Herat University

Computer science Faculty

Computer Engineering 1
The Computer system

Lecture 02

Lecturer: Abdul Razzaq Hamraz

Fall/ 2024

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Content

 The Computer System

 Hardware Component

 Input Devices & Output Devices

 CPU, Register, RAM

 Software

 Input-Process-Output Concept

 Application of Computer

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 The Computer System

Computer is an electronic device that accepts data as input, processes the input data
by performing mathematical and logical operations on it, and gives the desired output.
The computer system consists of four parts
 Hardware

 Software

 Data

 Users

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Hardware

Hardware consists of the mechanical parts that make up the computer as a machine.
The hardware consists of physical devices of the computer. The devices are required
for input, output, storage and processing of the data.

 Input device

 Output device

 Processing device

 Storage device

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Input Devices
• Input Device Definition: A piece of equipment/hardware which
helps us enter data into a computer is called an input device.
For example ….

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 Output Devices
• Output Device Definition: A piece of
equipment/hardware which gives
out the result of the entered input,
once it is processed (i.e. converts
data from machine language to a
human-understandable language), is
called an output device. For example
printer, monitor, etc.

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Components of Computer Hardware ….

• Central Processing Unit (CPU)

 CPU performs calculations and processing on the input data,
to generate the output.

• Memory Unit.
 The memory unit is used to store the data, the instructions
and the output information.

The computer system interaction

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Central Processing Unit CPU

Central Processing Unit (CPU) or the processor is also often called the brain of computer. CPU

controls, coordinates and supervises the operations of the computer. It is responsible for processing

of the input data. CPU consists of Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and Control Unit (CU).

• ALU performs all the arithmetic and logic operations on the input data.

• AU

• LU

• CU controls the overall operations of the computer.

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Central Processing Unit CPU

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The main Part of CPU

 CU (control unit)

 ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)

 Register memory

 Clock

 Establishing coordination between operations.

 speed

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Arithmetic Logic Unit
• ALU consists of two units—arithmetic unit and logic unit.

• The arithmetic unit performs arithmetic operations on the data that is made available to it.
Some of the arithmetic operations supported by the arithmetic unit are—addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.

• The logic unit of ALU is responsible for performing logic operations. Logic unit performs
comparisons of numbers, letters and special characters. Logic operations include testing for
greater than, less than or equal to condition.

• ALU performs arithmetic and logic operations, and uses registers to hold the data that is being
processed.

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 Registers
Registers are high-speed storage areas within the CPU, but have the least storage
capacity. Registers are not referenced by their address, but are directly accessed
and manipulated by the CPU during instruction execution.

 Accumulator (ACC) stores the result of arithmetic and logic operations.

 Instruction Register (IR) contains the current instruction most recently fetched.

 Program Counter (PC) contains the address of next instruction to be processed.

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 Registers……

 Memory Address Register (MAR) contains the address of next location in

the memory to be accessed.

 Memory Buffer Register (MBR) temporarily stores data from memory or the

data to be sent to memory.

 Data Register (DR) stores the operands and any other data.

The size of register, also called word size, indicates the amount of data with

which the computer can work at any given time.

 32 bit

 64 bit
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Memory Unit

Memory Unit Memory unit stores the data, instructions, intermediate results and output, temporarily,

during the processing of data. This memory is also called the main memory

or primary memory of the computer.

• The input data that is to be processed is brought into the main memory before processing. The instructions

required for processing of data and any intermediate results are also stored in the main memory.

• The output is stored in memory before being transferred to the output device. CPU can work with the

information stored in the main memory.

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Cache Memory

Cache memory is a storage buffer that stores the data that is used more often, temporarily, and makes
them available to CPU at a fast rate.
• high speed
• between RAM and CPU

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Primary Memory

Primary memory is the main memory of computer. It is used to store data

and instructions during the processing of data.

• Random Access Memory (RAM)

• Read Only Memory (ROM)

 RAM is volatile. It stores data when the computer is on. The information
stored in RAM gets erased when the computer is turned off. RAM
provides temporary storage for data and instructions.

 ROM is non-volatile memory, but is a read only memory. ROM comes

programmed by the manufacturer.

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Secondary Memory

• The secondary memory stores data and instructions permanently. The information can be stored in
secondary memory for a long time (years), and is generally permanent in nature unless erased by the
user. It is a non-volatile memory.

• It provides back-up storage for data and instructions. Hard disk drive, floppy drive and optical disk drives
are some examples of storage devices.

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 Software, Data, User

Software is a set of instructions that tells the

computer about the tasks to be performed and
how these tasks are to be performed.

Data is provided as input to the computer, which

is processed to generate some meaningful
information.

Users are people who write computer

programs or interact with the computer.

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Software

Software means computer instructions or data.

• Any program that is used to operate the computer

• Software is a series of instructions that directs a computer to perform specific tasks or operations

• Software is a collection of instructions that enable the user to interact with a computer

• There are two types of software

• System software

• Application software

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Application Software
They are programs which are used for end user purposes.

• Application software may consist of a single program

• Such as a MS notepad for writing and editing simple text.

• It may also consist of a collection of programs, often called a

software package.
• Examples of application software are following
• VMware
• Railway reservation software
• Microsoft office suite
• Adobe Photoshop

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Systems software
Systems software includes the programs that are dedicated to managing and controlling
the computer itself

• System software is computer software designed to provide services to other software.

• System software is the interface between the hardware and user applications.
• Examples of system software are following

• Operating System

• Compilers , Interpreter

• Utilities

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 Software

System Application
Software Software

OS PS US App Package Special Package

Windows Interpreters Cleaner MS Word Accounts

Linux Compilers Anti-virus Photoshop
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Input-Process-Output Concept

A computer is an electronic device that accepts data, processes data, generates output, and
stores data. The concept of generating output information from the input data is also referred to
as input-process-output concept.

 Input
 characters, word, text, sound, images, document, etc.

 Process
 some actions on the data by using the instructions or program given by the user of the data. The action could be
an arithmetic or logic calculation, editing, modifying a document, etc.

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Input-Process-Output Concept
 Output
 The output is the result generated after the processing of data. The output
may be in the form of text, sound, image, document, etc.

 Storage
 The input data, instructions and output are stored permanently in the
secondary storage devices like disk.

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Application of Computer
Computers have proliferated into various areas of our lives.

• Education

• Entertainment

• Sports

• Security

• Medicine

• Science and Engineering

• Government

• Home 27
Summery

Hard ware
Software

Hardware Component

Input Devices & Output Devices

CPU, Register, RAM

Software

Application of Computer 28
At the end

Any Question????

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