Fluid Mechanics

2nd Level- Mechatronics and Automation

MAE207
1st Term- Winter (2024/2025)
2nd Tutorial[2]
TA : Eng. Dina El Nagar Pressure Measurements
✓ And the tangential component of a force (Ft) acting on a surface per unit area (A) called shear
stress (τ).

✓ The normal component of a force (Fn) acting on a surface per unit area (A) called normal
stress (σ) and it is also called pressure.
 Pressure is defined as a normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area.

𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝑵
𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 = = 𝟐 = 𝑷𝒂𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍(𝑷𝒂).
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒎

kilopascal (1 kPa = 103 Pa) , mega Pascal (1 MPa = 106 Pa) are commonly used.

𝑁 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚 𝑘𝑔.
2
= 2 2= 2 = 𝑀𝐿−1 𝑇 −2
𝑚 𝑆 .𝑚 𝑆 .𝑚

Other units can be used such as:

1 bar = 105 Pa = 100 kPa = 0.1MPa

1kg f / cm 2 = 9.8 N / cm 2 = 9.8*104 N / m 2 = 9.8*10 4 Pa = 0.98 bar 1 bar

Other units: mm H2o, mm Hg

 Atmospheric Pressure
➢ (Patm) Weight of air pressing down on a specific area, and it is measured with barometer. Barometric Pressure
 Absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures
➢ absolute pressure (Pabs) actual pressure at a given position

➢ gage pressure (Pgage) local atmospheric pressure

➢ vacuum pressures (Pvac) , the difference between the atmospheric pressure and the absolute pressure.

(Gage pressure)
𝐹 𝑚 ∙𝑔 𝜌∙𝑉 ∙𝑔 𝜌∙𝐴∙ℎ∙𝑔
𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 = = = = = 𝜌𝑔ℎ (𝑃𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑁/𝑚2)
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
(Absolute pressure) Where,
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ (𝑃𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑁/𝑚2) m: Mass (kg)
V: Volume (m3)
(Pressure difference between two points ) ρ: Fluid density (kg/m3)
g: Gravitational acceleration (m/s2)
∆𝑃 = 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 𝜌𝑔∆ℎ (𝑃𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑁/𝑚2) h: Depth (m)
Patm: Atmospheric pressure (Pa)
∆P: Pressure difference
∆h: Pressure head (m)
The figure shows a servicing hoist for a car. The fluid pressure exerted by the piston at A is felt
instantaneously at B. Why? If the diameters of pistons at A and B are 5 cm and 30 cm;
respectively, what is the weight of the man needed to support a car of weight 1000 kg?
Given
𝐷𝐴 = 0.05 𝑚 𝐷𝐵 = 0.3 𝑚 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐴𝐴 =0.00785 𝑚2
Required
𝐴𝐵 = 0.2826 𝑚2
Man, weight needed to support a car = ???
Solution
Using pascal law:
𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑊𝑐𝑎𝑟
=
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐵

𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑛 1000
∴ =
0.00785 0.2826

𝑾𝒎𝒂𝒏 = 27.778 kg
 At the foot of a mountain a mercury barometer reads 740 mm, and a similar barometer at the top
of the mountain reads 590 mm. What is the approximate height of the mountain, assuming that the
density of air is constant and equal to 1.225 kg/m3. (𝜌Hg = 13600 kg/m3)
Given
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 740 𝑚𝑚 𝑃𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = 590 𝑚𝑚 ρ𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.225 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 𝜌𝐻𝑔= 13600 kg/m3
Required
Mountain Height = ???
PC +  gh = Patm
Solution
Patm =  gh 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎, 𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝜌𝐻𝑔𝑔ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎, 𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 = 𝜌𝐻𝑔𝑔ℎ𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 ∆𝑷 = ρ𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑔∆ℎ𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛

𝑷𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 13600 × 9.807 × .74 =9869.7648 𝑃𝑎

𝑷𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 = 13600 × 9.807 × .59 = 78691.368 𝑃𝑎

∆𝑷 = 9869.7648 − 78691.368 = 1.225 ∗ 9.807 ∗ ∆ℎ𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛

∆ℎ𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡= 5.728 m
Example
The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the pressure is measured by a multifluid manometer as
shown in the figure. The tank is located on a mountain at an altitude of 1400 m where the atmospheric
pressure is 85.6 kPa. Determine the air pressure in the tank if h1 = 0.1 m, h2 = 0.2 m, and h3 = 0.35 m.
Take the densities of water, oil, and mercury to be 1000 kg/m3, 850 kg/m3, and 13,600 kg/m3, respectively.
SOLUTION
• The required in this example is the absolute pressure of air.
• Noting that (PA=PB), (PB=PC), and (PD=PE).

𝑃1 + ρ𝑤𝑔ℎ1 + ρ𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑔ℎ2− ρ𝑚𝑔ℎ3 = 𝑃atm

A B C 𝑃1 = 𝑃atm+ ρ𝑚𝑔ℎ3 − ρ𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑔ℎ2 − ρ𝑤𝑔ℎ1

D E E

After substituting with the given values (Ans.= 130 kPa)

For the shown figure, what is the pressure 𝑷𝑨 if the specific gravity of the oil is 0.82? Neglect atmospheric pressure
Given 𝑷𝑨
𝒉𝒐𝒊𝒍 = 𝟑 𝒎 , 𝑺. 𝑮𝒐𝒊𝒍 =
𝟎. 𝟖𝟐 , 𝒉𝑯𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐 𝒎
𝟑𝒎
Required 𝑷𝑨 = ??? 𝟒𝒎
𝑂𝑖𝑙
Solution
𝑲𝒈 𝑲𝒈
ρ𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ൗ𝒎𝟑 , ρ𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝟖𝟐𝟎𝟎 ൗ𝒎𝟑 , 𝒉𝑯𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐 𝒎 𝟏𝒎
=
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑃𝐴 + 𝜌𝑂𝑖𝑙 . 𝑔. ℎ𝑂𝑖𝑙 +𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 . 𝑔. ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝜌𝐻𝑔 . 𝑔. ℎ𝐻𝑔 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒎

𝑆. 𝐺𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 0.82
𝑃𝐴 = 𝜌𝐻𝑔 . 𝑔. ℎ𝐻𝑔 − 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 . ℎ𝑂𝑖𝑙 − 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 . ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

PA = (13600*9.81*0.32) – [ (1000*9.81*1) + 820*9.81*3)] = 8750 Pa

PA = 8.750 KPa
Find absolute pressure at point A 𝑷𝑨 , if the atmospheric pressure is 101.3 Kpa?
Required 𝑷𝑨 = ???
𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙
Solution 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝜌. 𝑔 = 9810 𝑆. 𝐺𝑜𝑖𝑙 =
𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝑆. 𝐺𝑜𝑖𝑙 . 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑆. 𝐺𝐻𝑔 = 13.6

𝑆. 𝐺𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 0.83

𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 . ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 −𝛾𝐻𝑔 . ℎ𝐻𝑔 − 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 . ℎ𝑂𝑖𝑙

𝑃𝐴 = 101.3 × 103 + (9810 × 0.4 ) −(13.6 × 9810 × 0.14) + 9810 × 0.83 × 0.14 + 0.09

PA = 88.4 Kpa
A closed cylindrical tank filled with water has a hemispherical dome and is connected to an inverted piping system
as shown in figure. The liquid in the top part of the piping system has a specific gravity of 0.8, and the remaining
parts of the system are filled with water. If the pressure gage reading at A is 60 Kpa, determine a) the pressure in
pipe B, and the pressure head, in millimeters of mercury, at the top of the dome (point C)
𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
Solution 𝑆. 𝐺𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝑆. 𝐺𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 . 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑃𝐴 +𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 . 𝑔. ℎ𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 +𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 . 𝑔. ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝐵

𝑃𝐵 = 60000 + (800 × 9.81 × 3 ) + (1000 × 9.81 × 2)

PB = 643.16 KPa
𝑃𝐶 = 𝜌𝐻𝑔 . 𝑔. ℎ𝐻𝑔
𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃𝐴 − 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 . 𝑔. ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
570570 = 13600 ∗ 9.81 ∗ ℎ
𝑃𝐶 = 60000 − 1000 × 9.81 × 3 = 570570 𝑃𝑎
ℎ = 0.427 𝑚

ℎ = 427 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔
The cylindrical tank with hemispherical ends shown in fig. contains a volatile liquid and its vapor. The liquid
density is 800 Kg/ 𝒎𝟑 , 𝒂𝒏𝒅 its vapor density is negligible. The presser in the vapor is 120 Kpa (abs) and the
atmospheric pressure 101 kPa (abs). Determine the gage pressure reading, and (b) the height, h, of the mercury,
manometer.
𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
Solution 𝑆. 𝐺𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝑆. 𝐺𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 . 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝟏
𝑃2 = 𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 . 𝑔. ℎ𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝟐
𝑃2,abs = 120000 + 800 × 9.81 × 1 = 127848 𝑃𝑎
𝑃2,gage = 127848 𝑃𝑎 − 101000 = 26.84 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌𝐻𝑔 . 𝑔. ℎ𝐻𝑔

26848 = 13600 × 9.81 ℎ

ℎ = 0.20123 𝑚
An air-filled, hemispherical shell is attached to the ocean floor at a depth of 10 m as shown in fig. a mercery
barometer located inside the shell reads 765 mm Hg, and a mercury U-tube manometer designed to give the
outside water pressure indicates a differential reading 735mm Hg as illustrated. Based on these data what is the
atmospheric pressure at the ocean surface?
𝟏
Pressure of air inside the shell 𝑆. 𝐺𝑂𝑐𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 1.01

𝑃2 = 𝜌𝐻𝑔 . 𝑔. ℎ𝐻𝑔 = 13600 × 9.81 × 0.765 = 102063.24 𝑃𝑎 𝟐

Equation of momentum point (1),(2)

𝑃2 + 𝛾𝐻𝑔 . ℎ𝐻𝑔 − 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 . ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃1

𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟔𝟑. 𝟐𝟒 +(𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 ∗ 𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟑𝟓) −1.01 * 9810 (0.36+10) = 𝑷𝟏

𝑷𝟏 = 97.4 Kpa
An inverted U-tube manometer containing oil (S.G 0.8) is located between two reservoirs as shown in fig. The
reservoir on the left, which contains carbon tetrachloride, is closed and pressurized to 8 psi. The reservoir on the
right contains water and is open to the atmosphere. With the given data, determine the depth of water, h, in the
right reservoir.

𝟏
𝛾𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏 𝟐
𝛾𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏 = 𝑆. 𝐺𝑜𝑖𝑙 . 𝛾𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏 = 800 𝑆. 𝐺𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏 =
𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

Equation of manometer from 1 to 2

𝑃1+ 𝛾𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏 . ℎ𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏 + 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 . ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑙 − 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 . ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃2

(8 ∗ 144)+(800 ∗ 0.3) + 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 . ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑙 − 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 . ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃2

A piston having a cross-sectional area of 0.07 m2 is located in a cylinder containing water as shown in Figure. An
open U-tube manometer is connected to the cylinder as shown. For h1 =60 mm and h =100 mm, what is the value
of the applied force, P, acting on the piston? The weight of the piston is negligible

Equation of manometer from A to B 𝑩

𝑃𝐴+ 𝛾𝑊 . ℎ𝑊 − 𝛾𝐻𝑔 . ℎ𝐻𝑔 = 𝑃𝐵

𝑨
𝑃𝐴= 𝛾𝐻𝑔 . ℎ𝐻𝑔 - 𝛾𝑊 . ℎ𝑊

60
𝑃𝐴= 0.01 ∗ 13600 ∗ 9.81 − 9810( ) = 12753 𝑁Τ𝑚2
1000

σ 𝑭𝒚 = 0 𝑭

𝐹 = 𝑃 . 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 12753*(0.07) = 892.71 N

𝑾=𝟎 𝑷
For the inclined-tube manometer of Figure, the pressure in pipe A is 0.6 psi. The fluid in both pipes A and B is
water, and the gage fluid in the manometer has a specific gravity of 2.6. What is the pressure in pipe B
corresponding to the differential reading shown?

17
The hydraulic jack shown is filled with oil having SG = 0.90. Neglecting the weight of the
two pistons, determine the force F on the handle which is required to support the 2000 lbf
weight
Given 𝐷𝐴 = 3 𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝐵 = 1 𝑖𝑛

Required
𝑆𝐺 = 0.90 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 2000 𝑙𝑏𝑓 A
Force = ???
Solution B
∴ 𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 0.9 ∗ 1000 = 900 kg/m3 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2

Using pascal law: 𝑊𝐴 𝑊𝐵

=
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐵
2000
𝑊𝐵 = ∗ 1 = 222.22 𝑙𝑏𝑓
9

෍ 𝑀𝐵 = 0 𝐹 × 16 = 1 × 222.22

∴ 𝑭 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟖𝟖𝟗 𝒍𝒃𝒇 = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟕𝟖 𝑵

Thanks