CHRISTIAN SOCIAL SERVICES COMMISSION (CSSC)

NORTHERN ZONE JOINT EXAMINATIONS SYNDICATE (NZ-JES)

FORM FOUR PRE – NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS, 2024

031/1 PHYSICS 1

Time: 3:00 Hours Thursday 15th August, 2024 p.m.

Instructions

1. This paper consists of sections A, B and C with a total of eleven (11) questions.
2. Answer all questions in section A and B and only Two questions from section C.
3. Non-programmable calculators are allowed in the examination room.
4. Cellular phones and any unauthorized materials are not allowed in the examination room.
5. Write your Examination Number on every page of your answer booklet(s).
6. The following constants may be used:
- Acceleration due to gravity g, =10/𝑠 2
- Pie, 𝜋 = 3.14
- Specific heat capacity of water = 4200𝐽/𝑘𝑔℃
- Speed of sound in air = 340𝑚/𝑠
- Speed of light 3 × 108 𝑚/𝑠
- Specific heat capacity of paraffin= 2200𝐽𝑘𝑔−1 𝑘 −1
- Specific heat capacity of brass= 320𝐽𝑘𝑔−1 𝑘 −1

Page 1 of 4
 SECTION A: (16 Marks)
Answer all questions in this section.

1. For each of the following items (i) - (x) choose the most correct answer from the given alternatives and
write its letter besides the item number in the answer booklet(s) provided.
(i) A study that deals with constellation , solar system and cosmos is referred to as
A Electromagnetism B Structure and properties of matter
C Light D Astronomy E Geophysics
(ii) Why can water striders and pond skaters walk on water without sinking?
A Because of the process of osmosis
B Because of the process of capillarity
C Because of the presence of impurities in water
D Because of the force of surface tension
E Because of the force of cohesion.
(iii) Classify the force experienced when a metal solid or hard object is twisted.
A Compression B Stretching
C Restoring D Torsion E Friction
(iv) What are the two factors that determine buoyancy?
A. Volume of fluid displaced and mass of the object
B. Weight and mass of the object
C. Density of the fluid and weight of the object
D. Volume of the fluid displaced and density of the fluid
E. Mass of the object and density of the object

(v) Identify the statement that describes the Pascal’s Principle of transmission of pressure in fluids.
A. Pressure is equally transmitted in liquid.
B. Pressure is the ratio of force to area
C. Pressure depends on the height of the liquid column
D. Pressure is affected by the force of gravity
E. Pressure produces up thrust

(vi) When the sun shines on the dark-coloured driving wheel of a car, the wheel feels warm. Why?
A It is because the sun warms the car by induction.
B It is because the sun gives energy to the wheel by convection.
C It is because the sun radiates thermal energy to the wheel.
D It is because the sun conducts thermal energy to the wheel.
E It is because the sun conducts thermal energy to the wheel
(vii) A stone is dropped from the top of a building hit the ground 4 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟. What was its
velocity when hitting the ground?
A 400𝑚/𝑠
B 45𝑚/𝑠
C 40𝑚/𝑠
D 4.5𝑚/𝑠
E 0.4𝑚/𝑠
(viii) Why do people prefer white shawl to wrap around a baby to keep the baby warm?
A White shawl is a poor conductor
B White shawl indicates cleanliness
C White shawl is the poor radiator
D White shawl has pockets of air trapped in it
E White shawl is a good reflector of heat

Page 2 of 4
 (ix) Which property of concave mirrors is suitable for a dentist to consider when selecting best
mirrors for repairing dental related activities?
A The one that produce diminished images
B The one with wider field of view
C The one which produce virtual and erect image
D The one that produce larger magnification
E The one in which objects and image are seen easily.
(x) Which statement distinguishes gravity from gravitational force?
A. Gravity is the force that pulls objects towards the earth while gravitational force is the
attractive force existing between any two objects.
B. Gravity is the force of attraction between two objects while gravitational force is the
force acting to pull objects toward the earth.
C. Gravity is sometimes called universal gravitation while gravitational force is also
called centripetal force.
D. Gravity is applicable from the largest stars to the smallest atoms while gravitational
force does not.
E. Gravity holds planets to revolve around the sun while gravitational force does not
hold planets.

2. Match the items in list A with the best response in list B then write the letter of the response against
the corresponding item in the answer booklet provided;
LIST A LIST B
(i) The boundary that separates stratosphere from other A. Stratosphere
layers B. Ionosphere
(ii) The region found in exosphere where satellites orbit the C. Stratopause
earth D. Tropopause
(iii) The collective name given to troposphere and E. Magnetosphere
stratosphere F. Upper atmosphere
(iv) The region nearest the earth of which most weather G. Lower atmosphere
phenomena occur H. Mesosphere
(v) The layer in which most meteor burn while entering the I. Troposphere
earth’s atmosphere. J. thermosphere

SECTION B (60 MARKS)

Answer all questions in this section
3. (a) An object 3𝑐𝑚 high is placed 30𝑐𝑚 away from a concave mirror of focal length 12𝑐𝑚. Using the
mirror formula, find the position, the height and the nature of the image formed ( 5marks)
(b) Show that to obtain an image with a magnification of 𝑀 using a concave mirror with a focal
𝑀+1
length 𝑓, the object distance, 𝑢, is given by: 𝑢 = 𝑓. (4 marks)
𝑀

4. (a) A bullet of mass 10𝑔 was fired into a block of wood of mass 390𝑔 lying at rest on a smooth
surface. The bullet embedded in it and they moves together with a velocity of 10𝑚/𝑠.
(i) What was the velocity of the bullet? (2.5 marks)
(ii) What was the KE before and after the collision? (2.5 marks)
(b) A body moved vertically upward to a maximum height of 20𝑚. Calculate:
(i) The initial velocity (2 marks)
(ii) The time taken to reach the maximum height (2marks)

Page 3 of 4
5. (a) A brass cylinder of mass 𝑥 was heated to 100℃ and then transferred into a thin aluminum
can of negligible heat capacity containing 150𝑔 of paraffin at 11℃. If the final steady
temperature of the paraffin attained was 20℃, determine the value of 𝒙. (5marks)
(b) An iron plate at 20℃ has a hole of radius of 8.92𝑚𝑚 in the centre. An iron rivet with a radius of
8.95𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑡 20℃ is to be inserted into the hole. To what temperature must the plate be heated for
the rivet to fit into the hole? (4marks)
6. (a) Suppose a force F acts on a body of mass m for time t causing its velocity to change from
initial velocity u to final velocity v; Explain how the Newton’s second law of motion can be used
to define a unit of force of one Newton. (4marks)
(b) The handle of screw-jack is 35𝑐𝑚 and the pitch of screw is 0.5𝑐𝑚. If the efficiency of the jack is
55%, calculate the force required to be applied at the end of the handle to lift a load of 2300𝑁.
(5marks)
7. (a) The half-life of a certain element is 64 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠. What is the meaning of this statement? ( 4marks)
50 𝑆𝑛 .
(b) The element tin has a total of twenty-five isotopes with the lightest isotope being 108
Assuming that all twenty-five isotopes exist and the difference in mass numbers of two successive
isotopes is one, write down the symbol for the heaviest isotope. (5marks)
8. (a) Briefly explain four (4) effects of global warming. (4marks)
(b) The current of 3.0A passes through a coil of resistance 5Ω connected to the terminal of a cell of
constant emf and internal resistance .if a uniform wire of length L is joined across the end of 5Ω
coil to form a parallel arrangement of resistance 4Ω, the current is reduced to 0.25A.
Determine the: (i) Internal resistance of the cell. (2.5marks)
(ii) E.m.f of the cell. (2.5marks)
SECTION C (30 marks)
Answer two (2) questions from this section
9. (a) (i) What is meant by beat as applied in sound wave? (2.5marks)
(ii) Under what condition are beats produced? (2.5marks)
(b) A man standing 510𝑚 from a cliff fires a rifle. Another man standing near to the cliff hears two
shots, the interval between two shots in 1.0𝑠𝑒𝑐.What is the distance between the two men if the
line joining them is right to the cliff?(5marks)
(c) A step up transformer has 10,000 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 in the secondary coil and 100𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 in the primary coil.
A current of 5.0𝐴 flows in the primary circuit when connected to a 12.0𝑉 supply
(i) Calculate the voltage across the secondary coil(2.5marks)
(ii) If the transformer has an efficiency of 90% what is the current in the secondary coil? (2.5marks)
10. (a) Transistors are classified as bipolar junction and field effect transistors. What is the criteria on
which this classification is based? (2marks)
(b) (i) Describe the effect of temperature on conductors, semi conductors and insulators. (3marks)
(ii) Explain the difference between conductors, semiconductors and insulators using the energy
band theory (6marks)
(c) In a common emitter circuit, calculate the emitter current, 𝑰𝑬 of a transistor for which current gain,
𝜷 is 50 and base current, 𝑰𝑩 = 20𝜇𝐴. (4marks)
11. (a) (i) Explain briefly five (5) factors affecting evaporation of liquid. (5marks)
(ii) Why can warm air hold more moisture than cold air? (2.5marks)
(b) The relative humidity of a place was measured at 25℃ and found to be 53.6% . If the absolute
humidity is 23.05𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 , determine the actual water vapour density at this temperature.(2.5marks)
(c) (i) Explain how a gas exerts pressure on the walls of its container.(3 marks)
(ii) You are given that the temperature of a dry bulb (air) is 16.5℃ and the dew point is 7.4℃.
If the saturated vapour pressures at these temperatures are 14𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 7.7𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔,
respectively, calculate the relative humidity of the air. (2marks)

Page 4 of 4
 CHRISTIAN SOCIAL SERVICES COMMISSION (CSSC)
NORTHEN ZONE JOINT EXAMINATIONS SYNDICATE (NZ-JES)

FORM FOUR PRE-NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS AUGUST 2024

PHYSICS 1
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A
1.
I ii iii iv V vi vii viii ix x
D D D D A C C E D A
10 Marks @ 01 mark

2.
I ii Iii iv v
C E G I H
06 Marks @ 01 mark
SECTION B
3. (a) Given
Focal length, f= 12cm
Object distance,u=30cm
Height of object, ℎ0 =3cm

1 1 1
𝑓
=𝑣+𝑢

1 1 1
=𝑓−𝑢
𝑣

1 1
= −
12 30

5−2
=
60

3
=
60

60
𝑣=
3

= 20cm

Page 1 of 10
Since the image distance is positive, the image is real.

Magnification
𝑣
𝑚 = −𝑢

ℎ𝑖
=
ℎ0

ℎ𝑖 20
3
= − 30

ℎ𝑖 = −2𝑐𝑚

𝑀+1
(b) Required to show : 𝑢 = 𝑀
𝑓.

1 1 1 𝑣
From 𝑓
= 𝑣 + 𝑢 and 𝑀 = 𝑢

1 𝑢+𝑣
=
𝑓 𝑣𝑢

𝑣𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑢 + 𝑣)

𝑣𝑢 = 𝑓𝑢 + 𝑓𝑣

𝑣𝑢 − 𝑓𝑣 = 𝑓𝑢
𝑣𝑢−𝑓𝑣
=𝑢
𝑓

𝑣(𝑢−𝑓)
𝑓
=𝑢

But 𝑣 = 𝑚𝑢

𝑚𝑢(𝑢−𝑓)
=𝑢
𝑓

𝑚𝑢2 −𝑚𝑢𝑓
=𝑢
𝑓

𝑚𝑢−𝑚𝑓
=1
𝑓

𝑚𝑢 − 𝑚𝑓 = 𝑓

𝑚𝑢 = 𝑚𝑓 + 𝑓
𝑚𝑓+𝑓
𝑢=
𝑚

(𝑚+1)
𝑢= 𝑓 shown
𝑚

Page 2 of 10
 4. (a) (i) Given
Mass of bullet,𝑚𝑏 = 10𝑔(0.01𝑘𝑔)
Mass of wood, 𝑚𝑤 = 390𝑔 (0.39𝑘𝑔)
Final velocity of wood, 𝑣𝑤 = 10𝑚/𝑠
Initial velocity of bullet, 𝑢𝑏 =?
From the principle of conservation of linear momentum
Momentum before collision=Momentum after collision

𝑚𝑏 𝑢𝑏 + 𝑚𝑤 𝑢𝑤 = (𝑚𝑏 + 𝑚𝑤 )𝑣

But 𝑢𝑤 = 0

𝑚𝑏 𝑢𝑏 = 10(0.01 + 0.39)

0.01𝑢𝑏 = 4

4
𝑢𝑏 =
0.01

𝑢𝑏 = 400𝑚/𝑠

(ii) Kinetic energy before collision,

1 1
𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑚𝑏 𝑢𝑏 2 + 𝑚𝑤 𝑢𝑤 2
2 2
1
= × 0.01 × (400)2
2

= 800𝐽
1
Kinetic energy after collision, 𝐾𝐸 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (𝑚𝑏 + 𝑚𝑤 )𝑣𝑤 2
2

1
=
2
(0.01 + 0.39) (102 )

= 20𝐽

(b) (i) Given

Maximum height, H=20m
Final velocity,𝑣 = 0
Initial velocity, u=?
From 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 − 2𝑔𝐻
0 = 𝑢2 − 2𝑔𝐻
𝑢2 = 2𝑔𝐻
= 2 × 10 × 20
= 400
𝑢 = √400
𝑢 = 20𝑚/𝑠

Page 3 of 10
 (ii) Time taken to reach the maximum height
𝑣 = 𝑢 − 𝑔𝑡
0 =20 − 10𝑡
20 = 10𝑡
20
𝑡 = 10
𝑡 = 2𝑠𝑒𝑐

5. (a) Given
Mass of brass cylinder, = 𝑥
Initial temperature of brass cylinder, 𝜃𝑏 = 100℃
Specific heat capacity of brass cylinder 𝑐𝑏 = 320𝑗𝑘𝑔−1 𝑘 −1
Mass of paraffin 𝑚𝑝 = 150𝑔
Initial temperature of paraffin 𝜃𝑝 = 11℃
Final temperature of paraffin 𝜃 = 20℃
Specific heat capacity of paraffin 𝑐𝑝 = 2200𝑗𝑘𝑔−1 𝑘 −1

Then
Heat lost by brass cylinder = Heat gained by paraffin
𝑚𝑏 𝑐𝑏 ∆𝑇 = 𝑚𝑝 𝑐𝑝 ∆𝑇
𝑥 × 320 × (100℃ − 20℃) = 0.15 × 2200 × (20℃ − 11℃)
𝑥 × 320 × 80℃ = 0.15 × 2200 × 9℃
2970
𝑥 = 25600
𝑥 = 0.12𝑘𝑔

(b) Given
Initial temperature of an iron plate 𝜃 = 20℃
Initial radius, 𝑟1 = 8.92𝑚𝑚
Final radius, 𝑟2 =8.95𝑚𝑚
Change in temperature, ∆𝜃 =?
From the expression for linear expansivity,

𝑟2 −𝑟1
∆𝜃 =
𝛼𝑟1
8.95−8.92
= 1.02×10−5 ×8.92
= 329.7𝐾
Final temperature is
𝜃𝑓 = (293 + 329.7)𝐾
= 622.7𝐾
Or
𝜃𝑓 = 20℃ + 329.7℃
= 349.7℃ .
This is the temperature at which the iron plate must be heated.

Page 4 of 10
 6. (a) From Newton’s second law of motion
𝐹 ∝ 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚
𝐹 = 𝑘 × 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚
𝑚𝑣−𝑚𝑢
𝐹=𝑘 𝑡
𝑚(𝑣−𝑢)
𝐹=𝑘 𝑡
(𝑣−𝑢)
But =𝑎
𝑡
𝐹 = 𝑘𝑚𝑎
But k=1
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
Therefore a unit force can be defined as the product of a unit mass and unit acceleration.

(b) Given
Handle of screw jack, r=35cm
Pitch of screw jack, p=0.5cm
Efficiency of the screw jack e,=55%
Load, l = 2300𝑁
Force, F= ?
Then
𝑀𝐴
𝑒= × 100%
𝑉𝑅

2𝜋𝑟
𝑉𝑅 =
𝑃
2×𝜋×35
=
0.5

219.8
=
0.5
= 439.6
Then
𝑀𝐴
𝑒= × 100%
𝑉𝑅

𝑀𝐴
55% = 439.6 × 100%
55×439.6
𝑀𝐴 =
100
𝑀𝐴 = 241.78

Then
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑀𝐴 = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 =
𝑀𝐴

2300𝑁
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 = 241.78

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 = 9.51𝑁

Page 5 of 10
 7. (a) It means that after 64 days the half of the element will remain undecayed.

(b) Different isotopes will differ at least by 1 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛. That is

𝐴1 = 108, 𝐴2 = 109, 𝐴3 = 110 … 𝐴𝑛

Since there are 25 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑠, 𝑛 = 25

From arithmetic progression,

𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑

In this case, 𝐴1 = 108, 𝑛 = 25, 𝑑 = 1

𝐴𝑛 = 108 + (25 − 1)1

𝐴𝑛 = 132

Hence the heaviest isotope of tin will be 132

50𝑆𝑛

8. (a) Effects of global warming

(i) Rise in temperature

(ii) Rise in sea level

(iii) Change in worlds climatic pattern

(iv) Acidification of the oceans

(b) data
Current I1= 3A
Resistance R1= 5Ω
Current I2 = 0.25A
Resistance R2 = 4Ω
From
Emf1 = I(R +r)
E1 = 3(5+r)
E1= 15+r……………………………. (i)

Page 6 of 10
 Then
E2 = I2 ( R2 + r)
E2= 0.25(4+r)
E2= 1+ 0.25r……………………. (ii)
But E1=E2
15+r=1+ 0.25r
r=- 5.09Ω
Emf =I(R+r)
= 3( 5-5.09)
Emf = - 0.27V

SECTION C
9. (a) (i) Beat is the regular rising and falling of sound of two notes of nearly equal frequency when
sounded together.
(ii) Beats occur when two notes of nearly equal frequency when sounded together.
(b) Given
Distance between first man and the cliff = 510𝑚
Time interval between original sound and echo = 1.0𝑠
Distance between two men =X
Velocity of sound in air,𝑣 = 340𝑚/𝑠

Then
2𝑆
𝑣= ----------------------------------------------(i)
𝑡

2×(510−𝑥)
340 = --------------------------------------(ii)
1.0

𝑥 = 340𝑚

Distance between two men is 340𝑚

(c) Given
𝐼𝑝 = 5𝐴
𝑁𝑠 = 10000 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
𝑁𝑃 = 100 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
𝑉𝑃 = 12𝑉
𝑉𝑆 =?
𝐼𝑆 =?

Page 7 of 10
 𝑁𝑠 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑃
(i) = =
𝑁𝑝 𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑆

𝑁𝑠 𝑉
Using the segment
𝑁𝑝
= 𝑉𝑠
𝑝

𝑁
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑁𝑠 × 𝑉𝑝
𝑝

10000
𝑉𝑠 = × 12
100

𝑉𝑠 = 1200𝑉
Voltage across the secondary coil is 1200V

(ii) Power in primary 𝑃𝑝 = 𝐼𝑝 𝑉𝑃

Then
𝑃𝑝 = 𝐼𝑝 𝑉𝑝
𝑃𝑝 = 5.0 × 120
𝑃𝑝 = 60𝑊
Power in secondary (𝑃𝑝 ) =𝐼𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠
Then
𝐼𝑠 𝑉𝑠
Efficiency = × 100%
𝑃𝑝

𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 ×𝑃𝑝
𝐼𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 ×100%

90%×60𝑊
𝐼𝑠 = 1200×100%

𝐼𝑠 = 0.045𝐴
∴ The magnitude of secondary current is 0.045𝐴

10. (a) Bipolar transistors require a biasing input current at their control leads and require both
positive and negative charge carriers to operate. While Field effect transistors require only
voltage and one charge carrier to operate.

(b) (i) (1) Effect of temperature on conductors

With the increase in temperature, the electrical resistance of metals increases, an
increase in resistance is due to increased vibrations of atoms with the increase in temperature,
leading to increased collisions between the vibrating atoms and the moving electrons. So,
despite having greater kinetic energy at higher temperature, the electrons face much more
hindrance in their path from the vibrating atoms. This hindrance in the motion of electrons is
the reason for the increased resistivity of the conductor, and hence decreased conductivity.

(2) Effects of temperature on the conductivity of semiconductors

Page 8 of 10
 An increase in temperature of the semiconductor material increases the amount of
conduction electrons and hence its conductivity.

(3) Effects of temperature on the conductivity of insulators

For insulators the conductivity is increased when the temperature is increased from
absolute zero.

(ii) (1) Conductors

Are materials that have high electrical conductivity. In terms of the band theory , in
conductors the valence band overlaps the conduction band with the Fermi level lying
in the conduction band. That is, there is no forbidden band gap between the two. Due
to this overlapping, many free electrons are also available in the conduction band and
they are responsible for the conduction of electric current.

(2) Insulators
Are materials that do not conduct electric current. Considering the band theory, the
valence band of insulators is full, whereas the conduction band is empty and the
forbidden band is very large.

(3) Semiconductors
Are materials whose electrical conductivities lie between those of conductors and
insulators. In their pure state, the semiconductors are neither conductors nor
insulators, and under certain conditions, they can conduct current electricity. In terms
of energy band semiconductors have a small forbidden energy gap between the
valence and conduction band.

(iii) The current, 𝐼𝐸 is obtained from the relation 𝐼𝐸 = 𝐼𝐵 + 𝐼𝐶

But 𝐼𝐶 Can be obtained from the relation
𝐼𝐶
𝛽=
𝐼𝐵
Therefore
𝐼𝐶 = 𝛽𝐼𝐵

= 50 × 20 × 10−6

= 1 × 10−3 𝐴

= 1𝑚𝐴
Using the relation,
𝐼𝐸 = 𝐼𝐶 + 𝐼𝐵

= 1𝑚𝐴 + 0.02𝑚𝐴

= 1.02𝑚𝐴
𝐼𝐸 = 1.02𝑚𝐴

Page 9 of 10
 11. (a) (i) (1) Nature of the liquid
The rate of evaporation depends upon the nature of the liquid. Some liquids evaporate
more quickly compared to others. Liquids that have low boiling point, evaporate in short period
of time at ordinary temperature.

(2) Temperature
The ability of an air to hold water vapour depends on its temperature. As the air
temperature increases, the capacity of air to hold water vapour increases too.

(3) Surface area

It takes shorter time for unfolded to dry than the folded one.

(4) Wind
The rate of flow of air determines the rate of evaporation into the surrounding air. In a
windy environment the rate of evaporation is high.

(5) Amount of water vapour in air

The more humid the air, the lower the rate of evaporation.

(ii) When air is warm, the molecules have more energy and they move about creating space for
more water vapor molecules to fill in.

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦

(b) 𝑅𝐻 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦
× 100%

Actual water vapour density

= 𝑅𝐻 × 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦

53.6
= × 23.05𝑔/𝑚3
100

= 12.35𝑔/𝑚3
Therefore, actual water vapour density = 12.35𝑔/𝑚3

(c) (i) The particles of gas move randomly in all directions at high speed. As a result, the particles hit
each other and also hit the walls of the container with force.
𝑆.𝑉.𝑃 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑤 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑇
1
(ii) 𝑅𝐻 = 𝑆.𝑉.𝑃 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 × 100%
𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑇2

6.7𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
= × 100%
14𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔

= 48%

Therefore, the relative humidity 48% .

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