The Analytic Hierarchy Process

The Analytic Network Process

AHP ANP

Dr. Y. İlker TOPCU

www.ilkertopcu.net
www.linkedin.com/in/ilker-topcu twitter.com/yitopcu
facebook.com/yitopcu instagram.com/yitopcu
I would like to acknowledge Prof. T.L. Saaty's “ANP_Slideshow_July_2001.ppt” slides submitted by
www.creativedecisions.net which greatly influence these notes...
and I would like to thank Ozay Ozaydin who helped the organization of the slides
 square diamond

circle

rectangle triangle

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 Cognitive Psychology
People are poor at assimilating large quantities of
information on problems

They cope with cognitive overload by employing heuristics

that simplify the problem

This can lead to selection of suboptimal alternatives

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George A. Miller, in his paper
" The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our
Capacity for Processing Information”
indicated that
the capacity of human short term memory is seven separate items, plus
or minus two.

The brain of a regular human can

simultaneously process,
differentiate, and deal with
at most 7 factors
for some people this limit can be decreased to 5, for some other
people it can be increased to 9
(The Psychological Review, 1956, vol. 63, pp. 81-97)

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 Why Hierarchy?
when people faced with a complex problem
in order to understand the problem better
they must break down the problem
into its smaller constituent parts
and construct a hierarchical model to represent it

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 Why Hierarchy?
Decision making problem should be depicted
as thoroughly as possible:
The constructed hierarchy
arranging the factors in appropriate levels
must include enough relevant detail

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 Hierarchy
Goal

Criteria cluster
(level)

Subcriteria

element

Alternatives

This loop indicates that each

element depends only on itself www.ilkertopcu.net
 School Selection

Selecting the most appropriate school for the kid

School Vocational College Music

Learning Friends
life training prep. classes

School A School B School C

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 R&D Project Selection
Goal Future of the Firm

Criteria
Technical Marketing Financial Manufacture

Regulatory Compliance Capability to Market NPV Capability to Manufacture

Sub- Development Cost Market Growth Capital Invest Facility/Equp. Req.
Criteria Prob. of Tech. Success Market Share ROI Safety
R&D and Eng. Resources Market Potential Unit Cost
Development Time Customer Acceptance
Patent Position
Ratings
(for each Outstanding Outstanding Outstanding Outstanding
Above Average Above Average Above Average Above Average
Sub- Average Average Average Average
Criterion) Below Average Below Average Below Average Below Average

p1 p2 p99
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 Whom to marry - a compatible spouse

Flexibity Independence Growth Challenge Commitment Humor Intelligence

Psychological Physical Socio-cultural Philosophical Aesthetic

Communication Food Sociability World View Housekeeping

& Problem Solving

Family & Children Shelter Finance Theology Sense of Beauty

& Intelligence
Temper Sex Understanding

Security

Affection

Loyalty

Case 1
marry don’t marry

Case 2
Campbell Graham McGuire Faucet
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 Decision Conferencing
Utilization of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
allows decision analysts
to bring a group of people together
to make a decision
The AHP offers a structured framework
for discussion and debate,
a way to resolve conflicts

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 Decision Conferencing
DMs get together for discussions
Facilitated by analysts
Group decision support process
Strategic decision problems

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www.ilkertopcu.net
 1. Developing a Growth Business Plan
2. Designing Organizational
Structure - Defining
Responsibilities
1. Guest 3. Developing a business model
Satisfaction & 4. Implementing a Performance
Becoming a Loyalty Management System
2. Fast Growth 5. Developing a Marketing Strategy
unique and (Segmentation & Brand
fast growing 3. Innovation / Communication)
Uniqueness 6. Developing an Internal
international Communication Plan
4. Agility
luxury hotel 5. Profitability
7. Defining "XXX Experience" and
brand Design Standards
6. Brand Value 8. Setting XXX's Policies &
Procedures (Code of Conduct)
9. Reactivating XXX Academy
10.Integrating an ERP System

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 The Analytic Hierarchy Process is
a powerful and understandable methodology that allows
groups or individuals to combine qualitative and
quantitative factors in decision making process.

a Multi Criteria Decision Making method for complicated

and unstructured problems.

an approach that uses a hierarchical model having levels of

goal, criteria, possible sub-criteria, and alternatives.

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Priorities: Importance - Preference
AHP captures priorities from paired comparison judgments
of the elements of the decision with respect to each of
their parent criteria:
– Paired comparison judgments are arranged in a
matrix
– Priorities are derived from the matrix as its principal
eigenvector
– It also allows for the measurement of inconsistency
in judgment

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 987654321 Importance of elements are equal
Decision maker is indifferent between elements

987654321 First element is moderately more important than second one

First element is moderately preferred to second one

987654321 First element is strongly more important than second one

First element is strongly preferred to second one

987654321 First element is very strongly more important than second one
First element is very strongly preferred to second one

987654321 First element is extremely more important than second one

First element is strongly preferred to second one

987654321 Intermediate values

1 1 1 1 Use reciprocals for inverse comparisons

1 1
2
1
4
1
6
1
8 Second element is more important than first one
3 5 7 9 Second element is more preferred to first one

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 School Selection

Selecting the most appropriate school for the kid

School Vocational College Music

Learning Friends
life training prep. classes

School A School B School C

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 Comparison of criteria w.r.t. goal

School life

Vocational
Learning

training
Friends
Priorities

classes
College

Music
prep.
Learning 1 4 3 1 3 4 .3047
Friends 1/4 1 7 3 1/5 1 .1486
School life 1/3 1/7 1 1/5 1/5 1/6 .0382
Vocational
training 1 1/3 5 1 1 1/3 .1414
College prep. 1/3 5 5 1 1 3 .2208
Music classes 1/4 1 6 3 1/3 1 .1463
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 Comparison of schools w.r.t. criteria
Learning Friends School life
A B C Priorities A B C Priorities A B C Priorities

A 1 1/3 1/2 .16 A 1 1 1 .33 A 1 5 1 .46

B 3 1 3 .59 B 1 1 1 .33 B 1/5 1 1/5 .09

C 2 1/3 1 .25 C 1 1 1 .33 C 1 5 1 .46

Vocational training College prep. Music classes

A B C Priorities A B C Priorities A B C Priorities

A 1 9 7 .75 A 1 1/2 1 .25 A 1 6 4 .69

B 1/9 1 1/5 .06 B 2 1 2 .50 B 1/6 1 1/3 .09

C 1/7 5 1 .19 C 1 1/2 1 .25 C 1/4 3 1 .22

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 Composition and synthesis
Impact of schools on goal

Composite
Vocational College Music
Learning Friends School life
training prep. classes
impact of
schools

.3047 .1486 .0382 .1414 .2208 .1463

A .16 .33 .46 .75 .25 .69 .3776

B .59 .33 .09 .06 .50 .09 .3643

C .25 .33 .46 .19 .25 .22 .2570

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 Composite impact – Global score

http://makeitrational.com/analytic-hierarchy-process/ahp-model/product-idea-screening
Goal PC DT M CR TPC
PC 1 ? ? ? ?
DT 1 ? ? ?
M 1 ? ?
CR 1 ?
TPC 1
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PC Mat P E M C MM MGR D AB TPC K E P T
Mat 1 ? ? C 1 ? ? ? ? K 1 ? ? ?
P 1 ? MM 1 ? ? ? E 1 ? ?
E 1 MGR 1 ? ? P 1 ?
D 1 ? T 1
AB 1
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DT a1 a2 a3 CR a1 a2 a3
a1 1 ? ? a1 1 ? ?
a2 1 ? a2 1 ?
a3 1 a3 1

Mat a1 a2 a3 C a1 a2 a3
a1 1 ? ? a1 1 ? ?
a2 1 ? a2 1 ?
a3 1 a3 1

P a1 a2 a3 MM a1 a2 a3 D a1 a2 a3 K a1 a2 a3 P a1 a2 a3
a1 1 ? ? a1 1 ? ? a1 1 ? ? a1 1 ? ? a1 1 ? ?
a2 1 ? a2 1 ? a2 1 ? a2 1 ? a2 1 ?
a3 1 a3 1 a3 1 a3 1 a3 1

E a1 a2 a3 MGR a1 a2 a3 AB a1 a2 a3 E a1 a2 a3 T a1 a2 a3
a1 1 ? ? a1 1 ? ? a1 1 ? ? a1 1 ? ? a1 1 ? ?
a2 1 ? a2 1 ? a2 1 ? a2 1 ? a2 1 ?
a3 1 a3 1 a3 1 a3 1 a3 1
 Goal priorities M priorities
PC w1 C w31
DT w2 MM w32
M w3 MGR w33
CR w4 D w34
TP w5 AB w35

PC priorities TPC priorities

Mat w11 K w51
P w12 E w52
E w13 P w53
T w54
Mat priorities E priorities
a1 w111 a1 w131
a2 w112 a2 w132
a3 w113 a3 w133
P priorities DT priorities
a1 w121 a1 w21
a2 w122 a2 w22
a3 w123 a3 w23

w1*w12 w2 w3*w32 w3*w34 w4 w5*w52 w5*w54

w1*w11 w1*w13 w3*w31 w3*w33 w3*w35 w5*w51 w5*w53
Mat P E DT C MM MGR D AB CR K E P T
a1 w111 w121 w131 w21 w311 w321 w331 w341 w351 w41 w511 w521 w531 w541
a2 w112 w122 w132 w22 w312 w322 w332 w342 w352 w42 w512 w522 w532 w542
a3 w113 w123 w133 w23 w313 w323 w333 w343 w353 w43 w513 w523 w533 w543
 w1*w12 w2 w3*w32 w3*w34 w4 w5*w52 w5*w54
w1*w11 w1*w13 w3*w31 w3*w33 w3*w35 w5*w51 w5*w53
Mat P E DT C MM MGR D AB CR K E P T
a1 w111 w121 w131 w21 w311 w321 w331 w341 w351 w41 w511 w521 w531 w541
a2 w112 w122 w132 w22 w312 w322 w332 w342 w352 w42 w512 w522 w532 w542
a3 w113 w123 w133 w23 w313 w323 w333 w343 w353 w43 w513 w523 w533 w543
Global score of a1 = w1*w11*w111 + w1*w12*w121 + w1*w13*w131 + w2*w21 + ... + ... + w5*w54*w541
Global score of a2 = w1*w11*w112 + w1*w12*w122 + w1*w13*w132 + w2*w22 + ... + ... + w5*w54*w542
Global score of a3 = w1*w11*w113 + w1*w12*w123 + w1*w13*w133 + w2*w23 + ... + ... + w5*w54*w543 www.ilkertopcu.net
 Eigenvector solution
A a b c
a 1 0.5 3
Use this method for
b 2 1 4 paper-and-pencil
c 0.3333 0.25 1 solutions
Sum 3.3333 1.75 8

Column normalization

x/sum a b c w
a .3000 .2857 .3750 .3202 Row
b .6000 .5714 .5000 .5571 average

c .1000 .1429 .1250 .1226

1 1 1 www.ilkertopcu.net
 Eigenvector calculation (Method I)
Calculate row averages, then normalize the average values.
OR Calculate the sum of each row, then normalize the sums.

1 5 6 7 19 0.5111
1/5 1 4 6 11.2 0.3013
1/6 1/4 1 4 5.42 0.1457
1/7 1/6 1/4 1 1.56 0.0419
37.18

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 Eigenvector calculation (Method II)
Calculate the sum of each column, invert the summations
(1/sum of the column), then normalize inverse values

1 5 6 7 1/1.51 0.66 0.6881

1/5 1 4 6 1/6.42 0.16 0.1619
1/6 1/4 1 4 1/11.3 0.09 0.0923
1/7 1/6 1/4 1 1/18 0.06 0.0577
1.51 6.42 11.3 18 0.96

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Eigenvector calculation (Method III)
Normalize each column, then calculate row averages of
normalized matrix

1 5 6 7 0.66 0.78 0.53 0.39 0.5910

1/5 1 4 6 0.13 0.16 0.36 0.33 0.2443
1/6 1/4 1 4 0.11 0.04 0.09 0.22 0.1151
1/7 1/6 1/4 1 0.09 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.0496
1.51 6.42 11.3 18

Use this method for paper-and-pencil solutions

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 Eigenvector calculation (Method IV)
Calculate geometric mean of each row, then normalize
geometric mean values.

1 5 6 7 3.8068 0.6136
1/5 1 4 6 1.4802 0.2386
1/6 1/4 1 4 0.6389 0.1030
1/7 1/6 1/4 1 0.2778 0.0448
6.2036

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 Eigenvector calculation (Method V)
Raise the pairwise comparison matrix to a sufficiently
large power.
Calculate row averages of the new matrix, then
normalize the average values (utilize method I).
Repeat this step for a larger power of the matrix.
If values of the eigenvectors are converged, stop;
otherwise continue with a larger power

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 Eigenvector calculation (Method V)
4.00 12.67 33.75 68.00 118.42 0.6247
A2 1.92 4.00 10.70 29.40 46.02 0.2428
0.95 2.00 4.00 10.67 17.62 0.0930
0.36 1.11 2.02 4.00 7.49 0.0395
189.56

97.12 244.32 543.15 1276.40 2160.99 0.6180

36.21 94.41 210.03 480.15 820.80 0.2347
A4 15.33 39.93 91.21 209.06 355.54 0.1017
6.95 17.50 40.24 94.75 159.45 0.0456
3496.78

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 Eigenvector calculation (Method V)
1837.505 4710.734 10647.84 24686.44 41882.52 0.6187
A6 700.1895 1789.385 4044.129 9398.821 15932.52 0.2354
300.65 768.4613 1732.738 4025.894 6827.748 0.1009
134.0778 343.743 774.6437 1795.547 3048.012 0.0450
67690.8

35483.48 90818.56 204972.7 475768.6 807043.3 0.6187

13494.66 34548.67 77975.75 180953.4 306972.5 0.2353
A8 5787.54 14816.84 33448.23 77623.39 131676 0.1009
2584.887 6615.85 14935.6 34668.39 58804.73 0.0451
1304497

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 I II III IV V
0.5111 0.6881 0.5910 0.6136 0.6187
0.3013 0.1619 0.2443 0.2386 0.2353
0.1457 0.0923 0.1151 0.1030 0.1009
0.0419 0.0577 0.0496 0.0448 0.0451

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 Consistency
.3202 .9667 3.0186
w .5571 Aw 1.6881 Aw 3.0300
.1226 .3687 w
3.0065
average 3.0183 λmax

n RI
λmax - n
3 0.52 CI= =0.0092
n-1
4 0.89
CI
CR =
Consistency index
5 1.11 =1.76%
6 1.25 RI
7 1.35
RI= SEE Consistency ratio
=0.52
8 1.40 TABLE
9 1.45 Random consistency index
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 Group Decision Making
• Consensus judgment
• Aggregating individual opinion: Geometric Mean

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 Group Decision Making

MOTHER: “Learning” is strongly FATHER: “Friends” is strongly

more important than “Friends” more important than “Learning”
Vocational

Vocational
Learning

Learning
training Prioriti Prioriti

training
Friends

Friends
College

College
classes

classes
School

School
Music

Music
es es

prep.

prep.
life

life
Learning 1 5 Learning 1 1/5

Friends 1 Friends 1

School School
life 1 life 1
Vocation Vocation
al 1 al 1
training training

College College
prep. 1 prep. 1

Music Music
classes 1 classes 1

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 Group Decision Making
MOTHER: “Learning” is strongly FATHER: “Friends” is strongly
more important than “Friends” more important than “Learning”

Learning

Learning

Learning
Friends

Friends

Friends
Learning 1 5 Learning 1 X Learning 1 1/5

Friends 1/5 1 Friends 1/X 1 Friends 5 1

Use arithmetic mean to X = (5+0.2)/2 = 2.6 ≠ 1

combine decisions? 1/X = (0.2+5)/2 = 2.6 ≠ 1/2.6

Use geometric mean to X = √(5x0.2) = 1

combine decisions? 1/X = √(0.2x5) = 1
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 Group Decision Making
A B

DM1 A 1 X DM2
very strongly (7) moderately (3)
B 1/X 1

Use arithmetic mean to X = (7+3)/2 = 5

combine decisions? 1/X = (1/7+1/3)/2 = 0.24 ≠ 1/5

Use geometric mean to X = √(7*3) = 4.58

combine decisions? 1/X = √(1/7*1/3) = 0.22 = 1/4.58

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 R&D Project Selection (Rating)
Goal Future of the Firm

Criteria
Technical Marketing Financial Manufacture

Regulatory Compliance Capability to Market NPV Capability to Manufacture

Sub- Development Cost Market Growth Capital Invest Facility/Equp. Req.
Criteria Prob. of Tech. Success Market Share ROI Safety
R&D and Eng. Resources Market Potential Unit Cost
Development Time Customer Acceptance
Patent Position
Ratings
(for each Outstanding Outstanding Outstanding Outstanding
Above Average Above Average Above Average Above Average
Sub- Average Average Average Average
Criterion) Below Average Below Average Below Average Below Average

p1 p2 p99
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CRITERIA PRIORITIZATION
Pairwise Comparisons

Contribution of Project
on Criterion
Very high 1
PROJECT RATING High 0.8
What is the contribution / impact
Average 0.6
of a project on a criterion?
Low 0.4
Very low 0.2
No impact 0

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Project Total Points Difference

7 0.888
1. Select predetermined number of
9 0.831 5.7 projects; e.g. 3
3 0.816 1.5 2. Select projects getting total points
higher than a predetermined threshold;
5 0.815 0.1 e.g. 0.7
4 0.782 3.3 3. Find a breakpoint, select projects
getting total points higher than that
1 0.722 6.0
breakpoint; depends on results
10 0.693 2.9

6 0.678 1.5

8 0.652 2.6

2 0.590 6.2

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 AHP Rating
Evaluating Employees for Raises

Dependability 15.50% Education 24.00% Experience 13.80%

Outstanding 1 Doctorate 1 > 15 years 1
Very good .58 Masters .42 6 – 15 years .41
Good .33 Bachelors .19 3 – 5 years .16
Average .10 High school .08 < 3 years .07
Unsatisfactory .06

Attitude 17.20% Leadership 29.50%

Enthused 1 Good 1
Very good .53 Average .44
Good .29 Bad .08
Average .16
Bad .06

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 AHP Rating
Evaluating Employees for Raises
Dependability Education Experience Attitude Leadership
Candidate
15.50% 24.00% 13.80% 17.20% 29.50%
1 Outstanding Doctorate > 15 years Enthused Good
2 Average Masters < 3 years Enthused Good
3 Good Bachelors > 15 years Very good Bad
4 Good Masters 3 - 5 years Very good Good
5 Average Bachelors 3 – 5 years Good Average
6 Outstanding Masters < 3 years Very good Average
7 Outstanding Bachelors 6 – 15 years Good Average
8 Very good Masters 6 – 15 years Average Good
9 Outstanding Masters 3 – 5 years Very good Average
10 Very good Doctorate 6 – 15 years Good Average
11 Unsatisfactory Bachelors 6 – 15 years Good Average
12 Very good Bachelors 3 – 5 years Enthused Good
13 Good Doctorate > 15 years Enthused Good
14 Good High school 3 – 5 years Very good Average
15 Outstanding Doctorate < 3 years Very good Average
 AHP Rating
Evaluating Employees for Raises
Dependability Education Experience Attitude Leadership
Candidate Total Points
15.50% 24.00% 13.80% 17.20% 29.50%
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 .10 .42 .07 1 1 .59
3 .33 .19 1 .53 .08 .35
4 .33 .42 .16 .53 1 .56
5 .10 .19 .16 .29 .44 .26
6 1 .42 .07 .53 .44 .49
7 1 .19 .41 .29 .44 .44
8 .58 .42 .41 .16 1 .57
9 1 .42 .16 .53 .44 .50
10 .58 1 .41 .29 .44 .57
11 .06 .19 .41 .29 .44 .29
12 .58 .19 .16 1 1 .62
13 .33 1 1 1 1 .90
14 .33 .08 .16 .53 .44 .32
15 1 1 .07 .53 .44 .62
 AHP Rating
Evaluating Employees for Raises

Candidate Total Points

1 1

13 .90

12, 15 .62

2 .59

8, 10 .57

4 .56

9 .50

6 .49

7 .44

3 .35

14 .32

11 .29

5 .26
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 Why Network?
In a hierarchy, alternatives affect (depend on) the
criteria, criteria affect goal
It is assumed that
– criteria do not affect alternatives
– criteria do not depend on each other
– alternatives do not depend on each other
In complex decisions, there may be dependence and
feedback
Network model with dependence and feedback improves
the priorities derived from judgments and makes
prediction much more accurate

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 Network Arc from cluster C4 to C2
indicates outer dependence of
the elements in C2 on the elements
of C4. Elements in C2 affect

C4
elements in C4

C1
C2

C3 feedback

Loop in a cluster indicates inner dependence of the

elements in that cluster.
Elements affect other elements of the same cluster
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Management of a Water Reservoir

Flood Hydro-electric
control Recreation power

Low Intermediate High

level level level

A Feedback System with Two Components www.ilkertopcu.net

 Cola Industry

A.DISTRIBUTION
A1. Stores
A2. Machines
A3. Restaurants

C.PRODUCT
C1. Global reach B.ADVERTISEMENT
C2. Quality of depth B1. Frequency
C3. Quantity of depth B2. Current impact
C4. Taste acceptance B3. Historical impact
C5. Reputation

ALTERNATIVES
1. Pepsi Cola
2. Coca Cola
3. Cola Turka

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Reaction of Competitor Companies to
Innovative Product/Service

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ERP Selection

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Retail Location Selection

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 Organic Farming
A. ÜRÜN GRUBU
A1- Ekolojik sebze/meyve
A2- Ekolojik bakliyat E. PROJELER/EYLEMLER
A3- Ekolojik kuruyemiş E1- Ekolojik ürünler hakkında etkin tanıtım yapılması
A4- Ekolojik bal/reçel E2- Genç nesli hedef alan eğitim ve bilgilendirme çalışmalarının yapılması
A5- Ekolojik et ve et ürünleri E3- Sivil toplum örgütleri ve diğer ilgili kurumlar ile işbirliği yapılması
A6- Ekolojik sıvı yağ E4- Talebi arttırmaya yönelik promosyon stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi ve uygulanması
A6- Ekolojik süt ve süt ürünleri E5- Gıda mühendislerinin sektördeki rolünün arttırılması
B. ÜRÜN ÖZELLİKLERİ E6- Çiftçiler ile iletişim ve işbirliğinin sağlanması ve çiftçiye mali destek verilmesi
B1- Yapay ilaç ve yapay gübre kullanılmadan üretilen ürün E7- Ekolojik gıdaların yeme içme platformuna yayılmasına yönelik çalışmaların yapılması
B2- Kontrollü ve sertifikalı ürün F. STRATEJİ/POLİTİKA
B3- Ekolojik dengeyi korumaya yönelik (çevre dostu) ürün F1- Tüketicilerin ekolojik ürünler hakkında bilinçlendirilmesi
B4- Ürün miktarı yerine ürün kalitesi esas alınarak üretilen ürün F2- Ekolojik ürünlere duyulan güvenin arttırılması
C. ÜRÜN DAĞITIM KANALI F3- Ekolojik ürünlerin fiyatlandırılmasında indirim yapılması
C1- Süpermarket/Hipermarket F4- Tüketiciye ekolojik ürün çeşitliliğinin sunulması
C2- Ekolojik ürün mağazaları F5- Tüketicilerin ekolojik ürünlere erişiminin kolaylaştırılması
C3- Pazar/Manav G. SATIN ALMAYA İLİŞKİN TUTUMLAR
C4- Doğrudan satış (Internet, telefon yoluyla) G1- Ekolojik ürünlerin daha sağlıklı olduğu düşüncesi
C5- Üretim yerinde satış noktaları G2- Ekolojik ürünlerin daha lezzetli olduğu düşüncesi
C6- Şarküteri G3- Ekolojik ürünlerin besin değerinin daha yüksek olduğu düşüncesi
D. İLETİŞİM KANALI G4- Ekolojik ürünlerin katkı maddesi içermediği düşüncesi
D1- TV G5- Ekolojik ürünlerin tüketicinin mevcut sağlık problemlerine fayda sağlayacağı düşünce
D2- Radyo G6- Ekolojik ürünlerin çevre dostu ürünler olduğu düşüncesi
D3- Gazete/Popüler dergiler G7- Aile/çocukların sağlığına önem verilmesi
D4- Sektörlere özel dergi G8- Geçmişe duyulan özlemin tatmin edileceği düşüncesi
D5- Broşür
D6- Alternatif kanallar (açık hava, araç üstü, vb. farklı medya kullanımı)
D7- Ağızdan ağıza (tüketicilerin birbirlerine tanıtması, anlatması)
D8- Internet www.ilkertopcu.net
 Organic Farming
B.Product Properties C.Dist.Channels

B1 B2 B3 B4 C1 C2 C3 C4

C5 C6
A.Product Group D.Comm. Channels

A1 A2 A3 A4 D1 D2 D3 D4

A5 A6 A7 D5 D6 D7 D8

G. Cons’ buy. motives F. Strategy/Policies E. Projects

G1 G2 G3 G4 F1 F2 F3 F4 E1 E2 E3 E4

G5 G6 G7 G8 F5 E5 E6 E7

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Organic Farming

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 The Analytic Network Process is
a methodology that allows groups or individuals to deal
with the interconnections (dependence and feedback)
between factors of complex structure in decision
making process

a Multi Criteria Decision Making method for complicated

and unstructured problems

an approach that uses a network model having clusters of

elements (criteria and alternatives)

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 Pairwise Comparison Questions
“of the sub-elements, which one influences the parent
element more and how much more?”

or

“of the dependent factors, which one influnces the

common factor more and how much more?”

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 Supermatrix
Each element is represented at one row and one respective
column

The computed eigenvector of the sub-elements with

respect to their parent element is placed to the column
representing the parent element and the rows
representing the sub-elements.

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 Weighted Supermatrix
If the column sum of any column in the composed
supermatrix is greater than 1 (i.e. there are more than
one eigenvector), the eigenvectors are weighted by the
corresponding cluster importance:
• when all clusters are equally important, that column will
be just normalized, i.e. the eigenvectors are multiplied
by 1/n (n is the number of eigenvectors at that column)
• when the clusters are not equally important, cluster
comparisons are made to reveal importance of clusters

Such a supermatrix for which column sums of each column

are 1 (i.e. the matrix is column stochastic) is called as
weighted supermatrix

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 Limit matrix
Limiting Supermatrix

The weighted supermatrix is then raised to a significantly

large power in order to have the converged or stable
values: All the columns of the matrix are identical

The values of this limit matrix are the desired priorities

of the elements with respect to the goal

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 An illustrative example
Cluster A

A1 A2 A3

Cluster B

B1 B2

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 An illustrative example
A B A B
A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 A1 A2 A3 B1 B2
A1 x x x A1 0 1 0 0.6 0.75
A A2 x x x A A2 0.8 0 0 0.2 0.25
A3 x x A3 0.2 0 0 0.2 0
B1 x x x B1 0.75 0 0.8 0 1
B B
B2 x x x B2 0.25 1 0.2 0 0
e.g. A2 affects A1

A1 A2 A3 A3 B1 B2
Cluster A A2 1 4 0.8 B1 1 4 0.8
A3 0.25 1 0.2 B2 0.25 1 0.2

A1 B1 B2 B1 A1 A2 A3
Cluster B B1 1 3 0.75 A1 1 3 3 0.6
B2 0.33 1 0.25 A2 0.33 1 1 0.2
A3 0.33 1 1 0.2

A2 A1 B2 A1 A2
A1 1 A1 1 3 0.75
A2 0.33 1 0.25 www.ilkertopcu.net
 An illustrative example
Two clusters are equally important
Supermatrix
A B
A1 A2 A3 B1 B2
A1 0 1 0 0.6 0.75
A A2 0.8 0 0 0.2 0.25
A3 0.2 0 0 0.2 0
B1 0.75 0 0.8 0 1
B
B2 0.25 1 0.2 0 0

Weighted Supermatrix Limiting Supermatrix

A B A B
A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 A1 A2 A3 B1 B2
A1 0 0.5 0 0.6 0.375 A1 .3103 .3103 .3103 .3103 .3103
A A2 0.4 0 0 0.2 0.125 A A2 .1950 .1950 .1950 .1950 .1950
A3 0.1 0 0 0.2 0 A3 .0828 .0828 .0828 .0828 .0828
B1 0.375 0 0.8 0 0.5 B1 .2590 .2590 .2590 .2590 .2590
B B
B2 0.125 0.5 0.2 0 0 B2 .1529 .1529 .1529 .1529 .1529

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 An illustrative example
Two clusters are equally important
Limiting Supermatrix

A B
A1 A2 A3 B1 B2
A1 .3103 .3103 .3103 .3103 .3103
A A2 .1950 .1950 .1950 .1950 .1950
A3 .0828 .0828 .0828 .0828 .0828
B1 .2590 .2590 .2590 .2590 .2590
B
B2 .1529 .1529 .1529 .1529 .1529

A1 52.75% B1 62.89%

A2 33.16% B2 37.11%

A3 14.08%

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 An illustrative example
Two clusters are not equally important
Supermatrix Cluster Comparison
A B A A B
A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 A 1 4 0.8
A1 0 1 0 0.6 0.75 B 0.25 1 0.2
A A2 0.8 0 0 0.2 0.25
A3 0.2 0 0 0.2 0 B A B
B1 0.75 0 0.8 0 1 A 1 3 0.75
B
B2 0.25 1 0.2 0 0 B 0.33 1 0.25

Weighted Supermatrix Limiting Supermatrix

A B A B
A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 A1 A2 A3 B1 B2
A1 0 0.8 0 0.6 0.56 A1 .3749 .3749 .3749 .3749 .3749
A A2 0.64 0 0 0.2 0.19 A A2 .2881 .2881 .2881 .2881 .2881
A3 0.16 0 0 0.2 0 A3 .0904 .0904 .0904 .0904 .0904
B1 0.15 0 0.8 0 0.25 B1 .1522 .1522 .1522 .1522 .1522
B B
B2 0.05 0.2 0.2 0 0 B2 .0944 .0944 .0944 .0944 .0944

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 An illustrative example
Two clusters are not equally important
Limiting Supermatrix
A B
A1 A2 A3 B1 B2
A1 .3749 .3749 .3749 .3749 .3749
A A2 .2881 .2881 .2881 .2881 .2881
A3 .0904 .0904 .0904 .0904 .0904
B1 .1522 .1522 .1522 .1522 .1522
B
B2 .0944 .0944 .0944 .0944 .0944

A1 49.76% B1 61.71%

A2 38.24% B2 38.29%

A3 12.00%

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 Convergence check
Before asking pairwise comparison questions to DM
Assume influences of sub elements on parent are equal
Compute the limit matrix to check for convergence
Supermatrix
A B A B
A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 A1 A2 A3 B1 B2
A1 x x x A1 0 1 0 0.33 0.5
A A2 x x x A A2 0.5 0 0 0.33 0.5
A3 x x A3 0.5 0 0 0.33 0
B1 x x x B1 0.5 0 0.5 0 1
B B
B2 x x x B2 0.5 1 0.5 0 0

Limit matrix
A B
A1 A2 A3 B1 B2
A1 0.2264 0.2264 0.2264 0.2264 0.2264
A A2 0.1887 0.1887 0.1887 0.1887 0.1887
A3 0.1342 0.1342 0.1342 0.1342 0.1342
B1 0.2327 0.2327 0.2327 0.2327 0.2327
B
B2 0.2180 0.2180 0.2180 0.2180 0.2181
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Management of a Water Reservoir

Flood Hydro-electric
control Recreation power

Low Intermediate High

level level level

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Which level is best for flood control?
Low Medium High Eigenvector

Low 1 5 7 .7093
CR =
Medium 1/5 1 4 .2141 12%
High 1/7 1/4 1 .0766

Which level is best for recreation?

Low Medium High Eigenvector

Low 1 1/7 1/5 .0738

CR =
Medium 7 1 3 .6434 6%
High 5 1/3 1 .2828

Which level is best for hydro-electric power?

Low Medium High Eigenvector

Low 1 1/5 1/9 .0612

CR =
Medium 5 1 1/5 .2157 12%
High 9 5 1 .7231
At Low Level, which attribute is satisfied best?
Hydro-electric
Flood control Recreation power
Eigenvector

Flood control 1 3 5 .6333

CR =
Recreation 1/3 1 3 .2605 4%
Hydro-electric
power 1/5 1/3 1 .1062

At Intermediate Level, which attribute is satisfied best?

Hydro-electric
Flood control Recreation power
Eigenvector

Flood control 1 1/3 1 .2000

CR =
Recreation 3 1 3 .6000 0%
Hydro-electric
power 1 1/3 1 .2000

At High Level, which attribute is satisfied best?

Hydro-electric
Flood control Recreation power
Eigenvector

Flood control 1 1/5 1/9 .0623

CR =
Recreation 5 1 1/4 .2364 7%
Hydro-electric
power 9 4 1 .7013
Which level is best for flood control? At Low Level, which attribute is satisfied best?
Low Medium High Eigenvector Hydro-electric
Flood control Recreation power
Eigenvector
Low 1 5 7 .7093 Flood control 1 3 5 .6333
Medium 1/5 1 4 .2141 Recreation 1/3 1 3 .2605
High 1/7 1/4 1 .0766 Hydro-electric
power
1/5 1/3 1 .1062

Which level is best for recreation? At Intermediate Level, which attribute is satisfied best?
Low Medium High Eigenvector Hydro-electric
Flood control Recreation power
Eigenvector
Low 1 1/7 1/5 .0738 Flood control 1 1/3 1 .2000
Medium 7 1 3 .6434 Recreation 3 1 3 .6000
High 5 1/3 1 Hydro-electric
.2828 power
1 1/3 1 .2000

Which level is best for hydro-electric At High Level, which attribute is satisfied best?
power? Low Medium High Eigenvector Hydro-electric
Flood control Recreation power
Eigenvector
Low 1 1/5 1/9 .0612 Flood control 1 1/5 1/9 .0623
Medium 5 1 1/5 .2157 Recreation 5 1 1/4 .2364
High 9 5 1 .7231 Hydro-electric
power
9 4 1 .7013

Eigenvectors are placed to columns

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 FC R HEP L M H FC R HEP L M H

Flood control 1 0 0 .6333 .2000 .0623 Flood control .1206 .1206 .1206 .1206 .1206 .1206

Recreation 0 1 0 .2605 .6000 .2364 Recreation .1895 .1895 .1895 .1895 .1895 .1895

Hyd-elec.power 0 0 1 .1062 .2000 .7013 Hyd-elec.power .1899 .1899 .1899 .1899 .1899 .1899

Low .7093 .0738 .0612 1 0 0 Low .1111 .1111 .1111 .1111 .1111 .1111

Medium .2141 .6434 .2157 0 1 0 Medium .1887 .1887 .1887 .1887 .1887 .1887

High .0766 .2828 .7231 0 0 1 High .2001 .2001 .2001 .2001 .2001 .2001

Columns are normalized (all

clusters are equally important) Each cluster is normalized

Raised to a high power (e.g. 64th)

Power gen 37.98%

FC R HEP L M H
Recreation 37.90%
Flood control .5000 0 0 .3167 .1000 .0312

Flood control 24.12%

Priorities
Recreation 0 .5000 0 .1303 .3000 .1182

Hyd-elec.power 0 0 .5000 .0531 .1000 .3507

High level 40.03%
Low .3547 .0369 .0306 .5000 0 0
Int. level 37.74%
Medium .1071 .3217 .1079 0 .5000 0

High .0383 .1414 .3616 0 0 .5000 Low level 22.23%

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 Warehouse Management
I. Stok politikaları H. Sipariş toplama G. Toplama Sistemleri
politikaları
1. İthaf edilmiş 1. Manuel
2. Rassal 1. Tek sipariş toplama 2. Yarı-otomatik
3. Sınıf-bazlı 2. Kitle toplama 3. Otomatik
4. Korelasyonlu 3. Alan toplama

F. Sipariş
özellikleri
A. Stok bilgileri 1. Satır sayısı
2. Sipariş miktarı
1. Ürün çeşitliliği 3. Günlük
2. Stok seviyeleri sipariş sayısı
3. Mal kabul karakteri
(tedarik süresi,
miktarı) E. Depo Türü
C. Performans Kriterleri 1. Dağıtım
1. Yatırım maliyeti 2. İmalat
B. Birim özellikleri 2. Operasyonel maliyetler
3. Yatırımın geri dönüş oranı
1. Boyut 4. Esneklik D. Sipariş birimi
2. Ağırlık 5. İşlem Hacmi
3. Diğer özellikler 6. Stok Kapasitesi 1. Tek-ürün
(hassaslık,güvenlik, 7. Tepki Süresi 2. Koli
asimetri vb.) 8. Sipariş yerine getirme kalitesi 3. Palet

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 A B C D E F G H I
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 4
1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
A 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
3 + + + + + +
1 + + + + + + + + + + + +
B 2 + + + + + + + +
3 + + + + + + + + + +
1 + + + + + + + + + + + +
2 + + + + + + + +
3 + + + + + +
4 + + + + + + + + + +
C
5 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
6 + + + + + +
7 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
8 + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
D 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
3 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
1 + + +
E
2 + + +
1 + + + + + + + + + + +
F 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
3 + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
G 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
3 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
1 + + + + + + + + +
H 2 + + + + + + + + +
3 + + + + + + + + +
1 + + + + +
2 + + + + +
I
3 + + + + +
4 + + + + +
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 I. Stok politikaları H. Sipariş toplama G. Toplama Sistemleri
1. İthaf edilmiş politikaları 1. Manuel
2. Rassal 1. Tek sipariş toplama 2. Yarı-otomatik
3. Sınıf-bazlı 2. Kitle toplama 3. Otomatik
4. Korelasyonlu 3. Alan toplama

F. Sipariş
A. Stok bilgileri özellikleri
1. Ürün çeşitliliği 1. Satır sayısı
2. Stok seviyeleri 2. Sipariş miktarı
3. Mal kabul karakteri 3. Günlük
(tedarik süresi, sipariş sayısı
miktarı)

E. Depo Türü
1. Dağıtım
B. Birim özellikleri 2. İmalat
1. Boyut
2. Ağırlık C. Performans Kriterleri
3. Diğer özellikler
(hassaslık,güvenlik, 1. Yatırım maliyeti
asimetri vb.) 2. Operasyonel maliyetler D. Sipariş birimi
3. Yatırımın geri dönüş oranı 1. Tek-ürün
4. Esneklik 2. Koli
5. İşlem Hacmi 3. Palet
6. Stok Kapasitesi
7. Tepki Süresi
8. Sipariş yerine getirme kalitesi

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 H G

I
F

E
A

B D
C

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 G3 G2 G1 F3 F2
F1
E2
H1

H2 E1

H3
D3

I1
D2

I2

D1
I3

I4

C8
A1

A2
C7

A3

C6
B1

C5
B2
C4
B3 C1 C2 C3

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 A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8
A1 0.0000 0.7674 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.5902 0.4639 0.6961 0.6364 0.6015 0.3439 0.0000 1.0000
A2 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.4098 0.4103 0.3040 0.1493 0.2585 0.5182 0.5902 0.0000
A3 0.0000 0.2326 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1259 0.0000 0.2143 0.1400 0.1380 0.4098 0.0000
B1 0.0000 0.0000 0.1981 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3652 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.7500 0.0000 0.0000
B2 0.0000 0.0000 0.1442 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1521 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
B3 0.0000 0.0000 0.6577 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.4827 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2500 0.0000 0.0000
C1 0.0000 0.3724 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2680 0.1033 0.3635 0.3078 0.6454 0.0000 0.3584
C2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2807 0.0000 0.2132 0.0000 0.0000 0.1023
C3 0.0000 0.3105 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
C4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3546 0.3118 0.0000
C5 0.0000 0.1204 0.6753 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1787 0.0810 0.1970 0.0000 0.0000 0.1614 0.2121
C6 0.0000 0.1968 0.3247 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1819 0.0000 0.0000 0.1735 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
C7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2269 0.2504 0.4395 0.3056 0.0000 0.0000 0.3272
C8 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1446 0.2847 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.5268 0.0000
D1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3691 0.2702 0.6147 0.0000 0.0920 0.0000 0.4300 0.0000 0.2215 0.4846 0.3469
D2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3321 0.3291 0.2536 0.0000 0.2333 0.0000 0.3340 0.0000 0.3190 0.3207 0.3590
D3 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.2988 0.4007 0.1317 0.0000 0.6747 0.0000 0.2360 0.0000 0.4595 0.1947 0.2941
E1 0.8062 0.4651 0.6564 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
E2 0.1938 0.5349 0.3436 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
F1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.5939 0.0000 0.5407 0.5612 0.0000 0.6007 0.5969
F2 0.0000 0.2364 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.4386 0.1567 0.0000 0.1967 0.1633 0.6753 0.1117 0.1233
F3 0.0000 0.7636 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.5614 0.2494 0.0000 0.2626 0.2755 0.3247 0.2876 0.2798
G1 0.0000 0.5418 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3968 0.4072 0.4057 0.6608 0.0951 0.0000 0.1180 0.0800
G2 0.0000 0.2963 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3160 0.3074 0.3199 0.2345 0.2497 0.0000 0.2783 0.2419
G3 0.0000 0.1620 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2872 0.2854 0.2744 0.1047 0.6552 0.0000 0.6037 0.6780
H1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.4155 0.3889 0.0000 0.4660 0.1829 0.0000 0.3649 0.5251
H2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2194 0.2022 0.0000 0.1920 0.4363 0.0000 0.1640 0.1631
H3 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3651 0.4089 0.0000 0.3421 0.3808 0.0000 0.4711 0.3118
I1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3198 0.2486 0.0000 0.1876 0.0000 0.3438 0.2604 0.0000
I2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1047 0.2153 0.0000 0.4811 0.0000 0.0974 0.1097 0.0000
I3 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2542 0.2949 0.0000 0.2255 0.0000 0.2070 0.4432 0.0000
I4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3213 0.2412 0.0000 0.1057 0.0000 0.3518 0.1867 0.0000
 D1 D2 D3 E1 E2 F1 F2 F3 G1 G2 G3 H1 H2
A1 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.6961 0.7908 0.8062 0.0000 0.0000
A2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3040 0.2092 0.1938 0.0000 0.0000
A3 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
B1 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2906 0.4763 0.4889 0.3333 0.4429
B2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2899 0.2731 0.2852 0.3333 0.2786
B3 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.4195 0.2506 0.2258 0.3333 0.2786
C1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0440 0.2596 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2666 0.0969 0.1207 0.0000 0.0000
C2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0771 0.1403 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0873 0.1938 0.0861 0.0000 0.0000
C3 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1213 0.0659 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1251 0.0620 0.1263 0.0000 0.0000
C4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2332 0.0354 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1596 0.1558 0.0611 0.2613 0.1664
C5 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1788 0.0554 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1038 0.1029 0.1573 0.1843 0.5092
C6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0412 0.2642 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
C7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1544 0.1062 0.5902 0.6753 0.6753 0.1427 0.2220 0.1771 0.2605 0.2250
C8 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1501 0.0729 0.4098 0.3247 0.3247 0.1150 0.1667 0.2715 0.2940 0.0994
D1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.5549 0.2480 0.6105 0.5150 0.0000 0.4623 0.5298 0.5152 0.2815 0.5781
D2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2360 0.3523 0.2701 0.2936 0.0000 0.3521 0.3184 0.2857 0.2212 0.1910
D3 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2091 0.3997 0.1195 0.1913 0.0000 0.1857 0.1518 0.1992 0.4973 0.2309
E1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
E2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
F1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.5023 0.5846 0.6256 0.2301 0.5577
F2 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2197 0.1244 0.1167 0.4486 0.1191
F3 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2780 0.2910 0.2577 0.3213 0.3232
G1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3333 0.3333
G2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3333 0.3333
G3 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3333 0.3333
H1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2271 0.2469 0.3899 0.0000 0.0000
H2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3946 0.3409 0.1806 0.0000 0.0000
H3 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3783 0.4122 0.4295 0.0000 0.0000
I1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
I2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
I3 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
I4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
 H3 I1 I2 I3 I4
A1 0.0000 0.2591 0.0000 0.7807 1.0000
A2 0.0000 0.7409 1.0000 0.2193 0.0000
A3 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
B1 0.3333 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
B2 0.3333 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
B3 0.3333 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
C1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
C2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
C3 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
C4 0.1778 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
C5 0.2662 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
C6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
C7 0.3183 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
C8 0.2378 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
D1 0.5388 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
D2 0.2314 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
D3 0.2298 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
E1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
E2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
F1 0.4733 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
F2 0.1227 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
F3 0.4040 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
G1 0.3333 0.3333 0.3333 0.3333 0.3333
G2 0.3333 0.3333 0.3333 0.3333 0.3333
G3 0.3333 0.3333 0.3333 0.3333 0.3333
H1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
H2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
H3 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
I1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
I2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
I3 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
I4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
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 A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8
A1 0.0000 0.1535 0.0000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.0984 0.0580 0.2320 0.0909 0.1203 0.0573 0.0000 0.1667
A2 0.0000 0.0000 0.1667 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0683 0.0513 0.1013 0.0213 0.0517 0.0864 0.0843 0.0000
A3 0.0000 0.0465 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0157 0.0000 0.0306 0.0280 0.0230 0.0586 0.0000
B1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0330 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0457 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1250 0.0000 0.0000
B2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0240 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0190 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
B3 0.0000 0.0000 0.1096 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1667 0.0603 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0417 0.0000 0.0000
C1 0.0000 0.0745 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0335 0.0344 0.0519 0.0616 0.1076 0.0000 0.0597
C2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0936 0.0000 0.0426 0.0000 0.0000 0.0171
C3 0.0000 0.0621 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
C4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0591 0.0445 0.0000
C5 0.0000 0.0241 0.1126 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0223 0.0270 0.0281 0.0000 0.0000 0.0231 0.0354
C6 0.0000 0.0394 0.0541 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0227 0.0000 0.0000 0.0347 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
C7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0284 0.0835 0.0628 0.0611 0.0000 0.0000 0.0545
C8 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0181 0.0949 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0753 0.0000
D1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1846 0.1351 0.3074 0.0000 0.0115 0.0000 0.0614 0.0000 0.0369 0.0692 0.0578
D2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1661 0.1645 0.1268 0.0000 0.0292 0.0000 0.0477 0.0000 0.0532 0.0458 0.0598
D3 0.0000 0.0000 0.1667 0.1494 0.2004 0.0658 0.0000 0.0843 0.0000 0.0337 0.0000 0.0766 0.0278 0.0490
E1 0.8062 0.0930 0.1094 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
E2 0.1938 0.1070 0.0573 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
F1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0742 0.0000 0.0772 0.1122 0.0000 0.0858 0.0995
F2 0.0000 0.0473 0.1667 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0731 0.0196 0.0000 0.0281 0.0327 0.1126 0.0160 0.0206
F3 0.0000 0.1527 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0936 0.0312 0.0000 0.0375 0.0551 0.0541 0.0411 0.0466
G1 0.0000 0.1084 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0661 0.0509 0.1352 0.0944 0.0190 0.0000 0.0169 0.0133
G2 0.0000 0.0593 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0527 0.0384 0.1066 0.0335 0.0499 0.0000 0.0398 0.0403
G3 0.0000 0.0324 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0479 0.0357 0.0915 0.0150 0.1310 0.0000 0.0862 0.1130
H1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0693 0.0486 0.0000 0.0666 0.0366 0.0000 0.0521 0.0875
H2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0366 0.0253 0.0000 0.0274 0.0873 0.0000 0.0234 0.0272
H3 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0609 0.0511 0.0000 0.0489 0.0762 0.0000 0.0673 0.0520
I1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0533 0.0311 0.0000 0.0268 0.0000 0.0573 0.0372 0.0000
I2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0175 0.0269 0.0000 0.0687 0.0000 0.0162 0.0157 0.0000
I3 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0424 0.0369 0.0000 0.0322 0.0000 0.0345 0.0633 0.0000
I4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0536 0.0302 0.0000 0.0151 0.0000 0.0586 0.0267 0.0000
 A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8
A1 0.1413 0.1413 0.1413 0.1413 0.1413 0.1413 0.1413 0.1413 0.1413 0.1413 0.1413 0.1413 0.1413 0.1413
A2 0.0165 0.0165 0.0165 0.0165 0.0165 0.0165 0.0165 0.0165 0.0165 0.0165 0.0165 0.0165 0.0165 0.0165
A3 0.0059 0.0059 0.0059 0.0059 0.0059 0.0059 0.0059 0.0059 0.0059 0.0059 0.0059 0.0059 0.0059 0.0059
B1 0.0754 0.0754 0.0754 0.0754 0.0754 0.0754 0.0754 0.0754 0.0754 0.0754 0.0754 0.0754 0.0754 0.0754
B2 0.0048 0.0048 0.0048 0.0048 0.0048 0.0048 0.0048 0.0048 0.0048 0.0048 0.0048 0.0048 0.0048 0.0048
B3 0.0086 0.0086 0.0086 0.0086 0.0086 0.0086 0.0086 0.0086 0.0086 0.0086 0.0086 0.0086 0.0086 0.0086
C1 0.0150 0.0150 0.0150 0.0150 0.0150 0.0150 0.0150 0.0150 0.0150 0.0150 0.0150 0.0150 0.0150 0.0150
C2 0.0099 0.0099 0.0099 0.0099 0.0099 0.0099 0.0099 0.0099 0.0099 0.0099 0.0099 0.0099 0.0099 0.0099
C3 0.0099 0.0099 0.0099 0.0099 0.0099 0.0099 0.0099 0.0099 0.0099 0.0099 0.0099 0.0099 0.0099 0.0099
C4 0.0197 0.0197 0.0197 0.0197 0.0197 0.0197 0.0197 0.0197 0.0197 0.0197 0.0197 0.0197 0.0197 0.0197
C5 0.0192 0.0192 0.0192 0.0192 0.0192 0.0192 0.0192 0.0192 0.0192 0.0192 0.0192 0.0192 0.0192 0.0192
C6 0.0082 0.0082 0.0082 0.0082 0.0082 0.0082 0.0082 0.0082 0.0082 0.0082 0.0082 0.0082 0.0082 0.0082
C7 0.0626 0.0626 0.0626 0.0626 0.0626 0.0626 0.0626 0.0626 0.0626 0.0626 0.0626 0.0626 0.0626 0.0626
C8 0.0407 0.0407 0.0407 0.0407 0.0407 0.0407 0.0407 0.0407 0.0407 0.0407 0.0407 0.0407 0.0407 0.0407
D1 0.0950 0.0950 0.0950 0.0950 0.0950 0.0950 0.0950 0.0950 0.0950 0.0950 0.0950 0.0950 0.0950 0.0950
D2 0.0585 0.0585 0.0585 0.0585 0.0585 0.0585 0.0585 0.0585 0.0585 0.0585 0.0585 0.0585 0.0585 0.0585
D3 0.0501 0.0501 0.0501 0.0501 0.0501 0.0501 0.0501 0.0501 0.0501 0.0501 0.0501 0.0501 0.0501 0.0501
E1 0.1161 0.1161 0.1161 0.1161 0.1161 0.1161 0.1161 0.1161 0.1161 0.1161 0.1161 0.1161 0.1161 0.1161
E2 0.0295 0.0295 0.0295 0.0295 0.0295 0.0295 0.0295 0.0295 0.0295 0.0295 0.0295 0.0295 0.0295 0.0295
F1 0.0212 0.0212 0.0212 0.0212 0.0212 0.0212 0.0212 0.0212 0.0212 0.0212 0.0212 0.0212 0.0212 0.0212
F2 0.0777 0.0777 0.0777 0.0777 0.0777 0.0777 0.0777 0.0777 0.0777 0.0777 0.0777 0.0777 0.0777 0.0777
F3 0.0156 0.0156 0.0156 0.0156 0.0156 0.0156 0.0156 0.0156 0.0156 0.0156 0.0156 0.0156 0.0156 0.0156
G1 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135
G2 0.0140 0.0140 0.0140 0.0140 0.0140 0.0140 0.0140 0.0140 0.0140 0.0140 0.0140 0.0140 0.0140 0.0140
G3 0.0204 0.0204 0.0204 0.0204 0.0204 0.0204 0.0204 0.0204 0.0204 0.0204 0.0204 0.0204 0.0204 0.0204
H1 0.0128 0.0128 0.0128 0.0128 0.0128 0.0128 0.0128 0.0128 0.0128 0.0128 0.0128 0.0128 0.0128 0.0128
H2 0.0079 0.0079 0.0079 0.0079 0.0079 0.0079 0.0079 0.0079 0.0079 0.0079 0.0079 0.0079 0.0079 0.0079
H3 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135
I1 0.0044 0.0044 0.0044 0.0044 0.0044 0.0044 0.0044 0.0044 0.0044 0.0044 0.0044 0.0044 0.0044 0.0044
I2 0.0030 0.0030 0.0030 0.0030 0.0030 0.0030 0.0030 0.0030 0.0030 0.0030 0.0030 0.0030 0.0030 0.0030
I3 0.0059 0.0059 0.0059 0.0059 0.0059 0.0059 0.0059 0.0059 0.0059 0.0059 0.0059 0.0059 0.0059 0.0059
I4 0.0036 0.0036 0.0036 0.0036 0.0036 0.0036 0.0036 0.0036 0.0036 0.0036 0.0036 0.0036 0.0036 0.0036
 Limit normalization
Limit values Normalized values Limit values Normalized values
A1 .1413 .8632 E1 .1161 .7974
A2 .0165 .1008 E2 .0295 .1449
A3 .0059 .0360 F1 .0212 .1852
B1 .0754 .8491 F2 .0777 .6786
B2 .0048 .0541 F3 .0156 .1362
B3 .0086 .0968 G1 .0135 .2010
C1 .0159 .0810 G2 .0140 .2923
C2 .0099 .0535 G3 .0204 .4259
C3 .0099 .0535 H1 .0128 .3743
C4 .0197 .1064 H2 .0079 .2310
C5 .0192 .1037 H3 .0135 .3947
C6 .0082 .0443 I1 .0044 .2604
C7 .0626 .3380 I2 .0030 .1775
C8 .0407 .2198 I3 .0059 .3491
D1 .0950 .4666 I4 .0036 .2130
D2 .0585 .2873
D3 .0501 .2461
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 D) Sipariş Birimi Öncelik
D1) Tek-ürün 46.66%

A) Stok Bilgileri Öncelik D2) Koli 28.73%

A1) Ürün çeşitliliği 86.32% D3) Palet 24.61%

A2) Stok seviyeleri 10.08% E) Depo türü Öncelik

A3) Mal kabul karakteri 3.60% E1) Dağıtım 79.74%

B) Birim Özellikleri Öncelik E2) İmalat 14.49%

F) Sipariş Özellikleri Öncelik
B1) Boyut 84.91%
F2) Sipariş miktarı 67.86%
B3) Diğer özellikler 9.68%
F1) Satır sayısı 18.52%
B2) Ağırlık 5.41%
F3) Günlük sipariş sayısı 13.62%
C) Performans Kriterleri Öncelik

...
C7) Tepki süresi 33.80%
C8) Sipariş yerine getirme kalitesi 21.98%
C4) Esneklik 10.64%
I) Stok politikaları Öncelik
C5) İşlem hacmi 10.37%
I3) Sınıf-bazlı 34.91%
C1) Yatırım maliyeti 8.10%
I1) İthaf edilmiş 26.04%
C2) Operasyonel maliyetler 5.35%
I4) Korelasyonlu 21.30%
C3) Yatırımın geri dönüş oranı 5.35%
I2) Rassal 17.75%
C6) Stok kapasitesi 4.43%
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 Benefit Opportunity Cost Risk
• a top level network containing the BOCR nodes (the merits)
• control criteria hierarchy subnet (attached to each node)
• decision subnets (attached to selected control criterion)

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 Saaty Compatibility Index (SCI)
SCI
is used to find how close the estimations
revealed using ANP model are to actual data
(e.g. market shares)

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 SCI Calculation
Vector of
actual data Pairwise comparison matrix
A1/A1 A1/A2 A1/A3
A1
Hadamard multiplication
A2/A1 A2/A2 A2/A3
A2
A1/A1 * A1/A2 * A1/A3 *
A3/A1 A3/A2 A3/A3 B1/B1 B2/B1 B3/B1
A3
A2/A1 * A2/A2 * A2/A3 *
Vector of B1/B2 B2/B2 B3/B2
estimations Transpose of comparison matrix
B1/B1 B2/B1 B3/B1 A3/A1 * A3/A2 * A3/A3 *
B1 B1/B3 B2/B3 B3/B3
B1/B2 B2/B2 B3/B2
B2
B1/B3 B2/B3 B3/B3
B3

SCI = Sum of Hadamard multiplications

number of entries
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 Softwares

Super Decisions
www.superdecisions.com

Expert Choice
www.expertchoice.com

Decision Lens
www.decisionlens.com

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