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Database and PLSQL Concepts

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Database and PLSQL Concepts

Uploaded by

MANI KANDAN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database and PL/SQL Concepts

11. (a) Purpose of a Database:

Purpose:

A database is designed to store, manage, and retrieve structured data efficiently. It ensures:

- Data Integrity: Accuracy and consistency of data.

- Concurrency: Multiple users can work with the data simultaneously.

- Security: Control who accesses what data.

- Data Independence: Data is separate from application logic.

- Backup and Recovery: Allows data to be recovered in case of failure.

Example:

In an e-commerce platform, the database stores:

- Product information

- Customer details

- Orders and transaction data

11. (b) Types of Data Models:

1. Hierarchical Model:

Data is stored in a tree-like structure.

Example: Employee -> Department -> Project. Each department has employees, and each

employee works on projects.

2. Network Model:
Similar to hierarchical, but allows multiple relationships (many-to-many).

Example: A project can have many employees, and an employee can work on multiple projects.

3. Relational Model:

Data is stored in tables with rows and columns. Relationships are defined by foreign keys.

Example: An employee table and a department table, linked by department_id.

4. Object-oriented Model:

Data is stored as objects, similar to OOP. Supports complex data types like multimedia, images, etc.

12. (a) Use of Oracle 9i:

Key Features of Oracle 9i:

1. Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC): Enables multiple servers to access the same database.

2. Data Guard: Ensures backup and recovery for high availability.

3. Performance Tuning: Automatic optimization of queries and indexes.

12. (b) Personal Database System in a Multiuser Environment:

In a personal database system (e.g., Microsoft Access), only one user typically accesses the

database. In a multiuser environment, like Oracle, the database is accessed by many users

simultaneously. Features include:

- Concurrency Control: Ensures data consistency when many users access data.

- Transaction Management: Makes sure changes are either fully completed or not applied.

- Security: Different users can have different access levels.


13. (a) Adding a New Row/Record in Oracle (INSERT):

INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, name, department, salary)

VALUES (102, 'John Doe', 'IT', 55000);

13. (b) Sorting (ORDER BY):

SELECT * FROM employees ORDER BY salary DESC;

14. (a) Explicit Cursors and Attributes in PL/SQL:

DECLARE

CURSOR emp_cursor IS SELECT name, salary FROM employees;

emp_name employees.name%TYPE;

emp_salary employees.salary%TYPE;

BEGIN

OPEN emp_cursor;

LOOP

FETCH emp_cursor INTO emp_name, emp_salary;

EXIT WHEN emp_cursor%NOTFOUND;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(emp_name || ' earns ' || emp_salary);

END LOOP;

CLOSE emp_cursor;

END;

14. (b) Data Manipulation Commands in PL/SQL:

INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, name, department) VALUES (104, 'Anil', 'HR');

UPDATE employees SET salary = salary + 500 WHERE employee_id = 102;

DELETE FROM employees WHERE employee_id = 104;


15. (a) PL/SQL Varray:

DECLARE

TYPE salary_array IS VARRAY(5) OF NUMBER;

salaries salary_array := salary_array(50000, 55000, 60000, 45000, 65000);

BEGIN

FOR i IN 1..salaries.COUNT LOOP

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salary: ' || salaries(i));

END LOOP;

END;

15. (b) Initializing a Package in PL/SQL:

CREATE PACKAGE employee_pkg IS

PROCEDURE add_employee(emp_id NUMBER, emp_name VARCHAR2);

FUNCTION get_salary(emp_id NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER;

END employee_pkg;

CREATE PACKAGE BODY employee_pkg IS

PROCEDURE add_employee(emp_id NUMBER, emp_name VARCHAR2) IS

BEGIN

INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, name) VALUES (emp_id, emp_name);

END;

FUNCTION get_salary(emp_id NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS

emp_salary employees.salary%TYPE;

BEGIN
SELECT salary INTO emp_salary FROM employees WHERE employee_id = emp_id;

RETURN emp_salary;

END;

END employee_pkg;

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