Mathematics : Class 7

(Solution)

CHAPTER-1 : INTEGERS
Exercise-1
1. Write the opposites of the following statements :
(a) Profit of ` 300
(b) 30 m above sea level
(c) 20 km west
(d) 10°C decrease in temperature
2. The integers represented by E = − 3
The integers represented by G = −1
The integers represented by K = 3
The integers represented by L = 4
3. We know that the greatest number is 200 and the smallest number is −350. Now on arranging the
remaining numbers from smallest to greatest in between −350 and 200 we get,
−350, − 110, − 100, 60, 200
in ascending order.
4. We know that the greatest number is 306 and the smallert number is −8002. Now on arranging the
remaining numbers from greatest to smallest in between 306 and −8002, we get
Descending order 306, 100, − 500, − 1008, − 8002
5. (a) −32, − 30, − 28, − 26, −24, −22
(b) −2, − 4, − 6, −8, − 10, − 12
(c) −25, − 20, − 15, −10, − 5, 0
(d) 11, 9, 7, 5, 3, 1
6. A submarine is positioned 380 m below the sea level.
Because it descends = 150 m
So new position of submarine is = 380 m −150 m = 230 m
7. In Shimla the temperature was 3°C in the afternoon on a day.
The temperature during the night after it dropped by 5° C is = 3° C − 5° C
= − 2° C

Exercise-2
1. Fill in the blanks :
(a) −301 + 0 = − 301
−301 = − 301 (Closure property)

(1)
 (b) −18 + ( −4) = ( −4) + (– 18)
−18 − 4 = − 4 − 18
−22 = − 22 (Commutative property)
(c) – 17 + 0 = ( −17)
= ( −17) (Closure property)
(d) ( −3) + [ 4 + ( −8)] = [( −3) + 4] + (–8)
− 3 + [ 4 − 8] = [ − 3 + 4] − 8
− 3 + ( − 4) = 1 − 8
−3 − 4 = − 7
−7 = − 7
(Associative property)
2. a = −12
b= 4
L.H.S. = a + b
= − 12 + 4 = − 8
R.H.S. = b + 9
= 4 + ( −12)
= 4 − 12 = − 8
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
−8 = − 8
3. Find a pair of integers whose :
(a) −3 + ( −5) (b) −10 − ( +5)
= −3−5 = − 10 − 5
= −8 = −15
∴ Sum is −8. ∴ Difference is −15.
(c) 2 + ( −2)
= 2−2= 0
∴ Sum is 0.
4. A negative integer is = − 4
A positive integer is = 2
The sum of two integers = − 14 + 2
= −12
5. The sum of two integers = − 38
One of the integers = 20
∴ The other integer = − 38 − 20 = − 58
6. Find the product :
(a) ( −6) × ( −10) × 5 (b) 16 × 8 × ( −19) × 20
= 60 × 5 = 128 × ( −380)
= 300 = − 48640
(c) 1 × ( −5) × 4 × 25 (d) −4 × ( −6000)
= − 5 × 4 × 25 = 24000
= − 5 × 100
= − 500

(2)
7. Find the product using suitable properties :
(a) −36 × (107)
= − 3852 (Closure property)
(b) −15 × 25 × ( −4) × ( −10) (c) 625 × ( −85) + ( −625) × 15
= − 15 × ( −10) × 25 × ( −4) = 625 × ( −85) − 625 × 15
= 150 × ( −100) = 625 × [ −85 − 15]
= −15000 = 625 × ( −100)
(Associative and commutative property) = − 62500
(d) 28 × 97 (e) 55 × 98 + 55 × 2
= 2716 (Closure property) = 55 × [98 + 2]
= 55 × 100
= 5500 (Distributive property)
(f) 167 × 99 − ( −167)
= 167 × (100 − 1) + 167
= 16700 − 167 + 167
= 16700
8. The product of two integers is 256. If one of them is (– 8), find the other.
Solution : Product of two integers = 256
One of them = − 8
∴ The other integer = 256 ÷ ( −8)
256
= = − 32
−8
9. What is sign of the product if we multiply together 20 as negative integer and 3 as positive integer?
Solution : A negative integer = − 20
A positive integer = 3
If we multiply together = − 20 × 3 = − 60
∴ Negative sign of the product if we multiply together.
10. Verify the following :
(a) L.H.S. = 15 × [ 7 + ( −6)]
= 15 × [ 7 − 6]
= 15 × 1 = 15
R.H.S. = 15 × 7 + 15 × ( −6)
= 15 × [ 7 + ( −6)]
= 15 × [ 7 − 6]
= 15
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
(b) L.H.S. = − 20 × [( −3) + ( −7)]
= − 20 × [ −3 − 7]
= − 20 × [ −10]
= 200
(3)
 R.H.S. = ( −20) × ( −3) + ( −20) × ( −7)
= ( −20) × [( −3) + ( −7)]
= ( −20) × [ −3 − 7]
= ( −20) × ( −10) = 200
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
11. (a) The total number of questions are 50.
The correct answers of Rahul = 45
Incorrect answers = 50 − 45 = 5
5 Marks are given for every correct answer and ( −3) marks for every incorrect answer.
Marks of Rahul for correct answers.
= 45 × 5 = 225
Marks of Rahul for incorrect answers = − 3 × 5 = −15
Total score of Rahul in mathematics of = 225 − 15 = 210
(b) The correct answers of Ravi = 30
Incorrect answers of Ravi = 5
5 Marks are given for every correct answer and ( −3) marks for every incorrect answer.
∴ The correct answer marks of Ravi = 30 × 5 = 150
The incorrect answer marks of Ravi = −3 × 5
= −15
Ravi’s total score in mathematics = 150 − 15
= 135
12. Decrease in temperature per hour = 4° C
Decrease in temperature in 10 h = 4 × 10 = 40° C
Temperature in the beginning = 36° C
Temperature after 10 hours = 36 −40 = − 4° C

Exercise-3
1. Find the quotient :
(a) 140 ÷ ( −20) 20 140 7 (b) −25 ÷ ( −5)
5 25 5
140 140 −25
= × = 25
−20 −5 ×
= −7 =5
(c) 640 ÷ ( −1) 1 640 640 (d) ( −1003) ÷ ( −1003)
640 6 −1003 1003 1003 1
= 4 =
−1 −1003 1003
4
= − 640 0 =1 ×
(e) ( −391) ÷ ( −17) 0 (f) 512 ÷ ( −8) 8 512 64
−391 17 391 23 512 48
= 34 =
−17 −8 32
= 23 51 = 64 32
51 ×
×

(4)
 (g) ( −5000) ÷ 50 50 5000 100 (h) ( −640) ÷ 80
−5000 −640 80 640 8
= 50 = 640
50 00 80 ×
= 100 00 = −8
×
(i) 0 ÷ ( −12)
0
= =0
−12
2. Divide the following :
(a) (80) ÷ ( −4) 4 80 20 (b) ( −210) ÷ 3 3 210 70
80 8 −210 21
= =
−4 0 3 0
= − 20 0 = − 70 0
× ×
(c) ( −93) ÷ 31 31 93 3 (d) ( −63) ÷ ( −9) 9 63 7
−93 91 −63 61
= = ×
31 × −9
= −3 =7
3. Fill in the blanks :
48 48 1
(a) 309 ÷  = 309 309 309 1 (b)  ÷ ( −48) = 1
309 48
309 −48
or = 309 × or =1 ×
1 −48
(c) −87 ÷  = − 1 (d)  ÷ 16 = − 1
87 87 1 16 16 1
87 16
× ×
−87 −16
or = −1 or = −1
87 16
(e) 20 ÷ ( −10) =  (f)  ÷ ( −21) = 0
10 20 1 0
=0
20 −21
×
20
or = −2
−10
4. Write three pairs of integers ( a, b) such that a ÷ b = − 2. One such pair is (8, − 4).
Solution : First pair of integers
a = − 4, b=2
−4
then = −2 (Q a ÷ b = − 2)
2
Second pair of integers
a = 6, b= −3
6
then = −2 (Q a ÷ b = − 2)
−3

(5)
 Third pair of integers
a = 10, b = − 5
10
then = −2 (Q a ÷ b = − 2)
−5
5. An elevator descends into a mine shaft at the rate of 7 m per minute. If the descent starts from 20 m
above the ground level, find the time taken by the elevator to reach −400 m.
Solution : Initial height = + 20 m
Final depth = − 400 m
Total distance to be covered by the elevator = − 400 − ( +20)
= − 400 − 20 = − 420 m
Time taken by the elevator to descend − 7 m = 1 min.
Thus, time taken by the elevator to descend
420
−420 m = − ÷ − 7 = 60 minutes = 1 hour
−7
6. Suppose the sunset occurs at 7 : 15 p.m. on July 15 in Delhi and the setting time of the sun decreases
by 30 seconds every day. At what time will the sunset on November 26 in Delhi?
Soluton : Sunset occurs on July 15 = 7 :15 p.m.
Sunss set decreases every day = 30 seconds.
No. of days between 15 July to 26 Nov = 134 days
= 134 × 30
= 4020 sec
4020
= = 1 ⋅ 07 hour
60 × 60
∴ Time of sunset on Nov. 26 = 7 ⋅ 15 − 1 ⋅ 07 on Nov. 26
= 6 ⋅ 08 p.m.

CHAPTER-2 : FRACTIONS
Exercise-1
1. Write each fraction in the lowest term :
75 19
(a) (b)
10 76
75
= H.C.F. of 19, 76 is 19. So, dividing each by 19,
10
19 1
Dividing each by 5, we get We get =
76 4
75 15
=
10 2
48
(c)
120
H.C.F. of 48, 120 is 24.
So, dividing each by 24,

(6)
 98 2
=
120 5
2. Compare the following fractions :
1 6
(a)
3 8
L.C.M. of 3, 8 is 24. Now we convert each of the given fractions into an equivalent fraction
with denominator 24.
1×8 8 8 18
= then <
3 × 8 24 24 24
6 × 3 18 1 6
= or <
8 × 3 24 3 8
4 17
(b)
6 2
L.C.M. of 6, 2 is 6. Now we convert each of the given fractions into an equivalent fraction with
denominator 6.
4 17 × 3 51
and =
6 2×3 6
4 51 4 17
Then < or <
6 6 6 2
1 2
(c)
3 7
L.C.M. of 3, 7 is 21. Now we convert each of the given fractions into an equivalent fraction with
denominator 21.
1× 7 7 2×3 6
= and =
3 × 7 21 7 × 3 21
7 6 1 2
Then > or >
21 21 3 7
7 3
(d)
9 8
L.C.M. of 9, 8 is 72. Now we convert each of the given fractions into an equivalent fraction with
denominator 72.
7 × 8 56 56 27
= then >
9 × 8 72 72 72
3 × 9 27 7 3
= or >
8 × 9 72 9 8
3. Solve :
2 4 5
(a) + (b) 9 +
6 6 12
2+4 9 5
= = +
6 1 12
6 12 × 9 + 1 × 5
= =
6 12
108 + 5 113
=1 = =
12 12
(7)
 5 7 5 2
(c) 8 + (d) 6 −
12 12 7 7
(12 × 8) + 5 7 47 2
= + = −
12 12 7 7
96 + 5 7 47 − 2
= + =
12 12 7
101 7 45
= + =
12 12 7
101 + 7
=
12
108
= =9
12
1 5 3 1 1
(e) 8 − 2 (f) 2 +1 − 2
3 8 4 3 2
25 21 11 4 5
= − L.C.M. of 3, 8 is 24 = + −
3 8 4 3 2
25 × 8 21 × 3
= − L.C.M. of 4, 3, 2 is 12. Now we convert each of
3×8 8×3
given fractions into equivalent fraction with
denominator 12.
200 63 11 × 3 4 × 4 5 × 6
= − = + −
24 24 4×3 3× 4 2×6
200 − 63 33 16 30
= = + −
24 12 12 12
137 33 + 16 − 30 49 − 30 19
= = = =
24 12 12 12
1 1 8 3 5
(g) 3 + 2 − 1 (h) + +
2 2 9 2 7
3 5 3
= + − L.C.M. of 9, 2 and 7 is 126
1 2 2
(8 × 14) + (3 × 63) + (5 × 18)
L.C.M. 1, 2, 2 is 2. =
126
6+5−3 112 + 189 + 90
= =
2 126
11 − 3 8 391
= = =4 =
2 2 126
4. Arrange the following in ascending order :
1 6 1 2
, , ,
4 3 6 10
L.C.M. of 4, 3, 6 and 10 is 60. Now we convert each of the given fractions into an equivalent
fraction with denominator 60.

(8)
 1 × 15 15 6 × 20 120
= , =
4 × 15 60 3 × 20 60
1 × 10 10 2 × 6 12
= , =
6 × 10 60 10 × 6 60
10 12 15 120 1 2 1 6
< < < < < <
60 60 60 60 6 10 4 3
5. Arrange the following in descending order :
7 3 8 19
, , ,
10 5 15 30
L.C.M. of 10, 5, 15, and 30 is 60. Now we convert each of the given fractions into an equivalent
fraction with denominator 60.
7 × 6 42 3 × 12 36
= =
10 × 6 60 5 × 12 60
8 × 4 32 19 × 2 38
= =
15 × 4 60 30 × 2 60
42 38 36 32 7 19 3 8
or > > > > > >
60 60 60 60 10 30 5 15
6. Complete the following equivalent fractions :
50 6
(a) = (b) =
20 100 7 63
L.C.M. of 20, 100 is 100 then Other type
10 × 5 50 6
= Cross multiply
20 × 5 100 7 63
50 50
= 6 × 63 = x × 7
100 100
6 × 63
∴ = 10 or x = or x = 54 ∴ = 54
7
8 48 8 40
(c) = (d) =
11 16
8 48 8 40
= =
11 x x 16
8 × x = 48 × 11 40 × x = 16 × 8
48 × 11 16 × 8
or x = or x =
8 40
16
x = 66 ∴ x=
5
∴ = 66
1
7. What should be added to 8 to get 14?
7
1
Solution : Let x be added to 8 to get 14
7

(9)
 1 57
x +8 = 14 or x+ = 14
7 7
7x + 57
or = 14 or 7x + 57 = 14 × 7
7
or 7x + 57 = 98 or 7x = 98 − 57
41 6
or 7x = 41 or x= =5
7 7
1 1
8. A rectangular sheet of paper is 15 cm long and 12 cm wide. Find the perimeter.
3 2
1 1
Solution : The length of rectangular paper is given 15 cm and width of paper is 12 cm.
3 2
We know
The perimeter of the rectangle is
= 2 ( l + b)
where l = length, b = breadth
1 1 46 25
∴ Perimeter = 215 + 12  = 2 + 
 3 2   3 2
 92 + 75   167 
= 2  = 2 
 6   6 
2 × 167 167 2
= = = 55 cm
6 3 3
1 1
9. A wire of 13 m length is taken to fence around a rectangular garden of the given wire, only 10 m
4 7
is used. What length of the wire remains unused?
1 1
Solution : Q Length of wire available = 13 m Used up in fencing = 10 m
4 7
∴ Wire remains unused
1 1 53 71
= 13 − 10 = −
4 7 4 7
53 × 7 − 71 × 4 371 − 284
= =
28 28
87 3
= =3 m
28 28
3 5
10. Neelam solved part of a maths exercise while Niti solved of it. Who solved greater part?
5 9
3 5
Solution : To find the greater part, compare and
5 9
L.C.M. of 5, 9 is 45
3 × 9 27
Then, =
5 × 9 45
5 × 5 25
=
9 × 5 45

(10)
 27 25
>
45 45
3 5
∴ >
5 9
So, that Neelam solved greater part than Niti.
11. The length of the ribbon 10 metre is given.
1 1
The cut pieces are 3 metre and 2 metre, then the length of ribbbon left is
2 4
 1 1   7 9
= 10 −  3 + 2  = 10 −  + 
 2 4  2 4
 7 × 2 + 9  14 + 9 
= 10 −   = 10 −  
 4   4 
10 23 40 − 23 17
= − = =
1 4 4 4
1
= 4 metre
4
1 1
12. Shalini gave part to her son and part to her daughter.
4 3
Then part of pizza left with Shalini
 1 1  3 + 4
=1−  +  =1−  
 4 3  12 
7 12 − 7 5
=1− = =
12 12 12

Exercise-2
1. Find :
12 2
(a) 25 × (b) 13 ×
4 5
25 × 12 13 × 2
= =
4 5
26
= 25 × 3 =
5
= 75
3 15 14 34
(c) × (d) ×
5 7 25 49
3×3 2 × 34
= =
7 25 × 7
9 68
= =
7 175

(11)
 1 3 25
(e) 3 × 7 ×1
16 7 39
49 52 64
= × ×
16 7 39
7 4 4
= × ×
1 1 3
112
=
3
2. Find :
3 2
(a) of a rupee (b) of a year
4 3
4 2
= × 1 rupee = × 1 year
3 3
3 2
= × 100 paise = × 12 month
4 3
= 3 × 25 paise = 2 × 4 months
= 75 paise = 8 months
15 2
(c) of a day (d) of an hour
4 15
15 2
= × one day = × one hour
4 15
15 2
= × 24 hours = × 60 minite
4 15
= 90 hours = 8 minites
3. Multiply and reduce to lowest terms :
1 9 4
(a) 4 × 8 (b) ×2
8 13 9
65 9 22
= 4× = ×
8 13 9
65 22
= =
2 13
1 9
= 32 =1
2 13
11 27 16 21
(c) × (d) ×
3 2 35 48
11 9 1 3
= × = ×
1 2 5 3
99 1
= =
2 5
1
= 49
2
(12)
 1 4 1 1
(e) × (f) 4 ×3
4 5 3 2
1 4 13 7
= × = ×
4 5 3 2
1 91
= =
5 6
1
= 15
6
4. Shade :
1 3
(a) of the triangles in box (i) (b) of the circles in box (ii)
2 4
There are 16 trangles in box (i) There are 12 circles in box (ii)
1 3
= × 16 = × 12
2 4
=8 =9
5. Put > or < sign :
1 3 3 4 1 2
(a) of 16 × 12 (b) × 6 ×
2 4 2 7 4 5
1 3 4 6
× 16 = 8 × =
2 2 7 7
3 1 2
and × 12 = 9 and 6 ×
4 4 5
25 2 5
then 8<9 = × =
4 5 2
1 3
of 16 < × 12 Now equivalent fractions with
2 4
denominator :
1 4
(c) 4 × 6 9×2 L.C.M. of 7, 2 is 14.
3 9
1 19 76 6 × 2 12
4×6 = 4× = =
3 3 3 7 × 2 14
4 5 × 7 35
and 9 × 2 and = =
9 2 × 7 14
22 12 35
=9× = 22 = <
9 14 14
76 22 × 3 66 3 4 1 2
and = So, × < 6 ×
3 1×3 3 2 7 4 5
76 66
∴ = >
3 3
1 4
So, 4 × 6 > 9 × 2
3 9

(13)
6. Which is greater :
1 3 1 4 6 21 7 40
(a) of or of (b) of or of
3 4 2 5 7 12 8 5
1 3 1 6 21 3
× = × =
3 4 4 7 12 2
1 4 2 7 40 7
and × = and × =
2 5 5 8 5 1
3 ×1 3
L.C.M. of 4, 5 is 20 =
2 ×1 2
1×5 5 7 × 2 14
∴ = and =
4 × 5 20 1×2 2
2×4 8 3 14
and = <
5 × 4 20 2 2
5 8 6 21 7 40
∴ < So, of < of
20 20 7 12 8 5
1 3 1 4
So, of < of
3 4 2 5
1 2
7. Cost of 1 kg oranges is Rs. 18 . Find the cost of 2 kg oranges.
4 5
Solution : Given
1 73
Cost of 1 kg oranges is ` 18 =
4 4
2 73 2
So, Cost of 2 kg oranges is = ×2
5 4 5
73 12
= ×
4 5
219
=
5
4
= ` 43
5
2 3
8. The length and breadth of a rectangular park is 41 m and 18 m. Find the perimeter of the park.
3 5
Solution : The length of a
2
Rectangular park = 41 m
3
3
and breadth = 18 m.
5
Then the perimeter of the park
2 ( l + b)
where l is length and b is breadth
 2 3
= 2  41 + 18 
 3 5

(14)
 125 93 
= 2  + 
 3 5
 625 + 279 
=2 
 15 
904 
= 2  
 15 
1808
=
15
8
= 120 m
15
3
9. Find the area of a square of side 13 m.
2
3
Solution : The given side of the square = 13 m.
2
2
3
∴ Area of square is = a 2 = 13 
 2
where a is the side of square
29 29
= ×
2 2
841 1
= = 210 m 2
4 4
1
10. The capacity of a bucket is 8 litres. How much water will be there in 5 such buckets?
2
1
Solution : The capacity of a bucket = 8 litres
2
Water in 5 buckets is
1
= 8 ×5
2
17
= ×5
2
85
=
2
1
= 42 litres
2
1
11. Shashi finished part of her home work in an hour. How much part of the homework will she finish
6
1 1 1
in 1 hour = ×1
2 6 2
1 3
= ×
6 2
1 1 1
= × = part
2 2 4
(15)
 3 1
12. 1 litre of milk costs Rs. 31 . Find the cost of 3 litres of milk.
4 4
3
Solution : The cost of 1 litre milk = ` 31 .
4
1
Then cost of 3 litres
4
1 3
= 3 × 31
4 4
13 127
= ×
4 4
1651
=
16
3
= `103
16

Exercise-3
1. Find :
1 4
(a) 4 ÷ 2 (b) 12 ÷ 5
5 8
5 8
= 4× = 12 ×
11 44
20 24
= =
11 11
9 2
=1 =2
11 11
4 2
(c) 16 ÷ (d) ÷8
8 15
1 2 1
= 16 ÷ = ×
2 15 8
1
= 16 × 2 =
60
= 32
53 14
(e) ÷ 12 (f) ÷5
7 3
53 1 14 5
= × × =
7 12 3 1
53 14 1
= = ×
84 3 5
14
=
15

(16)
2. Find :
2 1 12 3
(a) ÷ (b) ÷
3 6 15 7
2 6 12 7
= × = ×
3 1 15 3
4 7
= 2×2 = ×
15 1
28 13
=4 = =1
15 15
1 1 3 5
(c) 5 ÷ 6 (d) 4 ÷ 2
2 5 8 6
11 31 35 17
= ÷ = ÷
2 5 8 6
11 5 35 6 35 3
= × = × = ×
2 31 8 17 4 17
55 105 37
= = =1
62 68 68
15 3
(e) ÷
2 2
15 2
= ×
2 3
=5
3 4 6 10
3. Simplify :  ÷  ×  ÷ 
 2 5   15 3 
3 5 6 3
=  ×  ×  × 
 2 4   15 10 
3 5 6 3
= × × ×
2 4 15 10
3×3
=
4 × 10
9
=
40
5 1
4. By what number should be multiplied to get 3 ?
6 3
5 1
Solution : Let x be multiplied in to get 3 .
6 3
5 1
Then x× =3
6 3
5 10
or x× =
6 3
10 6
or x= ×
3 5

(17)
 x = 2 ×2
∴ x=4
1
5. If the cost of 6 kg apples is Rs. 500, find the cost of 1 kg apples.
2
1
Solution : Cost of 6 kg apples = Rs. 500
2
1
Cost of 1 kg apples = Rs. 500 ÷ 6
2
13
= 500 ÷
2
2
= 500 ×
13
1000
=
13
12
= ` 76
13
1
6. If of a number is 216, find the number.
6
1
Solution : of a number = 216
6
1
So, the required number = 216 ÷
6
= 216 × 6
= 1296
1
7. th of the passengers of a train on a certain day were children. If there were 40 children travelling
8
in the train on the day, how many adults were there in that train?
x
Solution. Let the total no. of passengers travelling by the train be x. The of them are children.
8
Given that there were 40 children
x
∴ = 40
8
or x = 40 × 8
∴ x = 320
∴ the total no. of passengers = 320
No. of adults = Total − No. of children
= 320 − 40
= 280
∴ There were 280 adults in that train.

(18)
 Chapter-3 : Decimals
Exercise-1
1. Find the place value of the underlined digits :
(a) 16 ⋅ 308
Place value of 3 is tenth.
(b) 34 ⋅ 21
Place value of 4 is ones.
(c) 8 ⋅ 364
Place value of 6 is handredth.
2. Express the following in decimal form :
8 6
(a) 700 + 12 + +
10 100
= 712 + 0 ⋅ 8 + 0 ⋅ 06
= 712 + 0 ⋅ 86
= 712 ⋅ 86
3 7
(b) 200 + 30 + 6 + +
100 1000
200 + 30 + 6 + 0 ⋅ 03 + 0 ⋅ 007
200.00
30.00
6.00
+ .03
.007
236 ⋅ 037
3. Express the following in expanded form :
(a) 106 ⋅ 32 (b) 5 ⋅ 278
Expanded form of 106 ⋅ 32 Expanded form of 5 ⋅ 278
= 100 + 6 + 0 ⋅ 3 + 0 ⋅ 02 = 5 + 0 ⋅ 2 + 0 ⋅ 07 + 0 ⋅ 008
3 2 2 7 8
= 100 + 6 + + =5+ + +
10 100 10 100 1000
(c) 36 ⋅ 403
Expanded form of 36 ⋅ 403
= 30 + 6 + 0 ⋅ 4 + 0 ⋅ 00 + 0 ⋅ 003
4 0 3
= 30 + 6 + + +
10 100 1000
4. Compare using <, > or =
(a) 0 ⋅ 3 0 ⋅ 32
Converting each of decimal numbers into like decimals, we get
0 ⋅ 30 , 0 ⋅ 32
∴ 0 ⋅ 3 < 0 ⋅ 32
(19)
 (b) 86 ⋅ 3 8 ⋅ 63
Converting each of decimal numbers into like decimals, we get
86 ⋅ 30, 8 ⋅ 63
∴ 86 ⋅ 3 > 8 ⋅ 63
(c) 0.50 0.5
Converting each of decimal numbers into like decimals, we get
0.50, 0.50
∴ 0.50 = 0.50
(d) 2.07 53.7
Converting each of decimal numbers into like numbers, we get
2.07, 53.70
∴ 2.07 < 53.7
5. Arrange the following decimal numbers in ascending order :
4 ⋅ 65, 3 ⋅ 50, 4 ⋅ 605, 5 ⋅ 05, 6 ⋅ 63
Solution : Converting each of the decimal into like decimal, we get
4 ⋅ 650, 4 ⋅ 605, 3 ⋅ 500, 6 ⋅ 603
On comparing,
3 ⋅ 50 < 4 ⋅ 605 < 4 ⋅ 65 < 505 . < 6 ⋅ 63
6. Arrange the following decimal numbers in descending order :
12 ⋅ 13, 12 ⋅ 013, 13 ⋅ 102, 13 ⋅ 12, 1 ⋅ 213
Solution : Converting each of the decimal into like decimal, we get
12 ⋅ 130, 12 ⋅ 013, 13 ⋅ 102, 13 ⋅ 120, 1 ⋅ 213
On comparing,
13 ⋅ 12 > 13 ⋅ 102 > 12 ⋅ 13 > 12 ⋅ 013 > 1 ⋅ 213
7. Convert into km :
(a) 3670 m (b) 398 m
To convert m into km, it is divided by 1000 m To convert m into km, it is divided by 1000 m
3670 398
So, m So, m
1000 1000
= 3 ⋅ 67 km = 0 ⋅ 398 km
(c) 50 km 3 m
We can write it as 50 × 1000 m + 3 m = 50000 m + 3 m
= 50003 m
Now divide by 1000
50003
=
1000
= 50 ⋅ 003 km
8. Convert into rupees :
(a) 5 rupees 35 paise (b) 408 paise
To convert paise into rupees it is divided by 100.To convert into rupees, it is divided by 100
35 408
5 rupees + rupees = paise
100 100
= 5 rupees + 0 ⋅ 35 rupees = ` 4 ⋅ 08
= 5 ⋅ 35 rupees
(20)
 (c) 12 rupees 8 paise
8
= 12 rupees + rupees
100
= 12 + 0 ⋅ 08 rupees
= 12 ⋅ 08 rupees
9. Express 98 mm in cm, m and km.
To convert 98 mm into cm, it is divided by 10 mm
98
= cm = 9 ⋅ 8 cm
10
To convert 98 mm into m, it is divided by 1000 mm
98
= mm = 0 ⋅ 098 m
1000
To convert 98 mm into km, it is divided by 1000000 mm
98
= mm
1000000
= 0 ⋅ 000098 km
10. Solve the following :
(a) 56 ⋅ 08 + 39 ⋅ 12
56·08
+ 39·12
95·20
(b) 58 ⋅ 35 + 22 ⋅ 50 − 35 ⋅ 3
58·35
+22·50
80·85
Now 80·85
–35·30
45·55
(c) 235 ⋅ 609 − 100 ⋅ 30
235·609
–100·300
135·309
(d) 41 ⋅ 8 + 39 ⋅ 24 − 62 ⋅ 6
41·80
+39·24
81·04
Now 81·04
–62·60
18·04
11. How much less is 98 kg than 153 ⋅ 6 kg?
Solution : To find the result, 98 kg is subtracted from 153.6 kg
153 · 6
– 98 · 0
55 · 6 kg
(21)
12. Niti bought 12 kg oranges and 2 kg 300 g mangoes and Nidhi bought 28 kg apples and 5 kg 150 g
litchies. Find, who bought more fruits.
Solution : Niti bought (12 kg oranges + 2 kg 300 g mangoes)
12 · 000
12 · 300
Total = 24 · 300 kg
Nidhi bought (28 kg apples + 5 kg 150 g litchies)
28 · 000
+ 5 · 150
Total = 3 3 · 1 5 0 kg
33 ⋅ 150 > 24 ⋅ 300 so that Nidhi bought more fruit.

Exercise-2
1. Multiply :
(a) 2 ⋅ 9 × 0 ⋅ 03 (b) 1 ⋅ 230 × 80
0 ⋅ 03 1 · 230
× 2 ⋅9 × 80
0 · 027 0 · 000
0 ⋅ 06 × 98 · 40 ×
0 ⋅ 087 98 · 400
(c) 1 ⋅ 3 × 1 ⋅ 42 (d) 7 × 3 ⋅ 637
1·42 3 · 637
×1·3 ×7
·426 25 · 459
1·42×
1·846
(e) 5 ⋅ 4 × 9 (f) 57 ⋅ 06 × 2 ⋅ 5
5·4 57 · 06
× 9 ×2·5
48 · 6 28 · 530
114 · 12 ×
142 · 650
2. Find the products :
(a) 3 ⋅ 7 × 100
3·7
× 100
00
00 ×
37 × ×
370 · 0
Because decimal has place value one.
(b) 28 ⋅ 56 × 10
28 ⋅ 56 × 10 move
(22)
 In that case the point to one place right
Then 285 ⋅ 60
(c) 1 ⋅ 8 × 1000
1 ⋅ 8 × 1000 move
In this case points into three place right
= 1800 ⋅ 0
(d) 156 ⋅ 1 × 100
= 15610 ⋅ 0
To multiply a decimal number 100, move two place right
(e) 1 ⋅ 03 × 1000
To multiply a decimal number 1000, move the decimal point three place to the right
= 1030 ⋅ 00
(f) 0 ⋅ 6 × 0 ⋅ 7
0·6
×0·7
0·42 (Putting the decimal point in the product two places from the right)
3. Find the products :
(a) 0 ⋅ 1 × 0 ⋅ 01 × 0 ⋅ 001
We multiply in simple way
1 × 01 × 1
= 0 ⋅ 000001
(b) 3 ⋅ 4 × 3 ⋅ 5 × 3 ⋅ 6
3·4 Now 11·90
×3·5 ×3·6
1·70 7·140
10·2× 35·70×
11·90 42·840

4. Find the area of a rectangle whose length is 7 ⋅ 4 cm and breadth is 4 ⋅ 5 cm.

Solution : Given the length of the rectangle is 7 ⋅ 4 cm and breadth 4 ⋅ 5 cm.
Then area of rectangle = 7 ⋅ 4 × 4 ⋅ 5
7·4
×4·5
3·70
29·6×
3 3 · 3 0 cm 2
5. Find the area of a square whose side is 4 ⋅ 9 cm.
Solution : Given side of the square is 4 ⋅ 9 cm
Then area of the square
4·9
×4·9
4·41
19·6×
2 4 · 0 1 cm 2
(23)
6. The cost of a cricket bat is Rs. 638 ⋅ 2. Find the cost of 50 such bats.
Solution : Cost of bat = ` 638 ⋅ 2
Cost of 50 bats = 638 ⋅ 2 × 50
638·2
×50
000·0
31910×
` 31910·0
7. A motor bike covers a distance of 53 ⋅ 7 km in 1 litre of petrol. How much distance will it cover in
3 ⋅ 6 litre of petrol?
Solution : In 2 litre petrol the motor bike covers 53 ⋅ 7 km
∴ In 3.6 litre petrol it will cover = 53 ⋅ 7 × 3 ⋅ 6 km
53·7
×3·6
3222
1611×
` 1 9 3 · 3 2 km
We have put the decimal point in the product two places from the right.

Exercise-3
1. Find :
(a) 5 ⋅ 76 ÷ 2 (b) 16 ⋅ 2 ÷ 50
576 162
÷2 = ÷ 50
100 10
576 1 162 1
= × = ×
100 2 10 50
1 1 162
= × 288 = ×
100 100 5
288 1
= = × 32 ⋅ 4
100 100
= 2 ⋅ 88 = 0 ⋅ 324
(c) 57 ⋅ 44 ÷ 8 (d) 3 ⋅ 28 ÷ 0 ⋅ 8
5744 1 8
= × = 3 ⋅ 28 ÷
100 8 10
1 5744 10
= × = 3 ⋅ 28 ×
100 8 8
1 32 ⋅ 8
= × 718 =
100 8
718 1 328
= = ×
100 10 8
1
= 7 ⋅ 18 = × 41
10
= 4 ⋅1
(24)
 (e) 2 ⋅ 25 ÷ 0 ⋅ 15 (f) 18 ÷ 0 ⋅ 2
15 2
= 2 ⋅ 25 ÷ = 18 ÷
100 10
100 10
= 2 ⋅ 25 × = 18 ×
15 2
225
= = 18 × 5
15
= 15 = 90
(g) 2 ⋅ 478 ÷ 700 (h ) 3 ⋅ 25 ÷ 0 ⋅ 5
2478 1 325 5
= × = ÷
1000 700 100 10
1 1 2478 325 10
= × × = ×
1000 100 7 100 5
1 2478 325
= × = ×2
100000 7 100
1 650 65
= × 354 = =
100000 100 10
354
= = 6 ⋅5
100000
= 0 ⋅ 00354
2. Divide :
(a) 97 ⋅ 46 ÷ 100
9746 1
= ×
100 100
9746
= = 0 ⋅ 9746
10000
To divide a decimal number by 10000 move the decimal point four places to the left.
(b) 6 ⋅ 38 ÷ 1000
638 1
= ×
100 1000
638
=
100000
= 0 ⋅ 00638
To divide a decimal number by 100000, move the decimal point five places to the left.
(c) 63 ⋅ 2 ÷ 10
632 1
×
10 10
632
=
100
= 6 ⋅ 32
To divide a decimal number by 100, move the decimal point two places to the left.
(25)
 (d) 98 ⋅ 436 ÷ 100
98436 1
= ×
1000 100
98436
=
100000
= 0 ⋅ 98436
To divide a decimal number by 100000, move the decimal point five places to the left.
(e) 0 ⋅ 036 ÷ 100
36 1
= ×
1000 100
36
=
100000
= 0 ⋅ 00036
To divide a decimal number by 100000, move the decimal point five places to the left.
(f) 1538 ÷ 10
1538
=
10
= 153 ⋅ 8
To divide a decimal number by 10, move the decimal point one place to the left.
3. Find the quotients :
(a) 4 ⋅ 12 ÷ 4 (b) 6 ⋅ 36 ÷ 6
412 1 636 1
= × = ×
100 4 100 6
1 412 1 636
= × = ×
100 4 100 6
1 1
= × 103 = × 106
100 100
103
= = 1 ⋅ 06
100
= 1 ⋅ 03 To divide a decimal number by 100, move the
decimal point two places to the left.
(c) 14 ⋅ 49 ÷ 7
1449 1
= ×
100 7
1 1449
= ×
100 7
1
= × 207
100
= 2 ⋅ 07
4. The product of two decimal numbers is 5 ⋅ 92. If one of decimal numbers is 0 ⋅ 7, find the other.
Solution : Let other decimal be x and the given number is 0 ⋅ 7
Then 0 ⋅ 7 × x = 5 ⋅ 92
5 ⋅ 92
or x=
0⋅7
(26)
 5 ⋅ 92
=
0 ⋅ 70
1 592
= ×
10 7
1
= × 84 ⋅ 57
10
84 ⋅ 57
=
10
= 8 ⋅ 457
5. The weight of 10 bags of sugar is 1386 ⋅ 2 kg. Find the weight of each bag.
Solution : Given weight of 10 bags of sugar = 1386 ⋅ 2 kg
1386 ⋅ 2
Then weight of each bag =
10
= 138 ⋅ 62 kg
6. A school dress requires 3 ⋅ 25 m cloth. How many dresses will be made from 217 ⋅ 75 m cloth?
Solution : From = 3 ⋅ 25 m cloth one dress is made.
Number of dress from 217 ⋅ 75 m
217 ⋅ 75
=
3 ⋅ 25
21775
=
325
4355
=
65
871
=
13
= 67
7. Navya bought 1 ⋅ 84 m of wire and cut it into 8 equal pieces. What was the length of each piece?
Solution : Navya bought wire = 1 ⋅ 84 m
Number of cut pieces = 8
1 ⋅ 84
∴ The length of each piece =
8
1 184
= ×
100 8
1
= × 23
100
23
= = 0 ⋅ 23 m
100

Chapter- 4 : Rational Numbers

Exercise-1
1. Give an example of a rational number which is not an integer.
(27)
 p
Solution. Rational number =
q
where p is not multiple of q and q ≠ 0
2. Which of the following are rational numbers?
−3 2
(a) −5 (b) (c)
7 0
3 0
Solution : (a) −5 (b) − and (c)
7 8
p
These are rational number because these are in the form of and p is not multiple of q.
q
3. Classify the following into positive or negative rational numbers?
−2 5
Solution : and are positive rational numbers as numerator and denominator in each number
−11 6
are of the same sign.
−3
is negative rational number as numerator and denominator in this rational number are of
5
different signs.
0
is not a rational number.
3
5
4. Express as a rational number with numerator :
6
5 −40 5 90
(a) = (b) =
6 6
5 5 × ( − 8) 5 × 18
= =
6 6 × ( − 8) 6 × 18
−40 90
= =
−48 108
5 100
(c) =
6
5 × 20
=
6 × 20
100
=
120
5
5. Express as a rational number with denominator :
9
(a) −36 (b) 108
5 5
= =
9 −36 9 108
5 5 × ( − 4) 5 5 × 12
= =
9 9 × ( − 4) 9 9 × 12
−20 5 60
= =
−36 9 108
(28)
 (c) −144
5
=
9 −144
5 × ( −16)
=
9 × ( −16)
−80
=
−144
−64
6. Express as a rational number with denominator 8.
256
−64
=
256 8
−6 −64 ÷ 32
=
256 256 ÷ 32
−2
=
8
49
7. Express as a rational number with numerator 7.
−28
49 7
=
−28
49 49 ÷ 7
=
−28 −28 ÷ 7
7
=
−4
8. Express the following in the standard form :
7 7÷7 −28 −28 ÷ ( −4)
(a) = (b) =
−56 −56 ÷ 7 −24 −24 ÷ ( −4)
1 7
= =
−8 6
−190 −190 ÷ 5 360 360 ÷ 90 4
(c) = (d) = =
75 75 ÷ 5 9000 9000 ÷ 90 100
−38 4÷4
= =
15 100 ÷ 4
1
=
25
65 65 ÷ 13 −8 −8 ÷ 4
(e) = (f) =
39 39 ÷ 13 28 28 ÷ 4
5 −2
= =
3 7
9. Write five rational numbers equivalent to each of the following rational numbers :
11
(a)
6

(29)
 11 11 × 2 11 × 3 11 × 4 11 × 5 11 × 6
= = = = =
6 6×2 6×3 6×4 6×5 6×6
22 33 44 55 66
= = = = =
12 18 24 30 36
−6
(b)
13
−6 −6 × 2 −6 × 3 −6 × 4 −6 × 5 −6 × 6
= = = = =
13 13 × 2 13 × 3 13 × 4 13 × 5 13 × 6
−12 −18 −24 −30 −36
= = = = =
26 39 52 65 78
−3
(c)
−4
−3 −3 × 2 −3 × 3 −3 × 4 −3 × 5 −3 × 6
= = = = =
−4 −4 × 2 −4 × 3 −4 × 4 −4 × 5 −4 × 6
−6 −9 −12 −15 −18
= = = = =
−8 −12 −16 −20 −24
9
(d)
7
9 9×2 9×3 9× 4 9×5 9×6
= = = = =
7 7×2 7×3 7× 4 7×5 7×6
18 27 36 45 54
= = = = =
14 21 28 35 42
10. Complete the following pattens with next three numbers :
−5 −10 −15
(a) , , , ...........
6 12 18
−5 −5 × 2 −5 × 3 −5 × 4 −5 × 5 −5 × 6
= , , , , ,
6 6×2 6×3 6× 4 6×5 6×6
−5 −10 −15 −20 −25 −30
= , , , , ,
6 12 18 24 30 36
−2 −4 −6
(b) , , , ..............
−3 −6 −9
−2 −2 × 2 −2 × 3 −2 × 4 −2 × 5 −2 × 6
= , , , , ,
−3 −3 × 2 −3 × 3 −3 × 4 −3 × 5 −3 × 6
−2 −4 −6 −8 −10 −12
= , , , , ,
−3 −6 −9 −12 −15 −18
11. Find the value of x, if the given pairs of rational numbers are equivalent :
5 x
(a) and
3 12
Given rational numbers are equivalent
5 x
=
3 12

(30)
 5 x÷4
=
3 12 ÷ 4
20 ÷ 4
=
12 ÷ 4
5
=
3
So, x = 20
25 x
(b) and
6 ⋅5 13
Given rational number are equivalent :
25 x
6 ⋅5 13
Then 25 × 13 = 6 ⋅ 5 × x
6 ⋅ 5 × x = 25 × 13
25 × 13 × 10
or x=
65
25 × 10
x=
5
x = 25 × 2
x = 50
12. Which of the following pairs of rational numbers are equivalent?
5 20
(a) ,
7 28
5 20
7 28
7 × 20, 5 × 28
140, 140
5 20
So, =
7 28
5 20
Hence and are equivalent rational numbers.
7 28
5 −12
(b) ,
11 5
5 −12
11 5
25 ≠ − 132
5 −12
So, ≠
11 5
5 −12
Hence and are not equivalent rational numbers.
11 5
−40 6
(c) ,
10 15

(31)
 −40 6
10 15
−40 × 15, 10 × 6
−600 ≠ 60
−40 6
So, ≠
10 15
−40 6
Hence and are not equivalent rational numbers.
10 15
13. Fill in the blanks :
−10
(a) = =
17 34 68
Since it appears that these rational numbers are equivalent, then
−10 −10 × 2 −10 × 4
= =
17 17 × 2 17 × 4
−10 −20 −40
= = =
17 34 68
−9 81
(b) = =
7 49
These rational are quivalent
−9 −9 × 7 9 × 9
= =
7 7×7 −7 × 9
−9 −63 81
= = =
7 49 −63

14. Fill in the blanks with correct symbol of >, < or =

−6 5 −16
(a) 0 (b)
3 3 8
−6
is negative rational number L.C.M. of 3 and 8 is 24
3
−6 5 × 3 15 −16 × 3 −48
Then <0 = and =
3 3 × 8 24 8×3 24
15 −48
since >
24 24
5 −16
So, > .
3 8
−3 −2 6 15
(c) (d)
4 3 3 8
L.C.M. of 4, 3 is 12 L.C.M. of 3, 8 is 24
−3 × 3 −9 −2 × 4 −8 6 × 8 48 15 × 3 45
= and = = and =
4 × 3 12 3×4 12 3 × 8 24 8 × 3 24
Since −9 < − 8 Since 48 > 45

(32)
 −3 −2 6 15
So, < So, > .
4 3 3 8
15. Which of the following rational numbers is greater?
−5 −7 9 7
(a) or (b) or
4 3 14 21
L.C.M. of 4 and 3 is 12 L.C.M. of 14 and 21 is 42
−5 × 3 −15 −7 × 4 −28 9 × 3 27 7 × 2 14
= and = = and =
4×3 12 3×4 12 14 × 3 42 21 × 2 42
Since −15 > − 28 Since 27 > 14
−5 −7 9 7
So, > So, >
4 3 14 21
−5 9
∴ is greater. ∴ is greater.
4 14
−1 −3
(c) or
2 4
L.C.M. of 2 and 4 is 4.
−1 × 2 −2 −3 × 1 −3
= and =
2×2 4 4 ×1 4
Since −2 > − 3
−1 −3
So, >
2 4
−1
∴ is greater.
2
16. Arrange the following in ascending order :
−3 7 −5 2 5 3 −2 7
(a) , , , (b) , , ,
4 −12 16 −3 6 4 5 8
L.C.M. of 4, 12, 16 and 3 is 48 L.C.M. of 6, 4, 5 and 8 is 120
−3 × 12 −7 × 4 −5 × 3 −2 × 16 5 × 20 3 × 30 −2 × 24 7 × 15
= , , , = , , ,
4 × 12 12 × 4 16 × 3 3 × 16 6 × 20 4 × 30 5 × 24 8 × 15
−36 −28 −15 −32 100 90 −48 105
= , , , = , , ,
48 48 48 48 120 120 120 120
Since −36 < − 32 < − 28 < − 15 Since −48 < 90 < 100 < 105
−3 2 7 −5 −2 3 5 7
So, < < < So, < < <
4 −3 −12 16 5 4 6 8
17. Arrange the following in descending order :
−9 2 −11 5 −1 2 11
(a) , , ,0 (b) , , ,
10 −15 6 11 3 5 12
L.C.M. of 10, 15, 6 is 90 L.C.M. of 11, 3, 5 and 12 is 660
−9 × 9 −2 × 6 −11 × 15 5 × 60 −1 × 220 2 × 132 11 × 55
= , , ,0 = , , ,
10 × 9 15 × 6 6 × 15 11 × 60 3 × 220 5 × 132 12 × 55
−81 −12 −165 300 −220 264 605
= , , ,0 = , , ,
90 90 90 660 660 660 660

(33)
 Since 0 > − 12 > − 81 > − 165 Since 605 > 300 > 264 > − 220
2 −9 −11 11 5 2 −1
So, 0 > > > So, > > >
−15 10 6 12 11 5 3

Execise-2
1. Represent the following rational numbers on a number line :
(a) Mark the integers on the number line
5 −3 −13 7
Given : , , ,
6 4 4 8
First we convert equivalent rational numbers
5 × 4 −3 × 6 −13 × 6 7 × 3
, , ,
6× 4 4×6 4×6 8×3
20 −18 −78 21
= , , ,
24 24 24 24
–3 –2 –1 0 +1 +2 +3
•
– 78
•
– 18
••
20 21
24 24 24 24

5 7
and are represented by first and second marks respectively lying to the right of zero.
6 8
−3 −13
and are represented of first and second marks respectively lying to the left of zero.
4 4
−3 −4
2. Find three rational numbers between and .
4 3
−3 −4
First we convert and into equivalent rational numbers
4 3
−3 × 3 −9 −4 × 4 −16
= = and =
4 × 3 12 3×4 12
−9 −16
∴ Three rational numbers between and are
12 12
−15 −14 −13
, ,
12 12 12
3. Find 5 rational numbers between :
−1 5
(a) and
10 13
−1 5
First we convert and into equivalent rational numbers
10 13
−1 × 13 −13 5 × 10 50
= = and =
10 × 13 130 13 × 10 130
−13 50
∴ Five rational numbers between and are
130 130
(34)
 −12 −11 −10 −9 −8
, , , ,
130 130 130 130 130
−4 1
(b) and
9 −3
−4 −1
First we convert and into equivalent rational numbers
9 3
−4 × 1 −4 −1 × 3 −3
= = and =
9 ×1 9 3×3 9
But between −4 and −3 we can find that the rational number of integers is 0.
−4 −4 × 10 −40
Now = =
9 9 × 10 90
−3 − 3 × 10 −30
and = =
9 9 × 10 90
−40 −30
∴ Five rational numbers between and are
90 90
−39 −38 −37 −36 −35
, , , ,
90 90 90 90 90
2 13
(c) and
10 25
2 13
First we convert and into equivalent rational numbers.
10 25
2 × 10 20 13 × 4 52
= and =
10 × 10 100 25 × 4 100
20 52
∴ Five rational numbers between and are
100 100
21 22 23 24 25
, , , ,
100 100 100 100 100
−6
(d) and 0
5
−6
∴ Five rational numbers between and 0 are
5
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1
= , , , ,
5 5 5 5 5
4. Write the absolute value of the following :
−3
(a)
−7
For the absolute value of the rational number we take its positive value
−3 3
∴ =
−7 7
−6
(b)
11
For the absolute value of rational number we take its positive value
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 −6 6
∴ =
11 11
0
(c)
3
0
=0
3
∴ 0 =0

Exercise-3
1. Add the following rational numbers :
8 −2 −4 −6
(a) and (b) and
−19 3 11 −11
8 −2 −8 2 −4 −6
+ = − = +
−19 3 19 3 11 −11
−4 6
L.C.M. of 19, 3 is 57. = +
11 11
−8 × 3 − 19 × 2 −4 + 6
= =
57 11
−24 − 38 2
= =
57 11
−62
=
57
−7 5 −3 1
(c) and (d) and
8 6 4 −13
−3 1
L.C.M. of 8, 6 is 24. = +
4 −13
−7 × 3 + 5 × 4 −3 1
= = −
24 4 13
−21 + 20 −3 × 13 − 4 × 1
= = L.C.M. of 4, 13 is 52.
24 52
−1 −39 − 4
= =
24 52
−43
=
52
−7 3 5 −4
(e) and (f) and
16 4 12 10
−7 3 5 −4
+ +
16 4 12 10
5 4
L.C.M. of 16, 4 is 16. = −
12 10
−7 × 1 + 4 × 3
= L.C.M. of 12, 10 is 60.
16
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 −7 + 12 5×5−6× 4
= =
16 60
5 25 − 24
= =
16 60
1
=
60
2. Subtract the first rational number from the second in each of the following pairs :
13 −12 7 −6
(a) , (b) ,
5 25 14 −14
−12  13  −6  7 
= −  = − 
25  5  −14  14 
−12 13 6 7
= − = −
25 5 14 14
6−7
L.C.M. of 25, 5 is 25. =
14
−12 × 1 − 13 × 5 −1
= =
25 14
−12 − 65
=
25
−77
=
25
−1 8 −11
(c) , 16 (d) ,
2 21 −14
 −1 −11  8 
16 −   − 
 2 −14  21
16 1 11 8
= + = −
1 2 14 21
16 × 2 + 1 × 1
= L.C.M. of 14 , 21 is 42.
2
32 + 1 11 × 3 − 8 × 2
= =
2 42
33 33 − 16 17
= = =
2 42 42
5 1
(e) 4 , 2
9 12
1 5
2 −4
12 9
25 41
= −
12 9
L.C.M. of 12, 9 is 36.
25 × 3 − 41 × 4
=
36

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 75 − 164 −89
= =
36 36
3. Simplify :
1 −3 1 3  7   −6 
(a) + + (b) −  + 
4 −8 16 15  10   5 
1 3 1 3 7 6
= + + = − −
4 8 16 15 10 5
L.C.M. of 4, 8, 16 is 16. L.C.M. of 15, 10 and 5 is 30
4 ×1 + 3 × 2 +1 ×1 3×2− 7×3−6×6
= =
16 30
4 + 6 +1 6 − 21 − 36
= =
16 30
11 6 − 57 −51
= = =
16 30 30
2 8 1 −
 1 5
(c) + − (d) 3 +   +
5 −30 10  2 8
2 8 1 3 1 5
= − − = − +
5 30 10 1 2 8
L.C.M. of 5, 30 and 10 is 30. L.C.M. of 1, 2 and 8 is 8.
2 × 6 − 8 ×1 −1 × 3 3 × 8 −1 × 4 + 5 ×1
= =
30 8
12 − 8 − 3 24 − 4 + 5
= =
30 8
12 − 11 20 + 5
= =
30 8
1 25
= =
30 8
11 5  −7  −6 3  −2 
(e) + +  (f) + + 
16 8  24  9 9  −9 
11 5 7 −6 3 2
= + − = + +
16 8 24 9 9 9
−6 + 3 + 2
L.C.M. of 16, 8 and 24 is 48. =
9
11 × 3 + 5 × 6 − 7 × 2 −6 + 5
= =
48 9
33 + 30 − 14 −1
= =
48 9
63 − 14
=
48
49
=
48

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4. Find the additive inverse of the following :
−6
(a)
10
Additive inverse of a rational number is another rational number which when added to the given
number the sum becomes zero.
−6 6
Here, + =0
10 10
6 −6
∴ is the additive inverse of .
10 10
−17
(b)
35
17 −17
is the additive inverse of .
35 35
−3
(c)
−2
−3 3
Here, =
−2 2
−3 3
∴ is the additive inverse of .
2 2
5
(d)
42
−5 5
is the additive inverse of .
42 12
16
(e)
−112
16 −16
∴ is the additive inverse of .
112 112
−3 1 7
5. Subtract the sum of and from .
4 2 8
−3 1
Solution : Sum of and
4 2
−3 1 −3 × 1 + 1 × 2
= + =
4 2 4
−3 + 2 −1
= =
4 4
−1 7
Now we subtract from
4 8
7  −1 7 1
= − = +
8  4 8 4
L.C.M. of 8, 4 is 8.
7 ×1 +1 × 2 7 + 2
= =
8 8
9
=
8

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 −5 2
6. What should be added to to get ?
8 9
−5 2
Solution : Let x be added to to get
8 9
 −5  2 5 2
x +   = or x − =
 9  9 8 9
2 5 2×8+5×9
∴ x= + = (L.C.M.of 9, 8 is 72)
9 8 72
16 + 45 61
= =
72 72
−14
7. The sum of two rational numbers is . If one of the numbers is −3, find the other .
5
Solution : Given one number is −3 and let other number be x
−14
then given x + ( −3) =
5
−14 −14
x −3= or x = +3
5 5
−14 × 1 + 3 × 5 −14 + 15 1
∴ x= = =
5 5 5
1
So another number is
5
−2 1 5 −4
8. Subtract the sum of and from the sum of and .
3 3 3 3
−2 1
Solution : Sum of amd is
3 3
−2 1 −2 + 1 −1
= + = =
3 3 3 3
5 −4
and sum of and is
3 3
5 −4 5 − 4 1
= + = =
3 3 3 3
Now we subtract
1  −1 1 1
= − = +
3  3 3 3
1 +1 2
= =
3 3
−7 3 −1 15
9. Which is greater, the sum of and or the sum of and and by how much?
10 −7 8 24
−7 3
Solution : Sum of and is
10 −7
−7 3 −7 3
= + = −
10 −7 10 7

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 L.C.M. of 10, 7 is 70.
−7 × 7 − 3 × 10 −49 − 30
= =
70 70
−79
=
70
−1 15
and sum of and is
8 24
−1 15
= +
8 24
L.C.M. of 8, 24 is 24.
−1 × 3 + 15 × 1 −3 + 15
= =
24 24
12
=
24
12 −79
So, >
24 70
−79 12
Now subtract from
70 24
12  −79  1 79
= − = +
24  70  2 70
35 × 1 + 79 × 1
= (L.C.M. of 2, 70 is 70)
70
35 + 79 114
= =
70 70
57 12 −79 57
= ∴ is greater than by .
35 24 70 35
1 1
10. The difference of two rational numbers is 2 . If the greater number is 5 , find the other .
3 2
Solution : Let other number be x.
1 1
Given 5 − x = 2
2 3
11 7 7 11
−x= or −x = −
2 3 3 2
L.C.M. of 3, 2 is 6.
7 × 2 − 11 × 3 14 − 33
or −x = =
6 6
−19 19
or −x = or x=
6 6
19
So, other rational number is .
6
5 2
11. Radha’s house is at a distance of km from the school whereas Niti’s house residence is km away
6 3
from the school. Who lives nearer to the school and by how much?
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 5
Solution : Given distance of Radha’s house from the school = km
6
2
and distance of Niti’s house from the school = km
3
2×2 4
= km = km
3×2 6
5 4
∴ >
6 6
So, Niti’s house nearer to the school.
Now
5 4 5−4 1
− = = km
6 6 6 6
1
∴ Niti’s house is nearer to school by km.
6
−5
12. What number should be subtracted from to get 0?
4
Solution : Let x be subtracted to get 0.
−5 5
−x=0 or −x =
4 4
−5
∴ x=
4
−5
So, is to be subtracted.
4
3
13. Neelam spent Rs. 18 out of Rs. 40 she had. How much money is left with her?
4
3
Solution : Neelam spent = Rs. 18 .
4
and she has total ammount = Rs. 40.
3
Money left with her = 40 − 18
4
40 75
= −
1 4
L.C.M. of 1, 4 is 4.
40 × 4 − 75 × 1
=
4
160 − 75 85
= =
4 4

Exercise-4
1. Multiply :
−7 12 9 23
(a) × (b) ×
8 14 13 ( −27)

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 −7 × 12 9 −23
= = ×
8 × 14 13 27
−1 × 12 −23
= =
8×2 13 × 3
−6 −23
= =
8 39
−3
=
4
10 −5  −3 
(c) −8 × (d) × 
−40 −8  7 
−8 × 10 5 −3
= = ×
−40 8 7
8 × 10 5 × ( − 3)
= =
40 8×7
10 −15
= =2 =
5 56
13 1 12
(e) −11 × (f) 4 ×
44 3 5
−11 × 13 13 12
= = ×
44 3 5
−13 13 × 12
= =
4 3×5
13 × 4 52
= =
5 5
2. Multiply :
9 22 18  21 
(a) by (b) by  
−11 21 35  −12 
9 22 18 21
= × = ×
−11 21 35 −12
−9 × 22 −18 × 21
= =
11 × 21 35 × 12
−3 × 2 −3 × 3
= =
1× 7 5×2
−6 −9
= =
7 10
1 3 −11
(c) 1 by (d) −7 ×
4 7 35
1 3 ( −7) × ( −11)
1 × =
4 7 35
5 3 7 × 11
= × =
4 7 35

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 5×3 11
= =
4×7 5
15
=
28
3. Simplify :
−7 2 −9 23  −11 17
(a) × × (b) × ×
9 3 14 22  5  46
( − 7) × 2 × ( − 9) 23 × ( −11) × 17
= =
9 × 3 × 14 22 × 5 × 46
7×2×9 −23 × 11 × 17
= =
9 × 3 × 14 22 × 5 × 46
14 −11 × 17
= =
3 × 14 22 × 5 × 2
1 −17 −17
= = =
3 2 × 5 × 2 20
−11 6
(c) × ×0
10 15
−11 6
= × ×0
10 15
=0
4. Find the value of :
−45 −15 −48 12
(a) ÷ (b) ÷
16 8 19 −35
−45 8 −48 −35
= × = ×
16 −15 19 12
−45 × ( −8) ( −48) × ( −35)
= =
16 × 15 19 × 12
45 × 8 48 × 35
= =
16 × 15 19 × 12
3 ×1 4 × 35
= =
2 ×1 19
3 140
= =
2 19
−100 2 1121
(c) ÷5 (d) ÷
−20 5 125
−100 1 2 125
= × = ×
−20 5 5 1121
100 × 1 2 × 25
= =
20 × 5 1121
100 50
= =1 =
100 1121

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 −55 10 −11 −7
(e) ÷ (f) ÷
36 12 −4 32
−55 12 −11 32
= × = ×
36 10 −4 −7
−55 × 12 11 × 32
= =
36 × 10 4 × ( − 7)
−11 × 1 11 × 8
= =
3×2 ( − 7)
−11 −88
= =
6 7
5. Evaluate :
1 5 6  1 1  1 1 
(a) 2 ×  +  (b)  −  ÷  − 
5 11 11  5 6   6 15 
1 5 + 6   1 × 6 − 1 × 5   1 × 15 − 6 × 1
=2 × =  ÷ 
5  11   30   90 
11 11  6 − 5   15 − 6 
= ×  =  ÷ 
5 11  30   90 
11 1 9
= × (1) =   ÷ 
5  30   90 
11 1 90
= ×1 = ×
5 30 9
11 3 1
= = =
5 9 3
 36 88   −26 −28  1 2 2 5
(c)  ×  +  ×  (d) + − 1 ÷
 11 18   14 13  3 5 7 3
 36 × 88   −26 × − 28  1 2 9 5
=  +  + − ÷
 11 × 18   14 × 13  3 5 7 3
 26 × 28  1 2 9 3
= (2 × 8) +   = + − ×
 14 × 3  3 5 7 5
1 2 27
= 16 + (2 × 2) = + − (L.C.M. of 3, 5, 35 is 105)
3 5 35
35 × 1 + 2 × 21 − 27 × 3
= 16 + 4 = 20 =
105
35 + 42 − 81
=
105
77 − 81 −4
= =
105 105
 15 14  −4  −4 1  7 
(e)  ÷  × (f)  ×5÷  −  
 19 12  17  3 2   12 

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  15 12  −4  −4   7
= × × = × 5 × 2 −  
 19 14  17  3   12 
 15 × 6  −4  −4 × 5 × 2   7 
= × =  − 
 19 × 7  17  3   12 
90 −4 −40 7
= × = −
133 17 3 12
−90 × 4 −40 × 4 − 7
= =
133 × 17 12
−360 −160 − 7 −167
= = =
2261 12 12
6. Write the reciprocal of the following :
−9 8
(a) (b)
4 −33
4 −9 −33 8
is the reciprocal of is the recipocal of
−9 4 8 −33
6 −16
(c) (d)
11 −21
11 6 −21 −16
is the reciprocal of is the reciprocal of
6 11 −16 −21
−36 −6
7. With what number should we multiply , so that the product be ?
35 5
Solution : Let the required number be x.
−6
Product of two rational numbers =
5
−36 −6  −6   −36 
×x= or x=   ÷ 
35 5  5   35 
−6 −35 ( −6) × ( −35)
or x= × =
5 36 5 × 36
6 × 35 1 × 7
= =
5 × 36 1 × 6
7
=
6
1 3
8. Find the cost of 2 metres of cloth at Rs. 7 per metre.
2 4
3
Solution : Cost of per metre cloth = Rs.7 .
4
1 1 3
Cost of 2 metre cloth = Rs. 2 × 7
2 2 4
1 3
Since 2 × 7
2 4

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 5 28 + 3 5 31
= × = ×
2 4 2 4
155 3
= = 19
8 8
−7 −5
9. By what number should be divided to get ?
8 6
Solution : Let the required number be x.
−7 5
÷x= −
8 6
7 1 5
or − × = −
8 x 6
1 5  7
or = − ÷ − 
x 6  8
1 5 8 40
or = × =
x 6 7 42
42 21
∴ x= =
40 20
3 1
10. A car is moving at a speed of 16 km/h. Find the distance it will cover in 3 hours.
4 2
3
Solution : Speed of car = 16 km/h
4
1 3 1
Distance covered in 3 hours = 16 × 3 km
2 4 2
3 1
Since 16 × 3
4 2
67 7 67 × 7
= × =
4 2 4×2
469 5
= = 58 km
8 8
1 1
11. How many pieces, each of length 6 m, can be cut from a rope of length 87 metres?
4 2
1
Solution : Each of length = 6 metre
4
1
The length of rope = 87 metre
2
1 1
∴ Total pieces of rope = 87 ÷ 6
2 4
175 25 175 4
= ÷ = ×
2 4 2 25
= 7 × 2 = 14
2 3
12. Divide the sum of and by their difference.
5 4

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 2 3
Solution : Sum of and
5 4
 2 3 2 × 4 + 3 × 5
= + =
 5 4 20
8 + 15 23
= =
20 20
2 3
Difference of and
5 4
 2 3  8 − 15
= − =
 5 4 20
−7
=
20
23  7 
Now ÷ − 
20  20 
23 −20 23
× =−
20 7 7

13. Are there any rational numbers which are equal to their reciprocals? If yes, write them.
Solution : Yes, 1 is the only number which is the reciprocal of itself also, reciprocal of –1 is – 1.
1 and – 1 are equal reciprocals.

Exercise-5
1. Express the following rational numbers as decimals :
17
(a) To express as decimal we divide 17 by 5
5
5 17 3·4
17 15
= 3⋅4
5 20
20
0

26
(b) To express as decimal we divide 26 by –5
−5
5 26 5·2
26 25
= − 5 ⋅2
−5
10
0
2
(c) To express as decimal we divide 2 by 11
11
2 11 20 ·1818
= 0 ⋅ 18 11
11
88
20
11
90
88
2 Repetition continues
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 4
(d) To express as decimal we divide 4 by 5
5
4 5 40 ·8
= 0 ⋅8 40
5

−5
(e) To express as decimal we divide – 5 by 8
8
−5 8 50 ·625
= − 0 ⋅ 625 48
8
16
40
40
0
70
(f) To express as decimal we divide 70 by 180
180
70 8 50 ·625
= 0 ⋅ 38
180 48

16
40
40
0
2. Express the following decimal numbers as rational numbers :
(a) 4 ⋅ 06 (b) 5 ⋅ 98
406 203 598 299
= = = =
100 50 100 50
(c) 3 ⋅ 185 (d) 0 ⋅ 5
3185 637 0 ⋅5 5 1
= = = = =
1000 200 10 10 2
(e) −4 ⋅ 85 (f) 3 ⋅ 75
−485 −97 375 75 15
= = = = =
100 20 100 20 4

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 Chapter - 5 : Exponents
Exercise-1
1. Express the following in exponential form :
(a) ( −8) × ( −8) × ( −8) (b) 9 × 9 × 9 × 9 × 9
( − 8) 1 × ( − 8) 1 × ( − 8) 1 91 × 91 × 91 × 91 × 91
= ( −8)1+ 1+ 1 = 91+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1
= ( − 8) 3 = 95
(c) t × t × t × u × u (d) 3 × 3 × 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 × 6
= t 1+ 1+ 1 × u1+ 1 = 31 × 31 × 61 × 61 × 61 × 61 × 61
= t 3 × u2 = 31+ 1 × 61+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1
= t 3 ⋅ u2 = 32 ⋅ 65
 −3   −3   −3 
(e)   ×   ×  
 4  4  4
1 1 1
 −3   −3   −3 
  ×  × 
 4  4  4
1+ 1+ 1 3
 −3   −3 
=  = 
 4  4
2. Find the value of :
(a) (9) 4 (b) ( −12) 3
= 9×9×9×9 = ( −12) × ( −12) × ( −12)
= 81 × 81 = 144 × ( −12)
= 6561 = −1728
(c) (3) 4 (d) ( −10) 2
= 3×3×3×3 = ( −10) × ( −10)
= 9×9 = 100
= 81
3. Evaluate :
(a) 3 2 + 5 2 (b) ( −4) 3 × ( −5) 2
= 3×3+5×5 = ( − 4) × ( − 4) × ( − 4) × ( − 5) × ( − 5)
= 9 + 25 = ( −4) × (16) × (25)
= 34 = 16 × ( −100)
= −1600
(c) 6 3 − 3 2 (d) ( −7) 4 × ( −7) 2
= 6×6×6−3×3 = ( − 7) × ( − 7) × ( − 7) × ( − 7) × ( − 7) × ( − 7)
= 216 − 9 = 49 × 49 × 49
= 207 = 2401 × 49
= 117649

(50)
 3 2
 −1  2
(e)   ×   (f) 24 ÷ 22
 2  3
 −1  −1  −1  2   2 
=   ×  ×  ×  ×  = 2×2×2×2+2×2
 2   2   2   3  3
1  −1 2 × 2
= ×  × = 4×4÷4
2×2  2  3×3
−1 4
= × = 16 ÷ 4
4×2 9
−1 −1
= = =4
2 × 9 18
4. Express the following as a product of prime factors :
(a) 125 2 288 (b) 625
2 1000
= 5×5×5 2 144 = 5×5×5×5
2 500
= 51+ 1+ 1 2 72 = 51+ 1+ 1+ 1 2 250
2 36
= 53 2 18 = 54 5 125
(c) 288 3 9 (d) 1000 5 25
3 3 5 5
= (2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2) × (3 × 3) = (2 × 2 × 2) × (5 × 5 × 5)
1
= 21+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1 × 31+ 1 = 21+ 1+ 1 × 51+ 1+ 1 1
2 1232
= 25 × 32 2 616 = 23 × 53
(e) 1232 2 308
= (2 × 2 × 2 × 2) × 7 × 11 2 154
7 77
= 21+ 1+ 1+ 1 × 7 × 11 11 11
= 2 4 × 7 × 11 1

5. Find the value :

(a) ( −1) 24 × ( −1)12 × ( −1) 6
If the power of (– 1) is even, then the value is +1
So, (1) × (1) × (1) = 1
(b) ( −1) 41 − ( −1) 25
If the power of (– 1) is even, then the value of (– 1) is +1
If the power of (– 1) is odd, then the value of (– 1) is – 1
So, = ( −1) − ( −1)
= −1 +1 = 0
6. Find the value of x :
(a) 5 x = 125 (b) ( −2) x = − 64 2 64
2 32
5x = 5 × 5 × 5 5 125 ( − 2) x = ( − 2) × ( − 2) × ( − 2) × ( − 2) 2 16
5 x = 51+ 1+ 1 5 25 = ( − 2) ( − 2) 2 8
5 5
5x = 53 1 ( − 2) x = ( −2)1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1 2 4
( − 2) x = ( − 2) 6 2 2
1
Comparing of their powers x = 3 Then, x=6
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 (c) 3 x = 243 3 243
x 3 27
3 = 3×3×3×3×3
3 27
3 x = 31+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1
3 9
3x = 35 3 3
∴ x=5 1
7. Simplify :
1
(a) (5 2 − 3 2 ) × (2) 3 (b) (3 2 + 2 2 ) ÷
25
= (5 × 5 − 3 × 3) × 2 3 = (3 × 3 + 2 × 2) × 25
= (25 − 9) × 2 × 2 × 2 = (9 + 4) × 25
= 16 × 8 = 13 × 25
= 128 = 325
2 2 2
 2  11 3
(c)   ×   ×  
 7 3  11
2 2 11 11 3 3
= × × × × ×
7 7 3 3 11 11
2×2
=
7×7
4
=
49
8. Which one is greater?
3 4 or 4 3
Here, 3 4 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
= 9 × 9 = 81
and 4 3 = 4 × 4 × 4
= 64
4 3
Thus, 3 > 4
9. Express the following in exponential form :
32 −144
(a) (b)
243 169
2×2×2×2×2 −2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
= =
3×3×3×3×3 13 × 13
25 2 32 3 243 −4 × 3 × 4 × 3 2 144 13 169
= 2 16 3 81 = 2 72 13 13
35 13 × 13
5
2 8 3 27 2 36 1
 2 2 4 3 9 −12 × 12 3 18
=  =
 3 2 2 3 3 13 × 13 3 9
1 1 3 3
2 1
(12) 2  12 
=− = − 
13 2  13 
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 1331 81
(c) (d)
1000 625
11 × 11 × 11 3×3×3×3
= =
10 × 10 × 10 5×5×5×5
113 9×9
= 10 1000 11 1331 = 3 81 5 625
3 25 × 25
10 10 100 11 121 3 27 5 125
3 2
 11  10 10 11 11 92 9 3 9 5 25
=  = = 
 10  1 1 2  25  3 3 5 5
25
1 1
Exercise-2
1. Simplify and express the answer in exponential form :
47
(a) (b) 9 8 ÷ 9 3
3 2
4 ×4
47 98
= =
4 3+ 2 93
47
= = 9 8− 3
45
= 4 7− 5 = 95
= 42
(c) 7 3 × 7 3 × 7 −9 (d) ( −6) 8 ÷ ( −6) 5
( − 6) 8
= 73 + 3 − 9 =
( − 6) 5
= 7 6− 9 = ( − 6) 8 − 5
= 7 −3 = ( − 6) 3
(e) a 80 × a −63 (f) ( −7) 0 × (8) 0 + (6) 2
= a 80− 63 We know x 0 = 1 or ( −x 0 ) = 1,
= a 17 where x any natural number.
So, ( −7) 0 × 8 0 + 6 2 = 1 × 1 + 36
= 1 + 36
= 37

2. Simplify :
8 × 92 × 63 3 5 × 10 5 × 25
(a) (b)
12 2 × 3 5 57 × 65
8×9×9×6×6×6 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 10 5 × 25
= =
12 × 12 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 5 × 5 × 55 × 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 × 6
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 8×9×9×6 10 5 × 25
= =
4×9×9×3 25 × 5 5 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
10 5 10 5
=4 = =
55 × 25 (5 × 2) 5
10 5
= =1
10 5
46 × a 7 × b3
(c) [( 7 2 ) 3 ÷ 7 3 ] × 7 6 (d)
25 × a 4 × b2
(2 2 ) 6 × a 7 × b 3
= [( 49) 3 ÷ 7 3 ] × 7 6 =
25 × a 4 × b2
 ( 49) 3  6 212 × a 7 × b 3
= ×7 =
 7 3  25 × a 4 × b2
 49 × 49 × 49 
= ×7
6
= 212− 5 × a 7− 4 × b 3− 2
 7 × 7 × 7 
= ( 7 × 7 × 7) × 7 6 = 27 × a 3 × b
= 73 × 76 = 27 × a 3 b
= 7 3+ 6
= 79
15 × 3 5 × t 6
(e)
24 × t 3
5 × 3 × 35 × t 6
=
24 × t 3
5 × 3 6 × t 6− 3
=
24
5 × 36 × t 3
=
24
3. Find x, if :
3 2 2 x−1
3 243  2  2  2
(a) 3 x = 243 (b)   ×   =  
3 81  7  7  7
3 27 3+ 2 2 x−1
 2  2
3x = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 3 9   = 
 7  7
3 3 5 2 x−1
 2  2
3x = 35 1   = 
 7  7
So, x=5 5 = 2x − 1

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 or 5 + 1 = 2x
or 6 = 2x
6
∴ x= =3
2
(c) 81 × 3 x = 3 7
3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3x = 37
34 × 3x = 37
3 4+ x = 3 7
Comparing the powers,
4+x= 7
or x= 7−4
∴ x=3
4. Find the value of :
−3
 1
(a) ( 4) −3 (b)  
 6
1 1
= =
3 3
( 4)  1
 
 6
1 1 1 1
= = = =
4 × 4 × 4 16 × 4 1 ×1 ×1 1
6 × 6 × 6 216
1
= = 216 × 1 = 216
64
−5
 2
(c)  
 3
1 1
= =
5 2 × 2 × 2×2×2
 2
  3×3×3×3×3
 3
3×3×3×3×3 9×9×3
= =
2×2×2×2×2 4× 4×2
243
=
32
5. By what number should ( −3) −3 be multiplied so that the product is ( −15) −1?
Solution : Let ( −3) −3 be multiplied by x to get ( −15) −1
x 1
( −3) −3 × x = ( −15) −1 or =
3 −15
( − 3)
( − 3) 3 ( − 3) × ( − 3) × ( − 3)
or x= =
−15 −15

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 9 × ( −3) −27
=
=
−15 −15
27 9
= =
15 5
6. Evaluate each of the following :
−1 −1
  1  1
(a)  7 −1 +    (b) ( a −1 × 10 −1 ) −2 ×
  2  100

−1 −2
1 1  1 1  1
= +  = ×  ×
 7 (1 / 2)1   a 10  100
−1 −2
1 1 × 2  1  1
= + =  ×
7 1   10a  100
−1
1 2 1 1
= +  = ×
 7 1 2 100
 1 
 
 10 × a 
−1
1 + 2 × 7  1 1
=  = ×
 7  1 100
(10 × a ) 2
−1
1 + 14  (10 × a ) 2 1
=  = ×
 7  1 100
−1
15  100 × a 2 1
=  = ×
7 1 100
1 1 a2
= = = a2
1
 15  15 1
  7
 7
7
=
15
3
 1  2   25   5   5
2 6
(c)   −   ÷ ( −5) 8 (d)   ×   ÷  
  5    9   3  3
3 2 6
  −1  −1   5 × 5  5  5
=    ×    ÷ ( − 5) 8 =  ×  ÷ 
 5   5    3 × 3  3  3
3 2 6
 −1 × − 1 8 52  5  5
=  ÷ ( − 5) = ×  ÷ 
2  3  3
 5×5  3
3 2 2 6
 1  8  5  5  5
=  ÷ ( − 5) =   ×  ÷ 
 5 × 5   3  3  3

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 2× 3 2+ 2 6
 1  5  5
=  ÷ ( − 5) 8 =  ÷ 
 5  3  3
6 4 6
 1  5  5
=   ÷ ( − 5) 8 =   ÷ 
 5  3  3
4
 5
  4−6
1 1  3  5
= × = = 
56 ( − 5) 8  5
6  3
 
 3
−2
1 1  5 1
= × =  =
6 8  3 2
( − 5) ( − 5)  5
 
 3
1 1 9
= = =
14 25 25
( − 5)
9
= ( −5) −14

Exercise-3
1. Express the following numbers in scientific notation or standard form :
(a) 7680000000 (b) 9840000 × 10 4
= 7 ⋅ 68 × 1000000000 = 9 ⋅ 84 × 1000000 × 10 4
= 7 ⋅ 68 × 10 9 = 9 ⋅ 84 × 10 6 × 10 4
= 9 ⋅ 84 × 10 6 + 4
= 9 ⋅ 84 × 1010
(c) 12 crores (d) 0 ⋅ 00063 × 10 −5
63
= 120000000 = × 10 −5
100000
63
= 12 × 10000000 = × 10 −5
5
10
63
= 12 × 10 7 = × 10 −5
4
10 × 10
63
= 1 ⋅ 2 × 10 8 = × 10 −5 × 10 −4
10
= 6 ⋅ 3 × 10 −9
(e) 45 lakhs (f) 3 ⋅ 542
= 4500000 = 3 ⋅ 542 × 10 0
= 4 ⋅ 5 × 1000000
= 4 ⋅ 5 × 10 6

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2. Write the following numbers in usual form :
(a) 9 ⋅ 45 × 10 5 (b) 2 ⋅ 36 × 10 −4
945 236
= × 10 5 = × 10 −4
100 100
945 236
= × 10 5 = × 10 −4
2 2
10 10
= 945 × 10 5− 2 = 236 × 10 −4− 2
= 945 × 10 3 = 236 × 10 −6
= 945000 = 0 ⋅ 000236
−8
(c) 283 ⋅ 6 × 10
2836
= × 10 −8
10
= 2836 × 10 −9
= 0 ⋅ 000002836
3. Express the figure in each of the following statements in standard form :
(a) The distance of the moon from the earth is 38000 km nearly.
Distance of the moon from the earth
= 38000 km
= 3 ⋅ 8 × 10000
= 3 ⋅ 8 × 10 4 km
(b) Speed of light is 300000000 m per sec.
Speed of light = 300000000 m/sec.
= 3 × 10 8 m/sec
(c) Diameter of the sun is 1400000000 m.
Diameter of sun = 1400000000 m.
= 1 ⋅ 4 × 1000000000
= 1 ⋅ 4 × 10 9 m.
4. Avogadro’s number is 6 ⋅ 02 × 10 23 . If it were written in usual form, how many zeroes would follow
the 2?
Solution : Given number = 6 ⋅ 02 × 10 23
In the usual form
= 602 × 10 21
So, 21 zeroes would follow the 2.

Chapter-6 : Algebraic Expressions

Exercise-1
1. Write each of the following into algebraic expression :
(a) A number x is multiplied by 4.
x is multiplied by 4
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 = x×4
= 4x
(b) Difference of the squares x and y.
Square of x = x 2
Square of y = y 2
And difference = x 2 − y 2
(c) Three times a number p increased by 2.
Three times of p = p + p + p = 3 p
And increased by 2
= 3p +2
(d) Product of p and q subtracted from 10.
Product of p and q = pq
And subtracted from 10
= 10 − pq
(e) Number 7 subtracted from six times a number a.
Number a six times = a + a + a + a + a + a
= 6a
7 Subtracted from 6a
= 6a − 7a
2. Write the factors of the following terms :
(a) 12x 3 (b) −x 3 y
= 2×2×3× x × x × x = −x×x×x× y
2 2
(c) −3abc (d) 36m n p
= − 13 × 3 × a × b × c = 3×3×2×2× m× m× n× n× p
2 2
(e) 63 p q
=9×7× p× p×q ×q
= 3×3× 7× p× p× q × q
3. Write the numerical coefficient of the terms (other than constants) in the following expressions :
(a) 4m 2 − 81
Cofficient of m 2 in 4m 2 − 81 is 4.
(b) 3x 2 + 4 y 2 + 5 z 2
Cofficient of x 2 , y 2 , z 2 in 3x 2 + 4 y 2 + 5 z 2 is 3, 4 and 5 reopectively.
(c) x 3 − 5 y 2 + z 3
Coefficient of x 3 , y 2 and z 3 in x 3 − 5 y 2 + z 3 is 1, − 5 and 1
(d) 17a + 34a 2 b + 3b
Coefficient of a, a 2 b and b in 17a + 34a 2 b + 3b is 17, 34 and 3.
4. Write the constant terms from the following expressions :
(a) 5x + 11
The constant term in 5x + 11 is 11.
(b) 5m 3 − 4m − 15
The constant term in 5m 3 − 4m − 15 is −15.

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 (c) 8 − 3t
The constant term in 8 − 3t is 8.
9 2 1 3
(d) p q − pq +
4 2 2
9 1 3 3
The constant term in p 2 q − pq + is .
4 2 2 2
(e) – 5
Constant term = − 5
5. Find the coefficient :
(a) of x in −21 xy
The coefficient of x in −21xy is −21y
(b) of y in 12 x 2 y
The coefficient of y in 12x 2 y is 12x 2 .
(c) of z 2 in −5 y + 6 z 2
The coefficient of z 2 in −5 y + 6 z 2 is 6.
(d) of xy in 40 xy − 12 x 2 y
The coefficient of xy in 40xy − 12x 2 y is 40.
6. Classify like terms and unlike terms :
(a) −13xy, 7 yx
Like terms are the terms having the same variables and equivalent powers.
−13xy, 7 yx are like terms because their algebraic factors are same.
(b) 2m 2 p, mp 2
2m 2 p, mp 2 are unlike terms because their algebraic factors are not same.
(c) −37 pq, 12 pq 2
−37 pq, 12 pq 2 are unlike terms because their algebraic factors are not same.
(d) 3mp, − 13 pm
3mp, − 13 pm are like terms because their algebraic factors are same.
(e) −19ab 2 , 12ab 2
−19ab 2 and 12ab 2 are like terms because their algebraic factors are not same.
(f) 111 p, − 8 pq
111p and −8 pq are unlike terms because their algebraic facto are same.
7. Classify the following polynomials as monomials, binomials and trinomials :
(a) 39 xyz
39 xyz is called a monomial because it has only one term.
(b) 4 + x − x 2
4 + x − x 2 term is called a trinomial because it has three unlike terms.
(c) x 2 − 5 y 2
x 2 − 5 y 2 term is a binomial because it has two unlike terms.
(d) 5x − 11z
5x − 11z term is a binomial because it has two unlike terms.
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 (e) 10 − x 2 + y
10 − x 2 + y 2 term is a trinomial because it has three unlike terms.
(f) 3mp − 4m 2 p + 16
3mp − 4m 2 p + 16 term is a trinomial because it has three unlike terms.
8. Give any two examples of binomial expressions.
Solution : An algebraic expression which contains two unlike terms is called a binomial.
Example : 5x + 3, x 2 − 9 are binomials.

Exercise-2
1. Find the sum :
(a) 4x, 3x, − 8x (b) 4a + b, − 3a + 2b, 6a + 7b
4x + 3x − 8x 4a + b − 3a + 2b + 6a + 7b
= ( 4 + 3 − 8) x = ( 4a − 3a + 6a ) + ( b + 2b + 7b)
= ( 7 − 8) x = ( 4 − 3 + 6) a + (1 + 2 + 7) b
= −1 × x = (10 − 3) a + (10) b
= −x = 7a + 10b
2 2 5 6 2 12
(c) 12m 2 − 9m + 2, − 4m 2 + 6m + 11 (d) p − p, p + p
5 3 7 3
2 5 6 12
= (12m 2 − 9m + 2) + ( −4m 2 + 6m + 11) = p2 − p + p2 + p
5 3 7 3
2 6  −5 12 
= (12m 2 − 4m 2 ) + ( −9m + 6m) + (2 + 11) =  +  p2 +  + p
 5 7  3 3
 2 × 7 + 5 × 6  2  −5 + 12 
= (12 − 4) m 2 + ( −9 + 6) m + 13 = p + p
 35   3 
 14 + 30  2  7 
= 8m 2 − 3m + 13 = p + p
 35   3
44 2 7
= p + p
35 3
(e) x 2 + 5 y 2 − 2xy, − 8x 2 + 11 y 2 + 15xy (f) x 2 − y 2 + 1, 2x 2 − 7, 4 y 2 − 6
( x 2 + 5 y 2 − 2xy) + ( −8x 2 + 11 y 2 + 15xy) = ( x 2 − y 2 + 1) + (2x 2 − 7) + ( 4 y 2 − 6)
= ( x 2 − 8x 2 ) + (5 y 2 + 11 y 2 ) + ( −2xy + 15xy) = ( x 2 + 2x 2 ) + ( − y 2 + 4 y 2 ) + ( − 7 − 6)
= (1 − 8) x 2 + (5 + 11) y 2 + ( −2 + 15) xy = (1 + 2) x 2 + ( −1 + 4) y 2 + ( −13)
= − 7x 2 + 16 y 2 + 13xy = 3x 2 + 3 y 2 − 13
(g) −3g + 5g 2 , g 3 + 2g, 5g 3 − 2g 2 + 3
= ( −3g + 5g 2 ) + ( g 3 + 2g ) + (5g 3 − 2g 2 + 3)
= ( −3g + 2g ) + (5g 2 − 2g 2 ) + ( g 3 + 5g 3 ) + 3
= ( −3 + 2) g + (5 − 2) g 2 + (1 + 5) g 3 + 3
= −1 × g + 3 × g 2 + 6 × g 3 + 3

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 = − g + 3g 2 + 6g 3 + 3
= 6g 3 + 3g 2 − g + 3
(h) 4x − 5 y − xy, − x + y − xy, 4xy + y − x
( 4x − 5 y − xy) + ( −x + y − xy) + ( 4xy + y − x )
= ( 4x − x − x ) + ( −5 y + y + y) + ( −xy − xy + 4xy)
= ( 4 − 1 − 1) x + ( −5 + 1 + 1) y + ( −1 − 1 + 4) xy
= ( 4 − 2) x + ( −5 + 2) y + ( −2 + 4) xy
= 2x − 3 y + 2xy
2. Subtract the following :
(a) −11 x 2 from 8 x 2
8x 2 − ( −11x 2 )
= 8x 2 + 11x 2
= 19x 2
(b) 10 x 2 + 2xy + 5 y 2 from 12xy − 3x 2 + 2 y 2
(12xy − 3x 2 + 2 y 2 ) − (10x 2 + 2xy + 5 y 2 )
= 12xy − 3x 2 + 2 y 2 − 10x 2 − 2xy − 5 y 2
= (12xy − 2xy) + ( −3x 2 − 10x 2 ) + (2 y 2 − 5 y 2 )
= (12 − 2) xy + ( −3 − 10) x 2 + (2 − 5) y 2
= 10xy − 13x 2 − 3 y 2
(c) 6 x 2 − 3x + 4 from −8x 2 + 8 x + 1
= ( −8x 2 + 8x + 1) − 6x 2 + 3x − 4
= ( −8x 2 − 6x 2 ) + (8x + 3x ) + (1 − 4)
= ( −8 − 6) x 2 + (8 + 3) x + ( −3)
= − 14x 2 + 11x − 3
(d) −5a 2 + 6ab + 8b 2 from 6a 2 + 4ab − 3b 2
(6a 2 + 4ab − 3b 2 ) − ( −5a 2 + 6ab + 8b 2 )
= 6a 2 + 4ab − 3b 2 + 5a 2 − 6ab − 8b 2
= (6a 2 + 5a 2 ) + ( 4ab − 6ab) + ( −3b 2 − 8b 2 )
= (6 + 5) a 2 + ( 4 − 6) ab + ( −3 − 8) b 2
= 11a 2 + ( −2) ab + ( −11) b 2
= 11a 2 − 2ab − 11b 2
5 2 3 9 1
(e) x − x + from 4 x 2 − x − 3
2 4 2 4
 2 1  5 3 9
 4x − x − 3 −  x 2 − x + 
 4  2 4 2

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 1 5 3 9
= 4x 2 − x −3 − x2 + x −
4 2 4 2
 5   − 1 3   −3 9 
=  4x 2 − x 2  +  x + x  +  − 
 2   4 4   1 2
 4 5  −1 3   −6 − 9 
=  − x2 +  + x +  
 1 2  4 4  2 
 8 − 5  2  −1 + 3   −15 
= x +  x +  
 2   4   2 
3 2  2 15
= x +  x −
2  4  2
3 2 1 15
= x + x−
2 2 2
(f) −8a + 11b + 3c from 2a + 7b − 19c
(2a + 7b − 19c) − ( −8a + 11b + 3c)
= 2a + 7b − 19c + 8a − 11b − 3c
= (2a + 8a ) + ( 7b − 11b) + ( −19c − 3c)
= (2 + 8) a + ( 7 − 11) b + ( −19 − 3) c
= 10 − 4b − 22c
(g) 3x − 5x + x − 7 from 7x 3 + x 2 − 2x + 5
3 2

( 7x 3 + x 2 − 2x + 5) − (3x 3 − 5x 2 + x − 7)
= 7x 3 + x 2 − 2x + 5 − 3x 3 + 5x 2 − x + 7
= ( 7x 3 − 3x 3 ) + ( x 2 + 5x 2 ) + ( − 2x − x ) + 5 + 7
= ( 7 − 3) x 3 + (11 + 5) x 2 + ( −2 − 1) x + 12
= 4x 3 + 6x 2 − 3x + 12
3. Simplify :
(a) 10m 2 − 9m + 6m − 2m 2 − 11m + 2
= (10m 2 − 2m 2 ) + ( −9m + 6m − 11m) + 2
= (10 − 2) m 2 + ( −9 + 6 − 11) m + 2
= 8m 2 + (6 − 20) m + 2
= 8m 2 − 14m + 2
(b) −11x 2 + 17x 2 + 12 − 3 y
= ( −11 + 17) x 2 + 12 − 3 y
= 6x 2 − 3 y + 12
(c) ( x 2 + 3x − 15) − ( −4x 2 + 11x − 19)
= x 2 + 3x − 15 + 4x 2 − 11x + 19
= ( x 2 + 4x 2 ) + (3x − 11x ) + ( −15 + 19)
= (1 + 4) x 2 + (3 − 11) x + 4
= 5x 2 − 8x + 4
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 (d) 2b − a − 10b − 13c − b + a − ( a + 5b − 6c)
= 2b − a − 10b − 13c − b + a − a − 5b + 6c
= ( −a + a − a ) + (2b − 10b − b − 5b) + ( −13c + 6c)
= ( −2a + a ) + (2b − 16b) + ( −7c)
= − a − 14b − 7c
2 4 3  −6m   7n   −11 p 
(e) m− n+ p+  +  + 
3 5 15  3   5   15 
2 6m   − 4 7n   3 p 11 p 
=  m−  + n+  + − 
3 3   5 5   15 15 
 2m − 6m   −4n + 7n   3 p − 11 p 
=  +  + 
 3   5   15 
− 4m 3n  − 8 p 
= + + 
3 5  15 
− 4m 3n 8 p
= + −
3 5 15
4. The sides of a rectangle are 5x + 2 and −3x + 5. Find its perimeter.
Solution : The given side of the rectangle is (5x + 2) and ( −3x + 5)
Perimeter of the rectangle = 2 ( l + b)
where l = 5x + 2, b = − 3x + 5
Perimeter = 2 (5x + 2 − 3x + 5)
= 2 (2x + 7)
= 4x + 14
5. Find the perimeter of equilateral triangle having one of its sides as 15m − 6mn metres.
Solution : The given side of equilateral triangle = (15m − 6mn) metre
Then perimeter = 3a metre
= 3 (15m − 6mn)
= ( 45m − 18mn) metre
6. Anu has 3x − 2 y + 5 z rupees. She spent 15x + 13 y − 10 z rupees to buy medicines. How much money
is left with her?
Solution : Anu has (3x − 2 y + 5 z ) rupees
and spent (15x + 13 y − 10 z ) rupees
∴ Money left with Anu = (3x − 2 y + 5 z ) − (15x + 13 y − 10 z )
= 3x − 2 y + 5 z − 15x − 13 y + 10 z
= (3x − 15x ) + ( −2 y − 13 y) + (5 z + 10 z )
= (3 − 15) x + ( −2 − 13) y + (5 + 10) z
= − 12x − 15 y + 15 z rupees
7. What should be added to 2x 2 − 5x + 7 to get x 2 + 11x − 3?
Solution : We have to subtract
(2x 2 − 5x + 7) from ( x 2 + 11x − 3)
= ( x 2 + 11x − 3) − (2x 2 − 5x + 7)

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 = x 2 + 11x − 3 − 2x 2 + 5x − 7
= ( x 2 − 2x 2 ) + (11x + 5x ) + ( −3 − 7)
= − x 2 + 16x − 10
Thus we should add ( −x 2 + 16x − 10) to (2x 2 − 5x + 7) to get ( x 2 + 11x − 3).
8. What should be subtracted from 5a 2 b 2 − 3ab − 4a 2 b − 6 to obtain −18ab + 4a 2 b 2 + 6a 2 b − 4?
Solution : We have to subtract ( −18ab + 4a 2 b 2 + 6a 2 b − 4) from (5a 2 b 2 − 3ab − 4a 2 b − 6)
(5a 2 b 2 − 3ab − 4a 2 b − 6) − ( −18ab + 4a 2 b 2 + 6a 2 b − 4)
= 5a 2 b 2 − 3ab − 4a 2 b − 6 + 18ab − 4a 2 b 2 − 6a 2 b + 4
= (5a 2 b 2 − 4a 2 b 2 ) + ( −3ab + 18ab) + ( −4a 2 b − 6a 2 b) + ( −6 + 4)
= a 2 b 2 + 15ab − 10a 2 b − 2
Thus we should subtract ( a 2 b 2 + 15ab − 10a 2 b − 2) from (5a 2 b 2 − 3ab − 4a 2 b − 6) to obtain
( −18ab + 4a 2 b 2 + 6a 2 b − 4)
9. From the sum of 5x 2 + 6x + 1 and x 2 + x + 1, subtract −x 2 + 6x − 2.
Solution : The sum of (5x 2 + 6x + 1) and ( x 2 + x + 1)
(5x 2 + 6x + 1) + ( x 2 + x + 1)
= (5x 2 + x 2 ) + (6x + x ) + (1 + 1)
= 6x 2 + 7x + 2
and subtract ( −x 2 + 6x − 2)
= (6x 2 + 7x + 2) − ( −x 2 + 6x − 2)
= 6x 2 + 7x + 2 + x 2 − 6x + 2
= (6x 2 + x 2 ) + ( 7x − 6x ) + (2 + 2)
= 7x 2 + x + 4
10. What should be taken away from 16m 2 − 4n 2 + 2mn + 15 to obtain −m 2 + n 2 + 6mn − 10?
Solution : We have to subtract ( −m 2 + n 2 + 6mn − 10) from (16m 2 − 4n 2 + 2mn + 15)
So, (16m 2 − 4n 2 + 2mn + 15) − ( −m 2 + n 2 + 6mn − 10)
= 16m 2 − 4n 2 + 2mn + 15 + m 2 − n 2 − 6mn + 10
= (16m 2 + m 2 ) + ( −4n 2 − n 2 ) + (2mn − 6mn) + (15 + 10)
= 17m 2 − 5n 2 − 4mn + 25
11. If A = 5x 3 − 4x 2 + 7x + 12 and
B = − 3x 3 + 2x 2 + 2x + 10, find A − B .
Solution : A − B = (5x 3 − 4x 2 + 7x + 12) − ( −3x 3 + 2x 2 + 2x + 10)
= 5x 3 − 4x 2 + 7x + 12 + 3x 3 − 2x 2 − 2x − 10
= (5x 3 + 3x 3 ) + ( −4x 2 − 2x 2 ) + ( 7x − 2x ) + (12 − 10)
= 8x 3 − 6x 2 + 5x + 2
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 Execise-3
1. Find the value of each of the following expressions for y = 3
(a) −3 y 2 + y + 6 (b) y 3 + y + 2
At y = 3 we get At y = 3 we get
2
= − 3 (3) + (3) + 6 = (3) 3 + (3) + 2
= −3×9+3+6 = (3 × 3 × 3) + 3 + 2
= − 27 + 9 = 27 + 5
= −18 = 32
2. When a = 0 and b = −1, find the value of each of the following :
(a) 5a − 6b (b) 2a 2 − 5b 2 + 3
Put a = 0, b = − 1, we get Put a = 0, b = − 1, we get
= 5 (0) − 6 ( −1) = 2 (0) 2 − 5( −1) 2 + 3
= 0+6 = 2 (0) − 5 (1) + 3
=6 = 0−5+3
= −2
3. Simplify the following expressions and find the value if x = 2, a = − 1 and b = − 3.
(a) 5 − 3a + 4b + 2a − 10 (b) 2x 2 + 2a + 3x 2 − 4b 2
Putting a = 1, b = 3, we get Putting x = 2, a = −1, b = − 3, we get
= 5 − 3 ( −1) + 4 ( −3) + 2 ( −1) − 10 = 2 (2) 2 + 2( −1) + 3 (2) 2 − 4 ( −3) 2
= 5 + 3 − 12 − 2 − 10 = 2× 4−2+3× 4− 4×9
= 8 − 24 = 8 − 2 + 12 − 36
= −16 = 20 − 38
= −18
(c) 2x + 7 − a
Putting x = 2, a = −1, we get
= 2 (2) + 7 − ( −1)
= 4 + 7 +1
= 12
9
4. If c = 30, find the value of c + 12
5
Solution : Putting c = 30, we get
9
= (30) + 12
5
9 × 30
= + 12
5
= 9 × 6 + 12
= 54 + 12
= 66
5. Find the value of p if the value of 3q 3 + q 2 − p is 10, when q = 0.
Solution : Given 3q 3 + q 2 − p = 10
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 For q = 0, we get
3 (0) 3 + (0) 2 − p = 10
or 3 (0) + 0 − p = 10
or 0 + 0 − p = 10
or − p = 10
p = −10
6. When x = 1, y = 2 and z = 3, then find :
(a) x 3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3 xyz
Putting x = 1, y = 2, z = 3, we get
= (1) 3 + (2) 3 + (3) 3 − 3 (1) (2) (3)
= (1 × 1 × 1) + (2 × 2 × 2) + (3 × 3 × 3) − 3 (1 × 2 × 3)
= 1 + 8 + 27 − 3 (6)
= 36 − 18
= 18
2 2
(b) 2x + 3 y − 2 z
Putting x = 1, y = 2 and z = 3, we get
= 2 (1) 2 + 3 (2) 2 − 2(3)
= 2 (1) + 3 ( 4) − 6
= 2 + 12 − 6
= 14 − 6
=8
2
(c) 5x − 2x − 11xyz − yz
Putting x = 1, y = 2 and z = 3, we get
= 5 (1) − 2 (1) 2 − 11 (1) (2) (3) − (2) (3)
= 5 − 2 (1) − 11 (1 × 2 × 3) − 6
= 5 − 2 − 11 (6) − 6
= 5 − 2 − 66 − 6
= 5 − 74
= − 69
7. Write 3 numbers for 5n + 6 rule given n th term for number patterns.
Solution : 5n + 6
If n is a natural number, then
Putting n = 1, 2, 3, we get
5n + 6 = 5 (1 ) + 6
= 5+6
= 11
5n + 6 = 5 (2) + 6
= 10 + 6
= 16
5n + 6 = 5 (3) + 6
= 15 + 6
= 21

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 Chapter-7 : Linear Equations in one Variable
Exercise-1
1. Write equations for the following statements :
(a) Seven times p is 49
7 p = 49
(b) The sum of numbers x and 5 is 17.
Sum of x and 5 = x + 5
Then x + 5 = 17
(c) A number m multiplied by 3 plus 4 is 21.
Number m multiplied by 3 and plus 4
Thus 3m + 4 = 21
(d) One-sixth of a is 2 more than 8.
a a
= 8 + 2 or − 2 = 8
6 6
(e) 5 subtracted from q is 9.
q −5= 9
(f) 4 times t plus 3 is 48 .
4t + 3 = 48
2. Write the following equations in statement forms :
(a) x + y = 9
The sum of x and y is 9
(b) 16m = 80
The product of 16 and a number m is 80.
q
(c) = 15
3
A number q divided by 3 is 15.
(d) 6x + 12 = 36
Six times a number x more than 12 is 36.
5
(e) p = 25
4
Five-fourths of a number p is 25
x
(f) +3= 7
4
One-fourth of x more than 3 is 7.
3. Give the steps that you will use to separate the variable and then solve the equations :
(a) x − 5 = 0
Adding 5 to both the sides
x −5+5= 5
or x=5
Check : L.H.S. = x − 5 at x = 5
= 5 − 5 = 0 = R.H.S.

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(b) 30t = − 10
Dividing both sides by 30
30t −10
=
30 30
−10 1
or t= =−
30 3
−10
Check : L.H.S. = 30t at r =
30
−10
= 30 ×
30
= −10 = R.H.S.
−a 18
(c) =
11 22
Multiplying both sides by 11
−a 18
× 11 = × 11
11 22
18
or −a =
2
or −a = 9
∴ a = −9
− ( − 9)
Check : L.H.S. =
11
9×2
=
11 × 2
18
= = R.H.S.
22
(d) p + 3 = 8
Subtracting 3 from both sides
p+3−3= 8−3
or p=5
Check : L.H.S. = p + 3 at p = 5
= 5+3
= 8 = R.H.S.
(e) 2x + 9 = 17
Subtracting 9 from both sides
2x + 9 − 9 = 17 − 9
2x = 8
Divide both sides by
2x 8
=
2 2
or x=4
Check : L.H.S.
= 2x + 9

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 = 2 ( 4) + 9
= 8+9
= 17 = R.H.S.
7
(f) x −1 = 4
3
Adding +1 to the both sides
7
x = 1 +1 = 4 +1
3
7
x=5
3
7
Divide both sides by
3
( 7 / 3) x 5
=
7/3 7/3
15
x=
7
7 15
Check : L.H.S. = × − 1
3 7
15
= −1
3
= 5 −1
= 4 = R.H.S.
4. Find the solution by trial and error method :
(a) 14 − y = 8
L.H.S.
y R.H.S. Observation
= 14 − y
1 14 − 1 = 13 8 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
2 14 − 2 = 12 8 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
3 14 − 3 = 11 8 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
4 14 − 4 = 10 8 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
5 14 − 5 = 9 8 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
6 14 − 6 = 8 8 L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Since at y = 6, L.H.S. = R.H.S.
y = 6 is the solution of 14 − y = 8
(b) x + 4 = 12
x L.H.S. = x + 4 R.H.S. Observation
1 1+ 4 = 5 12 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
2 2+4=6 12 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
3 3+4= 7 12 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
4 4+4=8 12 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
5 5+4=9 12 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.

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 6 6 + 4 = 10 12 L.H.S ≠ R.H.S
7 7 + 4 = 12 12 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
8 8 + 4 = 12 12 L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Since at x = 8, L.H.S. = R.H.S.
x = 8 is the solution of x + 4 = 12
(c) 4m = 16

m L.H.S. = 4m R.H.S. Observation

1 4 ×1 = 4 16 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
2 4×2= 8 16 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
3 4 × 3 = 12 16 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
4 4 × 4 = 16 16 L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Since at m = 4, L.H.S. = R.H.S.
m = 4 is the solution of 4m = 16
(d) 7n − 4 = 24
n L.H.S. = 7n − 4 R.H.S. Observation
1 7 ×1 − 4 = 3 24 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
2 7 × 2 − 4 = 10 24 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
3 7 × 3 − 4 = 17 24 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
4 7 × 4 − 4 = 24 24 L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Since at n = 4, L.H.S. = R.H.S.
n = 4 is the solution of 7n − 4 = 24
p
(e) =2
3
p
p L.H.S. = R.H.S. Observation
3
1 1
1 = 2 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
3 3
2 2
2 = 2 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
3 3
3
3 =1 2 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
3
4 4
4 = 2 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
3 3
5 5
5 = 2 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
3 3
6
6 =2 2 L.H.S. = R.H.S.
3
Since at p = 6, L.H.S. = R.H.S.
p
So p = 6 is the solution of = 2
3
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 1
(f) x + 8 = 11
3
1
x L.H.S. = x+8 R.H.S. Observation
3
1 25
1 +8= 11 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
3 3
2 26
2 +8= 11 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
3 3
3
3 +8= 9 11 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
3
4 28
4 +8= 11 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
3 3
5 29
5 +8= 11 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
3 3
6 30
6 +8= 11 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
3 3
7 31
7 +8= 11 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
3 3
8 32
8 +8= 11 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
3 3
9
9 + 11 = 11 11 L.H.S. = R.H.S.
3
1
Since x = 9 is the solution of x + 8 = 11
3
5. Check whether the given values in the brackets is a solution to the given equations :
(a) 3x + 2 = 14, ( x = 3) (b) 2 (3x + 1) − 7 = 13, ( x = 4)
L.H.S. = 3x + 2 L.H.S. = 2(3x + 1) − 7
= 3 × (3) + 2 (at x = 3) = 2(3 × 4 + 1) − 7 (at x = 4)
= 9+2 = 2 (13) − 7
= 11 = 26 − 7
Since L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S. = 19 ≠ R.H.S.
x = 3 is not the solution of 3x + 2 = 14 x = 4, is not the solution of 2(3x + 1) − 7 =13
7
(c) 3 ( x + 5) = 9, ( x = − 2) (d) 35 = y, ( y = 10)
6
7
L.H.S. = 3( x + 5) R.H.S. = y
6
7
= 3( −2 + 5) (at x = − 2) = × 10 (at y = 10)
6
70
= 3 (3) =
6
35
= 9 = R.H.S. = ≠ L.H.S.
3
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 ∴ x = − 2 is the solution of 3( x + 5) = 9 L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
7
∴ y = 10 is not the solution of 35 = y
6
4p +8
(e) = 4, ( p = 5)
7
4p +8
L.H.S. =
7
4×5+8
= (at p = 5)
7
20 + 8 28
= =
7 7
= 4 = R.H.S.
4p +8
∴ p = 5 is the solution of = 4.
7
6. Solve the following equations by transposing rule and check your answers.
5 37 a
(a) 2m + = (b) + 6 = 10
2 2 13
37 5 a
or 2m = − or = 10 − 6
2 2 13
37 − 5 32 a
or 2m = = or =4
2 2 13
or 2m = 16 ∴ a = 4 × 13
∴ m=8 or a = 52
5
Check : L.H.S. = 2 × m +
2
5 a
= 2×8+ Check : L.H.S. = +6
2 13
16 5 52
= + = +6
1 2 13
32 + 5
= = 4+6
2
37
= = R.H.S. = 10 = R.H.S.
2
y y 1
(c) 23 − 4x = − 25 + 4x (d) − =
5 6 30
6× y−5× y 1
23 − 4x + 25 − 4x = 0 =
30 30
1 × 30
48 − 8x = 0 or 6 y − 5 y =
30
48 = 8x ∴ y=1
48
or =x Check at y = 1
8

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 1 1
or 6= x L.H.S. = −
5 6
1 × 6 − 5 ×1
∴ x=6 =
30
6−5
Check at x = 6 =
30
1
L.H.S.= 23 − 4 × 6 = = R.H.S.
30
= 23 − 24
= −1
at x = 6
R.H.S. = − 25 + 4 × 6
= − 25 + 24
= −1
So, L.H.S. = R.H.S.
1 3x
(e) y − 2 = (3 y − 1) (f) = 27
5 8
5 ( y − 2) = 3 y − 1 or 3x = 27 × 8
27 × 8
or 5 y − 10 = 3 y − 1 ∴ x=
3
or 5 y − 3 y = 10 − 1 x = 9×8
or 2 y = 9 x = 72
9
∴ y=
2
9
Check : at y = Check : at x = 72 L.H.S.
2
9 2 3
L.H.S. = − L.H.S. = × 72
2 1 8
9−2×2 9− 4 3 × 72
= = =
2 2 8
5
= = 27 = R.H.S.
2
9
at y =
2
1 9 
R.H.S. =  3 × − 1
5 2 
1  27 
=  − 1
52 
1  27 − 2  1  25 
=   =  
5 2  52
25 5
= =
5×2 2
∴ L.H.S. = R.H.S.

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 100 x + 1 3x + 2
(g) 5 (2t + 5) − 6 (2t − 5) = (h) − =1
3 2 5
100 5 ( x + 1) − 2(3x + 2)
10t + 25 − 12t + 30 = =1
3 10
100
(10t − 12t ) + (25 + 30) = or 5x + 5 − 6x − 4 = 1 × 10
3
100
−2t + 55 = or 5x + 5 − 6x − 4 = 10
3
3 ( −2t + 55) = 100 or (5x − 6x ) + (5 − 4) = 10
−6t + 165 = 100 or −x + 1 = 10
165 − 100 = 6t −x = 10 − 1
65
or 65 = 6t or t = −x = 9
6
Check : L.H.S. ∴ x = −9
 65   65 
= 5 2 × + 5 − 6  2 × − 5 Check : L.H.S.
 6   6 
 65   65  − 9 + 1 3 × ( − 9) + 2
= 5 + 5 − 6  − 5 = −
3  3  2 5
 65 + 5 × 3   65 − 3 × 5  −8 −27 + 2
=5  −6  = −
 3   3  2 5
 65 + 15   65 − 15  25
=5  − 6  = −4−
 3   3  5
 80   50 
= 5  −6  = − 4 − ( − 5)
3 3
5 × 80 6 × 50
= − = − 4+5
3 3
400 − 300
= = 1 = R.H.S.
3
100
= = R.H.S.
3
2m 3m + 1 1
(i) −5= (j) (2 p − 1) = 2
3 4 2
2m − 5 × 3 3m + 1
= (2 p − 1) = 2 × 2
3 4
2m − 15 3m + 1
= 2 p −1 = 4
3 4
4(2m − 15) = 3 (3m + 1) or 2p =1+ 4
8m − 60 = 9m + 3 or 2p = 5
5
or −60 − 3 = 9m + 8m ∴ p=
2
or −63 = m Check : L.H.S.

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 1 5 
∴ m = − 63 = 2 × −1
2  2 
1
Check : L.H.S. = [5 − 1]
2
2 × ( −63) 1
= −5 = [ 4]
3 2
4
= 2 × ( −21) − 5 =
2
= − 42 − 5 = − 47 = 2 = R.H.S.
3 × ( −63) + 1 −189 + 1
R.H.S. = =
4 4
−188
= = − 47
4
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
5 17
(k) 3x + =
2 2
17 5
or 3x = −
2 2
17 − 5
or 3x =
2
12
o 3x =
2
or 3x = 6
∴ x=2
5
Check : L.H.S. = 3x +
2
5
= 3×2+
2
6 5
= +
1 2
6×2+5
=
2
12 + 5
=
2
17
= = R.H.S.
2
1
(l) 15x + = 8 ⋅ 5x + 2 ⋅ 5
6
1 2 ⋅5 × 6 −1
15x − 8 ⋅ 5x = 2 ⋅ 5 − or (15 − 8 ⋅ 5) x =
6 6
15 − 1 14
or 6 ⋅ 5x = or 6 ⋅ 5x =
6 6

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 7 70
or x= or x=
3 × 6 ⋅5 3 × 65
14
∴ x=
39
Check : L.H.S.
14 1 70 1
= 15 × + = +
39 6 13 6
70 × 6 + 13 × 1 420 + 13 433
= = =
78 78 78
14
R.H.S. = 8 ⋅ 5 × + 2 ⋅5
39
17 × 7 119
= + 2 ⋅5 = + 2 ⋅5
39 39
119 + 97 ⋅ 5 216 ⋅ 5 × 2
= =
39 39 × 2
433
=
78
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
7. Find, is x = 2, the solution of 19x − 13 = 11x + 35?
The given equation 19x − 13 = 11x + 35
L.H.S. = 19 × (2) − 13 (at x = 2)
= 38 − 13 = 25
R.H.S. = 11(2) + 35 (at x = 2)
= 22 + 35
= 58
L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
So, x = 2 is not the solution of 19x − 13 = 11x + 35.
8. Find, is x = 3, the solution of 4x + 8 = 9x − 7?
The given equation 4x + 8 = 9x − 7
L.H.S. = 4 (3) + 8 (at x = 3)
= 12 + 8 = 20
R.H.S. = 9 × 3 − 7 (at x = 3)
= 27 − 7
= 20 ∴ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Thus x = 3 is the solution of 4x + 8 = 9x − 7.
9. Determine that 5 is the root of ( x − 3) ( x − 2) = 6.
The given equation
( x − 3) ( x − 2) = 6
Putting x = 5 in L.H.S.
= (5 − 3) (5 − 2)
= 2×3
= 6 = R.H.S.
Since x = 5 satisfies the equation, hence it is its root.
(77)
 Exercise-2
1. If you add 87 to an unknown number, your sum will be 170. What is the unknown number?
Solution : Let the unknown number be x.
One number is 87
Sum of two numbers = 170
So, the equation is
x + 87 = 170
or x = 170 − 87
∴ x = 83
2. When 5 is added to three times a number, we obtain 44. Find the number.
Solution : Three times of a number = 3x
5 is added in the number and obtain 44.
Then the equation is
3x + 5 = 44
or 3x = 44 − 5
or 3x = 39
39
or x=
3
∴ x = 13
3
3. Find the number which when multiplied by , gives the product as 30.
7
Solution : Let the number be x.
3
The given number =
7
Product of the numbers = 30

Thus the equation is

3
x× = 30
7
or 3x = 30 × 7
30 × 7
∴ x=
3
x = 10 × 7
∴ x = 70
4. Subtracting 35 from 3 times a number gives 61. Find the number.
Solution : Three times of a number is 3x
35 subtracting from the number 3x and get 61
The equation is 3x − 35 = 61
or 3x = 61 + 35
3x = 96
96
∴ x=
3
x = 32
(78)
5. The sum of two consecutive numbers is 175. Find the numbers.
Solution : Let the two consective numbers be x and x +1
Sum of two consecutive numbers is 175.
Thus, the equation is
x + x + 1 = 175
2x + 1 = 175
2x = 175 − 1
2x = 174
174
∴ x= = 87
2
and x + 1 = 87 + 1 = 88
Thus, the consecutive numbers are 87 and 88.
6. When 7 is added to three-fourth of a number, the result is 19. Find the number.
Solution : Let the numbe be x.
3
Three fourth of a number is x
4
The number 7 is added and get 19
3
So the equation is x + 7 = 19
4
3
or x = 19 − 7
4
3
or x = 12
4
3x = 12 × 4
12 × 4
∴ x=
3
x= 4×4
x = 16
7. Length of a rectangle is 8 m less than twice its breadth. If the perimeter of the rectangle is 68 m , find
its length and breadth.
Solution : Let the breadth of the rectangle be b
Then length of the rectangle = 2b − 8
and perimeter of rectangle is 68 m
Then 2 ( l + b) = 68
2 (2b − 8 + b) = 68
68
(3b − 8) =
2
or (3b − 8) = 34 or 3b = 34 + 8
42
or 3b = 42 or b= = 14
3
So, l = (2 × 14 − 8)
= (28 − 8) = 20
Thus length 20 m and breadth 14 m.

(79)
 8. The total number of students in school is 1200. If the number of girls is 50 more than that of boys,
find the number of boys in the school. Also find the number of girls.
Solution : Let the number of Boys be B
Then the number of girls = 50 + B
and total students = 1200
Thus, B + 50 + B = 1200
or 2B = 1200 − 50
2B = 1150
1150
B=
2
Thus, B = 575 (boys)
and girsls = 575 + 50 = 625 (girls)
9. Ankit’s earnings for this month exceeds last month’s income by Rs. 1500. This month his income is
Rs. 13,500. What was his income last month?
Solution : In this month Ankit’s earning exceeds by Rs. 1500.
Then, last month income of Ankit was
= 13500 − 1500
= Rs. 12000
10. The age of Seema and her mother together is 72. If the mother’s age is three times that of Seema,
what are their ages?
Solution : Let the age of Seema be x, then age of her mother = 3x
Thus,
x + 3x = 72
4x = 72
72
∴ x= = 18
4
So, Seema’s age = 18 years
and her mother’s age = 18 × 3 = 54 years
11. A man is 6 times as old as his son. If he is 54 years old, find the age of his son.
Solution : Let the age of son is x.
and then his father age = 6x
So, 6x = 54
54
or x= =9
6
Thus, the age of son = 9 years.
12. In a class, the highest score is 38. If the highest score is thrice the lowest score plus 11, find the
lowest score.
Solution : The highest score is 38.
Let the lowest score be x.
Thus, the equation is
3x + 11 = 38
or 3x = 38 − 11
3x = 27
27
∴ x= =9
3
Hence 9 is the lowest score.
(80)
13. A number consists of two digits. The sum of the digits is 7. If 27 is added, the digits are reversed.
Find the number.
Solution : Let the unit’s digit be x.
Then ten’s digit is ( 7 − x ).
∴ Numbers = 10 ( 7 − x ) + x
= 70 − 10x + x
= 70 − 9x
On reversing the digits, unit’s digit = 7 − x
and ten’s digit = x
Then number = 10 × x + 7 − x
= 10x − x + 7
= 9x + 7
So, the equation is
70 − 9x + 27 = 9x + 7
97 − 7 = 9x + 9x
or 90 = 18x
90
or =x
18
∴ x=5
∴ The required numbe = 70 − 9x
= 70 − 9 × 5
= 70 − 45 = 25
14. The cost of a pen is eight times the cost of a pencil. If the cost of 4 pens and 3 pencils is Rs.210, find
the cost of a pencil and a pen separately.
Solution : Let the cost of pencil be Rs x.
Then the cost of pen is Rs. 8x.
Given
Cost of 4 pens + 3 pencils = Rs. 210
So, the equation is
4 (8x ) + 3 ( x ) = 210
32x + 3x = 210
35x = 210
210
x=
35
x = Rs. 6.
So, the cost of pencil = Rs. 6
and the cost of pen = Rs. 6 × 8
= Rs. 48
2 3
15. In ∆ABC, ∠ A = ∠ B , ∠ B = ∠ C . Find all the three angles of ∆ABC.
3 7
Solution : We know the sum of angles of the triangle is 180°.
2 3
Given ∠A = ∠B , ∠B = ∠C
3 7
Q ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180º
(81)
 3
∠B = ∠C (Given)
7
7
∴ ∠C = ∠B
3
2 7
So, ∠B + ∠B + ∠B = 180°
3 3
2 7
∠B  + 1 +  = 180°
3 3
 2 +1 × 3 + 7
∠B   = 180°
 3 
 2 + 3 + 7
∠B   = 180°
 3 
 12 
∠B   = 180°
3
4∠B = 180°
180°
∴ ∠B = = 45°
4
2 2
Q ∠A = ∠B = × 45°
3 3
90°
= = 30°
3
7 7
and ∠C = ∠B = × 45° = 7 × 15° = 105°
3 3
Thus ∠A = 30° , ∠B = 45°, ∠C = 105°

Chapter-8 : Comparing Quantities

Exercise-1
1. Find the ratio the simplest form of the following :
(a) ` 15 ⋅ 60 and ` 7 ⋅ 80
= 15 ⋅ 60 :7 ⋅ 80
= 1560 : 780
= 156 : 78
= 2: 1
(b) 125 mL and 2 L
= 125 mL : 2 L
= 125 mL : 2 × 1000 mL
= 125 : 2000
= 5 : 80
= 1 : 16
(c) 3 ⋅ 750 kg and 1 ⋅ 125 kg
= 3 ⋅ 750 : 1 ⋅ 125
(82)
 = 3750 : 1125
= 150 : 45
= 10 : 3
(d) 45 cm and 3 m
= 45 cm : 3 m
= 45 cm : 300 cm
= 45 : 300
= 3 : 20
(e) 5 km and 600 m
= 5 km : 600 m
= 5000 m : 600 m
= 50 : 6
= 25 : 3
2. Divide ` 936 among Ruby, Nirmal and Payal in the ratio 2 : 3 : 7.
The ratio of
Ruby : Nirmal : Payal = 2 : 3 : 7
2
Share of Ruby = × 936
(2 + 3 + 7)
2
= × 936
12
= 2 × 78
= `156
3
Share of Nirmal = × 936
(2 + 3 + 7)
3
= × 936
12
= 3 × 78
= ` 234
7
Share of Payal = × 936
(2 + 3 + 7)
7
= × 936
12
= 7 × 78
= ` 546
3. Compare the following :
(a) 5 : 8 and 4 : 5
5 4
5 : 8 = and 4 : 5 =
8 5
L.C.M. of 8 , 5 is 40.
5 × 5 25 4 × 8 32
Now = and =
8 × 5 40 5 × 8 40
Q = 25 < 32

(83)
 25 32
∴ = <
40 40
5 4
So, <
8 5
(b) 3 : 4 and 5 : 6
3 5
3:4= and 5 : 6 =
4 6
L.C.M. of 4, 6 is 24
3 × 6 18 5 × 4 20
Now = and =
4 × 6 24 6 × 4 24
Q 18 < 20
18 20
∴ <
24 24
3 5
So, <
4 6
4. In an office, there are 4000 employees. If 2400 of them are male employees, find :
(a) The ration of number of male employees to the numbers of female employees.
(b) The ratio of the number of female employees to the total number of employees.
Solution : (a) Total number of employees = 4000
Number of male employees = 2400
∴ Number of female employees = 4000 − 2400
= 1600
Thus the ratio of male and female employees
= 2400 : 1600
= 24 : 16
=3:2
(b) The ratio of female employees and total number of employees
= 1600 : 4000
= 16 : 40
=2:5
5. If A : B = 3 : 4 and B : C = 7 : 9, find A : B : C
Solution : A : B = (3 : 4) × 7 = 21 : 28
B : C = ( 7 : 9) × 4 = 28 : 36
So, A : B : C = 21 : 28 : 36
6. The ratio of the monthly income to the saving of a person is 6 : 5. If the saving is ` 2000, find the
monthly income.
Solution : The ratio of income and saving = 6 : 5 and the saving = 2000
Let x be income per month
Then 6 : 5 = x : 2000
5 × x = 6 × 2000
6 × 2000
x=
5
x = ` 2400
(84)
7. Ravi and Rashmi decided to divide their sweets in the ratio 3 : 4. They had 700 sweets in all. How
many sweets did each get?
Solution : Ravi and Rashmi divided sweets in ratio = 3 : 4
Sum of the ratio = 3 + 4 = 7
Total no. of sweets = 700
700
Then Ravi’s share = ×3
7
= 100 × 3
= 300 sweets
700
and Rashmi’s share = ×4
7
= 100 × 4
= 400 sweets
8. Sumit earned ` 40000 and paid ` 5000 as income tax. Find the ratio of :
(a) Income tax to income
(b) Income to income tax
Solution : Sumit earns = ` 40000
Paid as income tax = ` 5000
(a) Ratio of income tax to income
= 5000 : 40000
= 5 : 40
=1:8
(b) Ratio of income to income tax.
= 40000 : 5000
= 40 : 5
=8:1
9. Which of the following are in proportion?
(a) 87, 16, 6, 12
If 87, 16, 6 and 12 are in proportion,
then product of the extremes = product of middle terms
16 × 6 = 96
12 × 87 = 144
16 × 6 ≠ 87 × 12
So, 87, 16, 6 and 12 are not in proportion.
(b) 150, 250, 200, 300
If 150, 250, 200 and 300 are in proportion
Then product of extremes = product of middle terms
250 × 200 = 50,000
150 × 300 = 45000
So, 150, 250, 200 and 300 are not in proportion.
(c) 2 kg, 80 kg, 25 g, 625 g
Product of extremes = 2 kg × 625 g
625
= 2 kg × kg
1000
(85)
 2 × 25
=
40
5
= kg
4
Product of middle terms = 80 kg × 25 g
25
= 80 kg × kg
1000
80 × 25
=
1000
=2
Since, 2 kg × 625 g ≠ 80 kg × 25 g
So, 2 kg, 80 kg, 25 kg, 625 g are not in proportion.
(d) 40 m, 48 m, 160 cm, 192 cm.
40 m, 48 m , 1 ⋅ 6 m, 1 ⋅ 92 m
Product of extremes = 40 × 1 ⋅ 92
= 4 × 19 ⋅ 2
= 76 ⋅ 8
Product of middle terms = 48 × 1 ⋅ 6
= 76 ⋅ 8
So, 40 m, 48 m, 160 cm and 192 cm are in proportion.
10. Find the value of x in the following proportions :
(a) 18 : x = 27 : 3 (b) 7 : 36 = x : 6
x × 27 = 18 × 3 36 × x = 7 × 6
18 × 3 7×6
x= x=
27 36
18 7
x= x=
9 6
x=2
(c) 300 : x = 4 : 7 (d) x :10 = 6 :15
x × 4 = 300 × 7 x × 15 = 10 × 6
300 × 7 10 × 6
x= x=
4 15
12
x = 75 × 7 x=
3
x = 525 x=4
11. Find the mean proportional for each of the following :
(a) 25, 9 (b) 36, 49
Let x be mean proportion of 25, 9' Let x be mean proportion
So, 25 : x : : x : 9 So, 36 : x : : x : 49
25 × 9 = x × x 36 × 49 = x × x
25 × 9 = x 2 62 × 72 = x 2
(86)
 52 × 32 = x 2 x=6×7
x = 5×3 ∴ x = 42
∴ x = 15 Hence 42 is mean proportion
Hence 15 is mean proportion.
(c) 100, 360
Let x be mean proportion
So, 100 : x : : x : 36
100 × 36 = x × x
10 2 × 6 2 = x 2
x = 10 × 6
∴ x = 60
Hence 60 is mean proportion
12. Find the fourth proportional for each of the following :
(a) 9, 17, 1 (b) 11, 15, 33
Let fourth proportion be x Let fourth proportion be x, then
Then 9 : 17 : : 1 : x 11 : 15 : : 33 : x
9 × x = 17 × 1 11 × x = 15 × 33
15 × 33
or 9x = 17 or x=
11
17
∴ x= x = 15 × 3
9
∴ x = 45
13. Sakshi got 24 marks out of 30 in a test and Riya got 28 out of 40. Whose score is better?
Solution : Sakshi got marks = 24
Total marks = 30
24
Sakshi’s percentage marks = × 100%
30
24 × 10
= %
3
= 80%
Riya got marks = 28
Total marks = 40
28
Riyas percentage marks = × 100%
40
28 × 10
= %
4
= 7 × 10%
= 70%
Thus Sakshi got better marks than Riya.
14. The cost of 7 umbrellas is ` 3430. Find the cost of 18 umbrellas.
Solution : Cost lof 7 umbrellas = ` 3430
3430
Cost of 1 umbrella =
7
(87)
 3430
Cost of 18 umbrellas = × 18
7
= 490 × 18
= ` 8820
15. A car travels 128 km in 4 litres of petrol. How far will it travel in 10 litres?
The distance travelled in 4 litre petrol = 128 km
128
∴ distance travelled in 1 litre petrol = km
4
128
∴ distance travelled in 10 litrre petrol = × 10
4
= 32 × 10
= 320 km
16. At a party, 8 bottles of soft drink are served for every batch of 5 children. How many bottles would
be served, if 40 children are present at the party?
Q 5 children ae served with = 8 bottles
8
∴ 1 child served with = bottles
5
8
∴ Number of bottles served for 40 children = × 40
5
8 × 40
=
5
= 8×8
= 64 bottles
17. The price of 3 metres of cloth is ` 79 ⋅ 50. Find the price of 15 metres of such clothes.
Solution : The price of 3 metre cloth = ` 79 ⋅ 50
79 ⋅ 50
∴ Price of 1 metre cloth =
3
79 ⋅ 50
∴ Price of 15 metre cloth = × 15
3
= 79 ⋅ 50 × 5
= ` 397 ⋅ 5
18. In a computer lab, there are 3 computers for every 9 students. How many computers will be required
for 81 students?
Solution : 9 students required = 3 computers
3
∴ 1 students required = computer
9
3
∴ 81 students required = × 81
9
3 × 81
=
9
= 3×9
= 27 computers

(88)
19. A bus travels 350 km in 5 hours. Find the distance travelled by the bus in 8 hours.
Solution : Distance travelled in 5 hours = 350 km
350
∴ Distance travelled in 1 hour = km
5
350
∴ Distance travelled in 8 hours = × 8 km
5
350
= ×8
5
= 70 × 8
= 560 km
20. The weight of 45 folding chairs is 15 kg. How many chairs can be loaded on a truck having a
carrying capacity of 4500 kg load?
Solution : Q 15 kg capacity can have = 45 chairs
45
∴ 1 kg capacity can have = chairs
15
45
∴ 4500 kg capacity can have = × 4500
15
= 3 × 4500
= 13500 chairs
21. Anu purchases 20 books for `180 and Niru purchases 8 books for ` 88. Who got the books at a lesser
cost?
Solution : Anu purchases 20 books for = 180
180
Then Anu purchases 1 book = ` = `9
20
Niru purchases 8 books for = ` 88
88
Niru purchases 1 book = ` = `11
8
Thus Anu got books at a lesser cost.

Exercise-2
1. 1. Convert the following into percentage :
5
(a)
7
To convert a faction into a percentage multiply the fraction by 100 and put the percent sign %.
5
= × 100%
7
500
= %
7
3
= 71 %
7

(89)
 13
(b)
2
13
To express as percent
2
13
= × 100%
2
13 × 100
= %
2
= 13 × 50%
= 650%
1 3
(c) (d)
5 20
1 3
To express as percent To express as percent
5 20
1 3
= × 100% = × 100%
5 20
100
= % = 3 × 5%
5
= 20% = 15%
2. Convert the following decimals into a percentage :
(a) 0 ⋅ 32 (b) 0 ⋅8
To express 0 ⋅ 32 as percent To express 0 ⋅ 8 as percent
32 8
0 ⋅ 32 = 8=
100 10
32 8
= × 100% = × 100
100 10
= 32% = 80%
(c) 0 ⋅ 2 (d) 10 ⋅ 25
To express 0 ⋅ 2 as percent To express 10 ⋅ 25 as percent
2 1025
0 ⋅2 = 10 ⋅ 25 =
10 100
2 1025
= × 100% = × 100%
10 100
= 2 × 10% = 1025%
= 20%
3. Convert the following percents in lowest terms.
(a) 70% (b) 150%
To express 70% as fraction
= 70% To express 150% as faction
1
= 70 × = 150%
100
70 1
= = 150 ×
100 100

(90)
 7 150
= =
10 100
15 3
= =
10 2
1
(c) 1 ⋅ 2% (d) 5 %
4
1
To express 1 ⋅ 2% as fraction To express 5 % as fraction
4
1
= 1 ⋅ 2% =5 %
4
1 1 1
= 1⋅ 2 × =5 ×
100 4 100
12 21 1
= = ×
1000 4 100
3 21
= =
250 400
4. Find the value of :
(a) 40% of 400 kg (b) 13% of 325 cm
40 13
= × 400 = × 325
100 100
40 × 400 13 × 325
= =
100 100
13 × 13
= 40 × 4 =
4
169
= 160 kg = cm
4
1
(c) 35% of 500 ml (d) 4 % of `1800
2
35 1 1
= × 500 =4 × × 1800
100 2 100
35 × 500 9 1
= = × × 1800
100 2 100
9 × 1800
= 35 × 5 =
2 × 100
9 × 18
= 175 ml =
2
= 9 × 9 = ` 81
5. Convert the given ratios into percents :
(a) 2 : 25 (b) 2 : 3
To express 2 : 25 as percent To express 2 : 3 as percent
2 2
2 : 25 = × 100% = × 100%
25 3

(91)
 2 × 100 2 × 100
= % = %
25 3
200
= 2 × 4% = %
3
2
= 8% = 66 %
3
(c) 11 : 125 (d) 15 : 5
To express 11 : 125 as percent To express 15 : 5 as percent
11 15
= × 100% = × 100%
125 5
11 × 100 15 × 100
= % = %
125 5
4 44
= 11 × = = 15 × 20%
5 5
4
=8 % = 300%
5
6. Find the value of x if :
(a) 20% of x = 50 (b) 23% of x = 4 ⋅ 6
20 23
× x = 50 × x = 4 ⋅6
100 100
1 4 ⋅ 6 × 100
× x = 50 or x=
5 23
46 × 10
or x = 50 × 5 =
23
∴ x = 250 = 2 × 10
∴ x = 20
(c) 60% of x = 45 (d) 12% of x = 1080
60 12
× x = 45 × x = 1080
100 100
45 × 100 1080 × 100
or x= or x=
60 12
45 × 10
or x= = 90 × 100
6
15 × 10
= ∴ x = 9000
2
= 15 × 5
∴ x = 75
7. What percentage of 40 km is 800 m?
Solution : To express 800 m in percent of 40 km.
800 m
= × 100%
40 km
800
= × 100%
40 × 1000
(92)
 80000
= %
40000
8
= %
4
= 2%

8. In a test Pranav scored 18 marks out of total 20 marks. What was his percentage of marks?
Solution : Total marks = 20
Pranav scored = 18
18
Marks scored in percentage = × 100%
20
18 × 100
= %
20
= 18 × 5%
= 90%
9. A shop has 300 bulbs, out of which 75 are defective. What percentage of bulbs is defective?
Solution : Number of total bulbs = 300
And the defective bulbs = 75
75
∴ percentage of defective bulbs = × 100%
300
75 × 100
= %
300
75
= %
3
= 25%
10. 50% of a number is 225. Find the number.
Solution : Let x be the number, then the equation is
x × 50% = 225
x × 50
= 225
100
x
= 225
2
x = 225 × 2 = 450
∴ The required number is 450.
11. Neeru saves ` 1800 from her salary. If this is 15% of her salary, find her salary.
Solution : Let ` x be the salary of Neeru.
Neeru saves money = `1800
So, the equation is
15% of x = 1800
15
× x = 1800
100
1800
or x= × 100
15
(93)
 = 120 × 100
∴ x = 12000
So, Neeru’s salary is `12000.
12. Ravina has to score 40% marks for passing the examination. She gets 178 marks and fails by 22
marks. Find the maximum marks.
Solution : Ravina gets marks = 178
If she get 22 marks more, she will pass
So, marks needed for passing = 178 + 22 = 200
Let x be total marks.
So the equation is
x × 40% = 200
40
or x× = 200
100
200 × 100
or x=
40
200 × 10
=
4
= 50 × 10
= 500
13. If 40% of a sum of money is ` 520, what is the total sum of money?
Solution : Let x be total money Given, 40% of the sum is ` 520.
40
x× = 520
100
520 × 100
or x=
40
52 × 100
=
4
= 13 × 100
∴ x = 1300
So, total sum of money = `1300
14. Out of his income of ` 25,000, Ali spends ` 17,500. What percentage of his income does he save?
Solution : Total income of Ali = ` 25000
and he spends money = `17,500
17500
∴ percentage of money spent money = × 100%
25000
175
= × 10%
25
= 70%
So, percentage of money Ali saves = 100 − 70 = 30%
15. Shalu has a basket of fruits. She has 40 mangoes and 20 apples. What is the percentage of fruits of
each type?
Solution : Number of mangoes = 40
Number of apples = 20

(94)
 Total fruit = 40 + 20 = 60
40
So, percentage of mangoes = × 100%
60
400 2
= = 66 %
6 3
20
and percenetage of apples = × 100%
60
1
= × 100%
3
100 1
= = 33 %
3 3
16. Vishal went to school for 216 days in a full year. If his attendence is 90%, find the number of days
on which the school was opened.
Solution : Let Vishal’s school open x days in a year and his attendence is 90%
So, the equation is
x × 90% = 216
90
x× = 216
100
9
x × = 216
10
216 × 10
or x=
9
= 24 × 10
∴ x = 240
So, school was opened for 240 days.
17. Kapil spends 30% of his salary on food and donates 3% of his salary in a charitable trust. In a
particular month he spent ` 2310 on these two items. What is his total salary for this month?
Solution : Let ` x be the total salary of Kapil. He spends on food = 30%
Donates in a charitable trust = 3%
Total mony spent = ` 2310
Thus, the equation is
x × (30 + 3)% = 2310
x × 33% = 2310
33
x× = 2310
100
2310 × 100
or x=
33
210 × 100
x=
3
x = 70 × 100
∴ x = ` 7,000
So Kapil’s total salary for this month ` 7000.

(95)
 Exercise-3
1. Find the value :
(a) CP = ` 2580, SP = ` 1960, Loss = ? (b) CP = ?, SP = `1000, Profit = ` 50
Loss = CP – SP Profit = SP – CP
= 2580 − 1960 50 = 1000 − CP
= ` 620 CP = 1000 − 50
CP = ` 950
(c) CP = ` 22450, SP = ` 20,000, Loss = ? (d) CP = ` 6786, SP = ` 7000, Profit = ?
Clearly CP > SP Clearly SP > CP
∴ Loss = CP – SP Profit = SP – CP
= 22450 − 20,000 = 7000 − 6786
= ` 2450 = ` 214
2. Calculate profit or loss percentage :
(a) CP = ` 2800, SP = ` 2000 (b) CP = ` 350000, SP = ` 345500
Clearly CP > SP ∴ Loss = CP – SP
∴ Loss = CP – SP = 350000 − 345500
= 2800 − 2000 = ` 4500
Loss
= ` 800 Loss% = × 100
CP
Loss 4500
Loss% = × 100 = × 100
CP 350,000
800 45
= × 100 =
2800 35
800 9
= = %
28 7
4
= 28 %
7
3. Suresh sold a horse for `18,300 and gained ` 4000. Find C . P .
Solution : Suresh sold the horse for = `18,300
and profit = ` 4000
Profit = SP – CP
4000 = 18300 − CP
or CP = 18300 − 4000
= `14,300
4. Rajesh purchased a house for ` 45200 and spent ` 2800 on its repairs. He had to sell it for ` 46800.
Find his loss or loss percent.
Cost of house = ` 45200
Cost of repairs = ` 2800
Then total cost = 45200 + 2800
CP = 48000
and SP = 46800
(96)
 Clearly CP > SP
∴ Loss = 48000 − 46800
= `1200
Loss
Loss% = × 100%
CP
1200
= × 100
48000
120
=
48
5
=
2
1
=2 %
2
5. By selling a table for ` 550, a trader gains 10%. Find the cost price of the table.
Solution : Let the cost of the table (CP) = ` x
SP = ` 550
Q Profit = SP – CP
= 550 − x
Profit
Profit% = × 100
CP
550 − x
10 = × 100
x
or x = (550 − x ) × 10
x = 5500 − 10x
or x + 10x = 5500
11x = 5500
5500
or x=
11
∴ x = ` 500
6. A shopkeeper buys 20 pens for `100 and sells them at the rate of `10 per pen. Find his gain percent.
Solution : CP of 20 pens = ` 100
SP of 20 pens = ` 20
= ` 200
Since SP > CP
∴ Gain = SP − CP
= 200 − 100 = 100
Gain
Gain % = × 100
CP
100
= × 100
100
= 100%

(97)
7. Ruchi purchased a car for ` 452000 and due to accident, spent ` 28000 on its repairs. She then sold it
for ` 492000. Find her gain or loss percent.
Solution : Cost of purchased car = ` 452000
Cost of repair = ` 28000
Then total cost = ( 452000 + 28000)
CP = ` 480,000
Cost of sold car SP = ` 492000
Clearly SP > CP
Gain = SP – CP
= 492000 − 480000
= ` 12000
Gain
Gain% = × 100
CP
12000
= × 100
480000
12 × 10
=
48
5
=
2
So, Gain% = 2 ⋅ 5%
8. A dealer sold two machines at ` 2400 each. On selling one machine, he gained 20% and on the other
he lost 20%. Find the dealer’s net gain or loss percent.
Solution : Cost of each machine = ` 2400
Then total SP = 2 × 2400
= ` 4800
On selling he gained 20% on a machine and lost 20% on the other
 100   100 
Then total C.P. =  × 2400 +  × 240
 120   80 
 100 × 240   100 × 240 
=  + 
 12   8 
= (100 × 20) + (100 × 30)
= 2000 + 3000
CP = ` 5000
So, Loss = CP – SP
= 5000 − 4800
= ` 200
Loss
Loss% = × 100
CP
200
= × 100
5000
(98)
 200
=
50
20
= = 4%
5
So, net loss = 4%
9. The cost price of a coat is ` 600. It was sold with a profit of 5%. Find the selling price of the coat.
Solution : Cost price of coat (CP) = ` 600
Let SP = ` x
Given Gain % = 5%
Gain = SP – CP
= x − 600
Gain
Gain % = × 100
CP
x − 600
5= × 100
600
5 × 6 = x − 600
30 = x − 600
or x = 30 + 600
or x = 630
∴ x = 630
Thus the SP of the coat is ` 630.

10. Nishant bought 150 dozen pens at ` 20 a dozen. His overhead expenses were ` 200. He sold the pens
at ` 2 ⋅ 40 each. What was his profit or loss percent?
Solution : Cost of one dozen pen = ` 20
Then, cost of 150 dozen pens = 20 × 150
= ` 3000
Overhead expenses = ` 200
Then total amount = 3000 + 200
CP = ` 3200
Nishant sold each pen = ` 2 ⋅ 40
SP of one dozen pen = 2 ⋅ 40 × 12
= ` 28 ⋅ 80
So, SP of 150 dozen pen = 150 × 28 ⋅ 80
SP = ` 4320
Clearly SP > CP
∴ Profit = SP – CP
= 4320 − 3200
= ` 1120

(99)
 Profit
Profit% = × 100
CP
1120
= × 100
3200
1120
= = 35%
32
So, Nishant gets 35% profit.

Exercise-4
1. Fill the principal in each of the following :
(a) S.I. = ` 8000 (b) S.I. = ` 450
Time = 10 years T = 5 years
Rate = 16% p. a. R = 6% p.a.
P=? P=?
P × R ×T
We know S.I. =
100
Principal × Rate × Time P ×6×5
S.I. = 450 =
100 100
Principal × 16 × 10 P × 30
8000 = 450 =
100 100
8000 × 10
= Principal 450 × 10 = 3P
6
4500
or Principal = 500 × 10 P=
3
∴ Principal = ` 5000 ∴ P = ` 1500
So principal = ` 5000

(c) S.I. = ` 600

T = 5 years
R = 4%
P=?
P × R ×T
Q S.I. =
100
P × 4×5
600 =
100
P × 20
600 =
100
P
or 600 =
5
or P = 600 × 5
or P = 3000
Principal = ` 3000

(100)
2. Calculate the interest and amount in each of the following cases :
(a) Given
Principal = ` 6050
Rate = 6 ⋅ 5%
Time = 3 years
Interest = ?
Amount = ?
Principal × Rate × Time
Interest =
100
6050 × 6 ⋅ 5 × 3
=
100
605 × 65 × 3 605 × 13 × 3
= =
100 20
121 × 39 4719
= =
4 4
S.I. = ` 1179 ⋅ 75
Q A = P + S.I.
= 6050 + 1179 ⋅ 75
A = ` 7229 ⋅ 75
(b) Given
P = ` 700, R = 12%, T = 4 years, S.I. = ?, A = ?
P × R ×T
Q S.I. =
100
700 × 12 × 4
=
100
= 7 × 12 × 4
= 7 × 48
S.I. = 336
A = P + S.I.
= 700 + 336
A = ` 1036
1 8
(c) P = ` 2350, R = 3 % or 3 ⋅ 5%, T = 8 months = years S.I. = ?, A = ?
2 12
P × R ×T
S.I. =
100
2350 × 3 ⋅ 5 × 8
S.I. =
100 × 12
235 × 35 × 8
=
100 × 12
235 × 7 × 2
=
20 × 3
235 × 14
=
60
(101)
 3290
=
60
329
=
6
= ` 54 ⋅ 83.
A = P + S.I.
= 2350 + 54 ⋅ 83
A = ` 2404 ⋅ 83
1 15
(d) P = ` 5000, R = 7 % or %, T = 4 years, S.I. = ?, A = ?
2 2
P × R ×T
Q S.I. =
100
5000 × 15 × 4
=
100 × 2
50 × 15 × 4
=
2
= 50 × 15 × 2
= 50 × 30
= ` 1500
A = P + S.I.
= 5000 + 1500
A = ` 6500
3. Find the time period for P = ` 6600, I = ` 600, R = 4% p.a.
Solution : P = ` 6600, I = ` 600, R = 4%
P × R ×T
Interest =
100
6600 × 4 × T
600 =
100
600 = 66 × 4 × t
600
=T
66 × 4
100
T=
11 × 4
25
=
11
3
T = 2 years
11
4. Shweta borrowed `1400 from her friend at 8% p.a. simple interest. She returned the money along
with interest after 2 years. How much money did she pay back?
Solution : P = ` 1400, R = 8%, T = 2 years
P × R ×T
Then, Interest I =
100

(102)
 1400 × 8 × 2
=
100
= 14 × 8 × 2
= 14 × 16
I = ` 224
Since, Amount = P + I
= 1400 + 224
= ` 1624
So, Shweta returned ` 1624. after 2 years.

5. Meenu deposited ` 3000 at the rate of 7% p.a. for 3 years. Find the interest.
Solution : P = ` 3000, R = 7%, T = 3 years
P × R ×T
Interest, I =
100
3000 × 7 × 3
=
100
= 30 × 21
I = ` 630
6. Find the simple interest on the sum of ` 6000 for 3 ⋅ 5 years at 5% p.a. Find the amount also.
Solution : P = ` 6000, R = 5%, T = 3 ⋅ 5 years
P × R ×T
Interest, I =
100
6000 × 5 × 3 ⋅ 5
=
100
= 60 × 5 × 3 ⋅ 5
= 6 × 5 × 35
= 30 × 35
I = ` 1050
and Amount A = P + I
= 6000 + 1050
A = ` 7050
7. In how many years will ` 7500 amount to ` 9000 at 4% p.a. simple interest?
Solution : P = ` 7500
R = 4%
Q A= P +I
9000 = 7500 + I
I = 9000 − 7500
∴ I = ` 1500
Interest = ` 1500
P × R ×T
Interest I=
100

(103)
 7500 × 4 × t
1500 =
100
1500 = 75 × 4 × t
1500 = 300 × T
1500
T=
300
15
T=
3
∴ T = 5 years

8. In how much time will a sum become double at 12% p.a. simple interest?
Solution : Let x be the Principal and after T years the sum will become double.
Given, R = 12%
P=x
Time = T years (say)
A = 2x
Then A = P + I 2x = x + I
or 2x − x = I or x=I
P × R ×T
Interest I=
100
P × 12 × T
x=
100
x × 12 × T
or x=
100
100 × x
or 100x = 12x × T or =T
12 × x
100 25
or T= =
12 3
1
= 8 years
3
1
∴ T = 8 years × 12 months
3
So, Time = 8 years 4 months
9. Saurabh lent ` 50,000 to his friend. He gave ` 30,000 at 12% and remaining amount at 15%. How
much interest did he get? Take time 4 years.
Soltion : Case I
P = ` 30000 R = 12%
T = years S.I. = ?
P × R ×T
I=
100
30000 × 4 × 12
= = ` 14400
100

(104)
 Case II P = ` 20000 R = 15%
T = 4 years
P × R × T 20000 × 4 × 15
S.I. = =
100 100
= `12000
Hence total interest received = ` 14400 + ` 12000
= ` 26400
10. Rakesh lent out ` 8000 for 5 years at 15% p.a. and Shalu lent ` 6000 for 3 years at 12% p.a. Who
earned more interest?
Solution : Rakesh lent out ` 8000
So, P = ` 8000,T = 5 years, R = 15%
P × R × T 8000 × 15 × 5
Interest, I= =
100 100
= 80 × 15 × 5 = 1200 × 5
= ` 6000 Rs.
Shalu lent ` 6000 So,
P = ` 6000, T = 3 years, R = 12%
P ×R ×t
Interest, I =
100
6000 × 12 × 3
= = 60 × 12 × 3
100
= 60 × 36 = ` 2160
Since clearly 6000 > 2160
So Rakesh earns more interest.
11. What principal will amount to ` 20800 in 2 years at the simple interest of 2% p.a.?
Solution : Amount
A = ` 20800, T = 2 years, R = 2%
A= P +I
20800 = P + I ...(i)
P × R ×T P ×2×2
I= =
100 100
4P P
= =
100 25
P
Putting in (i), 20800 = P +
25
25P + P 26P
20800 = or 20800 =
25 25
20800 × 25
or =P or P = 800 × 25
26
∴ P = 2,000
Principal = ` 20,000.

(105)
 Chapter-9 : Lines and Angles
Exercise-1
1. Find the complement of the following angles :
(a) 30°
Complement of 30° = 90° − 30°
= 60°
(b) 65°
Complement of 65° = 90° − 65°
= 25°
(c) 74°
Complement of 74° = 90° − 74°
= 16°
(d) 82°
Complement of 82° = 90° − 82°
= 8°
2. Find the supplement of the following angles :
(a) 130°
Supplement of 130° = 180° − 130°
= 50°
(b) 95°
Supplement of 95° = 180° − 95°
= 85°
(c) 132°
Supplement of 132° = 180° − 132°
= 48°
(d) 170°
Supplement of 170° = 180° − 170°
= 10°
3. An angle is double than its complement. What is its measure?
Solution : Let x° be the angle, then its complement angle = (90° − x ° )
According to question, 2x ° = 90° − x °
2x ° + x ° = 90°
3x° = 90°
90°
x° =
3
x° = 30°
Then complement angle = (90° − 30° )
= 60°
4. Two angles are supplementary and one exceeds the other by 10°. Find the angles.
Solution : Let one angle = x °
Then other angle = ( x + 10° )
So, the equation x ° + ( x + 10° ) = 180°
2x° + 10° = 180°
(106)
 or 2x° = 180° − 10°
2x° = 170°
170°
or x° =
2
∴ x° = 85°
Then othe angle = (85° + 10° ) = 95°
Thus the angles are 85° and 95°.
5. If the complement of an angle is 36°, find its supplement.
Solution : Complement angle of 36°
= 90° − 36°
= 54°
Then supplement angle of 54° = 180° − 54°
= 126°
6. Two supplementary angles differ by 30°. Find the angles.
Solution : Let x° be the angle then its supplement angle = (180 − x ° )
According to question :
x ° − (180° − x ° ) = 30°
or x ° − 180° + x ° = 30°
2x° = 30° + 180°
2x° = 210°
210°
or xº =
2
∴ x° = 105°
And its supplement angle = (180° − 105° )
= 75°
So 75° and 105° the required angles
2
7. An angle is of its complement. Find the angles.
3
Let x° be the angle, then its complement angle = (90 − x ) °
2
According to question, x = (90° − x )
3
3x = 180 − 2x
3x + 2x = 180
5x = 180
180
x= = 36°
5
8. The measures of the angles in a linear pair are x° and ( x + 30° ). Find the measure of each of them.
Solution : Given angles x° and ( x + 30° )
The sum of angles forming a linear pair is 180°
So, x + x + 30° = 180°
2x = 180° − 30°
2x° = 150°
150°
x° =
2
(107)
 x° = 75°
and ( x + 30° ) = ( 75° + 30° )
= 105°
So, 75° and 105° are measure of the angles.
9. In the following figure, find x.
(a) 62° + x ° = 180°
x° = 180° − 62°
x° = 118°
(b) ( x + 2) + (2x + 1) = 180°
x + 2 + 2x + 1 = 180°
or 3x + 3 = 180°
3x = 180 − 3
3x = 177°
177
or x=
3
∴ x = 59°
So the angles ( x + 2) = 59° + 2°
= 61°
and (2x + 1) = 2 × 5 9° + 1°
= 118° + 1°
= 119°
(c) We know 65° + x ° + 80° = 180°
x° + 145° = 180°
x = 180° − 145°
x = 35°
(d) In figure x + 90° = 180°
x = 180° − 90°
x = 90°

(e) In the figure each line intersects each other

x + 72° = 180°
x° = 180° − 72°
x° = 108°

(f) In the following figure

x + 4x + 3x + 2x = 180°
10x° = 180°
180°
x= = 18°
10

(108)
10. In the given figure, name the following pairs of angles :
(a) Vertically opposite angles
∠XOR and SOY , ∠POX and QOY
(b) Linear pairs
∠POX , ∠XOR and ∠ROQ ∠POS , ∠SOY and ∠QOY
(c) Adjacent complementary angles
∠POX and ∠XOR , ∠SOY and ∠YOQ
(d) Adjacent angles that do not form a linear pair
∠SOY and ∠YOQ ∠POX and ∠XOR.
(e) Equal supplementary angles
∠POS and ∠QOS; ∠POR and ∠ROQ.
11. Calculate the value of a in the following figure.
Solution : In the figure,
105° = 3a − 15° [Q Vertically opposite angles]
or 105° + 15° = 3a
120° = 3a
120°
or a=
3
∴ a = 40°

Exercise-2
1. In the adjoining figure, l || m and t is transversal such that the values of ∠1 and ∠ 2 are in the ratio 3 :
7. Find the measure of all the angles marked from 1 to 8.
Solution : Given, the ratio of ∠1 and ∠2 is 3 : 7
Let the angles be 3x, 7x
So, 3x + 7x = 180° (Linear pair)
or 10x = 180°
180°
or x=
10
∴ x = 18°
∴ 3x = 18 × 3 = 54°
7x = 7 × 18 = 126°
So, ∠1 = 54°,∠2 = 126°
Each pair of corresponding angles are equal in measure
∠1 = ∠5, ∠2 = ∠6, ∠4 = ∠8 and ∠3 = ∠7
∴ ∠5 = 54°, ∠6 = 126°
Each pair of alternate interior angles are equal
∠3 = ∠5, ∠2 = ∠8, ∠4 = ∠6 and ∠1 = ∠7
∠ 3 = 54°, ∠8 = 126°, ∠7 = 54°
Thus ∠1 = ∠5 = ∠3 = ∠7 = 54°
and ∠2 = ∠6 = ∠8 = 126°
↔ ↔
2. In the figure, a pair of lines AB and CD are intersected
↔
by a transversal EF . Name the following.

(109)
 (a) Exterior angles
∠AGE , ∠EGB , ∠CHF , ∠FHD
(b) Interior angles
∠AGH , ∠CHG, ∠BGH , ∠DHG

(c) Alternate interior angles

∠AGH and ∠DHG, ∠CHG and ∠BGH
(d) Alternate exterior angles
∠AGE and ∠FHD ; ∠CHF and ∠EGB
(e) Corresponding angles
∠AGE and ∠CHG ; ∠EGB and ∠GHD
3. In the adjoining figure, AB || CD and CD || EF . Answer the following questions :
(a) Is ∠ 1 = ∠ 2 ? Why ?
(b) Is ∠ 2 = ∠ 3 ? Why?

Solution :So, ∠1 = ∠2
[Corresponding angles, Q AB || CD and LM is tranversal]
∠2 = ∠3
[Corresponding angles, Q CD || EF and LM is tranversal]
4. In the figure, AB || CD and a transversal PQ cuts them. If ∠ 1 = 65°, find all other angles.
Given ∠1 = 65°
Q ∠1 + ∠5 = 180°
65° + ∠5 = 180°
∠5 = 180° − 65° = 115°
∠1 = ∠8 = ∠2 = ∠3 = 65°
Corresponding angles are in equal measure
∠4 = ∠5 = ∠6 = ∠7 = 115°
Alternate interior angles are equal in measure.

(110)
5. In the figure, the arms of ∠ABC and ∠DEF are parallel. If
∠ABC = 35°, find ∠DEF .
Q arms AB || DE
Given ∠ABC = 35°
∠DEF = ∠ABC = 35°
These angles are corresponding in equal measure.

6. Find the value of x in the following figure, if l || m.

(a) In figure ∠y = 130° because these angles are corresponding
angles
Now, ∠x and ∠y are supplementary angles
∴ ∠x + ∠y = 180°
∠x + 130° = 180°
or ∠x = 180° − 130°
∴ ∠x = 50°
(b) In figure line l || m
Here, ∠y = ( x − 20) ° [Corresponding angles]
Now ∠x + ∠1 = 180° [Supplementary angles]
or x + ( x − 20) = 180 l m
n
2x = 180 + 20
2x = 200° y
200° x
or x= x - 20°
2
∴ x = 100°

(c) Here, 5x = A (corresponding angles)

and A + 7x = 180° (Linear pair)
5x + 7x = 180
12x = 180° n
180°
or x= l
12
5x
∴ x = 15°
7x
So, 7x = 7 × 15 = 105° m
A
5x = 5 × 15 = 75°
(d) Here ∠A + 95° = 180° (Linear angles)
∠A = 180° − 95° n
= 85° 95°
l
∠A = x ° (Alternate interior angles) A
85° = x ° x
x = 85° m
7. In the figure if l || m, then find the value of x and y.
Here ∠1 = 55° (Corresponding angles)
x + ∠1 = 180° (Linear pair)
x + 55° = 180°
(111)
 x = 180° − 55° n
p
x = 125° x
1 l
Again, ∠2 = 65° (Corresponding angles) 65°
∠2 + y = 180°
65° + y = 180° y 55°
y = 180° − 65° m
2
y = 115°
8. Find the value of x, y and z, if BC || PQ in the following figure.
Q BC || PQ
∠x = 60° (Alternate interiaor angles)
and ∠x + 50° + ∠y = 180° (Linear pair)
60° + 50° + y = 180°
110° + ∠y = 180°
∠y = 180° − 110°
∠y = 70°
Again, ∠y = ∠z (Alternate interior angles)
70° = ∠z
∠z = 70° B C
Thus ∠x = 60°, ∠y = 70°, ∠z = 70°

Chapter-10 : Triangle and Its Properties

Exercise-1

1. Draw a rough sketch of a right angled triangle ABC, with ∠B = 90°. Through A, draw the median
and altitude. Are these same ? A
Solution : ∆ABC is a right angled triangle D
∠B = 90° E
BD is altitude.
BE is median
In a right angled triangle median and altitude are not same. B C
2. In ∆DEF , P is the mid-point of EF , then
D
DP is median
DQ is altitude
90°
1 E F
EP = PF = × EF P Q
2
3. In an isosceles triangle with AB = AC , draw an altitude AL to BC. Answer the following :
A triangle in which two opposite sides are of equal length is called an isosceles triangle ∆ABC is a
isosceles triangles
(a) Is AL also a median?
Yes, AL is also a median.

(112)
 (b) Is AL an angle bisector of ∠A?
Yes, AL is an angle bisector of ∠A
(c) Is ∠B = ∠C?
Yes, ∠B = ∠C always.
4. In the figure, ∆PQR has two angles measuring 98° and 32°. Find the third angle.
In figure ∠P + ∠Q + ∠R = 180° (Angle sum property of a triangle)
98° + ∠Q + 32° = 180°
or ∠Q = 180° − 98° − 32°
= 180° − 130°
∴ ∠Q = 50°
5. Find the angles of a triangle which are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 4.
Solution : Let 2x, 3x and 4x be the angles, so in a triangle
∴ 2x + 3x + 4x = 180° (Angle sum property of a triangle)
or 9x = 180
180
or x=
9
∴ x = 20°
2x = 2 × 20 = 40°
3x = 3 × 20 = 60°
4x = 4 × 20 = 80°
6. The three angles of a triangle are equal to one another. What is the measure of each of the angles?
Let each of the angles of a triangle be x
∴ x + x + x = 180° (Angles sum property of a
triangle)
3x = 180°
180°
or x=
3
∴ x = 60°
So each angle is 60°.
7. Find the value of x in the following figures :
(a) x + 48° + 80° = 180°
(Angle sum property of a triangle)
or x + 128° = 180°
x = 180° − 128°
∴ x = 52°
(b) x + 60° + 40° = 180°
(Angles sum property of a triangle)
or x + 100° = 180°
x = 180° − 100°
∴ x = 80°
(c) 80° + x + x = 180°
(Angles sum property of a triangle)
2x = 180° − 80°
2x = 100°
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 100°
x=
2
x = 50°
8. In the figure, if ∠A = 2x ° , ∠B = 9x ° and ∠C = x °, then find x and hence find the angles of the
triangle.
In figure
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° (Angles sum property of a triangle)
2x ° + 9x ° + x ° = 180°
12x° = 180°
180°
x° =
12
x° = 15°
∴ ∠A = 2x ° = 2 × 15° = 30°
∠B = 9x ° = 9 × 15° = 135°
∠C = x° = 15°
9. In the figure, ∠A = ∠B + ∠C. Find the measure of ∠A.
Given ∠A = ∠B + ∠C
In a triangle
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
(Angles sum property of a triangle)
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
∴ ∠A + ∠A = 180°
2∠A = 180°
180°
∠A = = 90°
2
10. The acute angles of a right angled triangle are in the ratio 2 : 3. Find the measure of these angles.
Let 2x, 3x be the angles of the triangle and third angle is 90°
2x + 3x + 90° = 180° (Angles sum property of a triangle)
or 5x + 90° = 180°
5x = 180° − 90°
or 5x = 90°
x = 18°
∴ 2x = 2 × 18° = 36°
3x = 3 × 18° = 54°
11. Find the unknown angles in the following figures :
(a) y + 40° = 115° (Exterior angle property)
y = 115° − 40°
y = 75°
y + x + 40° = 180° (Angle sum property of a triangle)
75° + x + 40° = 180°
x + 115° = 180°
x = 180° − 115°
x = 65°
So, x = 65°, y = 75°
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 (b) In figure,
40° + z = x (Exterior angle property)
x + y = 180° (Linear pair)
y = 45° + 60° (Exterior angle property)
y = 105°
∴ x + 105° = 180°
x = 180° − 105°
x = 75°
and 40 + z = 75°
z = 75° − 40°
z = 35°
So, x = 75° , y = 105°, z = 35°
(c) In figure,
∠PQT + ∠RQP = 180° (Linear pair)
120° + ∠RQP = 180°
∠RQP = 60°
and ∠PRS + ∠QRP = 180° (Linear pair)
130° + ∠QRP = 180°
∠QRP = 180° − 130°
∠QRP = 50°
In ∆PQR
∠QPR + ∠RQP + ∠QRP = 180°
(Angles sum property of a triangle)
x° = 180° − 60° − 50°
x° = 180° − 60° − 50°
x° = 180° − 110°
∴ x = 70°
(d) In figure, ∠D + ∠F + ∠F = 180° (Angle sum property of triangle)
y + 4 y + y = 180°
6 y = 180°
180°
y=
6
y = 30°
and 4 y = 4 × 30 = 120°
So, angles are 30°, 30°, 120°.
12. In fig. ∆ABC a right angled at C, and CD⊥AB . Also, ∠CAD = 65° find :
(a) ∠ACD
(b) ∠BCD
(c) ∠CBD
Solution : Given ∠CAD = 65°
In ∆ACD,
∠A = 65°, ∠D = 90°
∠CAD + ∠CDA + ∠ACD = 180°
(Angles sum property of a triangle)
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 65° + 90° + ∠ACD = 180°
155° + ∠ACD = 180°
∠ACD = 180° − 155°
∠ACD = 25°
So, ∠BCD = 25° (Q CD ⊥ AB )
In ∆ABC,
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° (Angle sum property of a triangle)
65° + ∠B + 50° = 180°
∠B = 180° − 50° − 65°
= 180° − 115°
∴ ∠B = 65°
13. The two interior opposite angles of an exterior angle of a triangle are 60° and 80°. Find the measure
of the exterior angle.
Solution : Interior angles are 60° and 80° we know exterior angles of a triangle is equal to sum of
interior opposite angles
So, Exterior angle = Sum of interior angles
= 60° + 80°
= 140°
14. One side of a triangle is produced and the exterior angle so formed is 125°. If the interior opposite
angles are in the ratio 2 : 3, find the measure of all the angles of the triangle.
Solution : Given exterior angle = 125°
Let interior angles are 2x and 3x
Q exterior angles = sum of interior angles
∴ 125° = 2x + 3x
125° = 5x
125°
x=
5
∴ x = 25°
and 2x = 2 × 25° = 50°
3x = 3 × 25° = 75°
and third angle = 180° − (50° + 75° ) = 55°
So, 55° , 50° and 75° are interior angles of a triangle.
15. In the adjoining figure, find the measure of angle x, if EC = CD
In ∆ ABC,
∠A + ∠B + ∠ACB = 180° [Angles sum property of triangle]
50° + 60° + ACB = 180°
110° + ∠ACB = 110°
∠ACB = 180° − 110°
= 70°
Now, ∠ACB = ∠E + ∠D [Exterior angle property]
70° = y + y, where ∠E = ∠D = y
70° 110°
70° = 2 y and EC = CD (given)
or y = 35°
Again x + ∠E = 180° [Linea pair]
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 x + y = 180°
x + 35° = 180°
x = 180° − 35°
∴ x = 145°
16. An exterior angle of a triangle is 110° and one of the interior opposite angles is 30°. Find the other
two angles of the triangle.
Solution : Let x ° , y° be angles of triangle.
Exterior angle = 110°
One interior angle = 30°
Q exterior angle = sum of interior opposite angles
180° = 30° + x °
x = 110° − 30°
∴ x = 80°
We know in triangle, sum of the angles
30 + x ° + y° = 180°
30° + 80° + y° = 180°
110° + y° = 180°
y° = 180° − 110°
y° = 70°
So, other two angles of the triangle are 70° and 80°.
17. ∆ABC is isosceles with AB = BC . If ∠B is twice the measure of ∠A, find the A
measure of all the angles of the triangle.
x
Solution : ∆ABC an isosceles triangle and
AB = AC
∠A = ∠C = x
∠B is twice of angle A 2x° x°
B C
∴ ∠ B = 2x
2x + x + x = 180° (Angles sum property of a triangle)
4x = 180°
180
∴ x= = 45°
4
∴ A = C = 45°, 45°
and B = 2x = 2 × 45° = 90°
So, 45°, 45°, 90° are the angles of triangle
18. Find the value of x in the given figure.
Solution : In figure, given AB = AC
∴ ∠B = ∠C = 50°
x = ∠B + ∠C
(Exterior angle property)
x = 50° + 50°
∴ x = 100°

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 Exercise-2
1. Which of the following can be the possible lengths (in cm) of a triangle?
(a) 3, 7, 9
The given numbers 3, 7 and 9. Since
3 + 7 = 10 > 9
7 + 9 = 16 > 3
3 + 9 = 12 > 7
i.e Sum of any two of these numbers is greater than the third side. hence, the tangle with sides 3, 7
and 9 is possible.
(b) 3, 4, 5
The given numbers 3, 4 and 5. Since
3+ 4 = 7>5
4+5= 9>3
5+3= 8> 4
Sum of any two of these numbers is greater than the third side. Hence the triangle is possible.
(c) 2, 10, 15
The given numbers 2, 10 and 15. Since
2 + 10 = 12 < 15
10 + 15 = 25 > 2
15 + 2 = 17 > 10
i.e., sum of two numbers is not greater than the third side in a case. Hence the triangle with sides 2,
10 and 15 is not possible.
2. Take any point O in the interior of ∆ABC. Join OA, OB and OC. Is :
(a) OA + OB > AB ?
In ∆OAB, sum of two sides i. e., OA + OB must be greater than the third
side AB.
∴ OA + OB > AB is true.
(b) OB + OC > BC ?
In ∆OBC sum of two sides i. e. , OB + OC must be greater than third side
BC
∴ OB + OC > BC is true.
(c) OC + OA > AC ?
In ∆OAC, sum of two sides i. e. , OC + OA must be greater than third side AC
∴ OC + OA > AC is true.
3. Two sides of a triangle are 3 cm and 5 cm. What can be the maximum length of the third side?
Solution : The given sides of a triangle are 3 cm and 5 cm
Sum of the two numbers is greater than the third side of these numbers 3 + 5 = 8. So the third side is
less than 8 cm.
4. In the given figure, PQRS is a quadrilateral. Show that
PQ + QR + SR + PS > 2 ( PR + QS ).
Solution : In ∆ PQR, we get
PQ + QR > PR ... (i)
In ∆PSR, we get

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 SR + PS > RS ...(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii) we get
PQ + QR + SR + PS > PR + RS
5. The lengths of two sides of a triangle are 6 cm and 8 cm. Between which two numbers can length of
the third side fall?
Solution : The given sides of the triangle are 6 cm and 8 cm.
Two numbers can be third length of triangle and between (6 + 8) = 14 cm
(8 − 6) = 2 cm.

Exercise-3
1. If possible, name the triangle for which the following sides are given. Also check which among
these can form Pythagorean triplets.
(a) 8 cm, 15 cm, 17 cm
8 2 = 64, 15 2 = 225, 17 2 = 289
8 2 + 15 2 = 64 + 225
= 289 = (17) 2
∴ 8, 15 and 17 is a Pythagorean triplet and so can or a right angled triangle.
(b) 3 cm, 3 cm, 9 cm
3 2 = 9, 3 2 = 9, 9 2 = 81
32 + 32 = 9 + 9
= 18 ≠ 9 2
∴ 3, 3, 9 is not a Pythagorean triplet and hence can not form a right angled triangle.
(c) 30 cm, 30 cm, 34 cm
30 2 = 900, 30 2 = 900
34 2 = 1156
30 + 30 2 = 900 + 900
2

= 1800 ≠ (34) 2
∴ 30, 30, 34 is not a Pythagorean triplet and hence can not form a right angled triangle.
(d) 15 cm, 10 cm, 25 cm.
15 2 = 225, 10 2 = 100, 25 2 = 625
2 2
15 = 10 = 225 + 100
= 325 ≠ 25 2
15, 10, 25 is not a Pythagorean triplet and can so not form a right angled triangle.
2. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 60 cm and one leg is 25 cm. Find the length of the other leg.
Solution : In ∆ABC
A
AC = 60 cm, ∠B = 90° and AB = 25 cm
∴ By Pythagoras property
( AC ) 2 = ( AB ) 2 + (CB ) 2 60 25
(60) 2 = (25) 2 + (CB ) 2
or 3600 = 625 + (CB ) 2
C B

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 (CB ) 2 = 3600 − 625
or (CB ) 2 = 2975
∴ CB = 2975 = 5 119 cm
3. ∆ABC is a right angled at B. If AC = 26 m, BC = 10 m, find AB.
Solution : AC = 26 m
BC = 10 m
Let AB = x m
∴ By Pythagoras property
2
AC 2 = AB + BC 2
26 2 = x 2 + 10 2
676 = x 2 + 100
676 − 100 = x 2
x 2 = 576
x 2 = 24 2
∴ x = 24 cm
So, AB = 24 cm
4. The two legs of a right triangle are equal and the square of its hypotenuse is 50 m. Find the length of
each leg.
Solution :
∆ABC is isosceles right triangle, right angle at B such that AB = BC and
Square of hypotenuse AC = 50 m
∴ By Pythagoras property
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2
50 = x 2 + x 2
50 = 2x 2
50
x2 = = 25
2
x = 5m
5. Find the unknown side x in each of the following right angled triangles :
(a) Given perpendicular = x
Base = 24
Hypotenuse = 25
So, by Pythagorean property
25 2 = 24 2 + x 2
or 625 = 576 + x 2
or 625 − 576 = x 2
or x 2 = 49
∴ x=9
(b) Perpendicular = 9
Hypotenuse = x
Base = 40
(120)
 So, by Pythagorean property 9 2 + 40 2 = x 2
81 + 1600 = x 2
or x 2 = 1681
x 2 = ( 41) 2
∴ x = 41
6. The length of a rectangle is 12 cm and its diagonal is 13 cm. Find its perimeter.
Solution : In figure by Pythagorean property
13 2 = 12 2 + BC 2 D C

19 = 144 + BC 2 cm
2 13
169 − 144 = BC
BC 2 = 25
A 12 cm B
BC 2 = (5) 2
∴ BC = 5 cm
Then the perimeter of the rectangle
= 2 ( AB + BC )
= 2 (12 + 5)
= 2 × 17
= 34 cm
7. A ladder is placed in such a way that its foot is at a distance of 5 m from a wall and its top reaches a
window 12 m above the ground. Determine the length of the ladder.
Solution : The distance of ladder AC from a wall = 5 m
and height of window = 12 cm C
Then by Pythagorean property
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2
= 5 2 + 12 2 12 cm
= 25 + 144
= 169 90°
2 2
AC = 13 A B
AC = 13 m
So, the length of the ladder is 13 m.

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 Chapter-11 : Congruence of Triangles
Exercise-1
1. Which of the following line segments are congruent? (Measure and state).
Solution : (a), (c)
In figure, line segments AB and CD have same length.
Thus we can say that the two line segments are congruent. So AB ≅ CD
Solution : (b), (d)
In figure (b) and (d), line segments KL and EF have same length.
Thus we can say that the two line segments are congruent. So KL ≅ EL
2. Which of following angles are congruent? (Measure and state)
Solution : In figure (a) and (c) , we have two angles, ∠AOB and ∠KLM of same measure i.e.
∠AOB ≅ ∠KLM
But in figures (b) and (d), we have angles ∠EFG and ∠MOP are not of same measure.
i.e. ∠EFG and ∠MOP are not congruent. 3 cm
3. The measure of the sides and angles of two congruent triangles have been A 55° C
40°
indicated . Determine the correspondence between the two triangles which

1.9
cm
gives a congruence. 2.4

cm
Solution : In figs (a) and (b), ∆ABC and ∆DEF are of same shape and size. B
Corresponding angles ∠A = ∠E, ∠C = ∠D, ∠B = ∠F (a)
and corresponding sides BC = DF
AB = EF and AC = ED D
Hence ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF 2.4
cm
cm
4. In the following figure a = b = c. Name the angle which is congruent to
1.9
55° 40°
∠AOC. 3 cm F
E
Solution : Given a = b = c (b)
In figure,
∠AOC = ∠AOB + ∠BOC
= a+b
∠DOB = ∠DOC + ∠COB
= c+b
= a+b (Q a = c)
∴ ∠AOC ≅ ∠DOB
5. Fill in the blanks.
(a) Size and shape (b) They have same measure (c) Equal
(c) Right

Exercise-2
1. In the figure length of sides are given. Is ∆ABC ≅ ∆ABD ? Give reason in support of your answer.
Solution : Two triangles are congruent if the three sides of one triangles are equal to other
corresponding three sides of the other triangle.
Hence in ∆ABC and ∆ADB,
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 AC = AD (each 4 ⋅ 5 cm)
BC = BD (each 3 cm)
AB = AB (common side of both triangles)
Both triangles cover each other exactly
So, ∆ABC ≅ ∆ADB
2. In the figure, ∆PQR and ∆TQR are on the same base QR. Also, PQ = TR and PR = TQ. Which of the
following statements is true?
(a) ∆PQR ≅ ∆PQR
(b) ∆PQR ≅ ∆TRQ
(c) ∆PQR ≅ ∆RQT
Solution : PQ = TR (given)
PR = TQ (given)
QR = QR (same base)
i.e. P ↔ R , Q ↔ Q, R ↔ T
∴ ∆PQR ≅ ∆RQT
Hence, statement (c) is correct.
3. In the following figures, by SSS congruence criterion, state which are congruent and write the
congruent triangles according to correspondence.
(a) In ∆PQR and ∆PSR,
PQ = SR = 4 ⋅ 2 cm
PS = QR = 2 cm
PR = PR (Common side of both triangles)
∴ ∆PQR ≅ ∆PSR
(b) In ∆ΑBC and ∆ACD,
AB = AD = 4 cm
BC = DC = 2 cm
AC = AC (Common side)
∴ ∆ABC ≅ ∆ACD
(c) In ∆BAD and ∆BCD,
AD = BC = 5 cm
AB = DC = 2 ⋅ 1 cm
DB = DB (Common side)
∴ ∆BAD ≅ ∆BCD
4. In fig., AB = AD and ∠BAC = ∠DAC. Find the third pair of corresponding parts to make
∆ABC ≅ ∆ADC by SAS congruence criteria.
Solution : In ∆ABC and ∆ADC,
AB = AD (Given)
∠BAC = ∠DAC (AC is bisector)
AC = AC
A
(Common side)
∴ ∆ABC ≅ ∆ADC
5. ∆ABC is an equilateral triangle. State if ∆ABC ≅ ∆ACB by SAS congruence. If B C

yes, state three corresponding parts.

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 Solution : In ∆ABC and ∆ACB,
AB = AC
BC = BC (Common)
∠B = ∠C
∆ABC ≅ ∆ACB (SAS congruent)
Yes, ∆ABC ≅ ∆ACB Congruence triangles
6. Find whether the following triangles are congruent. Give reason for your answers.
(a) In ∆PQR and ∆XYZ, ∠R = ∠Y , QR = YZ and ∠Q = ∠Z. P X
In ∆PQR and ∆XYZ,
∠R = ∠Y
QR = YZ
∠Q = ∠Z
∴ ∆PQR ≅ ∆XYZ (ASA)
Q R Y Z
A D
(b) In ∆ABC and ∆DEF , AB = DE , ∠B = ∠E and BC = EF .
In ∆ABC and ∆DEF ,
AB = DE
∠B = ∠E
and BC = EF
∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF (SAS Congruent) B C E F
F S

(c) In ∆FRE and ∆SLV

∠F = ∠S
∆FRE ~
= ∆SLV
No, ∆FRE and ∆SLV congruence triangle.
R E C V
7. In figure, the measurement of some angles are given. Is ∆ABC ≅ ∆CDA? Give reason.
Solution : In ∆ABC and ∆CDA
∠ACD = ∠BAC = 22° (Alternate angles, as AB  CD)
∠DAC = ∠BCA = 30° (Alternate angles, as AB  CD)
AC = AC (Common side)
∆ABC ≅ ∆CDA (ASA Congruence)

8. In figure, ray AZ bisects ∠DAB as well as ∠DCB. Answer the following Give reasons :
(a) Is ∆BAC ≅ ∆ΑDC ?
In the figure AZ is besector of ∠DAB and ∠DCB
So, in ∆BAC and ∆ADC
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 ∠BAC = ∠DAC (AZ is bisector of ∠A)
∠BCA = ∠DCA (AZ is besector of ∠C)
AC = AC
∴ ∆BAC ≅ ∆ADC
(b) Is AB = AD?
Yes AB = AD
by C.P.C.t rules
(c) Is CD = CB ?
Yes CD = CB
C.P.C.T. rules.
9. In the given figure, prove that ∆ABO ≅ ∆PQO.
Solution : In ∆ABO and ∆PQO,
AP = PO = 3 cm (given)
∠AOB = ∠POQ = 47° (given)
∠OBA = ∠OQP = 55° (Alternate angles AB PQ)
∴ ∆ABO ≅ ∆PQO (ASA congruence)

10. In the figure, equal parts

of ∆PQR and ∆PSR are marked with the
same symbols. Show that ∠1 = ∠2 by ASA congruence condition. Show also that ∆PQR ≅ ∆PSR .
Solution : In ∆PQR and ∆PSR,
∠1 = ∠2 (PR is bisector of ∠P)
PR = PR (Common side of both triangles)
∠PQR = ∠PSR (Same angles)
∴ ∆PQR ≅ ∆PSR (ASA Congruence)

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11. In the figure, QS⊥PR and PQ = QR show that ∆PQS ≅ ∆RQS .
Solution : In ∆PQS and ∆RQS,
PQ = QR (Given)
∠QSR = ∠QSP = 90°
QS = SQ (Common side)
∴ ∆PQS ≅ ∆RQS

12. In the given quadrilateral PQRS , PQ⊥QR , PS⊥SR , QR = SR . Prove that ∆PQR ≅ ∆PSR .
Solution : In ∆PQR and ∆PSR,
QR = SR (given)
∠PQR = ∠PSR (90°)
PR = PR (Common side)
∴ ∆PQR ≅ ∆PSR (RHS congruence)

13. ∆ABC is an isosceles triangle in which AB = AC ; AD⊥BC . Prove that

∠B = ∠C.
Triangle ABC is an isosceles triangle
∴ In ∆ABD and ∆ACD
AB = AC
∠ADB = ∠ADC = 90° (Q AD ⊥ BC )
∠BAD = ∠DAC (∴ AD is bisector)
∴ ∆ABD ≅ ∆ACD
and ∠B = ∠C
14. In fig., DA⊥AB , CB⊥AB and AC = BD. State the three pairs of equal parts in ∆ABC and ∆DAB.
Which of the following statements is meaningful?
(a) ∆ABC ≅ ∆BAD
(b) ∆ABC ≅ ∆ABD

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 Solution : In figure,
DA ⊥ AB and CB ⊥ AB
∠DAB = ∠CBA (each 90°)
Q AC = BD (given)
∴ AD = BC
So, ∆ABC ≅ ∆BAD
15. Explain, why ∆ABC ≅ ∆FED from the following figure :
Solution : In ∆ABC and ∆FED,
BC = ED (given)
∠CAB = ∠DFE (given)
and ∠ABC = ∠FED (90°)
∴ ∆ABC ≅ ∆FED
P F
16. By applying ASA congruence rule, you want to show that
∆PQR ≅ ∆FED. It is given that ∠Q = ∠E and QR = ED.
What additional information is required to show the
congruence?
Solution : In ∆PQR and ∆FED, Q R E D
QR = ED (Given)
∠Q = ∠E (Given)
∠R = ∠D (ASA congruence)
Hence, additional information is required to show the congruence is ∠R = ∠D.
17. If ∆ABC is an isosceles triangle such that AB = AC , then prove that the altitude AD on BC, bisects
BC.
Solution : In triangles ∆ABD and ∆ACD,
AB = AC (Given)
∠D = ∠D (Both are right angles)
AD = AD (Common)
So, both the triangles are congruent.
therefore BD = CD (CPCT)
∠BAD = ∠CAD (CPCT)
Hence AD bisects both BC and ∠A.

Chapter-12 : Constructions
Exercise-1
1. From a point P outside a given line AB, draw a line LPN parallel to AB, using ruler and compass.
Solution : (a) Draw the given line AB using a ruler and mark a point P outside AB.
(b) Take any point C on AB, join PC.
(c) With C as centre and a suitable radius draw an arc using compass to V P
N
L
cut AB at R and PC at S. T
(d) With P as centre and the same radius draw an arc, cutting PC at T. S
(e) Now place the pointed tip of the compass at R and adjust the opening
A C R B
so that the pencil tip is at S.
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 (f) With T as centre and the same radius RS draw an arc cutting the previous arc at V .
(g) Join PV and produce it on both sides to get the required line LN parallel to AB.
2. Draw a line AB and draw another line CD parallel to AB at a distance of 4 cm from it.
(a) Draw a line AB using a ruler.
C D

A B

(b) With A as centre and a 4 cm radius draw any point C.

(c) With B as centre and the same radius draw any point D.
(d) Join CD and produce it on both sides to get the required line AB parallel to CD.
3. Draw a line XY . Mark a point P outside it. Through P, draw a line MN parallel to line XY . Now
mark a point Q outside the line MN on the opposite side of it as line XY . Through Q draw a line ST
parallel to line MN . Is ST  XY ?
Solution : The steps of construction are as follows :
(i) Draw a line XY . Take a point C on it. Take a point P outside this line. Join P to C.
P

X Y
C

(ii) Taking C as centre and with a convenient radius draw an arc intersecting line XY at point D
and CP at point E.
P

X
C
D

(iii) Taking P as centre and with the same radius as before, draw an arc FG intersecting CP at H.
F P

H G

X C D Y

(iv) Adjust the compasses up to the length DE. Without changing the opening of compasses and
taking H as the centre, draw an arc to intersect the previously drawn arc FG at point I.
P
F
I
H G

X C D Y

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(v) Join the points P and I to draw a line MN .
M F P N
I

H G
E

X C D Y

(vi) Now take a point Q outside MN and point J on MN. Join JQ Taking J as centre and with a
convenient radius draw an arc intersecting line MN out at I and JQ at point K.
Q

K
J F
M N
I P
H
G
E
X Y
C D

(vii) Taking Q as centre and with the same radius as before, draw an arc AB intersecting JQ at Z.
A
L
Q
Z B
K
J F
M N
I P
H
G
E
X Y
C D
(viii) Adjust the compasses up to the length of KI. without changing the opening of compass and
taking Z as the centre, draw an arc to intersect the previously drawn arc AB at point L.

Q
A
L
S T
Z B
K
J F
M N
I P
H
E
X Y
C D

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 (ix) Join the points L and Q to draw a line ST.
Q
A
L
S T
Z B
K
J F
M N
I P
H
E
X Y
C D
This is the required line ST  XY
4. Use the property of equal corresponding angles to draw a line parallel to a given line from a point
outside it.
Solution : (i) Draw a line ‘l’ and point P outside it.
(ii) Mark point Q on line ‘l’.
(iii) Draw line ‘n’ joining point P and point Q.
(iv) Draw an arc with Q as the centre, such that it intersects line ‘l’ at R and line ‘n’ at S.
(v) Draw another arc with the same radius and P as the centre, such that it intersects line n at X .
Ensure that arc drawn from P cuts the line n outside QP.
(vi) Draw line m passing through points P and Y . Line ‘m’ is the required parallel line.
(vii) If the pair of corresponding angles are equal in measure, then line ‘m’ parallel to line ‘l’.
n
X 62°
M
P

S
62°
l
Q R T

5. Draw a ∆DEF whose sides are 4 cm, 6 cm and 3 ⋅ 5 cm respectively. Through A, draw a line parallel
to BC.
Solution : (i) Draw a line segment which is sufficiently long using ruler.
(ii) Locate points D and E on it such that DE = 6 cm.
(iii) With D as centre and radius 4 cm, draw an arc.
(iv) With E as centre and radius 3 ⋅ 5 cm, draw another arc cutting the previous arc at F .
(v) Join DF and EF .
F

4 cm 3.5 cm

D 6 cm E

(130)
 (vi) Taking P as centre and with a convenient radius, draw an arc intersecting line DE at point R
and PF at point S. F

S
D P R E

(vii) Taking F as centre and with the same radius as before, draw an arc GH intersecting PF at I.
F
G

I H
S
D P R E

(viii) Adjust the compass up to the length of SR. Without changing the opening of compass and
taking I as the centre, draw an arc to intersect the previously drawn arc GH at point O.
F
G
I H
S G
D P R E O F
B C
(x) Join the points F and O to draw a line BC.
I H
This is the required line parallel to BE.
Then ∆DEF is the required triangle. S
D P R E

Exercise-2
1. Construct ∆ABC in which AB = 6 cm, BC = 5 ⋅ 5 cm and AC = 7 cm. C

Solution : (i) Draw a line segment which is sufficiently long using ruler. 5.5 cm
(ii) Locate points A and B on it such that AB = 6 cm. 7 cm
(iii) With A as centre and radius 7 cm, draw another arc cutting the previous
arc at C. A 6 cm B
(iv) With B as centre and radius 5 ⋅ 5 cm, draw another arc cutting the
previous arc at C.
(v) Join AC and BC. X
Then ∆ABC is the required triangle. D
2. Construct an isosceles triangle PQR in which
PQ + PR = 4 ⋅ 2 cm and QR = 3 ⋅ 6 cm.
cm

Solution : (i) Draw the base QR = 3 ⋅ 6 cm

4.2

(ii) Cut a line segment QD equal to PQ + PR = 4 ⋅ 2 cm P

from the ray QX .
(iii) Join DR.
(iv) Make an angle ∠DRY = ∠QDR.
Q R
3.6 cm
(131)
 (v) Let RY intersect QX at P.
Then PQR is the required triangle.
3. Construct an equilateral triangle LMN with each side of length 6 cm. Measure each angle.
Solution : An equilateral triangle of side 5 ⋅ 5 cm has to be constructed. We know that all sides of an
equilateral triangle are of equal length. Therefore, an triangle ABC has to be constructed taking
LM = MN = NL = 6 cm.
M 6 cm N

The steps of construction are as follows.

(i) Draw a line segment MN of length 6 cm.
(ii) Taking the point M as centre, draw an arc of 6 cm radius.
L

M 6 cm N

(iii) Taking point N as centre, draw an arc of 6 cm radius to meet the precious arc at point L.
L

M 6 cm N

(iv) Join L to M and N .

∆LMN is the equilateral triangle. ∠M , ∠N and ∠L can be measured with the help of protractor.
It comes to be ∠M = ∠N = ∠L = 60°
L

M 6 cm N
4. Is it possible to construct a triangle whose sides are 4 cm, 3 cm and 8 cm? If not, why?
Solution : No, it is not possible to have a triangle with sides 4 cm, 3 cm and 8 cm.
Sum of any two sides of triangle must be greater than the third side.
Here, 4 cm + 3 cm = 7 cm < 8 cm
The sum of two lengths is less than the third side. Therefore, 4 cm, 3 cm, and 8 cm can not form
you're a triangle.

(132)
 Exercise-3
1. Construct a triangle PQR in which PR = 5 cm, PQ = 3 cm and the included angle ∠P = 70°.
Solution : A rough sketch of required triangle is as follows. The steps of construction are as
follows :
(i) Draw a line segment PR of length 5 cm.
Q

3 cm 70°
P 5 cm R
(ii) At point P, draw a ray PX making 70° with PR.

70°
P 5 cm R

(iii) Taking P as centre, draw an arc of 3 cm radius H intersects PX at point Q.

X
Q
3 cm

70°
P 5 cm R
(iv) Join R to Q to obtain triangle PQR.
X
Q
3 cm

70°
P 5 cm R

2. Construct a triangle ABC in which AB = 4 ⋅ 5 cm, BC = 4 ⋅ 5 cm and ∠B = 60°. measure AC. What
type of triangle is it?
Solution : The steps of construction are as follows : A B
4.5 cm
(i) Draw the line segment AB of length 4 ⋅ 5 cm.
(ii) At point B, draw a ray AX making an angle 60° with BA.
X

60°
A B
4.5 cm
(133)
 (iii) Taking B as centre, draw an arc of 4 ⋅ 5 cm radius. It intersects BX at points C.
X
C

4.5
cm
60°
A B
4.5 cm

(iv) Join C to A to obtain the required triangle ABC.

X
C

4.5
cm
60°
A B
4.5 cm

∆ABC is the isosceles triangle. AC can be measured with the help of ruler. It comes to be __ cm.
3. Construct a triangle LMN in which LM = 6 cm, MN = 8 cm and ∠M = 90°. Measure ∠N .
Solution : The steps of construction are as follows :
(i) Draw a line segment MN of length 8 cm. M N
(ii) At point M, draw a ray MX making an angle of 90° with MN . 8 cm

90°
M N
8 cm

(iii) Taking M as centre, draw an arc of 6 cm radius. It will intersect MX at point L.

X
L

6 cm

M N
8 cm

(iv) Join L to N to get is the required triangle ∆LMN .

X
L

6 cm

M 8 cm N

(134)
 (v) With L as centre, draw an arc Y and Z.
X
L
Y
6 cm
Z

M 8 cm N

(vi) With N as centre, draw an arc Y and Z.

X

Y
6 cm

M N
8 cm

(vii) Join ZY . Then ZY is the bisector of LN .

X

Y
6 cm
Z

M
8 cm

4. Construct a triangle DEF , if

(a) DE = 5 cm, EF = 4 ⋅ 5 cm and ∠E = 120°
D E
Solution : The steps of construction are as follows : 5 cm
(i) Draw a line segment DE of length 5 cm.
(ii) At point E, draw a ray EX making 120° with DE.
X

0°
12
D E
5 cm

(iii) Taking E as centre, draw an arc of 4 ⋅ 5 cm radius which intersects EX at point F .

X
F
4.5 cm
D E
5 cm

(135)
 (iv) Join D to F to obtain triangle DEF .
X
F
4.5 cm
D E
5 cm

(b) EF = 5 ⋅ 7 cm, DF = 5 ⋅ 1 cm and ∠D = 45°

The steps of construction are as follows : D F
5.1 cm
(i) Draw a line segment DF length 5 ⋅ 1 cm.
(ii) At point D draw a ray DX making 45° at DF .
X

45°
D F

(iii) Taking F as centre, draw an arc of 5 ⋅ 7 cm radius. It intersects FE at point E.

X
E

45°
D F
5.1 cm
(iv) Join E to F to obtain triangle DEF .
X
E
5.7 cm
45°
D F
5.1 cm

Exercise-4
1. Construct a ∆PQR in which QR = 5 ⋅ 5 cm, ∠P = 45° and ∠Q = 30°.
Solution : First we draw a rough sketch of the triangle.
Steps of construction :

P P

30° 105° 30° 45°

Q R Q R
5.5 cm 5.5 cm

(136)
 (i) Draw QR of length 5 ⋅ 5 cm. Q R
5.5 cm
(ii) At construct ∠XQR = 30°
∠Q + ∠R + ∠P = 180°
30 + ∠R + 45 = 180° X
∠R = 180 − 75
∠R = 105°
(iii) At R construct 105°. Y
Q
30°
X R
P

30° 105°
Q R X
5.5 cm

2. Construct a ∆XYZ in which YZ = 4 cm, ∠Y = 110° and ∠Z = 30°.

Solution : First we draw a rough sketch of the triangle. 110° 30°
Steps of construction : Y Z
5.5 cm
(i) Draw YZ of length 4 cm. Y Z
4 cm
X
(ii) At Y construct ∠XYZ = 110°
∠X + ∠Y + ∠Z = 180°
∠Z + 110° + 30° − 180°
∠Z = 180 − 140 110°
Y Z
∠Z = 40°
(iii) At Z construct ∠BZY = 40°.

110° 40°
Y 4 cm Z

(iv) Let ZB and YA intersect at X . Then ∆XYZ is the required triangle.

A

X
B

110° 40°
Y 4 cm Z

(137)
3. Construct a ∆LMN in which ∠L = 60°, ∠M = 90° and LM = 5 cm.
Solution : First we draw a rough sketch of the triangle.
N

Steps of construction : L M
5 cm
(i) Draw LM of length 5 cm.

L M
(ii) At M construct ∠XML = 90° 5 cm

90°
L 5 cm M

(iii) At L construct ∠YLM = 60° X

Y
N

60° 90°
L M
5 cm

(iv) Let LY and MX intersect at N . Then ∆LMN is the required triangle.

4. Construct a ∆PQR in which QR = 6 cm, ∠Q = 45° and ∠P = 35°. Measure ∠R.
Solution : In ∆PQR
∠P + ∠Q + ∠R = 180°
35° + 45° + ∠R = 180°
∠R = 180° − 80° = 100°
First we draw a rough sketch of the triangle.
Steps of construction Q R
6 cm
(i) Draw QR of length 6 cm.
X

(ii) At Q construct ∠XQR = 45°

45°
Q R
6 cm
(138)
 (iii) At R construct ∠YRQ = 100°
P

100°
45°
Q R
6 cm

(iv) Let QY and RX intersect at P. Then ∆PQR is the required triangle.

Exercise-5
1. Construct a right angled ∆ABC, in which ∠C = 90°, AB = 5 ⋅ 2 cm and BC = 4 ⋅ 6 cm.
First draw a rough sketch A.
Steps of construction :
(i) Draw a line segment BC of length 4 ⋅ 6 cm.
(ii) At C, construct ∠CB = 90°.
(iii) With B as centre and radius 5 ⋅ 2 cm, draw an arc cutting BX at A.
(iv) Join AB. Then ∆ABC is the required triangle.
X
A
A

5.2

90°
B 4.6 C
B C

2. Construct an isosceles right triangle ABC in which ∠C = 90° and AC = BC = 4 cm.

First draw a rough sketch :
Steps of construction : A
(i) Draw a line segment BC length 4 cm.
(ii) At C, constract ∠XCB = 90°.
(iii) With C as centre and radius 4 cm draw an arc cutting CX at A.
4 cm
(iv) Join AB. then ∆ABC is the required isosceles triangle.
90°
X A B C
4 cm

4 cm

90°
B 4 cm C

(139)
3. Construct a right angled triangle PQR in which PQ = 5 cm, ∠Q = 90° and hypotenuse PR = 13 cm.
Measure the side QR.
First draw a rough sketch;
F

4.5
90°
D 6.5 E

Steps of construction
(i) Draw a line segment PQ of length 5 cm.
(ii) At Q construct ∠XQP = 90°.
(iii) With P as centre and radius 13 cm, draw an arc cutting PX at R.
(iv) Join PR then ∆PQR is the required triangle.
R
cm
13

90°
P 5 Q

Solution : Pythagoras theorem,

( PR ) 2 = RQ 2 + PQ 2
(13) 2 = (QR ) 2 + (5) 2
(QR ) 2 = 169 − 25
( RQ ) 2 = 144
QR = 144 = 12 cm
4. Construct a ∆DEF is which DE = 6 ⋅ 5 cm, EF = 4 ⋅ 5 cm and ∠E = 90°. F
First draw a rough sketch :
Steps of construction
(i) Draw a line segment DE of length 6 ⋅ 5 cm. 4.5 cm
(ii) At E construct ∠XED = 90° 90°
(iii) With E as centre and radius 4 ⋅ 5 cm, draw an arc cutting EX at F . D E
6.5 cm
(iv) Join FD. Then ∆DEF is the required triangle.

4.5 cm

90°
D 6.5 cm E

(140)
 Chapter-13 : Data Handling
Exercise-1
1. Find the mean of first five multiples of 3.
Solutoin : First five multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15.
Sum of all observations
So, Mean =
Number of observations
3 + 6 + 9 + 12 + 15
=
5
45
= =9
5
2. Find the mean of first 5 odd numbers.
Solution : First five odd numbers are
1, 3, 5, 7, 9
Sum of all observations
So, Mean =
Number of observations
1+3 +5 + 7 +9
=
5
25
= =5
5
3. Find the range and the mean of following values : 16, 18, 13, 13, 14, 21, 15, 18, 12, 17.
Solution : Arranging the numbers in ascending order, we get 12, 13, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 18, 21
Range = Highest value – Lowest value
= 21 − 2
=9
Sum of all observations
So, Mean =
Number of observations
12 + 13 + 13 + 14 + 15 + 16 + 17 + 18 + 18 + 21
=
10
157
= = 15 ⋅ 7
10
4. Suraj scores the following runs in eight innings :
28, 76, 56, 29, 40, 45, 100, 26 Organize the above data and answer the following :
(a) What is the highest and lowest runs scored by suraj?
(b) What is the range of the runs scored by him?
(c) Find his mean score.
Solution : Arranging the runs in ascending orde we get :
26, 28, 29, 40, 45, 56, 76, 100
(a) Highest score 100 and lowest score 26
(b) Range = Highest score – lowest score
= 100 − 26
= 74
(141)
 Sum of runs in all innings
(c) So, Mean =
Number of innings

26 + 28 + 29 + 40 + 45 + 56 + 76 + 100
=
8
400
=
8
= 50
5. The attendance in a school during six days of the week was as following :
1555, 1670, 1513, 1622, 1640, 1750. Find the mean attendance of the school for the week.
Solution : The given attendence
1555, 1670, 1513, 1622, 1640, 1750
Sum of all attendance on 6 days
Mean =
Number of days
1555 + 1670 + 1513 + 1622 + 1640 + 1750
=
6
9750
= = 1625
6
6. The number of children in 10 families of a locality are 2, 4, 3, 4, 2, 0, 3, 5, 1, 6. Find out the mean
number of children per family.
Solution : The given locality of the children’s family 2, 4, 3, 4, 2, 0, 3, 5, 1, 6
Put in ascending order 0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6
Sum of no. childen of 10 families
Mean of children =
Number of families
0 +1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 6
=
10
30
= =3
10
7. If the mean of 7, 9, x, 13, 6 is 8, find the value of x.
Solution : Given numbers 7, 9, x, 13, 6
Sum of Numbers
Q Mean =
Total Number
6 + 7 + 9 + 13 + x
8=
5
8 × 5 = 35 + x
40 = 35 + x
or x = 40 − 35
∴ x=5
8. The mean of numbers is 25. If one more number is included, the mean of new set of numbers
becomes 26. Find the new number.
9. The following table shows a few numbers and their frequencies in a given data. Find the mean of the
following data :

(142)
 Number ( x ) Frequency ( f ) Product ( fx )
15 7 105
20 8 160
23 10 230
25 12 300
35 3 75
∑ f = 40 ∑ f x = 870
Mean =
∑ fx
∑f
870
= = 21 ⋅ 75
40
10. The following table gives the pocket money that 30 students get :
Find the mean pocket money.
Pocket money (`) Number of shudents
Product
(x ) (f )
80 12 960
90 6 540
70 8 560
60 4 240
∑ f = 30 ∑ fx = 2300

Mean =
∑ fx
∑f
2300
= = ` 76 ⋅ 6
30

Exercise-2
1. Find the mean, median and mode for the following values :
(a) 15, 19, 15, 14, 15, 16, 14, 21, 15
Arranging numbers in ascending order, we get
14,14, 15, 15, 15, 15, 16, 19, 21
Sum of all observations
Mean =
Number of observations
14 + 14 + 15 + 15 + 15 + 15 + 16 + 19 + 21
=
9
144
= = 16
9
No. of observations ( N ) = 9 (odd)

(143)
  N + 1
The median =   th observation
 2 
 9 + 1
=  th observation
 2 
 10 
=   th observation
2
= 5 th observation
∴ Mode = 15
Since 15 occurs in four times, hence 15 is the mode of the numbers
(b) 5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 9, 9, 9, 12, 10
Arranging numbers in ascending order, we get
5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 9, 9, 9, 10, 12
Sum of observations
Mean =
Number of observations
5 + 6 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 9 + 9 + 9 + 10 + 12
=
10
81
=
10
∴ Mean = 8 ⋅ 1
No. of observations ( N ) = 10 (even)
N N 
th observation +  + 1 th observation
2  2 
∴ Median =
2
 10   10 
  th observation +  + 1 th observation
2 2 
=
2
5 th observation + 6 th observation
=
2
7+9
=
2
16
=
2
∴ Median = 8
Mode = 7 and 9
Since 9 and 7 occur 3 times each
So, 9 and 7 are the modes.
2. Find the median of :
(a) First 10 even numbers.
First 10 even numbers are 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20
No. of observations ( N ) = 10 (even)

(144)
 N  10 
th observation +  + 1 th observation
2 2 
∴ Median =
2
10
   10 
  th observation +  + 1 th observation
5 2 
=
2
5 th observation + 6 th observation
=
2
10 + 12
=
2
22
= = 11
2
(b) First 9 odd numbers.
First 9 odd numbers are 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17
Q No. of observations ( N ) = 9 (odd)
 N + 1
Then Median =   th observation
 2 
 9 + 1
=  th observation
 2 
 10 
=   th observation
2
= 5 th observation
=9
3. Find the median :
(a) 3, 6, 10, 16, 13, 9, 11, 12
Arranging in ascending order, we get 3, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16
No. of observations ( N ) = 8 (even)
N N 
  th observation +  + 1 th observation
2 2 
∴ Median =
2
 8 8 
  th observation +  + 1 th observation
 2 2 
=
2
4 th obervation + 5 th observation
=
2
10 + 11
=
2
21
= = 10 ⋅ 5
2
(b) 9, 16, 7, 19, 12, 15, 10, 13, 11
Arranging in ascending order, we get
7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19
(145)
 No. of observations ( N ) = 9 (odd)
 N + 1
Then Median =   th observation
 2 
9 
=  + 1 th observation
2 
 10 
=   th observation
2
= 5 th observation
= 12
4. Find the median weight of 10 newborn babies born in a particular hospital on a particular day in kg :
3 ⋅ 4, 3 ⋅ 6, 3 ⋅ 0, 4 ⋅ 0, 2 ⋅ 5, 3 ⋅ 6, 3 ⋅ 8, 2 ⋅ 8, 3 ⋅ 2, 2 ⋅ 6
Arranging in ascending order, we get
2 ⋅ 5, 2 ⋅ 6, 2 ⋅ 8, 3 ⋅ 0, 3 ⋅ 2, 3 ⋅ 4, 3 ⋅ 6, 3 ⋅ 6, 3 ⋅ 8, 4 ⋅ 0
No. of observation, ( N ) = 10 (even)
N N 
  th observation +  + 1 th observation
2 2 
Then Median =
2
 10   10 
  th observation +  + 1 th observation
2 2 
=
2
5th observation + 6th observation
=
2
3 ⋅2 + 3 ⋅ 4
=
2
6 ⋅6
=
2
= 3 ⋅3
5. The height (in cm) of 20 students in a class are :
96, 90, 98, 105, 90, 96, 98, 120, 115, 96, 112, 90, 88, 110, 90, 96, 90, 110, 92, 90.
(a) Find the range of above data
(b) Find the median
(c) Find the mode of data.
Solution : Arranging the heights of students in ascending order,
88, 90, 90, 90, 90, 90, 92, 96, 96, 96, 96, 98, 98, 105, 110, 110, 112, 115, 120
(a) Range of data = Highest value − Lowest value
= 120 − 88
= 32
(b) No. of observations ( N ) = 20 (even)
N N 
  th observation +  + 1 th observation
2 2 
Then Median =
2

(146)
  20   20 
  th observation +  + 1 th observation
2 2 
=
2
10th observation + 11th observation
=
2
96 + 96
=
2
192
=
2
∴ Median = 96
(c) The mode of dat a is 90. Since 90 occurs 5 times.
6. The following table shows sale of shirts having different sizes from a shop in a month. Find the
mode of size.
Size 36 38 40 42 44
No. of Shirts 28 27 35 18 11
Solution : In the given distribution shirt No. 40 has greatest frequency of shirts (35).
So, 40 is the mode of given distribution.
7. Find the mode :
Marks 15 17 20 22 25
No. of Students 6 17 12 18 8
Solution : In the given distribution 22 marks has greatest frequency of students (18).
So, 22 marks is the mode of given distribution.

Exercise-3
1. Scale 1 unit = 5 million hectares crop area
1

20
(in million hectares)

15
App. Crop area

U.P.

10
M.P.
A.P.

5
Haryana
Bihar

0
State

(147)
2. Scale 1 unit = 3 cm Rainfall

Rainfall (in cm) 15

12

April
6

July
March
February

June
May
3

3. Scale 1 unit = 100 No. of police officers

900

800

700

600
No. of Police officers

500

400

300

200

100

0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Year

4. Scale 1 unit = 20 students

140

120

100
No. of Students

80

60

40

20

0
VII VIII IX X XI XII
Class
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 (a) Class XII has maximum No of students
Students of class VIII
Ratio =
No. of Students of Class X
80
=
100
8 4
= =
10 5
= 4 :5

5. Scale 1 unit = 5 °C temperature

Scale 1 unit = 5°C Temperature
40
Max Temp =
35
Mini Temp =
30

25
Temperature in (°C )

20

15

10

Bangluru Chennai Dehli Mumbai Srinagar

City
Scale 1 unit = 100 Marks
6.
900 Final =

800 Half yearly =

700

600
Marks of Students

500

400

300

200

100

0
English Hindi Mathema tics Science Social Studies
Subject
(149)
 (a) In Social Studies improvement of marks is maximum (300)
(b) In Hindi, Mathematics and Science, the performance has gone down
(c) In Social Studies, marks are minimum in half yearly exam.

Exercise-4
1. Find the probability of getting an even number when a die is thrown.
Solution : Total possible outcomes = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Even numbers = 2, 4, 6
No. of favourable outcomes
P (E ) =
Total number of possible outcomes
3 1
= =
6 2
1
P (E ) =
2
2. A die is thrown. What is the probability of getting :
(a) An even number
(b) A number less than 7
(c) A number greater than 6.
Solution : (a) Total possible outcomes = 1, 2, 3 , 4, 5, 6
Even numbers = 2, 4, 6
No. of favourable outcomes
P (E ) =
Total number of possible outcomes
3
P (E ) =
6
1
P (E ) =
2
(b) Numbers less than 7 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
No. of favourable outcomes
P (E ) =
Total number of possible outcomes
6
P (E ) =
6
P (E ) = 1
(c) A dice has only six number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and not greater than 6. Hence no possibility of
getting a number greater than 6.
∴ P ( E ) = 0.
3. Find the probability of a vowel from the alphabets.
Total possible outcomes = 26
Total No. of vowels = 5
No. of favourable outcomes
P (E ) =
Total number of possible outcomes
5
P (E ) =
26
(150)
4. A number from 1 to 10 is chosen at random. What is the probability of choosing an even number?
Solution : Total possible outcomes = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Even numbers = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
No. of favourable outcomes
P (E ) =
Total number of possible outcomes
5
P (E ) =
10
1
P (E ) =
2
5. A bag contains 4 green, 5 black and 10 red balls. A ball is drawn at random. Find the probability that
the drawn ball is not green.
Total no. of possible outcomes = 4 + 5 + 10
= 19
Total no. of not a green ball = 5 + 10 = 15
No. of favourable outcomes
P (not a green ball) =
Total number of possible outcomes
15
P (not a green ball) =
19
6. In a box there are 10 strips marked 1 to 10. When a strip is drawn at random, find the probability of
getting a number as a multiple of 3.
Solution : Multiples of 3 between 1 and 3 are 3, 6 and 9. i. e.
No. of favourablel outcomes = 3
Total no. of possible outcomes = 10
3
∴ P (getting a number as a nultiple of 3) =
10

Chapter-14 : Perimeter and Area

Exercise-1
1. Find the perimeter of a rectangle whose length is 40 m and breadth 20 ⋅ 5 m.
Solution : Length = 40 m
Breadth = 20 ⋅ 5 m
Perimeter = 2 ( l + b)
= 2 ( 40 + 20 ⋅ 5) b = 20·5 m
= 2 (60 ⋅ 5)
= 121 m
2. The perimeter of a rectangular sheet is 120 cm. If its length is 40 cm, find l = 40m

the breadth, also find its area.

Solution : Length = 40 cm
Perimeter of the rectangle sheet = 120 cm
2 ( l + b) = 120
2 ( 40 + b) = 120
(151)
 120
40 + b =
2
40 + b = 60
b = 60 − 40
b = 20 m
Area of rectangle = l × b
= 40 × 20
= 800 m 2
3. Find the area of a square park whose perimeter is 80 m.
Perimeter of square = 80 m
4a = 80 m
80
a=
4
a = 20 m
2
Then area of square = a
= 20 × 20
= 400 m 2
4. The cost of flooring a room at ` 25 per sq. m is ` 1125. If the room is 5 m wide, find its length.
Total cost of flooring = Area of floor × Rate per sq m
Total cost of flooring
∴ Area of floor =
Rate per sq. m
1125
=
25
= 45 sq. m
Width of room = 5 m
Area of floor
So, length of room =
Wide of room
a = 15 cm
5. Find the area of a square whose sides are :
(a) 15 cm
Area of square = a 2 a = 15 cm

= 15 × 15
= 225 cm 2
(b) 8 m
a = 8m
Area of square = a 2
= 8×8
= 64 m 2 a = 8 cm

6. The length and breadth of a rectangular plot are in the ratio 4 : 3. If the area of the plot is 1728 m 2 ,
find its perimeter.
Solution : Let the length of rectangle = 4x
and breadth of rectangle = 3x
∴ Area = 1728 m 2 (given)

(152)
 l × b = 1728
4x × 3x = 1728
12x 2 = 1728
1728
x2 =
12
x 2 = 144
x 2 = 12 2
∴ x = 12
So, length 4x = 4 × 12 = 48 m
Breadth 3x = 3 × 12 = 36 m
∴ Perimeter = 2 ( l + b)
= 2 ( 48 + 36)
= 2 (84)
So, Perimeter = 168 m
7. Calculate the perimeter of the square whose area is equal to area of rectangle whose length is 25 m
and breadth is 100 m.
Solution : Length of rectangle = 25 m
Breadth of rectangle = 100 m
Area of rectangle = l × b
= 25 × 100
= 2500 m 2
Area of square = Area of rectangle
a 2 = 2500
a 2 = 50 2
a = 50 m
∴ Side of square = 50 m
Then the perimeter of square = 4a
= 4 × 50
= 200 m
8. A door of length 2 ⋅ 2 m and breadth 0 ⋅ 9 m is fitted in a wall. The dimensions of the wall are 5 m and
3 ⋅ 5 m. Find the cost of whitewashing the wall at ` 35 per sq. m.
Solution : Total Area of door = 2 ⋅ 2 × 0 ⋅ 9
= 1 ⋅ 98 m 2
Area of wall = 5 × 3 ⋅ 5
= 17 ⋅ 5 m 2
Area of white washing wall = (17 ⋅ 5 − 1 ⋅ 98)
= 15 ⋅ 52 m 2
Then the cost = 15 ⋅ 52 × 35
= ` 543 ⋅ 20
9. A wall 11 ⋅ 2 m long and 0 ⋅ 25 m breadth is to be covered with rectangular tiles of size 4 cm by 5 cm.
Find the number of tiles.
Solution : The length of wall = 11 ⋅ 2 m = 11 ⋅ 2 × 100 cm
(153)
 = 1120 cm
Breadth of wall = 0 ⋅ 25 m
= 0 ⋅ 25 × 100 cm
= 25 cm
∴ Area of the wall = 1120 × 25 sq. cm
And length of tile = 5 cm
Breadth = 4 cm
∴ Area of 1 tile = 5 × 4 = 20 sq. cm
Area of the wall
Number of tiles =
Area of 1 tile
1120 × 25
= = 1400
20
10. The length and breadth of a playground are 75 m 20 cm and 34 m 80 cm respectively, then :
(a) Find the cost of levelling it at `1 ⋅ 50 per sq. m.
The length of playground = 75 m 20 cm
= 75 ⋅ 20 m
Breadth of playground = 34 m 80 cm
= 34 ⋅ 80 m
Then the area of playground = ( 75 ⋅ 2 × 34 ⋅ 8) m 2
Cost of per square metre = `1 ⋅ 50
Then
Cost of ( 75 ⋅ 2 × 34 ⋅ 8) square metre
= 1 ⋅ 50 × 75 ⋅ 2 × 34 ⋅ 8
= ` 3925 ⋅ 44
(b) Find the cost of fencing it at `15 per m.
Area of four walls = 2 × ( l + b)
= 2 × ( 75 ⋅ 2 + 34 ⋅ 8)
= 2 × 110 = 220
Lost of fencing = 220 × 15 = ` 3300
11. Two squares are made of wire as shown in the figure. Find which square has greater area and by
how much?
Area of fire square = 6 × 6
= 36 m 2
Area of second square = 8 × 8
= 64 m 2
Cleary second square is greater than the first square
So, subtracting = 64 − 36
= 28 m 2
Hence second square has greater area than the first square by 28 m 2 .

(154)
 Exercise-2
1. Find the Area of each of the following parallelograms :
(a) Base ( AB ) = 6 cm
Height ( DL) = 4 cm
∴ Area of the parallelogram = Base × Height
=6×4
= 24 cm 2
(b) Base (QR ) = 3 cm
Height ( PQ ) = 2 cm
∴ Area of the parallelogram = Base × height
= 3×2
= 6 cm 2

2. Find the area of each of the following triangles :

(a) Base = 2 cm, Height = 6 cm
1
Q Area of triangle = (Base) × Height
2
1
= ×2×6
2
12
=
2
= 6 cm 2
(b) Base ( EF ) = 5 cm
Height ( DG ) = 4 cm
1
∴ Area of triangle = × Base × Height
2
1
= ×5× 4
2
20
=
2
= 10 cm 2
(c) Base ( MN ) = 5 cm
Height ( M ) = 8 cm
1
∴ Area of triangle = × 8 × 5
2
40
=
2
= 20 cm 2
3. Complete the following table :
(a) Height = 21 cm
Area = 32 ⋅ 76 cm 2 , Base = ?
Area of Parallelogram = Base × Height
(155)
 32 ⋅ 76 = Base × 21
32 ⋅ 76
or Base =
21
∴ Base = 1 ⋅ 56 cm
(b) Base = 5 ⋅ 8 cm
Height = 5 cm, Area = ?
Area of parallelogram = Base × Height
= 5 ⋅8 × 5
= 29 cm 2
(c) Base = 6 cm
Height = 4 ⋅ 4 cm, Area = ?
1
Area of triangle = (Base × Height)
2
1
= ×6 × 4⋅4
2
= 3 × 4⋅4
= 13 ⋅ 2 cm 2
4. Find the area of a triangle, whose base is 7 ⋅ 5 cm and the altitude is 4 cm.
Solution : Base = 7 ⋅ 5 cm
Altitude = 4 cm
1
Area of triangle = base × altitude
2
1
= × 7 ⋅5 × 4
2
= 7 ⋅5 × 2
= 15 cm 2
5. In the figure, PQRS is a parallelogram with area 1500 sq. cm. If PQ = 50 cm and PS = 30 cm and
RM ⊥ PQ, RN ⊥ SP , then find the length of RM and RN .
Solution : Given area of parallelogram = 1500 sq. cm
PQ = 50 cm
PS = 30 cm
If PQ is base, then RM is height of parallelogram
Area of parallelogram = Base × height
1500 = 50 × RM
1500
or RM =
50
∴ RM = 30 cm
If SP is base then RN is height of parallelogram
Area of parallelogram = Base × Height
1500 = 30 × RN
1500
or RN =
30
∴ RN = 50 cm
(156)
6. The area of a right angled triangle is 24 sq cm . If one of the sides containing the right angle is 8 cm,
find the base.
Solution : Area of right angled triangle = 24 cm 2
Height = 8 cm
1
Area of triangle = × Base × Height
2
1
24 = × Base × 8
2
24 × 2
Base =
8
48
Base =
8
∴ Base = 6 cm

7. A field is in the form of a right triangle with hypotenuse 100 m and one side equal to 60 m. Find the
area of the field.
Solution : Hypotenuse of triangle = 100 m
One side = 60 m
So, by Pythagorean property
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2
100 2 = 60 2 + BC 2
A
10000 = 3600 + BC 2
or BC 2 = 10000 − 3600
100
BC 2 = 6400 60
BC 2 = 80 2
∴ B = 80 cm
1 B C
Then, Area of triangle = × Base × Height
2
1
= × 80 × 60
2
4800
=
2
= 2400 cm 2
8. The base and height of a triangle are in the ratio 4 : 3 and its area is 216 sq. cm. Find its base and
height.
Solution : Let base be 4x and is 3x. Height area = 216 cm 2
1
Area of triangle = × Base × Height
2
1
216 = × 4x × 3x
2
216 × 2
= x2
12
(157)
 or x 2 = 18 × 2
x 2 = 36
x 2 = 62
x=6
∴ Base = 4x = 4 × 6 = 24 cm
Height = 3x = 3 × 6 = 18 cm
9. In the following figure, find the area of ∆PQR and the height PS.
Solution : In ∆PSR,
1 20
PR = 15, SR = QR = = 10
2 2
Using Pythagoras theorem,
( PR ) 2 = ( PS ) 2 + ( SR ) 2
(15) 2 = ( PS ) 2 + (10) 2
225 = ( PS ) 2 + 100
or PS 2 = 225 − 100 = 125
∴ PS = 5 5 cm
1
Area of a triangle = × Base × height
2
Base = 20, Height = 5 2
1
Area of triangle = × 20 × 5 5
2
= 10 × 5 5
= 50 5
10. The diagonal BD of a parallelogram ABCD is 40 m long and perpendiculars to it from the opposite
corners are 8 m and 5 m respectively. Find the Area of parallelogram ABCD.
1
Solution : Area of ∆BAD = × b × h
2
1
= BD × AM
2
1
= × 40 × 8
2
= 160 cm 2
1
Area of ∆BCD = × b × h
2
1
= × BD × CL
2
1
= × 40 × 5
2
= 20 × 5
= 100 cm 2
Area of parrallelogram = Area of ∆BAD + Area of ∆BCD
(158)
 = 160 + 100
= 260 cm 2
11. The base of a parallelogram is twice its height. If the area of parallelogram is 512 cm 2 , find the base
and height.
Solution : Area of parallelogram = 512 cm 2
Let x be height then base = 2x
Area of parallalogram = 512
b × h = 512
2x × x = 512
512
or x2 =
2
x 2 = 256
x 2 = 16 2
∴ x = 16
∴ Height = x = 16 cm
∴ Base = 2x = 2 × 16 = 32 cm
12. Two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are of lengths 27 cm and 18 cm. If the area of the
parallelogram is 540 sq. cm, find the heights corresponding to the adjacent sides.
Solution : The area of parallalogram = 540 cm 2
b × h = 540
If b = 27, then 27 × h = 540
540
or h=
27
∴ h = 20 cm
If b = 18 cm, then
b × h = 540
18 × h = 540
540
or h=
18
∴ h = 30 cm

Exercise-3
1. Find the circumference and area of a circle of :
(a) Radius = 14 cm
Circumference of circle = 2πr
= 2π × 14
22
=2× × 14
7
= 44 × 2
= 88 cm
Area of circle = πr 2

(159)
 22
= (14) 2
7
22
= × 14 × 14
7
= 22 × 2 × 14
= 22 × 28
= 616 cm 2
(b) Radius = 4 ⋅ 2 cm
Circumference of circle = 2πr
22
=2× × 4 ⋅2
7
= 2 × 22 × 0 ⋅ 6
= 1 ⋅ 2 × 22
= 26 ⋅ 4 cm
Area of circle = πr 2
22
= ( 4 ⋅ 2) 2
7
22
= × 4 ⋅2 × 4 ⋅2
7
= 22 × 0 ⋅ 6 × 4 ⋅ 2
= 55 ⋅ 44 cm 2
(c) Diameter = 3 ⋅ 5 cm
2r = 3 ⋅ 5
3 ⋅5
∴ r=
2
Circumference of circle = 2πr
= 2rπ
22
= 3 ⋅5 ×
7
= 0 ⋅ 5 × 22
= 11 cm
Area of circle = πr 2
2
 3 ⋅5
= π 
 2 
22 35 35
22 3 ⋅ 5 × 3 ⋅ 5 = × ×
= × 7 × 2 × 2 10 10
7 2×2

11 × 7 77
= = cm 2
2×2×2 8
(d) Diameter = 60 cm
or 2r = 60 cm

(160)
 60
∴ r= = 30 cm
2
Circumference of circle = 2πr
22
=2× × 30
7
60 × 22
=
7
1320
=
7
= 188 ⋅ 57 cm
Area of circle = πr 2
22
= × (30) 2
7
22
= × 30 × 30
7
22
= × 900
7
19800
=
7
= 2828 ⋅ 57 cm 2
2. The wheel of an engine is of radius 2 ⋅ 8 m. Find the distance covered by it when it has made 50
revolutions.
Solution : Radius of wheel = 2 ⋅ 8 m
Distance covered in 1 revolution
= 2πr
22
=2× × 2 ⋅8
7
22
Distance covered by 50 revolutions = 2 × × 2 ⋅ 8 × 50
7
2 × 22
= × 28 × 5
7
= 44 × 4 × 5
= 880 m
3. The diameter of a cycle wheel is 21 cm. Find the area of wheel.
Solution : The diameter a cycle (2r ) = 21 cm
21
∴ r=
2
Then, Area of wheel = πr 2
2
 21
=π 
2
22 21 × 21
= ×
7 2×2
(161)
 11 × 21 × 3
=
2
693
=
2
= 346 ⋅ 5 cm 2
4. Which has greater area, a square of perimeter 44 cm or a circle having circumference 44 cm ?
Perimeter of square (4a) = 44 cm
4a = 44
44
or a=
4
∴ a = 11
Area of square = a 2
= 11 × 11
= 121cm 2
Circurference of circle (2πr ) = 44
2πr = 44
22
2× × r = 44
7
44 × 7
or r=
2 × 22
∴ r = 7 cm
2
Area of circle = πr
22
= ( 7) 2
7
22
= ×7×7
7
= 154 cm 2
Since 154 > 121
So, Area of circle is greater than area of square.
5. The ratio of the radii of two circles is 3 : 5. Find the ratio of their circumferences.
Solution : Let r1 and r2 be the radi of circle, then
r1 : r2 = 3 : 5
r1 3
or =
r2 5
Circumference of the circle with radius
r1 = 2πr1
Circumference of the circle with radius
r2 = 2πr2
2πr1
Ratio of circumferences of the circles =
2πr2

(162)
 C 1 r1
=
C 2 r2
C1 3
=
C2 5
or C1 : C2 = 3 : 5
6. Find the radius of the circle whose area is 144 π cm 2 .
Solution : Area of circle = 144π cm 2
πr 2 = 144π
144π
or r2 =
π
2
r = 144
r 2 = 12 2
∴ r = 12 cm
7. A gardener wants to fence circular garden of diameter 21 m. Find the length of the rope he needs to
purchase, if he makes 2 rounds of fence. Also find the cost of rope, if it costs ` 4 per metre.
Solution : Diameter of circular garden = 21 m
2r = 21
21
∴ r=
2
Lenbgth of 1 rounds of fence = 2πr
22 21
=2× ×
7 2
 22 21
Length of 2 round of fence = 2  2 × × 
 7 2
= 2 (22 × 3)
= 2 × 66
= 132 m
Cost of rope = ` 4 × 132
= ` 528
8. A wire, when bent in the form of square, encloses an area of 121 cm 2 . If the same wire is bent in the
form of a circle, find the area enclosed by it.
Solution : Given the Area of square wire when bent in square shape = 121 m 2
So, a 2 = 121
a 2 = 112
a = 11 cm
Then the perimeter of square wire
= 4a
= 4 × 11
= 44 cm
Perimeter of square wire is equal to circumference of circle
2πr = 44

(163)
 22
2× × r = 44
7
7 × 44
or r=
44
r = 7 cm
Then the area of circular wire = πr 2
= π ( 7) 2
22
= ×7×7
7
= 22 × 7
= 154 cm 2
9. A circle of radius 2 ⋅ 1 cm is cut out from a square piece of plastic sheet of side 7 cm. What is the area
of the left over plastic sheet?
Solution : Radius of circle = 2 ⋅ 1 cm
Side of square, a = 7 cm
Area of square, a 2 = 7 × 7
= 49 cm 2
Area of cirele = πr 2
= π (2 ⋅ 1) 2
22
= × 2 ⋅1 × 2 ⋅1 2.1 cm
7
= 22 × 0 ⋅ 63
= 13 ⋅ 86 cm 2
7 cm
Then the area of left over part = Area of square – Area of arele circle
= 49 − 13 ⋅ 86
= 35 ⋅ 14 cm 2
10. In the adjoining figure, the innermost lane of a running track. At each end of the rectangle is a
semicircle. How much distance would Nirmal cover in running twice round the track?

Distance to be covered in one round

= (56 × 2) + Circumference of circle
= 112 + 2πr
22
= 112 + 28 ×
7
= 112 + 4 × 22
= 112 + 88
= 200 m

(164)
 Distance conved by Nirmal in 2 rounds = 200 m × 2 = 400 m
11. The diameter of a bicycle wheel is 70 cm. Find how many times the wheel will revolve in order to
cover a distance of 176 m.
Solution : Diameter of cycle wheel = 70 cm
2r = 70 cm
70
r= = 35 cm
2
Let no. of revolutions be n
∴ Distance covered in n revolutions = 176 m = (176 × 100) cm
2πr × n = 176 × 100
22
2× × 35 × n = 176 × 100
7
10 × 22 × n = 176 × 100
176 × 100
n=
22 × 10
16 × 100
=
2 × 10
n = 80 revolutions
12. Find the cost of fencing a circular garden of radius 4 ⋅ 2 m if the rate of fencing is ` 13 per m.
Solution : Radius of circular garden = 4 ⋅ 2 m
Then circumference = 2πr
= 2π × 4 ⋅ 2
22
=2× × 4 ⋅2
7
= (2 × 22 × 0 ⋅ 6) cm
Per metre rate = `13
∴ Cost of fencing = ` 2 × 22 × 0 ⋅ 6 × 13
= 44 × 7 ⋅ 8
= ` 343 ⋅ 20
13. Find the area of the shaded region in the following figures :
Radius of circle = 14 cm
Area of circle = πr 2
22
= × 14 × 14
7
= 22 × 14 × 2
= 22 × 28
= 616 cm 2
And area of rectangle = 2 × 8
= 16 cm 2
Then the area of shaded region = Area of circle − Area of rectangle
= 616 − 16
= 600 cm 2

(165)
 (b) Radius of circle = 2 ⋅ 8 cm
Area of circle = πr 2
22
= × (2 ⋅ 8) 2
7
22
= × 2 ⋅8 × 2 ⋅8
7
= 22 × 2 ⋅ 8 × 0 ⋅ 4
= 22 × 1 ⋅ 12
= 24 ⋅ 64 cm 2
And area of rectangle = 4 × 4
= 16 cm 2
Area of shaded region = Area of circle − Area of rectangle
= 24 ⋅ 64 − 16
= 8 ⋅ 64 cm 2
(c) Area of outer circle = πr 2
= π (8) 2
Area of inner circle = π ( 4) 2
Then area of shaded region = Area of outer circle − Area of inner circle

= π (8) 2 − π( 4) 2
= π (8 2 − 4 2 )
= π (64 − 16)
= π 48
= 48π cm 2
(d) Area of rectangle = 14 × 14
= 196 cm 2
14
Four circular parts combinedly form a circle whose radius =
2
= 7 cm
222
Then area of circle = πr = ×7×7
7
= 154 cm 2
∴ Area of shaded region = Area of rectangle − Area of circle
= 196 − 154
= 42 cm 2

Exercise-4
1. A playground is 60 m 50 cm long and 39 m 50 cm wide. Find
(a) The cost of levelling it at ` 2 ⋅ 20 per sq. m.
Length of playground = 60 m 50 cm
Breadth of playground = 39 m 50 cm
(166)
 Then area of playground = 60 ⋅ 50 × 39 ⋅ 50
= 2389 ⋅ 75 m 2
Cost of 1 sq. metre = ` 2 ⋅ 20
∴ Cost of 2389 ⋅ 75 sq. m = 2389 ⋅ 75 × 2 ⋅ 2
= ` 5257 ⋅ 45
(b) The number of rounds about the ground a runner should take to run a race of 1 km?
The perimeter of rectangle
= 2 (60 ⋅ 5 + 39 ⋅ 5)
= 2 × 100
= 200 m
∴ Number of rounds ot cover 1 km = 1000 m distance
1000
= = 5 rounds
200
2. A square lawn is of side 110 m. A road 5 m wide is made all around
inside the lawn. Find the area of the road in km 2 .
Solution : In square ABCD
a = 110 m
In square PQSR
PQ = QR = SR = PS
= 110 − (5 + 5)
= 110 − 10
= 100 m
Then area of road
Area of AGPK + Area of BEQL + Area of CHRJ + Area of DFSI
= 5×5× +5×5+5×5+5×5
= 25 + 25 + 25 + 25
= 100 m 2
and area of rectangle PSIK + PGEQ + RQLJ + FSRH
= 100 × 5 + 5 × 100 + 100 × 5 + 5 × 100
= 500 + 500 + 500 + 500
= 2000 m 2
Then total area of road = 2000 + 100 = 2100 m 2
2100
= km 2
1000 × 1000
21
=
10000
= 0 ⋅ 0021 km 2
3. A garden is in the shape of a rectangle 80 m in length and 50 m in breadth. A path of width 2 m is left
all around inside the garden. Find the area left inside the garden. Also find the area of path.
Solution : In rectangle ABCD
l = PQ = (80 − 4) = 76 m
b = PS = (50 − 4) = 46 m
The width of path = 2 m
(167)
 Then area of rectangle PQRS = l × b
= 76 × 46
= 3496 m 2
Area of path = Area of rectangle ABCD – Area of rectangle PQRS
= 50 × 80 − 3496
= 4000 − 3496
= 504 m 2
4. A rectangular plot of land is 300 m long and 250 m broad. It has two
roads, each 3 m wide runnving midway within it one parallel to the
length and the other parallel to the breadth. Find the area of the roads. Also calculate the cost of
constructing the roads at ` 50 per sq. m.
Solution : In figure, AB = 300 m
BC = 250 m
Area of roads = Area of EFGH + Area of PQSR − KLNM
= 300 × 3 × + 250 × 3 − 3 × 3
= 900 + 750 − 9
= 1650 − 9
= 1641 m 2
Cost of contructing or roads = `1641 × 50
= ` 82050
5. Two cross roads each two metre (2 m) wide, run at right angles through the centre of a rectangular
park 72 m by 48 m, such that each is parallel to one of the sides of the rectangle. Find the area of the
remaining portion of the park.
Solution : Area of rectangle ABCD
= 72 × 48
= 3456 m 2
Area of the roads = 72 × 2 + 48 × 2 − 2 × 2
= 144 + 96 − 4
= 240 − 4
= 236 m 2
Then area of remaining portion = Area of rectangle − Area of
roads
= 3456 − 236
= 3220 m 2
6. Find the area of the shaded region in the following figures :
(a) In the figure AB = CD = 43
AD = BC = 35 m
and PR = 33 m = QS
Area of shaded region = Ara of rectangle ARSB + Area of rectangle DPQC + Area of rectangle
PRMK + Area of rectangle LNSQ
= 43 × 1 + 43 × 1 + 33 × 2 + 33 × 2
= 43 + 43 + 66 + 66
= 86 + 132
(168)
 = 218 m 2
(b) In the rectanhgle ABCD,
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2
D F H C
= 52 + 32
K L
= 25 + 9 P Q
2
AB = 34 m
which is the diameter of circle i. e., 33 35
2r = 34
R S
34 M 1m N
∴ r= A B
2 43
2
Then the area of cicle = πr
2
 34 
=π  D C
 2 
34 O
=π 3 3
4
17
= π
2 A B
5
Area of rectangle = 5 × 3
= 15 cm 2
Then the area of shaded region = Area of circle − Area of rectangle
17
= π − 15
2
17 22 187 − 105
= × − 15 =
2 7 7
82
= = 11 ⋅ 71 cm 2
7
(c) Area of shaded region = Area of rectangle ABCD + Area of rectangle PQRS − Area of square
KLMN
= 20 × 2 + 13 × 2 − 2 × 2
= 40 + 26 − 4
= 40 + 22
= 62 m 2

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 Chapter-15 : Symmetry
Exercise-1
1. Which of the following has line of symmetry ?

(i) (ii) (iii)

It has line of symmetry It has line of symmetry It has line of symmetry

(iv) (v) (vi)

It has line of symmetry It has no line of symmetry It has line of symmetry

2. Complete each figure showing reflection across the mirror line :

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

3. Give two examples of shapes having two symmetrical lines.

Square and rectangle.
4. Draw lines of symmetry in :

1 1 1
2 2
3 2
(iii) 3 (iv)
(i) (ii) 4
5 4 3

6 5
7 4
8 6
A rectangle An octangon A regular hexagon A circle

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5.
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

Copy each of the given figures on a graph paper and complete the mirror image.

Exercise-2
1. Name any two figures that have both line symmetry and rotational symmetry.

Solution :

2. Which of the following figures have a rotational symmetry of order more than 1?
Solution : (i), (ii) and (iii).
3. How may positions are there at which an equilateral triangle looks exactly the same, when rotated
about its centre by 120°?
Soluiton : Three.
4. Fill in the blanks :
No. of lines of Order of Rotational
S.No. Alphabet
symmetry Symmetry
1. S 0 2
2. A 1 1
3. E 1 1
4. N 0 2
5. At what angle will a fan of 3-blades, 4-blades and 5-blades show rotational symmetry? Also, find
the order of its rotational symmetry.
For 3 blades-fan, angle = 120° and order = 3
For 4 blades-fan, angle = 90° and order = 4
For 5 blades-fan, angle = 72° and order = 5

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 Chapter-16 Visualizing solid Shapes
Exercise-1
1. Draw a solid shape that has two plane faces and one curved surface.
Solution : Cylinder

2. Write down the number of vertices in each of the following 3-D shapes :
(a) Cuboid
(b) Triangular pyramid
(c) Sphere
(d) Cone
Solution : (a) Cuboid : number of vertices = 8
(b) Triangular pyramid : number of vertices = 4
(c) Sphere : number of vertices = 0
(d) Cone : number of vertices = 1
3. Fill in the blanks :
(a) Face
(b) 6, 12, 8
(c) 0
(d) edge
4. Draw two nets of a cuboid whose length, breadth and height are 4 cm, 2 cm, and 2 cm respectively.
Do yourself.
5. Complete the following table showing faces, vertices and edges of different solids.
(a) Square, square, 6, 8 and 12
(b) triangle , 6
(c) Rectangle, 8
(d) 8
6. Which solid shape can be made from each net shown below?
(a) Cube (b) Square pyramid
(C) Cuboid
7. Draw a net of a triangular prism 6 cm high whose base and top are equilateral triangles of side 4 cm.
Do Yourself.
8. Give two examples from our daily life which are in the form of :
(a) Cuboid = Match box
(b) Frustum = Tumbler
(c) Cone = Ice-cream cone
(d) Sphere =football
9. What solid will be formed with the net given in the adjoining figure.
Solution : Triangular prism
10. Match the nets with appropriate solids :
(a) → (ii) (b) → (iii)
(c) → (iv) (d) → (i)
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 Exersice-2
1. Using isometric dot paper, draw a sketch of a cuboid of dimensions 6 cm × 3 cm × 3 cm.

U T U T
Q
V R P
V RQ
Y P
S

X X W

U T
Q
R P
S RQ
V P

X W

Solution : We can draw sketches in which measurements also agree with those of a given solid. To
do this we need what is known as an isometric sheet. An isometric dot sheet, shown in the figure
divides the paper into small equilateral triangle made up of dales.
2. If two cubes each of edge 3 units are joined end to end, then what are the deimensions of the
resulting cuboid? Make an isometric sketch of this cuboid.
Solution : Here is the step by step method to draw sketches of cube and cuboid on a graph paper.
Before drawing the oblique sketches on a grappaper, it is better if you first try them on an ordinary
paper with no rules.

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3. Use graph paper to draw the oblique sketches of the following triangular prisms.
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Solution : Do yourself.

Exercise-3
1. (a) 15 (b) 18
2. (a) Circle (b) Circle (c) Hexagon
3. (a) An ice-cream brick
(i) Vertical Cut → rectangle
(ii) Horizontal cut → rectangle
(b) Vertical cut → Triangle
Horizontal cut → Circle
(c) Vertical cut → Circle
Horizontal cut → Circle

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