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EE 222-Electrical Circuits 1
Contents Page
Basic Electrical Principles and DC Circuits
Circuits Theory 1
Structure of an Atom 3
Classification of Materials 4
Electric charge 4
Electric Current 5
Potential Difference 6
Resistance 6
Conductors Undergoing a Drawing Process 8
Effect of Temperature in Resistance 8
Resistors Color Coding 10
Conductance 10
Ohm’s Law 11
Electrical Power 13
Electrical Energy 14
Resistive Circuits 15
 Series Circuits
 Parallel Circuits
 Series-Parallel or/and Parallel Series Circuits
 Voltage Division Theorem
 Current Division Theorem
 Delta & Wye Connected Circuits
 Network Laws and Theorems

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1I2nd Semester – AY 2021 – 2022

Engr. Jay T. Oliveros, REE, RME, M.Eng.EE
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ELECTRIC CIRCUIT THEORY

 Fundamental theory upon which all branches of electrical engineering are built.
 Many branches of electrical engineering, such as power, electric machines,
control, electronics, communications, and instrumentation, are based on
electric circuit theory.
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
 An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements.

Fig. 2. Electric Circuit

SI Prefixes
PREFIX SI symbol Exponent Form
exa E 1018
peta P 1015
tera T 1012
giga G 109
mega M 106
kilo k 103
deci d 10-1
centi c 10-2
milli m 10-3
micro µ 10-6
nano n 10-9
pico p 10-12
femto f 10-15
atto a 10-18

MATTER
▪ Anything that occupy space and has weight

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1I2nd Semester – AY 2021 – 2022

Engr. Jay T. Oliveros, REE, RME, M.Eng.EE
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ELEMENT
▪ A substance that cannot be decomposed any farther by chemical reaction

ATOM
▪ Smallest part that an element can be reduced to and still keeping the chemical
properties of the element. It is the smallest building block of matter.

COMPOUND
▪ A combination of two or more elements.

MOLECULE
▪ It is the smallest particle that a compound can be reduced to before it breaks
down to its elements.

Fig. 1. Structure of an Atom

ELECTRONS
▪ Negatively charged particles that revolve around the nucleus of an atom.
Electron is one of the lightest particles with a known mass.
▪ The mass of electron is about 9.11 x 10-31 kg.

PROTONS
▪ Positively charged particles that stays in the nucleus of an atom.
▪ Proton is very small, but it is fairly massive compared to the other particles that
make up matter. The mass of one proton is 1.675 x 10-27 kg.

NEUTRONS
▪ Particles having no charge.
▪ Neutrons are about the same size as protons but their mass is slightly greater,
1.675 x 10 - 27 kg

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1I2nd Semester – AY 2021 – 2022

Engr. Jay T. Oliveros, REE, RME, M.Eng.EE
 Page | 4

NUCLEUS
▪ The central part of the atom where the protons and neutrons are located.

ATOMIC NUMBER
▪ Represents the number of electrons or protons of an atom.

ATOMIC MASS
▪ Represents the sum of protons and neutrons of an atom.

VALENCE ELECTRONS
▪ Electrons found in the outermost shell or orbit of an atom.

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF VALENCE

ELECTRONS

1. CONDUCTORS
o materials having less than four(4) valence electrons
2. SEMI CONDUCTORS
o materials having four(4) valence electrons
3. INSULATORS
o materials having more than four(4) valence electrons

ELECTRIC CHARGE

▪ Electric Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter

consists, measured in coulombs (C).
▪ Named after a French Physicist Charles A. Coulomb
▪ Matter is made of fundamental building blocks known as atoms and that each
atom consists of electrons, protons, and neutrons.
−19
▪ Electron charge(e) = -1.602 x 10 coulombs
−19
▪ Proton charge (p) = 1.602 x 10 coulombs
▪ 18
1 coulomb (C) = 6.25 x 10 electrons or protons

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1I2nd Semester – AY 2021 – 2022

Engr. Jay T. Oliveros, REE, RME, M.Eng.EE
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ELECTRIC CURRENT (I)

 Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in amperes (A).
 A movement or flow of electrically charged
particles
 Named after the French physicist and mathematician, Andre M. Ampere.

TWO TYPES OF CURRENT

Fig. 3 Types of Current (AC/DC)

1. DIRECT CURRENT
- Current that remains constant with time.
2. ALTERNATING CURRENT
- Current that varies sinusoidally with time.

𝑸 Where:
I= Q = charge (coulomb)
𝒕 t = time (second)

Problem 1. What current must flow if 0.24 coulombs is to be transferred in

15 ms?

Problem 2. If a current of 10 A flows for four minutes, find the quantity of

electricity transferred.

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1I2nd Semester – AY 2021 – 2022

Engr. Jay T. Oliveros, REE, RME, M.Eng.EE
 Page | 6

POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE/VOLTAGE (V)

▪ Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit charge
through an element, measured in volts (V).
▪ The capacity of an electric field to do work on an electric charge.
▪ Named after the Italian physicist, Alessandro C. Volta.
▪ Alessandro C. Volta invented the first electric battery, the voltaic pile.

𝑾
V= 𝑸
Where:
W = work done (joule)
Q = charge (coulomb)

Fig. 4. Battery

RESISTANCE (R)
▪ The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is a measure of the difficulty
to pass an electric current through that conductor, measured in ohms (Ω).

▪ Oppose current flow.

▪ Named after the German physicist, Georg S. Ohm.

▪ Depends upon the kind of material, length of material, cross sectional area and
temperature.

𝜌𝐿 𝜌𝑉 𝜌𝐿2
𝑅= 𝑅= 2 𝑅=
𝐴 𝐴 𝑉

Where:
R = Resistance
A = Cross-sectional area
ρ = Resistivity
L = Length
V = Volume

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1I2nd Semester – AY 2021 – 2022

Engr. Jay T. Oliveros, REE, RME, M.Eng.EE
 Page | 7

Resistivity (𝜌) is the amount of change of resistance in a material per unit

change in Temperature.

RESISTIVITIES OF COMMON ELEMENTS @ 20 0C (ρ = c - CM / ft)

SILVER – 9.9 IRON, COMMERCIAL - 75

COPPER, ANNEALED – 10.37 TUNGSTEN - 33
COPPER, HARD DRAWN – 10.65 ALUMINUM - 17

AREA of conductor
(Symmetric Unit, Square Millimeter)
𝝅
𝑨 = 𝟒 𝒅2
Where:
d = diameter in square millimetre
Circular Mil (CM)

(Circular Mil)  Area of a circle

having a diameter
𝑨 = 𝒅2 of one mil
Where:  1 in = 1,000 mils
d = diameter in mil  1 MCM = 1,000 CM

CONVERSION BETWEEN CIRCULAR MIL & SQUARE MILLIMETER

𝜋
ASM = ACM
𝟒

Problem 3. Calculate the resistance of a 2 km length of aluminium overhead

power cable if the cross-sectional area of the cable is 100 mm2. Take the
resistivity of aluminium to be 0.03x106 Ω m.

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1I2nd Semester – AY 2021 – 2022

Engr. Jay T. Oliveros, REE, RME, M.Eng.EE
 Page | 8

Problem 4. Calculate the cross-sectional area, in mm2, of a piece of copper

wire, 40 m in length and having a resistance of 0.25 Ω. Take the resistivity of
copper as 0.02x106 Ω m.

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1I2nd Semester – AY 2021 – 2022

Engr. Jay T. Oliveros, REE, RME, M.Eng.EE
 Page | 9

CONDUCTORS UNDERGOING DRAWING PROCESS (Constant

Volume, Same Material)

𝑹2 𝑳2 𝑨𝟏 𝒅𝟏
= ( )2= ( )2= ( )4
𝑹1 𝑳1 𝑨𝟐 𝒅𝟐

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE IN RESISTANCE

Experiments have shown that the resistance of all wires generally used in practice
in electrical systems, increases as the temperature increases.
𝐑𝟐 𝐓+𝐭𝟐
=𝐓+𝐭𝟏
𝐑𝟏

R2 = R1 [ 1 + ꭤt1 (t2 – t1)]

𝟏
ꭤt1 =
𝑻+𝒕 1 INFERRED ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE (T) in 0C

Where: COPPER = 234.5

R1 = initial resistance SILVER = 243

R2 = final resistance ALUMINUM = 236

T = inferred absolute temperature TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE

(@ 20 0C)
(temperature when resistance of a given
material is zero) COPPER = 0.00393/0C

t1 = initial temperature SILVER = 0.0038/0C

t2 = final temperature ALUMINUM = 0.0039/0C

ꭤ = temperature coefficient of resistance

Problem 5. A coil of copper wire has a resistance of 100Ω when its

temperature is 0°C. Determine its resistance at 70°C if the temperature
coefficient of resistance of copper at 0°C is 0 .0043/°C.

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1I2nd Semester – AY 2021 – 2022

Engr. Jay T. Oliveros, REE, RME, M.Eng.EE
 Page | 10

Problem 6. An aluminium cable has a resistance of 27 Ω at a temperature of

35°C. Determine its resistance at 0°C. Take the temperature coefficient of
resistance at 0°C to be 0.0038/°C.

Problem 7. A carbon resistor has a resistance of 1 k Ω at 0°C. Determine its

resistance at 80°C. Assume that the temperature coefficient of resistance for
carbon at 0°C is0.0005/°C.

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1I2nd Semester – AY 2021 – 2022

Engr. Jay T. Oliveros, REE, RME, M.Eng.EE
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RESISTOR COLOR CODING

COLOR Mnemonics DIGIT MULTIPLIER TOLERANCE

BLACK Bad 0 1
BROWN Boys 1 101
RED Rape 2 102
ORANGE Our 3 103
YELLOW Young 4 104
GREEN Girls 5 105
BLUE But 6 106
VIOLET Violy 7 107
GRAY Gave 8 108
WHITE Willingly 9 109
GOLD Gary 10-1 ±5%
SILVER Said 10-2 ± 10 %
NO COLOR No Comment ±20 %

TOLERANCE
▪ Tolerance is the amount (in percent) by which the actual ohmic resistance
can be different from the color coded value.

CONDUCTANCE (G)
▪ Conductance is a measure of the material’s ability to conduct electric
current.
▪ Reciprocal of Resistance

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1I2nd Semester – AY 2021 – 2022

Engr. Jay T. Oliveros, REE, RME, M.Eng.EE
 Page | 12

SIEMENS (formerly mho)

▪ Unit of conductance.
▪ Name after the German engineer, Ernst Werner von Siemens.
𝟏 𝜹𝑨 𝟏
G= = 𝜹=
𝑹 𝑳 𝝆

Where:
δ = conductivity ρ = specific resistance (resistivity)
L = length
A = cross sectional area

OHM’S LAW

It states that at constant temperature, the current flowing in an electric circuit is

directly proportional to the impressed emf applied to the circuit and inversely
proportional to the equivalent resistance of the said circuit.

Fig. 5. Ohm’s Law Formula & illustration

Problem 8. Determine the voltage which must be applied to a 2 kΩ resistor

in order that a current of 10 mA may flow.

Problem 9. A 100 V battery is connected across a resistor and causes a

current of 5 mA to flow. Determine the resistance of the resistor. If the
voltage is now reduced to 25 V, what will be the new value of the current
flowing?

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1I2nd Semester – AY 2021 – 2022

Engr. Jay T. Oliveros, REE, RME, M.Eng.EE
 Page | 13

ELECTRICAL POWER (P)

ELECTRICAL POWER is the rate of using or consuming electrical energy.

Watt is the unit of Power.

- Equivalent to one joule of energy consumed in one second.

- Named after the British engineer and inventor James Watt.

Where:
𝟐 𝑽𝟐 P= electrical power (watt)
P= 𝑽𝑰 = 𝑰 R = 𝑹 V= voltage (volt)
I= current (ampere)
R= resistance (ohm)

Problem 10. A 100 W electric light bulb is connected to a 250 V supply.

Determine (a) the current flowing in the bulb, and (b) the resistance of the
bulb.

Problem 11. Calculate the power dissipated when a current of 4 mA flows

through a resistance of 5 kΩ.

Problem 12. An electric kettle has a resistance of 30 Ω..What current will flow
when it is connected to a 240 V supply? Find also the power rating of the
kettle.

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1I2nd Semester – AY 2021 – 2022

Engr. Jay T. Oliveros, REE, RME, M.Eng.EE
 Page | 14

ELECTRICAL ENERGY

ENERGY – Energy is the capacity to do work. 1 calorie= 4.186 joules

1 hp = 746 watts
W= 𝑷𝒕 1 BTU= 252 calories
Where: 1 kWh= 3600 kJ= 3413 BTU =860
kcal
W = electrical energy (joule) 1 joule= 1 x 107 ergs
1 day = 24 hours
P = electrical power (watt) 1 month = 30 days = 720 hours
1 year = 365 days = 8760 hours
t = time (second)

Kilowatt-hour (kW-hr)
-unit in which electrical energy is sold to a
consumer.

Problem 13. Electrical equipment in an office takes a current of 13 A from a

240 V supply. Estimate the cost per week of electricity if the equipment is
used for 30 hours each week and 1 kWh of energy costs 7 pesos.

Problem 14. An electric heater consumes 3.6 MJ when connected to a 250 V

supply for 40 minutes. Find the power rating of the heater and the current
taken from the supply.

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1I2nd Semester – AY 2021 – 2022

Engr. Jay T. Oliveros, REE, RME, M.Eng.EE
 Page | 15

CIRCUIT
Is a closed conducting path through which an electric current flows or is
intended to flow.

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT/ELECTRIC NETWORK

A collection of electrical elements interconnected in some specified way.
RESISTIVE CIRCUITS
1. SERIES CIRCUIT – the resistors are connected end to end.

The total resistance is equal to the sum of the individual resistances.

RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + … + Rn

The total voltage is equal to the sum of the voltage drop across each resistance.

VT = V 1 + V2 + V3 + … + V n

The current flowing in each resistances are the same.

IT = I 1 = I2 = I3 = … = In

Problem 15. A 12 V battery is connected in a circuit having three series-

connected resistors having resistances of 4 Ω, 9 Ω and 11 Ω. Determine the
current flowing through, and the power dissipated across the 9 Ω resistor.
Find also the power dissipated in the 11 Ω resistor.

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1I2nd Semester – AY 2021 – 2022

Engr. Jay T. Oliveros, REE, RME, M.Eng.EE
 Page | 16

2. PARALLEL CIRCUIT – the resistors are connected across each other.

The total resistance is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals
of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances.

𝟏
RT = 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
+ +⋯+
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝒏

The voltage drop across each resistor is equal to the total voltage.

VT = V 1 = V 2 = … V n

The total current is equal to the sum of the currents flowing in each
resistance.

IT = I 1 + I 2 + … + I n

𝑽𝒕 𝑽𝒕 𝑽𝒕
IT = + + ...+
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝒏

Problem 16. Two resistors, of resistance 3 Ω and 6 Ω , are connected in

parallel across a battery having a voltage of 12 V. Determine (a) the total
circuit resistance and (b) the current flowing in the 3 Ω resistor.

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1I2nd Semester – AY 2021 – 2022

Engr. Jay T. Oliveros, REE, RME, M.Eng.EE
 Page | 17

3. SERIES – PARALLEL CIRCUIT

A combinational circuit which when simplified will result into a series circuit.

𝟏
RT = R1 + 𝟏 𝟏
+
𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑

4. PARALLEL – SERIES CIRCUIT

A combinational circuit which when simplified will result into a parallel circuit.

𝟏
RT = 𝟏 𝟏
+
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐+𝑹𝟑

5. VOLTAGE DIVISION THEOREM (VDT)

𝑽𝒕𝑹𝟏
V1 =
𝑹𝟏+𝑹𝟐

𝑽𝒕𝑹𝟐
V2 =
𝑹𝟏+𝑹𝟐

6. CURRENT DIVISION THEOREM (CDT)

𝑰𝒕𝑹𝟐
I1 =
𝑹𝟏+𝑹𝟐

𝑰𝒕𝑹𝟏
I2 =
𝑹𝟏+𝑹𝟐

NOTE: if there are more than two resistors in parallel, reduce first the circuit in
two resistors in parallel before applying the CDT.

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1I2nd Semester – AY 2021 – 2022

Engr. Jay T. Oliveros, REE, RME, M.Eng.EE
 Page | 18

7. DELTA AND WYE CIRCUIT

WYE TO DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS

𝑿𝒀+𝒀𝒁+𝒁𝑿
A=
𝒁
𝑿𝒀+𝒀𝒁+𝒁𝑿
B=
𝑿
𝑿𝒀+𝒀𝒁+𝒁𝑿
C=
𝒀

DELTA TO WYE TRANSFORMATIONS

𝑨𝑪
X=
𝑨+𝑩+𝑪
𝑨𝑩
Y=
𝑨+𝑩+𝑪
𝑩𝑪
Z= Fig. 6. Delta Circuits
𝑨+𝑩+𝑪

FOR IDENTICAL RESISTORS

𝑹𝞓
RY =
𝟑

R𝞓 = 3RY

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1I2nd Semester – AY 2021 – 2022

Engr. Jay T. Oliveros, REE, RME, M.Eng.EE