x. COs4 x

20x 4
sin4 x
60x 4

120x cos4x
120 4

"Jrea= #ë-5ste+20re-60+120xe"-120e+C
(x
sin 4x
=r cos
4
4x4 *sin 4x 3x' cos 4x
4 4?
Evaluate:x 3sin 4x 3
cos
sin 4x dx 2 4r+C
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46. Ivaluate: e' sinxd

Sel,
2/(ninx cos)
(oin xcon x)
+
C

-sin

BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS
INTEGRATION
are polynomials, is
A
PK) where Px) and 0x) called
function of the form
Note
x+7
funetion. Consider the rational funtion oy-3) (3x + 4) 2x-3 3x 44
In case the degree of )
two Sractiong
(numerator) is not less than on LLIS, it is cnough to integrate the
Tointegrnte the rational function the known as method of partial fractions ta
that of X) (denonminator), we
RHS, which are casily
integrnble, This s
cary out the division of P) we write
fractions, first of all
In order write P(x)/0) in partinl
|by u) and reduce the degree ...
where binomials arc differcnt, and
then set
of the numeratOr, Qu) (-
a ... + BY
(a?t x + M M,x + N,
Mx M,x
N
P() +
(x•a
where
(r-a)
A, A, , A, M, M,
., M, N,, N,
. ,N, are
ral constants to be determinel

REMARK

are polynomials and

F(*) Gx) For all x Cxcept when Cx) 0. This impli
Suppose that F, G and
Qx) 0(x)
Frw) - G) for all x. (It can be concluded using concept of continuity)

SOLVED EXAMPLES

47. Evaluate dx dx
Jr+2)(+1)
Sol. We write -nl«+2) dx

Bx+C ...)
(x+2) (r +1) (x+2) x'+1
(ensure proper substitution)
or = 1) + (Bx + C) (x +
2) 48. Evaluate -3*'-3x-2
1
A(+ ..(1) dx.
x-*-2x
We now take =-2, x=0, x= 1,
x

Sol. Since the power of the numerator is higher than

is not valid for
(you may object that above eq.(i) the denominator, i.., the fraction is improper, we ha
so why should above eq.(Ö) be valid single out the integral part, Dividing the numerator";
N=-2,x),x
for those values? But eq.(l) is valid for Vx) denominator we obtain:

2 *-3a'-3x-2
This gives
-,BC-7
A

x-*-2x x(x-x-2)

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-dx
)REMARK
Her
(x+2) dx involving partial
x(x-2) (r+1)
s Somctimes problems
simple
fractions can be casily solved by
remaining propcr fractioninto simple substitutions. See the following example.
Epandthe ones

*+ 2 B 44
C
-2) (x+
x
1)
i x-2 x+1 50. Evaluate dx

Hence, .x +2
=- A(x- 2)(r+ 1) -
+,
Bx(x + 1) +
C(r - 2). J7-b(r-a)'
turn, the values 0, 2 - b= I(x-
Substituting, in and-l ofx Sol. Put x
a)
zee:ros of the denominator) into both sides of the at -b
(the b-a
Juality, we obtain dt.
1
t-1 (t-1}
Also x
-a= a-b and x-h=
(a-b)
t-1 t-1
Hence I= (t-1) (-I)' b-adt
(a-bj}' (a-b)} (t-1'
Etrtald-m|*-2-;nl*|+c.
x+3x+2
Evaluate
1

+3x+2 x(* +1)+ 2(x+1)

Here+1 (*+1) (+1'(r+1)
X-b
2 where t =
+r+1) (+1)
Hence, the given integral (1+x)
51. Evaluate /= x(1+xe'y?dr.

1
Sol. Let /= | lt)
x(1+xe")
(1+x)e*
ddn|x+I| +1
(1+xet =p, e(l +x) dx= dp)
+21 (where I= dx
J+ -Jp-bp?
dp

be found by putting x = tan

Ican dr = sec?0d0
A B C
al= Jcos'ede Let
(p-)p -++
(p-1) p p
sec
1=Ap² + B(p)
(p- 1) + C(p- 1).
ftcos 28 Forp = 1, p = 0, and p=-1,
-de 0,1
+-sin 20
2 2 4 A=1, C=-l andB=-1.
2r dp
1
x'+3x+2
a'+41+Hence, Jpr+)°x+) dx

= In
+
tan'x+ +C (P-)4+c
x-In|x+l|
2 x+1
= In

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DIBY 8.5
x+1
Integrate the following: sin x 47. (x-1)'(*+3)
48.
46. sin4 r
1
44. 45. 1+3e*+2e4
43.
3+21-<3 sinx(3+2 cosr)

Algebraic Integrals 4ac-b

4a'
Type-1: Here ax? + bx
+c:
dt
Type1: Ja+bxt+c 4ac-b? =tp', we have /=7tp?
Substituting x+=t
2a
and
422 dt
we
have /=
substitution as above,
dx Iype-2: Using the
Type2:)o
Var+bx +c + g)yar +br+c dk
Type-3:
px t
9di,
px
+9d, [(px
+bx+c
coefficient of ax2 + bx t c) + m.
we write px
+
q=l (diff. on

In these type of integrals constant term both sides

of
x
and the oit
Find I and by comparing
m the coefficient
identity.
to I=
Type-4: I= Nax'+bx+e dx is reduced
JOIN
@CBSEIANS ax' + bx +c
ax + bx+c
or
Type-5: Integrals of the type px“ + qx
On Telegram tr
qx + r) + N(2px + q) +R.
case substitute ax + bx + c=M(px +
In this independent functions
integration reduces to integration of three
Find M, &R. The
N,

we divide D

P) where p(r) is a polynomial,

Type-6: Integral of the type ax + bx+c
Type-6:
pl) linear polynomal where q(r) is a polynomiàd
a +br+c
ax+ bx+c and obtain
p) -=g(r)+ ax
+bx+c
ax +bx+c

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Comparing the coeficients, we get
cos
2sin 20- =4 l =-1, n=-1.
+ m

52. Evaluate J%-cos? 0-4sin

de. 2l =2,3
Hence/= -[(-2r+3)W4+3x-*
dr-[V4+3r-i
(4sin -1)cos
2sin 20-cos -de = -de
Sol. Let /= sin 0-4 sin +5
6-cos 0-4sin
Put sin =t
4t-1 -2[;5dt+"p-4+5
7 tan (-2) +c where (= sin 0.
-2 log|41+5|+ .

53. Evaluate (2x-4) 4+3x-x'dx m,

25
Write (2r-4) = (diff. of4 + 3x-)+ 8
Sol.
or (2x-4) = l(-2r+3)
+ m.

Cald

252
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DIBY 8,.6
lollowiny:
ratethe
( +1
50. 2.x+1
51. 52.
V7+6x-3r
54. (*+2) dx
Ta+2x+*

Integration of Irrational Algebraic Fractions

ype-l: Irational functions of (ax + b)l/n and.x can be casily evaluated by the substitution

M= ax +b. Thus
f(r,(ax + b)" )dx =

Type-2: For dx -, We x – -.
dx
substitutc, k=
(x-k) ax? + bx c +

+bx+c This substitution will reduce the given dt

integral to-J TeRt+C
Type-3:To integrate we first put x =
1 so that
d (Ax' +B)Ca? +D
+BNC +D dx -1/d tdt
Dr

Ar+B)C' +D a+BNci +Da+ BNC+

Now the substitution C+ De = reduces it to the form 2

(ar' + bx +c)dx
Type-4:To evaluate
ereNa+gr+h (dr +e)+gr+h
we write, ax' + bx +c =A,(dx+ e) (2fr +t g) + B,(dx + e) + C
where A,, B, and C, arc constants which can be obtained by comparing the coefficients, of
like terms on both sides. And given integral will reduce to the form
dx dx
f+gr+h (dr +e)
Integration of a Binomial Differential
The integral Jx"a+ be" d, wherc m, n,p are rational numbers, is expressed through elementary
functions only in thc following three cases:
Case-I: pis an integer. Then, ifp >0, the integrand is expanded by the formula of the binomial; but
ifp <0, then we put x=, where k is the common denominator of the fractions and n.

Case-II:
m+1
n
is an integer. We put a + bx =,
where a is the denominator of the fraction p.

Case-II: m+ is an integer we put a+

b =
", where a is the denominator of the fraction p.

SOLVED EXAMPLES
get D2rdt
Sol. Putx +l=#. We
/=
(-4)

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sol. Here r'+'+r-I

-i)2-r
-2 dr
Na+1+2
Putz
$5. Evaluate
(r-1Wa?+x+1
Sol. Put x- 1= l/t and dx=-1/Pdt. =-/2-
+ sin + log,
2+r+2
We get I = d dt (2x' + 5x +9)
N31 =
+31+1 58. Evaluate dx.
)+xtl + -
2r?+ 5x +9=
Sol. Let
A(x 1) (2r + 1) + B(*+I)
+ B) +
+A B+C +C
=.24 +x(34
24=2,34 B=5, +B+C=9»A= 1.B.
+ A

(2r'+5x+9)
Thus,
(x+1)/*+x+1
+1|
+c dx
x-1 2 12 dr
+x+1
dx
S6. Evaluate - dx
(*-3)' Vx'-6x+10
-4+xtl"Ta/2) +3/4
Sol. Substituting (r-3) =1/t dr=-1/Pdt where , dx

we get, dx
=6Jr)ett1
(x+1)
Put x +
1= 1/ dr =-1/2dt
d dt
'dt al,-4)p-+l =-6[
Jt-v2)+3/4
---[Ma
- In(t +1+ 1
--6 n (1-1/2+J(-1/2f +3/4]+e
)
2
In(+ 1+)tc
1

2
In ( +
i+f)-V1+F
2
te x+1
-6x+10 Vx-6x +10
tc, Hence, I= 4Na' +x+1+2in(1+x+x' tr-l
2(x-3)'

57. Evaluate (+*+x-1 dx.

-6In
1-x+vr'+x+l|
(r-1)2 x+l
DIBY 8.7
Evaluate the following:
dx dx
S5. fr+1y(M-x-Jar s6. ( 8 6
57.
[
(*+a (*-b)7 r+ix(x+)³
INDIRECT SUBSTITUTIONS
If the integrand is of the form jx).g(*), where g(*) is a function of the integral ot
put integral off(x) =1.

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SOLVED EXAMPLES

-d. 63. Evaluate

numerator = ,3/2
ecral of the 3/2
Sol. If x+=p then,
-
get, I=
M;We X

Evaluate
- x+ cos x
rsin
-dx
J9+16sin 2x
.

n+6
-+C= ( n+6
-+C
sin x+cOSx
xr- cos a) dx dx
-16(sin 64. Evaluate
+ sinx)dy
is sinr- cosx dt=(cosx cos
dt
1 Sol. Here
I= +
cos
(x= asin, de = acosd0)
sin

[cos -sin e
Is-4(sin x-cOSx)+c -a0+sind + cos0'
40
|5+4(sin x–cos x) + cos
=0+In(sin
@ 0)
+C.
dx
saluate
J(x+1) -sin-1 +In yx+va - +C.
2 a
d dx
65. Evaluate I= /x(2+Wx) d

)
Sol. i=[(2+x² dt. Here p= 2, ie. an integer.
then pX=dp 1 4
+
I=ja+ 4x2+4) dx =lr+4ró 4x³) de
Zlog, +1
n p n p+c=-log.+C. 7
t3, 24 x6 +3x3 +C
11 4
7
1Evaluate
dx 11

a+w) -r)
66. Evaluate -d:.
Let/=
dx

2 1 1

Sol. I=[x 31+x3)? dt.

--
1
fNx=sinp, then Fdx = cos p dp
2vx Here m=
2sin p cos
pdp dp
1+sin p)
sin p cos p 2)d+sin p) m+1
=1, ie. an integer.
fsin Cos p
p)d p.-2{ (sec' pdp -[(tan psec p)dP}
3

-
*2(an p sec p) + C Let us make the substitution. Hence,

*2 2(V-)c. |=6fPdt =
2r +C= 2(1+x')² +C.
13

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DIBY 8.8
x tan(')
Integrate the following: a , (a>0) 62.
sin(2tan) 1+x
58.
1

59. 60.
Ja-x 61.
Vatx
x+* 1+

63.

Algebraic Twins
DERIVED SUBSTITUTIONS
integral as
Sometimes it is useful to write the
a sum of two related
integrals, which can be
substitutions.
evaluated by making suítable
are:
Examples of such integrals
2x 2
+1+ke')

SOLVED EXAMPLES,

67. Evaluate (r-1) dx

Sol. LetI= +1+5x
+) +1
I+*
I+(1/*) 1-(u*)
Sol. Let I=|
P+(*)+s2+(ux)+s
dp
Let 2
1 1
= dt

1
1 For I,, we write
x
-t»(1+) dr
-sec"
dt tan
1
x-l:
68. Evaluate ,d.
Sol. LetI= x+1
For I,, we write x+- =t
dx.
x*-+1

Put x– dt
tan
P+3 V3 /3
c.
i-li-'e- dt = tan t+c= tan Combining the two results, we get
1-4,-Ly2
1 (x+1/x)+C.
69. Evaluate +5xgdr. =

Cal
256

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Trigonometric Twins

|Vtan x dk, [Vcot x

1

dx, J(stn' x+
cos'x):
tsin xt cos x
-dx, -dx
a+bsin x cos x
Mehod of evaluating these inteerals are illustrated by mcan of thc following cxamples.
SOLVED EXAMPLES

Ealuste
vtan x de.
Sol. Here 2 cos xdx rcos x+ sin
xdr+. X-Sin x -dx
COS

= sec2x dx=2t dt dx= 2tdt +4sin2x 3+4sin 2x 3+4sin 2x

Put
ttanr 1+t
= 2tdt (cos x + sin x) dx (cos x-sin x) dx
al=|Vtanx dr cos
3+4{1-(sin x–cosx)')
1+ x+
'3+4((sin x)'-1
In the first integral put sinx -
cosx = t, in the second
integral put sinx +t cosx = y, and proceed.
This can be solved by the method used in IIlustration-16. Similarly, we can solve integrals of the type:
1
4 .
1
Evaluate
sin
-dx a sin x + bsec x -ax,ncos x+ q cOsec x dx
-dx =4 dx
LAI=4n
sin x+ cos x ( 73. Evaluate
sin" x+ cos* x 2sin x + secx
tan'x+1) cos x (anx+1)secx dx cos xdx
Sol. Let, I =
=4
(tan x+1) cos dr (tan' x+1) dx 2sin x+ secx sin 2x+
X + sin x+ cos x– sin x dr
1

Now, put tanx = ELCOS

sin 2.x+ 1

1+ sin 2x 1+ sin 2x
Now, put - =z COS X + sin x cosx- sin x
dz
-,-(sin x -cosx) 2
(sin x+ cos x) dx.
tan! 2 Let u = sinx cosx andy=sin+
–
cosx.
Then
/ - N2-u
1an--1/t 1
-
tan
tan x-1/ tan
xC. 4/2 W2 +u 2v

W2-sin x+ cos x 1
2 Evaluate 2cos xdx
J3+4sin 2x W2 + sin x- cosx 2(sin x + cosx)-+C.

DIBY 8.9
erate the following:

Jeotx x'+1 67.

sin 2x
65. 66. 68 69.
x+3x +9 ( pcos´ x+ q sin² x 1+cotx
sinx
sin(x
+a)

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TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
INTEGRATION OF occurrence:
some trigonomctric differentials offrequent which
We shall now consider means of simple trigonometric maybe
standard forms by
ntegratcd by transformation into
Note redhe

When both m and n even we

take Type-1:
advantage of reduction method
n are rational numbers
which will be discusscd latter.
I. Jsin"xcos"xdr.where m and
substitute = cosx
Ifm is odd number. then
substitute t= sint
Ifn is odd number, then
m, n are rationals.
do Let J sin"x cos"x dx, where
dt -= dx
=
tan x then dt = sec x
dx or
let 12

1+1

It can be evaluated if = is non-positve integer

SOLVED EXAMPLES
74. Integrate Jsin 8x sin 3x dx
-2-sin"x+
Vsinx
Sol. sin 8x sin 3x= (cos 5x- cos 1lx), and so here
a
-2, b=–4 and c=7 :. a+b+(
sin 8xsin 3x dx dx
76. If then Kf(1) equals
1+x? 3
- cosl Lx)dx = 1 ., dx = cos de
Sol. Letx= sin
-J (cos 5x
sin
10 -sinl Sx lx+ C•
cose 7
= Jsin 3
cos d9
3

then a t b
Vsin'x
m+n
+cequals Now -+1=-le Z

2
cOS
Sol. Xx, Here
n=5 (odd) 7

Vsin x

take t sinx, dt= cosx de

((-P
32
-dt = -2'+,
3/2
+C where t= tan 0
= =. dt
3/5 18r"dx dt> xdx
|8

2
Vsiny 2
Sin3/2y +
sin"x+C Here
xs)-K)-0=0
DIBY 8.10
Evaluate the following:
cos
5x+ cos 4x 72. [sinx cos'x dr 73. If I =
-17
cos
-7
find(a tt
71. dx
x+b tanx;
4 xsin 4 x a
1-2cos3x dx= cot4

Cales
258

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Type-2

Integral ofthe form d

can be evaluated by substituting.
a cos
r+h sinxtc
1= tan so that dt
=seed
2d 2tan I-tan2
= dx and sinx = 2 21 2
1+? COSK
1+ lan2r 1+2" |+ tan 1+
2

Type-3

Integral of the form dx r sin cos 0

can bc cvaluatcd by letting a = 0, br
a cosx+b sin x

o8X+bsin
x where a'+b =r and tan

Therefore,| d
a cosx+6 sin x
r cos sin 0+r
x
sinx cos

Type-4
lIn the previous article we have integratcd function of the type fx) = a cos x t b sin
coSx+b() sin x where a, b are constants. Now we can evaluate integrals of
the ype )cosr+hr)sin x

by expressing a(r) cos(r) + b(x) sin x as cos (x ± g)) or sin (r so that we take
t g(r))
x* g(r) =t.
Type-5

GSpecial Cases If dx,

cos“ x+b sin x cosx+c sinx
a

dx
To integrate the integral of this type, multiply numerator and denominator by sec² x and put tan
tbsinxa+bcos´x x=t. Type of integrals are to be evaluate then we multiply both numerator and denominator
by sec2x and put tan x = t.

SOLVED EXAMPLES,

dx 78, Evaluate +2)

/=
1.
Evaluate
4 sin x
-5 cos x 2+)xcos x-sin x
Here a = -4
4,
b=-5, tan@ =
5 Sol. x cos x- sin x cosr-.
Vx+1
90-tan-14 and r= V41
=yl+r'cos(*+a) where
Therefore,
,
COSCL=: Sin, = and tana =
dx 1
4 sin
x-5 cos X

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dt =|1t
X sin x t cosx 1+ 16r2

X COs x- sin x
Let 2' n 2+ In 2(-cosee°x)dx = dt
In2(2" - cosee'sldr = d 4 -dx

tan x+
tan t = (t+4) dx = cosec
1-(tan a) N COS -sin x
n-14-x? td
Sinl x + tan
4x
= ta
In 2
=iafanC where
f(s) 2
see't dt = tan t +C xsin x + cosx+C
·.I=f X

-sinx
XCOS
As
x0,1 :f«)1
79. Evaluate I= x+2 dx then 1
dx
(x cos x+sin x)*
81. Show that cosx+b sin?x ab
lan i/6
=
(where f(0) = 1), g(0) 0)
dx secx
Sol. Let t=X- tan-1 Sol. a
cosx+b sin" 2+6 tanxdx
Let t= tan dt = sec' x dr
x,

tan x
tan t =
x sin x- cos x dt
1 b -tan
tan x XCOS X + sin x b a
1+

=. x+1 XSiNx – cOSx

sec't +C
(xcosr + sinx)? XCOSr t sinx tan"
x ab
80. I= dx = Inf()| + C
4x sin x+ (4-*) cos x dx
82. Evaluate
cos²x-b sin'x
Where
C
is arbitrary constant then lim S(«)=
Sec? x dx
Sol. 4x sin x +(4-) cos x
=(4x +(4-x) Sol.
a cosx-b
dx
sin x =-an x

dt
r+ tan 14-2 t= tan x
where
Sin| x+ tan 4x
cosx+b sinx
4-**
1a+btl +Cl a

x
+C

Let t =X+ tan 2ab la-bt 2ab a cos x-b sin

4x
DIBY 8.11

Integrate the following:

1 x Sin x cos x
75. -dx
74.r+d3 coS
sin x d
76.
(a' cos x+bi sin' x
1 78. SIn.
77. J sin x+9
4 cos x sin 3x

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Type-6
The functions of the
form ctc. denotcd by R(sin x, cos x).
,COS.) d CoSx-sin x sinx(sin x+ cosx+)
N Integral of the form cOs x can
R(sin x, cos x) dx, where R is a rational integral of
sinxand
be transtomed into integral ofa rational function or by the substitution t = tan
Note
) R(sin.
, cOS
substitution 2 dt
This is also called universal substitution, In this case =de and
1

a
-SIn
then dt =secx o
1+
c
- cos x) =- R(sinx,= x.
SI) x=
21
substitution, sin
ANT/then
x,
1+2 1+2
- cossx) =R (sin
,substitutions
NR- sin
then
tan x

t should be noted that universal substitution ofen leads to very cumbersome calculations.
as) naicated below are the cases when the aim can be achieved with the aid of simpler substitutions.

SOLVED EXAMPLES
dx 1
3
Evaluate
sin x cos 2x:
-

+C= --Insin
1,
sin
x-2..
dx Sin x
dx
,3" 32 x+1|
sin x cos 2x sin x (2 cosx-1) 4 4 4|

dearly R ( sin x, cos x) = R(sin x, cos x) or by - 85. /-f(Van x + Vcotx)dx =

tan x+1dr
bservation we many expcct the direct substitution which Vtan:
ist= COs.X =
Therefore,
Sol. Put tan .x
(sec² r)dr= 2t dt or dr=dt
-dt
rr'+1 2r -dt du
=2)+V2
In +C
1 where
26t
-cosxL12cos *-1c l=tan!
2 V2
|1+cos * W2 cos x +1 x
tan
Vtan -Ncotx
W2 cosx -1|
l=/2 V2

salanh cos
x+1|
+C
86. Evaluate
cos
Evaluate COS X
dx de
sin x+ cos 2x sin /sin0-2 sin+2 sin 0-2sin +1 @

COSx COS X Sol. Clearly R(sin 0, -cos 0) =- Rsin 0, cos 0)

sin x + cos 2x
-ds =
sin x
+1-2sin x) let x = sin 0 then dx = cos 0 dO

early R(sin x, - cos x) = -R(sin x, coS X) Given integral = (|-) d

Therefore 1Jet
t= sinx. xvt-2x+2*-2r+l
ben dt dt ((-r*dr
I
=+tt1 xNa-2x +x-2x+l+x

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(1-'d ((-'dr

94cosec c9-i -1-(sin

DIBY 8.12
Integrate the following:
sin x+ c5 %2.
dx COSX 81. J 94+16 sín 2x
79. esecx+cOSx 80. J10+sin x -dx

Type-7 a cosx+h
x
a sin +b () dz
Integrals of form (í) J dx
(a+h cos x)'
(a+b sin )'
Numerator and Denominator by cos n
Can be evaluated by dividing both a co
and then put a secx
+ h tan
x=tfor first integral and
Sin“x for (i)
second integral therefore
a sin x+b
cosx a tan xsecx+hsec
a sin x+b
(a+bsiny2d= (asecx+b tan
x

(atb sin x
cosx
tan and dt = (a sec
x
x
tan + b sec' x) dx
x

Let t=a secx +b

+C=
Then, the given integral =; t
a sec x+b tanx a+bsin
a cos x +b cot xcosec x+b cosecx
-dx
(i) (a cosec x+b cotx)
(a+b cosr)'
dt where
t= acosec x
+b cot x =-+C= +C=
t a coseC x+b cot x 4+b os:

Type-8
facosx+bsin
x
fae* + be
Integrals of the form -dx;
cCOS X+d sin x ce + de

N= n(D) +
m
For (i); (ii) letting and

for (i); (iv) N'= l(D) + m(D) + m

acosx+bsin x+ dx
f
e

ccosx+dsin x+ f COsx +hsinx

Let /=[4
c +dsin x
cOS
-dx
x
( ae+be +ejy
+ fe +h
de Let a cosx +b sin
x=lc cosx+d sin x) + m
(c cos x + d sin x)
dx
c cos
xtd sin x) +
m(-csin x + dcos x) cos x (le + md) + sin x (la–

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comparing cocffhcicnts
of cos x and sin x, we get
lc +
md
alc mda
ld- mchld- mc
-h 0
Solving () and
(f) for l, m, we get
= bd 4 ac ad -hc
-hd -ac -da +
bc -2
thus, 4cOS x + bsin x
dy
x
COS
+dsin x
C

+dsin x)+ m(c cos +d sin x)

|dr =ljdr+
míY (ccosz-d sin x)r
CCOSx+d sin x
c
coSI +d sin r

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Evaluate
3cos x+2 Sin x+1 89. Evaluate : -dx
(b) L
sinx + cos X
(G+2cosr)2 4 (sin x42)2dt
-
1=f\29-71e de= 47i
(a) Here a=3, b=2, Sol.

Therefore, 3cosx+ 2 = Sin x

-+C
(3+2 cos rj2
1
3+2cos x
dx

(6) Here a =2, b=

1
2 tan 1-tan2I
S 1+:
1
Therefore,
= 1 1
1+ tan 1+ tan
na -5+j +C=. 4naytC 2 2

1 1 1+ tan
Showthat +C 2
-d
4na (ax + b)
1+tan+2 tan+1- tan
2 2 2
cos?r +C
(a-1)[a +bsin x sec2 X

a sin x +b\
2-dr
2+2tan
cos" x
=/asin r +b)cos"-²x cos“x
2
-dx=[
(a+bsin xy" (a+bsin x" Putting tan=
2
and
atan xsecx +b seC Xd cos"x xye -
(a secx +btan x)" (0-1)(a+b sin tC ,
dt we get

Note
(a cos x
+b) sin-x t+l
=
sin"=x
dx
(a+b cosx)" (n-1)(a+b cos.

DIBY 8.13
rate the following:
x +3sinx
84. (2cos dx
(16+9sin J4cosx+ 5sin x
x)

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Type-9 as folloue
dr can be cvaluatcd
Integrals of the form I=/Jasec xtb
asec? x
x*bd =f a
sce'
Nascc
let 7=Nasec²xtb dr=f-Jasee' xtb Vasecxth
xth
bcosx dx
asec* dr +[/(atb)zhsinx
-Tab)*ta tanx integral
second
and = sin for
x

tan x for first integral

Put= bdt
adt
Vlatb) + at' /atb)+br

Type-10
dx can be evaluated
Integral of the form cos r)
(a+b
a cosx +b the dt= -d)sinx:
lettingt=
a+b cosx
(a+b cosx)

SOLVED EXAMPLES

cotr+V4+3cot' a-sin/o
cOSx
90. Evaluate 2
sec'x+3 dx -nl/s 2
2sec' x+3
Sol. I =(V2sec' x+3 dx = ( dx
V2sec² x+3 2

2 sec' x 3 cosx dx dx
-dx+[ 92. Evaluate
(2+3sin x)'
V2+3cos x
cosx
x dt= secx dx ands= sin x
Let t= tan ds = cos x dx
Sol. Put t=
3+2sin x dt'= -5
(2+3sin x)

2dt 3ds 2+3sinx

s+2s-y now 2t+3t sinx=3+2 sin x

sin x= 3-21 ,
cosx = ,
3t-2 3t-2

d -5 cosx

=2 Z in tan x+W2sec' x +3+

sin (2+3sin x)? -[x
5cosx (2+3sinx)
-d

91. Evaluate 3 cot x+4 dx

Sol. I=W3cot? x+4 dx Vsi-s
= Jvscosec'x +1
=/|3 cosec'x-1)+4 dr d
3 cosecx dx (3+2sinx)² 5-5sinx
=dr+s
3 cosec'r+1 V3 cosec +1 -1= (2+3sin.r)'
(2+jsd
(2+3sin x)?
3 cosecx _dx+ sin x 3 cOS.r 2
Therefore, I =
V4+3 cot 2 x 4-cos? x S (2+3 sinx)

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2sin.
Scosxc
n+3sin
3+
. 2+3sinx +C 95. Integrate
1

-3cos.r +In3+2sin x+ \5 cosa 2+x-1)

2+3sin x) sE Sol. Wc have dx dx

n2+3sina+c
d dx
dx
Evaluate
(5+4 cosx)?
2 16 16
la~bl=1,in such moment we
can substitute

wmva'-b'tan t+3
444C
2 23 x++
1,3
Now,for the
above illustration substitute tan 3tan
sothat dr=2dt 2
|1-9 tan 9 sec? 2
2
$+4 cosx=5+4
1+9 tan 1+9 tan?z
2 2
dx
(6+4 cos x)? 96. Integrate (3x+1)
(2x-2r+3)
I=2[sec' t.cosectat where;
tan= 3tan
so.
dx
2 HereQe -2r+3) =
4r-2.
4 Evaluate where a >0
4r-)+1+
A We
let sec where 0
x = a ,
<0</2 or
n<0<3/2. =J-2x+3
3x+1
(2x-2x+3)
dx

Then du =a sec 0 tan 0

d and

-=a' (sec' o-1) 3

4 J2-2x+3
4x-2
2
1

dx
=a tan
=a tan 0 dx
3 In (2r*- 2x + 3) +
7 2.2x-+(3/2)
- In
(2r- 2r
+3)+} dr

Therefore d a sec® tan

| de =
3 dx
a tan 0 In (2r-2r+3) +
4
=sec de = In sec0 + tan +c
Ihe triangle in figure gives tan 0 = Sece

=In (21-2r+3)+ 4 1(V5/2)

a 3
tan
S0We have d =
In+
=
hs--ia a+C=
mk+-c 4
In (2r-2r+ 3) +
2/2
an-!

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DIBY 8.14
Integrate the following:
8s. (Ncosec'x-2 dr
86.

EULERSUBSITUTION
Euler substitution are used
to evaluate integrals of the formn R(,
Var
+hr
an.a
suggested by Euler, In
'removing' the radical. There are three specific substitution
term withx. We assumer
a 0
that and that the
them the ideal is to eliminate the if b = 0
the
Poly-
radical can be removed
ax +
bx + c
is not strictly negative. Note also that
trigonometric or hyperbolic substitution.
Third Euler Substition
First Euler Substition Second Euler Substition The third euler substition can
When a > 0 we iatroduce a new variable t by setting8 polynomial ar+ br + chas two different real be uged
Suppose the >0. In such case we get
Ja' +bx tc=rvatt roots, i.e.,
ar + bx+c= a(r- a)lx- B),
aB
Then ar +
bx +c=a+2xtva
+rf-c a - aß Jar +bx+ c = xt
b-21Va
Then we get
+hx+c=(r-a)tX= +Ve:
Thus the integral takes the form ?-a
O)dt ..) leading to the fom ().
where D() is a rational function and again the integral is reduced to the form(1).

SOLVED EXAMPLES

dx
Sol. Here C+ 1 > 0,
97. Evaluate I= +
+2x+2 put x
-x+1
= x =

1-x+l =e+1
Sol. Here a = 1>0, therefore, we
take the substitution 2(
r_21-1 dx= -+1)
J+2x+2 =t-x t+2r+2-(t-x X2-1
-2 +21 +2d:
dx= 2(1 +1)
X*2(1+) and x
+x -x+l
+4t +4
1+ +2x +2 =
2(1 + ) +20-2(-Dt
1-(t(t +
(t-1)t + 1)² (2:-1)
1X21

2 dt = f+3-2(0+1)
(1+t)t (1+1)((+2)
-6
dt 2dt -=In(l + 1) + 2
+C 3 dt
t+2
2
+1)-)|
In(x +1+ +2x+2)
+
-+C =2inl +1-2|t - 1|-ln | 21
-1|+C
x+2++2r +2 2

98. Evaluate
dx = In where t l+ yr-rl
/- +JR+x+1) l(-1°(21 -1) +C
DIBY 8.15
Integrate the following:
x dx d:
88
87. (x+2)/x'+ 4x+8
(2x+3)/-1
Cale
266

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INTEGRATION BY METHOD OF REDUCTION

It is used when an form of powers of
expression containing an integer parameter, usually in the
clementary functions or arbitrary degree
product of transcendental functions and polynomials of
f

as
(such sin"x, er", sin nx etc..) can't be integrated
" dirccty.
How to Find the Reduction
Formula
,
To compute the integral, we set 'n' to its value and use the reduction formula to caleuie
uG () or (n -2) integral. The hicher index inteoral can be used to calculate lower index one,
the process is continued repeated until we reach a point where the function to be integrated ca
De computed, then we substitute back the results until we have computed I,
Im,n g(x), ...m, n)dr where R is
RT(),
a real function of
f), g*), . and

m, n. This may be referred to as integral indices m

of and n.
, a of recurrence relation. In
CAdnple
O or
1,,. This makes reduction formulae type
otherwords the reduction formulac, express the integral (f(*, n)dx interms of
where k <n.

Reduction Formula for Trignometric Function

Note

sec xl +C
1.
Ifl,
-
tan"x d then, =
anx
n-1
-y-2,n22
a-h ,=
Proof: [tan" x dr = [tan"-² x ta² x dr
=tan x-x+C =f tan"- x(sex -)dr - (tan"- xsec' x - dr-4,-2

Note
tan"x
n-1
-n- n22 (or) , +,-2 = tan"x
n-1

2. [cot" ax then, I, cotx -n-2, n>2

-Inlsin x
+C
If,- n-1
then, I, -
sec"-2
3. If,- sec" x dx
n-1 n-1
Proof: , - sec" x dk = [sec"- xsee? xde Note
= sec"-2 x(tan
x)-[(n - 2)
sec"= xsec x tan x dx () I,=x+C
Note (i) I = Insec x + tan x+ C
sec-2
n-1
X tan
E"2n22
n-1

4. cosee" x dx then, , =
-
cot x cosec'
-2
If,- n-1 n22
Note
an also prove that 5. IfL= sin" x cos" x dx m, n being positive integers, greater than 1; then
"m, n
sin-1 m+1
sin"
m+n m,n =
m +n
m+nm-2,n Proof: m,n = sin" x cos" x dx= cos" x(sin" x cos x)dx
we get
Apply integration by parts,

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41
Special Cases
cos-r sinm+1 -J(n-)cos?-2,-sinr)sin
1, For n m
-dr
0, Im,n +|

IJsin"
then.
xdr
-1|
Sin m+1
Sin
1
xcosr
m+1 m+n
m+1
CoS t sin"-1
=lcos" x sin nx dx where
m
and n being positive integers, then
6. If,
4 m-1 cos x COS nx m
-Im-1,n-1
m-2M22
m+n m +n
2
For m=0,
, =sin(n
2
-)x +,-3
Ifl, - (cos" x dr 7.
If, = dx(ne N) then
n-1
Sin x
then. sin(n - 2)x
sin nx =2 cos(n -1)x+
Proof:
cos-xsin x
Sin x sin x sin x
-
=2]cos(n I)xd: + [SIn(0-2)
+7+1,-In-2n>2 sin x

s,-2n-i,sin(n –1)x +l,-g, n2 2

n-1 n-1

8. If neN and , = sin nx

dr then, , +1._=-20S(7-)x
COS X n-1

SOLVED EXAMPLES,
99. Evaluate x dx
sinx cos 101. Evaluate cosr
,= sin x sinx
sin x cos² x dx
Sol. Now, J,
6
cos4l2 Sol. Here m=-2, n =4
sin? x cos
cosx.sin'xcosX4I, :L,,=(Sin x)"'
6 4 -1
sin x cos x 1
x cosx x dx cos x sin x
cosx
6 +sin'
24 +cos²
sin x 4
sin x cos x
x cosx+
6
+-sin'
24
cos x -sin.x cos' x sinx cos.r
sinx -3| 2
sin x cos x 1
sin 2x cOSx
sin x coSx + + cos x
6 24 48 x 3 x cos x

100. Evaluate sinx cos x

dr
48
Sinx
-sin cos'x-sin --C
x 102. Evaluate ( Sin"x
Sol. ,s=
sin cos'x, 7 Cog
12
Sol, Here m
sin x
cos'x, 7 sin x cos x, =-6, n =-4
12 10 x cos
12
,aSin'
sin x cos'x 7sin x cos x -3
192 sin' x sin' xcosx
Now subtitue ,
12 120 =+
,
from previous example. 3cosx -1

268

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4 sin
cosx
+s(sin'xd Sol. Is, = fcosx sin 3x de
3
ts
4 sin:.+8 - sin x cOsx cos' x cos3x
sin'r
cos.x
1os 3 6
cos x cos3x cos* x cos 2x
A
sin'+8 sin xcosx, -

8 6
3cos 6
3os'x 6 cos x
cos' x cos3x
-+cos" x+ cos2x+ cosxPI,0
48
sin'x cos x 3 4
+
4 G sin 2x cos x cos 3x 5 cos 2.x 5 -
18 cos®x cos' x coS x
Fraluate cos' x sin 3ady 8 48

Reducation Formula for Algebraic Function:

then I, (2n-3)
+a'y (ata'y-'2(n -1)a? 2(n- 1)a'
Proof: Let dx
I,=J.
By integration by parts, we get
- I)ai, --
'a-+ g'ya-T *-j(2x)dx
(+a')
2(n
(+a'y-T(2n-3),-1
+(2n-3)
(a +a'y-12(n- )a²2(n - I)a? Where =tan-! +C
a

SOLVED EXAMPLES,

dx
+1)²82t; tan+c
Ealuate 3
7, 4)
4(¢
2.2-3 =Vrj2+3x)3
-tan -i+C.8a=3
+4922-),42(2-)4 82
11 dx
8 +4)tlan-z,+C
xdx
then value of m is

d tan' r-1+c then dc xdx

"JT+a 8x

t dt dt
=
Let =x-1 then 2t dt dx

Therefore,
2t dt dt
+12P2?anttan'+c
(+1'.2(2).1 2.2.1 4(² +1)°.2(2).1 2.2, 2yani+c

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Logarithmic Function

Note
1. If ,
Reduction Formula for
= (In )' de (m, ne N) then.
=

= (in x)*
Proof; a =Jx(In x)'dt
I, - (n x)" drne N)
then 1, = x(ln x)" - n.l,-1 TJnr)-'dr=*l,(ln.r)
m
.,(Inr" m+1! m +|
+1
Note
- 2 in two 2. If
, =d(ne N) hen ,3
|Replacing n by n n+1
above reduction formula we
get Proof: !,
--I,-2 E)
n-1 Theorem: If [red then I, =re-i(ne
a
Proof: For n e N,

=
Notethat
[dr= [ed= +c

'sOLVED EXAMPLES,

= x"dx -1 b tan x n b
tan
106. If 1 then m tan
a (a+b tan
Vax“ +o
then ma -n equals
L = A(x"-ax' + c) + cB Im-2 then B- A
B dx
Sol. By integration by parts (a cos+b sin x)
(a+b tan )

-2yar' te-J(m -)yar+cd Let = b tan x

> dt = b sec*x dx
2a
m-ar'+c 1
+6
a Var + c
-dt

tc.-(m-D|
-
Jax (m-DE-2
-dx +a' +b'-a' -.d
Jar' +c ( +a')
(m-1)e
(m-1)/ -1a-2
4

4m
m-1 1-*=m
B -tan

d
+ h
tlere, ma=
4
107.
a
270

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Inx
+* where k is 109.

constant then
a+c
intgral cquals where f(x)is a cubic polynomial with integer cocfficient
then middle digit of m equals.
let = ln x>x=e Sol. Isg
=f0+x'dt
+6xl+x)L+x)
o 90
x119.10.11.12
x)'
l+x) +(1+
10.11

a+c
Here a =4, b=2, c= 8.. =6 (l+x)' ,fo)+ C .. = 11980
9.10.11.12 m=9.10.11.12
Can we Integrate Continuous Functions?
Most of the function that we have been dealing wih in this book are what are called elementary
functions. These are the polynomails, rational functions, power function (), exponential
functions (a), logarithmic functions, trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions, and
rtance, the function all functions that can be obtained from these by the five operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and composition.

+2x-1
Consider f(*) =e. Since fis continuous, its integral exists, and if we
define the function

+In(cos x) - xesin24 F by F()=|e dt

F)=e*
E clementary function. Fisnot elementary function. This means that no matter how hard we try, we will never
succed in evaluating edx in terms of the function we know. The same can be said of the
following integrals:

Scos(e' )dk SVe+ldt

In fact, the majority of elementary functions don't have elementary antiderivatives.

Integral Method of integration

Substitution r) =t

Integration by parts
f(r)(r)dr = f(rxp()-J)/)dr.
=
[fg°()dr f(r)g""()- fg)+fre*(r)-..
+
(-9"r(l) +(-I" f"b)dr

Je"p.(oàr, where p(r) is a polynomial of Multiple integration by parts, we get ep, ()dr =
degree n

Mx+Ndr Substitution x+=

(r-4q<0)

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in the form of a sum of partial
Integrand is expressed fraction
a, where P) B
is a proper rationat Px) +..+
ftaction O) (r-) (r-}
Q1)(-,}(r-,)" M,x+N,
M,x+N, +...+ t...
(+pr+a) (r+pr+q)
common denominator of the fractions
where R
is a
rational Put x, where k is a

function of its arguments

ar+h
d, where R is a rational Cr+d
Cr+d
number of its arguments.
b
Mx+N
d By the substitution
x+ .=t the integra 1S
reduced to a sunm of

Ja'+bx+c 2a
integrals:
Mx
tdt dt
+Nd =
M]Jat' +m-+N Jat + m
Jar+bxtc
10. Write the equality
P() -dx, where P,(x) is apolynomial
P()dx -0.,()Var + br +c+ k[ dx
Jar+bx+c Var
of degree n.
ar+bx tc a of degree n - 1.
+bx+c
where ,-(r) is polynomial
11.
dx Substitution x-x, =

(-ar' + br +e

12. Ist case: Ifp is an integer,

(a+bx ' dx where m, n, p are
(a) Ifp is a positive integer, remove the brackets (a + br"Y according
rational numbers (an integral of a binomial
the Newton binomial and calculate the integrals of powers,
differential). (b) Ifp is a negative integer, then the substitution x =t, where s k

common denominator of the fractions m and n, leads to the integ

of a rational fraction;
m+l is an integer,
2nd case : If
n
an integer, then the substitution a +
w
applied,
n
1S
b=is
k is the denominator of the fraction p;

3rd case : If m+l +p is an integer,

IS an integer, then the substitution g +

b+sf
P
where k is the denominator of the fraction p.
13 |R(sin x, cos x)dr Universal substitution
tan=t.
2
II R(-sinr, cosr) =-R(sin x, cosx), then substitution coS
If R(sinx, - cos x)
-R(cosx, cosr), then substitution
I K(-snx, -cosr) = R(sin, cosr).
then substitution tan

272

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sin"xcos"xdr, where n
and are integers. substitution cos
mis an odd positive number, then apply the
x=.
x .
Tn is an odd positive number. apply the substitution sin
IS an cven negative number, apply the substitution tan
x =.
mTn
T m and n arc even non-ncgative numbers, use the formulas
1+ cos 2x
sin x= 1-cos 2x ;cos' x=
2 2
cos°.xdr (0 sinx=t
Keduce to the integral ofthe binomial differentia! by the substitution
<
sinx *< T/2) p
and q
numbers. sin xcos" xdt =
atinal r(|-) d
Transform into an integral of
rationalfunction by the substitution e=
lntegration Using Complex Number and Binomial Expansion
z=e= cos +i sin O; where Z
is complex number, 0 is argument of Z.
g51+iy i=i
1
-=
=argument cos-i sin = ei i=-9 cos =

Redaxis 1
z' + 2cos 20, z cos 30, z"
+=2 +=2cosn8
SOLVED EXAMPLES

|'dr
Eraluate
Sol. Joort ed9=(cos8/' =
iaeen)N²x+c, i=-1, ne I
Eniuate xe" sin x de
'sinx de = Im
xe e* dr
-dx
2cos 60 +6cos 40 + 2x15 cos 20+ 20]
fcos ode
Im
=lcos 60+6-6 40+15 cos 20 cos +
10]de

ain +sin 20 +109 +c

40

114. Ssinx dt z--=2i z+-=2 cos x

x,
sin

mx+i(1-*)|\(çpsx + i sin x) + C
Sol. (2isinr)
sin x +(1-)cosx]+ C
J(cos0 +isin e)
de 28sin x =2 cos &r- 16 cos 6r+ 56 cos 4r– 112 cos 2 x+ 70
Ssin°x= cos
sin20250 8x-8 cos 6.x+28 cos 4x
cos 2025
2025 -S6 cos
2025 2x+35]+ C
1
sin 8x 4 sin 6.x
+7 sin
128 8 3
4r-28 sin

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SACHIN SIRSPECIAL (S)

dx
1. Evaluate
coS X+cos cC x
4, +1)- «,+,)= 2)=fo)
(a)
5 1V3 + sin x - cos x
2/3 tan (sinx+ cos x) +C
3-sin x + cos x

sin rx
In|V3 sin x-
cos x
(b)
+
-
tan(sin x + cos x)+C
f)--2
2V3 W3-sin x ++ cos x r=2

5x
sin 2x+ 4x sin -2sin 4xsin
2 2 2
-2x
sin sin~
11,N3 +sin x- cos x
- 2
(a) =ln tan(sin x+ cos
x)+C
23N3-sin x +cos x
sin4x = 0 or sin
Sol. (b) dx 2 sin x
l= d
cos x+
sin x
2+ sin 2x sin=0
2
r2x
l(sin x+ cos x) +(sin x- cos x) dx for x= 1, x=
2+sin 2x
Sin x+ coS x
sinx-cos x
=
3-(1-sin 2x) 1+(1+sin 2r) 3. Evaluate f(x)=tZ Then
2x+3

1(1+/2/() 3f()+2)
Put sin
(cos
x- x=sand sinx+
cos =t
x+ sin x) dx = ds and (cos x- sin )
cos x

dx = dt
F-2r)
ds -[ dt ds
Sol.
3-+t -(9)+
f)e(*)-g(*)s) Let *+2 =
2x' + 3 x=
f) 2x+3
=txt2 1-2
g(x)
+sinx-cosx -tan- (sin x+ cos x) + C
dr_(-2r )(6r) -(3r -2)(-41)
=n3 dt (1-2')'
2.
2V3

IfJ, = [osdx, ne N
COS X
N3 -sin x+ cos x

and , + 1,) - (U, + 1,) - f)

(-2
-2t
(-2r
-2t
-dt

(Assume constant of integration is absent) then which of

the following is/are true. -2t
dt
(a) (b) r) =0> sin 4x =
0 -2r'
(c) (d)

cos(n+1)x-cos(n -1)x g(*)=loglx h(x) =logl

-dx
Sol. (a.e) 1,.-4 COS X
4. Integrate (2x+ 3)/( +
2r+ 3).
ncosx 2cos nx Sol. Here (dldx)
(x+2r+3) 2r+ 2 =

(Zsin (2r+3) j(2r+2+) dr

cos x t=f
Put n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and adding we get (r²+2x+3)² (a'+ 2r+3)

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d
Nòwler
h+D' tan 1,
+2

so that dr =
6.
I=Jin ys tcosvN+*)'
J2 sec² t dt)
then f(1) - cquals

2 tan't +2)² Sol. r sin yr+cos vr

+cos 21)dt *sint cosrJ+ C V

V-cos
sin
= Therefore sint = *+1
Now tan

Hence I,
=tan-! Let t= x+ tan! dt =
2(1+x)
+2x+3) 8

x+1
+

8
x+1
+2x+3)} +2r+3)
Vr+1(Vxsin x + cos
*)

x+1
--znanc Sin
where

+2x+3) t= Vr+cos,=
Vx+1
f()
1
x+1 S1) =1 +
I=242x+3 4x+2x+3
7.
fl+cosx- sinx+x(sinx+ cos.x)-dx equals,fx) where
If
(x+ sin x)(x+ cos)
from ()
AO) =0 then Lt f(x) cquals
I-3 Sol. Let u= sin v=x+ cos x then u'y- vu'
x,
tan
+2x+3) 8 =(1+ cos x) (x + xcos+ x)-(r+ sin x) (1 - sin x)

=x+(1 +x) cos cos²x -(x- sin'x +(-x+ 1) sin )

.
Evaluate
dx =1+ cos x- sin xtx(sin x + cos x)
(5+4cos x)
:. Given integral =-d
dx sin x
P= = x+sinx
(5+4cos x)? 5+4cosx
9
...) Since f(O) =0 c=0
In+sinx
x)
4 (5+4cos + sin
= In :. f(x) = 0
tegrate equation (i) both side .fa) Lt

sin x
X
8.
e'+1 Ve'+1 ()
1-tan 544cos
5+4 2
find a +ß+y+8.
l+ tan
Sol. Substitute =1 0<u<l. Thenr=ln(l+u)-n(!
tan Ve'+1
l=tan sin x
= 2u
-), and dx du. The integral becomes
+u?-
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dx
-(r
- 4u-2 arctan u +
= 4u-2arctant + In(u+ 1) - ln(u- l) + C -x+2x'-l (2r-1)N2r
In terms of x, this is cqual to 2x' -1
1

dx
-2 arctan (2x'-)W2x'-1
e+1 1

2x-1
This is computed using Jacobi's metod for rabr
functions, giving the final answer to problem

V2r'-arctan 2xc
9. Ifthe antiderivatives of the functionf: [0, 21] R, Lin /2x-1+x 1

is 4
f)=+2-2N+1++10-6V+1
mx + C then find value of last two digits of m2025
11. ;dx=a tanC, ae Q, and Pú),
Sol. If we
naively try the substitution =+ 1, we obtain +1 2x)
Ox)+0 then find the value of (3a +P(0) + (y
f)= N+1-2/i +yr+9-6vt
Sol. Factorthe denominator as ro+1=(2+ 1)+-a
Now we recognize the perfect squares, and we realize that x+1 -x*+1
f)=ve+1-)° +e+1-3 x+1 x+1
Now integrate as follows:
x+1
-Ne+l-dWe+i-d.
When x e [0, 2], 1s +1s3. x+1 x+1
Therefore, f() =Ve+1-1+3-/*+1=2. -}d +1 +a = arctanx+arctn?
The antiderivatives offare therefore the linear function
f)=2x+ C, where C is a constant arctan x = arctan P(x)
3arctanx+
10.
= ¢ln
V2x
-1+x@ytan 2r-1,-+C 3x
D)
a-*N2-1 t2-1-x +*
then find the sum of last two digits of [4(¢ + y)02s,

Sol. The substitution is u :

1-3x?
3x-x
-=tan arctan P()
o
V2r-1 and hence P(r)=3x- 3r,
= -1 Or) = 1- 3r-3rtxÓ, The final answer is
for which d dx
(2x-1)12x-1 arctan. 3x-3r
we can transform the integral as follows: 1-3r'-3ytC.

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JEE MAIN

(Cos$.r+ cos4x 6. Stan2x scc 2x dr is cqual to

Thevalue of d
1-2cos3x žsec2r+C
(a)

(a) (6) --see' 2xsec 2x + C

-(sin2.r+ sinr) +C
1

(c) (d) None of these ( sce'2x-sec2r +C

dx
2 The value of
[
sinx +secx
(a)
se' 2x+-sec 2x+C
3

coSx-sin x-3 + x
+ sin x) +C
tan(cos is cqual to
(a) 2V3 cosx-sin x+ /3 e* +1
cos x- sin x-/3 + (cos x + sin x)+ C in(e+e-i)-see(e)+c
(0)n 3 coS
x-sinx + /3
tan
(a)

cosx- sin x-3 - (6) Ia(e'+e-i+sec(e)+c

n tan(cosx+ sin x) +C
1
(c)
cosx-sin x + /3
(d)
2

None of these
(c)
la(e --i)-se(e)+c
(d) None of these
3. The value of (cos2r)2 8. SVsec x-1 dx is equal to
sinx
(a) 2n coscos
(a) +C
V2Nz-i- tan? x
2n| coscos
1
(6) +C
+C
() tanx
(c)
(V2+i- tan?x +C
(c) (d) None of these
(d) None of these 9.
dx is equal to
The value of
x
(cosx+xSin dx
4. The yalue of x(x+cos x)
cos
(a) ln l-In x+ cosx+C (6) In -2 ln x+ x+C (a)
+1)
l-3
(c) In x+C (d) None ofthese
In + cos

5. Sf()g(r)-f)g(%)]dx is equal to (b)

(a)
g(*)
(b) f') gr)-) g) +C
(c) f)gC)-f) s) +C,
(d)
(d) A) g) +f'()g)+C

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10. Antiderivative of sinx W.r.t. .r is

I5,
d is cqual to
1+ sin'x
(a)
(a) x-Inx+ Inx +1)- tan'x+C
x-arctan(V2 tan x)+c
2

tanx
(b) x-Inx+ in(+1)-tan'*+c
(6)
**anctanc (c) x+Inx+In(x* +1)+ tan'x+C
(c) -2arctan(V2 tan x)+C
() None of these
() x-/2arctanC l6. If y =f
3/2
and y = 0 when x
0,
thenvalg
11. /nx-1) ]? d: is equal to whenx =1, is
|1+ (nx)?|
xe (a) (b) V2 (c) 3/2 (d)
(a) -+C (b) +C
(In x)+1 1+*2
dx
Inx 17. is equal to
(c)C
x+1
(d)
(In x) +1
-+C cos'xVsin 2x

In a -
12. dr is equal to
z1+ina
(6)
(a) Vi+in a(nl-2)+c
() +in a(inl+2)+c (c)

(d) None of these

()+n(inl-2)+c
(4
3

+inx(3 n|a+2) +C
18. If - cos

cot .r- tanx

4r+ I

dx = A
cos 4x + B where A and B

constants, then
13. S1+2 tan x(tan x + sec x)}"
d is equal to (a) A=-1/4 and B may have any value
(a) In sec x (sec x - tan x) + C (6) A=-1/8 and B may have any value
1/4
(b) In cosec x (sec x + tan x) + C (c) A =-1/2and B=-
(c) In sec x (sec x+ tan x) +C (d) Noue of these
(d) In (sec x + tan x) + C 19. 4sinxcos, COsd is equal to

is equal to
14. (a) cosx-cos 2.r + cos 3x+C

(6) cos -cos 3r+C

(c) cosr+-cos 2r +-cos 3x + C
(c) 2 3

() cosx +-cos 2x-cos 3x +C

2 3

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is cqual to
1

|-*-ds (2r+3)dr -=C- fr) wheref(x) is of

26.
If+lXx+ 2Xx+3) +l
the form of ar? + bx + c. then (a + h + c) cquals
lpxn(l+*)+C (6) nx-In(l -x')+c (a) 4 5 (c) 6
(b) (d) 8
x' 6 01 [4 0 0|
27. Let A= 1| and B =0
1
0 Ifa function is
| -5
Primitive of
3r-1 w.r.t. x is
2 0 x
0 0 8

defined as f(x) = trace (AB), then is equal to:

+C
x +x+1 +c
(6)
(a) +x+1 (a) In (b)
r+1 -+C x+1
4 42x-1
(d) -+C
()+x+1 x+x+1 (c) 3 2x+3|
The value of
(0s/X- cos8r •dx
2.
1+2cos5x
28. de equals
sin2x sin4x
-+C Jat bx)
2 4
Sin2x sin3x (a) a+bx-aln |a+br-
6 2
-+C a

sin2x 1 a
sin5x
-+C (b aa+br-2aln | a +bx| a+bx
2
sinóx sin3x
+C - a

6 3 (c) atbr-2a ln |a +bx|

a+bx
is equal to
I=7de-
1+
-2a ln
|a+ ax|
a

o 7
a+ bx
(b) +C (2023)
2
7/11
29. JV1-(2023)2 (2023))r
+C e)(2023)in2023)*
(a) (log,0p3 +C
0s'x-x'sin x -dx e)' (2023)**ia023) +
is equal to (6) (log
(x+ cos x)²
(c) (log,wy e)° (2023)"m"(3023)" +c
(a) XCOS x X-cosx
+C (6) +C
(2023)wia23,*
X+ cosX x+ CoSx
(d) +C
(c)
x cos x x cos x (log,gp e)

X+cosX
-+C (d) +C
x+ cosx s)g)-g')f()
30. Let
3r' +4x-1
to:
J+g()Nf()g()-g°(x) d
+1)Jrxisequal = ym
tam| )-g)
(a)
(b)
2/r+1-+c ng(x)
-+c
r41 x+1 where m, n e Nand 'C is constant of integration (g(x) > 0).
(c) 2 Findthe value of (m²+n).
(*+1)*+1 (d) (r+1)r+1 (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 () 8

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2cos2r-csdr -
-

34.
31. Evnlunte
-ire(0, 1)
then g(s(*)- de is
(a) 2tx+C ()
zx+C (a) 2r +C
(b) 2 -+C

(c) 2x+C (a) 2*+C (c) -2 cos.r + C (d) 2 sin x +C

A
32. Evaluatc J 35. 35
8B C
(a) In(x+-1)+ tan+c 25 15
A
+B+Cis?
(6) In(x+-1)+s'x+C d
36. If 5+4sin-= Atan
S.

(c)
In(x+-1)-sex+c value ofA
cos 4x+I
37. If Í -dx =-k cos 4x+c then find vaa
(a) tanx+C cotx tanx
cos.r+sin 2x
33. -1 38. If J7 -dr=
dx (2-cos'x)(sinx)

A_di+BJ sin x -dx +C[

(a) Sin x 1+sin“x 1+ sin

value ofA + B+C

(b)
39. If Jcos x dx= Av+ B sin 2x+ C sin 4x+D, ti
value of 8A + 4B + 32Cis?
() in(1+x)-In(1+*)+c
4

40.
Irf_(Vr)°d =
( n(1+)+in(1+x)+c (Vx)' +*6
Ain
tc, thena+hsgr
+1

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JEE ADVANCED

MULTIPLE CORRECT 7. Let

4x- 24r + 31 +
6r- 8 = 0 has roots 1, P. 7, ö,

1. The valuc of where a

iny+ cos:) dx <ß<y<8, then dx is

-2xsec x (a) 24 16 I6
(a
xsinr +cosx
+ tan x+C (b) + tan x+C x-8in]x-2--2 (x-2) 3(x-2)
xSin x+cosx
-3xsec x +
(c) tan x+C (d) 4xsec x (b) 24 32 16
xsinx+ cosx XSin x+ cos x
-+ tan x +C x-16lnlx-2-r-2) (x-2) (a-2) +C
sin"de = 24 16 16
2. tanf(©) +c then theleast (c) *+8inx-2+. 3(x-2
sVcos' e+ cos² 0+cos 0 x-2 (r-2)²
value ofrO)for allowable values of 0 is equal to 24 32 16
(a) 1
(b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 () x+16nx-2)+ (x-2) (r-2)² (x-2)
3. If I, = sec" x tan" xdx, m
and >2, m, n e
n2l N,
8. Let f(*) satisfies x f(3) -f (r) x-1e
= R
and
then S()÷0.
sec2r-
xtan*x 2(n-1),Lm+2,n-1
(a) I
m+1 m+1
If A(r) = (S)+fe)-f9|r
2-f()
d(2) then
x
(6) tan" x
m-l H(3)– A(2) equals
2n 2n m-l,n+]

n m+1
1_1,2(n-1),
n 3+1
(a) tan
) (b) tanl(1)

tan-(-tan 1)
(c) tan-(tan 1) (a)

(d) m-it
+2,-1
2n m+1
11
2n
2(n-D).
3+1
m-2,n+1 9. If !, = [sin x+ cosx)" dx and I, = (sin x + cos
n
x)

is equal to (sin x -cosx)+I-, then k =

n
(a) x In (1 + sin x) +C (b) In (1 + sin x) + C (a) (n+ 1) (6) (n– 1) (c) (2n + 1) (d) (2n - 1)
(c) -x ln (1 + sin +C x) -
(d) In (1 sin x) + C
10. Let y² = 22 +4r+ 3 and I, =
cos x)+xcos x d, then the value of
5. Let l= (e-(Sin x– -dx = tan -!
sin' x+ (e-1-x) where al, + bI, + cl,=ry is
atbtc
f)) + C, where 'C is the constant of integration and (a) 22 (b) 16 (c) 10 (d) 12
lim
lim f(x) 0. If x0
where p, q e N then Scos x+ cos' x

(2-sin x)v3+ cosx

find the least value of (p + ).
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 and f(0) = 1, then f(/2) is equal to
e
ex) sin xcos x
-dx is equal to (a) (b) (V2)e (c) (V5)e () 2e
b J+sin (-sin x+cosz)
1). Le olr) =
[TC0sdx and g(o) = 0 then value of
-+C (6)
e(l-sinx)+c (cos.x+2)
(a) x
1+sin x 1+sin

-+C (d)
(C) cos x

1-sin x+ (a) 1/2 (b) 3/2 (c) 1

(d) 2

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13. The value e MATRIX MATCH

of (2r-cotx)(-In(sin x)\(coscc x)dx
is equal to
20. Match the column
(a) e(2r-In(sin)+1)(cosec x) +c Column-I ColumnHI
(6) 2r-In(sin x)-1)(cosce x) +e
A (xt
sin zdr and F(0) =0,
(c) e(x-In(sin x)+ 1(cosec x) +c
If F(r) = 1+cos
x

then the valuc of F(r/2)

is
() ex-In(sinx)-1)(coscc x) + c

14. If .n =J*" (a+bx")P -dx B

Let F () =fetn 3

(a+ by")P
and I m +1 --f (m,n,p,b) Im+n,p-1 then =
and F(0)=1, IfF (1/2)
find value of
f1,2, 3, 4) is equal to. T

(a) P, (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 1s then the value

of k
is

15. Let f(x) = 3x²sin --xcos,if x * 0; A0) = 0 and C

Let dx and F(0)=0,

F)=+l) +9) 4
fl/t) =0 then atx=0,fx) is:
of k is
(a) Continuous (b) Non derivable 5 then the value
(c) f'() is continuous (d) f() is non derivable
if F(V3) =k,
36
1 1
S.
D
8V2 -tan'(())-
16. Vtan x
J6N2 -dx and F(0) =0
Let F(r) = x coS x
Sin
where f(1) = 0, then
2k
if F(r/4) = then the value ofk is
(a) A=4 () g(2)=5 (a) A-(p); B{p; C-r); D-{s)
(6) A-(p); B-(r); C-(); D-(s)
(c) () f3)=9 (c) A-r); B-(p); C-{s); D-(s)
(d) A-(p); B-(p); C-r); D-(p)
COMPREHENSION BASED dx
21. If I= b>0 anda+b=u,
a,
where
Comprehension (17 to 19): Letf() be a polynomial function x

of degree 2 satisfying a+b coS

a-b=v, then match the following column
+x+1, 2

x-1 V3 Column-I Column-II

where Cis indefinite integration constant. A. v=0
17. The value of f1) is equal to Vu+v tan r
(a) 1 (6) 2 (c) -1 (d) -3
Vuv tan
Vu-y
18. Let
foed (sin x)= g(x)+ K, where g(x)
6+f (sin x) B. v>0
tan
contains no constant term. Then lim g() is equal to

C. y<0
(where K is indefinite integration constant.) 1

10
(a) In 1
Let
(b) In 2

5+/(Sinx)+J (C0SXdr
(c) In 3 (d) In 4

hx) + , where S,
sin x+ cos x
tan+C
2
h(1) =-1. The value of tan (h(2)) + tan (h(3) is equal
(a) A-(p); B-(p); C-{r)
to (where ). is indefinite integration constant.) (b) A-(s); B-(q); C-()
T 31 (c) A-(r); B-(p); C-(s)
(b) (c)
4 4 4 (d) A-(p); B-(p): C-()

Caleuln
282

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(0, ) then match the cnttics of Coumn-I with Columnn-il an arbitrary constant
of inteuration.
ite Column-1
considering 'c'
as

Column-i
p.
2tan

4
2tan

1-tan
1
sin -1-V
2 dx

1+ tan
sin/-V
1
2V

D. S.

tan 2 tan
Witd+1-Wi+

(a)A-q); B-(p); C-{s); D-(s) (b) A-(q); B-(r): C-(r); D-(s)

D-(s)
() A-4); B-(p); C-(r); (d) A-<p); B-(p): C-r): D-(p)
Match the following Column-I with Column-I:
INTEGER BASED
Column-I Column-II (3x²+2x)dx
24. If
x+2r+x+2x +2x +5
1
dx
J-ry 2a' Nx-a-a sec -1
-+c
D
+K then the value of
A
+ B +

dy
is equal to C+D is?

25. If flog,e-loge- -logd

B
Va'-x +cos-*+c =A log log,x + B log (1+ log, x) + C log (2+ log,x) +
a then absolute value A+ B+ C equals

26. -dx
x+4x-6x +4x+1
ax

D. S find (A + t o.
2a' (a'-x) 27. (sin 4x-ea4r)dy = C-etan cos?

Find à t 4.
A-p; B-r); CA9); D-(s)
(0)

(b) /(r) -[e

As); B-(r); C-{); D-(p) 28.
() A6); B-(p); C); D-(p)
() AMS); B-r); Cq); D-(P) IfA/2) -0 then, find /(3n/2),

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QUESTIONS (CTQ'S)
CRITICAL THINKING
SINGLE CORRECT PROBLEMS MULTIPLE CORRECT PROBLEMS

AIt lcos(2024r) sin t I)*e, where ae

1. The integral
+ coSt) d
( O5I-inx)(Isin is equal to
then

|x cOs I+ sin
+C ( InCoS
XSin
x +
sin
+ cos x
x.. (b)
2021

In xsin
x
cOsx.+C sin x cos r
(c) (d) In+ +c (c)
i024) 2 (d) f) is odd function

2. The integral e-e +1 -r+1 ed =eT(r)+C, then fir) is

e'sin r+ cosx)e' cosx-sin x)-dr is
equal to
(a) An even function (b) A bounded function
(a) Inlcos x-SinXC (b) In/ cOSx+sin
x

+C (c) Range = (0.1] (d) Two points of extrem

e
sinx+ coSx e sin X-coS X
cot 3rr- cot x =
(c) In
esinx-cosr +C (d) In
e'cosr-sinr
+C
8. Ir
tanr-3 tan
dr
3r
pf(x) + 4g() +C, then whi
le'cosx- sinx e'cosr + sinr of the following may be correct?
3. Let
I-fInr1-y + - dt and J = (hr+y -dy where =
lh V3- tan
(a) p=l:q-)=rg(r)
3 V3+ tan r
=
-=r',IfI) 2 and J(2) =1. Then I(2)J(3) cquals to
= = In tan x

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 1

(b) p=kq=-/)
V3
xg(r)
V3+ tan r
4. The integral (V2+4+ Vrar is equal to a
V3-tan
(c) p=kq= -) =
xg(x) = In
W3-tan
6u
d
+K. where =2+4+a,
u then
x
= n W3+
tan
the value of a+
btctdis equal ) p=kq=-)=*s() V3 tan x

(a) 28 (b) 29
(c) 30 (d) 26 INTEGER TYPE PROBLEMS
5. The integral Pd is equal to 9. La
I-l6
fw=j(sin' XCOSN +8sin'xcos+8sin xcsi

(a) 4r (sin' x+2sin r + dsin x)².Find 10x

that /(0)=0.

(b) 4r+ 5
ln(x 10.
2r'dk
2x cos 2x+(x-)sin 2x

t) ar"-sin(a -l6) + 2iaan } Then (|) =

-
(dy
4r5ln (s of
eos(/()) i
Tthen the value

Calkah

284

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ANSWER KEY

B:{8.1 to
8.15)
2
nx-5 scC x + C
2. 2(sinxtx cos
a) + C 3. 2+2Vr +C 4
2 -sin
4
2r+C

- 2x + C -4x+ 7inlaj+4V+Cc
sr-3sinxtet+C
- -
6 7. cot x
tan x+C 8.

-+a.•x+C. 10.
(2/5), (3/5) -+C
2 1. -+C 12.in|1
+ sin
2r| + C
Ina a+1
3 2
In5 In

+ C
3x+ 100| + C
x
+ 2sin +C 16. tan(log )
sinx|+ C 14. 2ln 15.
t In
- a níg + 1) +C (i) In(1 cosa+ sina Inlcos(x-a)+C
In( +x+ 1) +C
x
+ 18.
e) +Cii) ln
3
|* +1|+C (iv)

|cos(x - x
a)

2/tanx + tan +C
In +C 20., 21. +C 22.
sin(a -B) cos(x-B) In

3.
h (n (nx) +C 24. 3) +C 25. x-In(1 +
e) +C 26. 2ine--x+C
(n
.2*-1| +C 28.
1

-sin'(a) +C 29.
log a

cosx-2x cos x-2 sin x+ C 33. (Inz) 34. (r+)2tC 35, e*

secx+C
n+1 2+tC
Sin 2x + cos2x sin 4x t
(logx) *
logxl+c 37. xlog(logx) X_+C 38.
-2x
20
4 logx
2 2
xe
41.
e
+C 42
-e +C 43.
40. -+C x sinx x ln x

cosx +C + e
4.
| cos
x
-1|-–log|1+cosx |+log |3+2 | 45. Ine-In2e*+ 1| + In|1 +C
10

1l1+sín x, 1
1+2sinx 47. -1 log|x -l|og | x +3| +C

4n-2sin x +C 2 (x-1)

49. +1" +xde+l+loglk+v+il+c 50. 2/2x+x* +2sin-'(r-l) +C

52. 53. sin

5s.
V3+2x+r +logl(x +1)+
a+1' +2+c
57, 6(r + 1)6 + C 58. 2log(Nx+)+c 59 -cos(2 tan'x)+C
+C

61.
sin
e 62. [tan(r').-+C 63.
loga cx 4

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nn
b4. 65.arc
2/5
tan |
2 *-1 2'r4tC
r+47 -4x2/r+a+c
1

n 69. -log| sin x+ cosx\+ C

p cos²x tq sin'x + C 68.
2 2
p-9
x
cos' cos'x 2
cos' x
- sin 2x 72.
70. t.cos a-sin a
log sin +C;(t=xta) 71. --sinr+ C 9 7
2

73.
-8
15
x
74. (c
injan5 75. V2 tan-!
V2

1 tan- tan 1
-t
2 tan x
76.
Jb-alab a (a' cos' x+b* sin x)'
77.

N3+ sin x- cos x

1
79. tan'(sin xt cos x) +C
78.
R+ cos
x-sinx 80. n

--In tan? x+l|

1
tan x
1j4sin x-4 cosx+s|
1

S1. 82. =
tan x+1
+-In | tanx+1|+C
4sin x-4cos x 2 tan x+1 4

16 tan
32
+9
83. I171516+9sin x + tan 84. 23 2
I75/2 V175
41
In|4 cos x + 5 sin x| +C

85. =-n |cot x +Veor x-1 |-/2sin(2sin x) +C -V2sin(VZ sin g) +c 86.

=sin
1
87. tan-! 88. c
x+2
JEE MAINS
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (a)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (b)
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (6) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (c)
31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (c) 34. (b) 35. [9] 36. [2] 37. [1] 38. [2] 39. (5]

JEE ADVANCED
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (a,c) 15. (a,c,d) 16. (a,b,c) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (d)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. [8] 25. [0] 26. [8] 27. [4] 28. [0)

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS (CTQ'S)

1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (a,d) 7. (a,b,c) 8. (a,d) 9. (7|
10. A1)2 11. [1]

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