PM SHRI

JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA,

MYSORE

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

TOPIC : Factors Affecting Internal

Resistance /emf of a Cell

SUBMITTED BY,
CHIRAG M. L.
CLASS XII
GUIDED BY,
HAREESH KUMAR
V.K.
PGT PHYSICS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere thanks to

my subject teacher Shri. Hareesh Kumar V K who
guided me in doing the project titled: To study
various factors on which the internal resistance/
EMF of a cell as part of the partial assessment of the
Main subject 'Physics' for AISSCE March 2024

I also thank the Principal of the Vidyalaya

Shri. Madhusoodanan. J and the Vice-Principal
Smt. Anitha Kodayikkal who gave this opportunity
in learning this subject having lot of significance in
my daily life.

Last but not the least, I express my sincere

thanks to all my friends, parents and all other
teaching and non-teaching staff of the Vidyalaya
who directly or indirectly movitated and encouraged
me in completing the project successfully.

Signature of the student

CHIRAG M L
Class XII ''A''
ROLL NO. =
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify Master Chirag M L of

Class: XII with Roll no. of
JNV Mysore has successfully completed the project
on 'Physics' as the main subject on the topic titled:
towards the partial fulfillment of her AISSCE,
March 2024.

It is futher certified that this project is of

his original contribution and the work is carried out
by her under th guidance of the subject teacher.

(HAREESH KUMAR V. K.) External

Examiner
Subject Teacher

(MADHUSOODANAN.J)
Principal
 DECLARATION

I do hearby declare that this project

work titled: To study various factors on
which the internal resistance / EMF of a
cell depends on 'Physics' as main subject
is of my original work prepared and
submitted as part of the partial assessment
of my AISSCE March 2024 and the entire
work is carried out under the guidance of
the subject teacher Shri. Hareesh Kumar V
K

Signature of the student

CHIRAG. M. L.
Class XII 'A'
Roll no.
 INDEX

1)INTRODUCTION
*Primary cell
*Secondary cell
*EMF
2)OBJECTIVE
3)APPARATUS
4)CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
5)THEORY
6)OBSERVATION
7)CONCLUSION
8)PRECAUTIONS
9)SOURCES OF ERROR
10)BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION

An electrochemical cell is a device that

generates electrical energy from chemical
reactions. Electrical energy can also be
applied to these cells to cause chemical
reactions to occur. Electrochemical cells
which generate an electric current are called
voltaic or galvanic cells and those that
generate chemical reactions, via electrolysis
for example, are called electrolytic cells.

They are of two types:

1)Primary cells
2)Secondary cells

PRIMARY CELLS

An electrochemical cell is a device that

generates electrical energy from chemical
reactions. Electrical energy can also be
applied to these cells to cause chemical
reactions to occur. Electrochemical cells
which generate an electric current are called
voltaic or galvanic cells and those that
generate chemical reactions, via electrolysis
for example, are called electrolytic cells.

SECONDARY CELLS

secondary cell produces current by

reversible chemical reactions (ex. lead-acid
battery car battery) and is
rechargeablE.Lead-acid batteries are used in
an automobile to start an engine and to
operate the car's electrical accessories when
the engine is not running. The alternator,
once the car is running, recharges the
battery.

ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE

electromagnetism and electronics,

electromotive force . Devices called
electrical transducers provide an emf by
converting other forms of energy into
electrical energy. Other electrical equipment
also produce an emf, such as batteries,
which convert chemical energy, and
generators, which convert mechanical
energy. This energy conversion is achieved
by physical forces applying physical work
on electric charges.
An electronic–hydraulic analogy may view
emf as the mechanical work done to water
by a pump, which results in a pressure
difference (analogous to voltage).In
electromagnetic induction, emf can be
defined around a closed loop of a conductor
as the electromagnetic work that would be
done on an elementary electric charge (such
as an electron) if it travels once around the
loop.

OBJECTIVE

To study the various factors on which

the internal resistance / EMF of a
cell depends
 APPARATUS

A Potentiometer , a battery (battery

eliminator) , two way keys , a rheostat of
low resistance , a galvanometer , a high
resistance , an ammeter , a cell , a Jockey , a
set square , connecting wires , water bath ,
thermometer(0-100°C) , burner , tripod
stand , wire gauge .

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 THEORY
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance
offered by its electrolyte to the flow of ions .
The internal resistance of a cell is

1)is directly prop. To the distance between the

electrodes
2)is inversely prop.to facing surface area of the
electrodes in electrolytes
3)decreases with increase in temp.of
electrolytes
4)is inversely proportional to concentration of
electrolyte
The internal resistance of a cell is given by
r = (l1-l2/l1)R
where l1, l2 are the balancing lengths without
resistance and with resistance respectively and
R is the shunt resistance is parallel with the
given cell
 PROCEDURE

Step 1

1. Draw the circuit diagram showing the

scheme of connections.
2. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with
sand paper and make tight connections
according to the circuit diagrams.
3. Tight the plugs of the resistance box.
4. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and cell and
see that e.m.f. and see that e.m.f. of the battery
is more than that of given cell ,otherwise null or
balance point will not be obtained.
5. Take maximum current from the battery ,
making rheostat resistance small.
6. To test the corrections of the connections.
(insert the plug in the key and note the ammeter
reading .Take out 2000 ohm resistance plug
from resistance box. Place the jokey first at the
end P of the wire and then at the end Q. If the
galvanometer shows deflection in opposite
direction in the two cases the connections are
correct). 7. Without inserting the plug in the
key adjust the rheostat so that a null point is
obtained on the 4th wire of potentiometer.
8. Insert the 2000 ohm plug back in the
position in resistance box and by slightly
adjusting the jockey near the previous obtained
position of null point, obtain null point position
accurately, using a set square.
9. Measure the balancing length between the
point and the end P of the wire.
10. Take out the 2000 ohm plug again from the
resistance box R.B. introduce plugs in the
key ,as well as in key. Take out small resistance
(1-5 Ω) from the resistance box R connected in
parallel with the cell.
11. Slide the jockey along the potentiometer
wire and obtain null point.
12. Insert 2000 ohms plug back in its position
in R.B. and if necessary make further
adjustment for sharp null point.
13. Measure the balancing length from end P.
14. Remove the plug keys at and .Wait for
some time and for the same value of current (as
shown by ammeter) repeat the steps 7 to 13.
15.Repeat the observations for diffrent values of
R repeating each observation twice.
16.Calculate the internal resistance of cell by
using the above relation for r.
Step 2
To see the effect of distance between the
electrodes on internal resistances keeping the
other factors constant ,vary separation between
electrodes and measure internal resistance in
each case
Step 3
To see the effect of the temperature of
electrolyte on internal resistance by keeping
other factors constant. Keep primary cells in
water bath to heat the electrolyte. Determine the
internal resistance at various temperatures.
Step 4
To see the effect of concentration (nature) of
electrolyte on internal resistance by :- Keeping
the other factors constant , decrease
concentration of electrolyte by adding the
distilled water and determine internal resistance
of cell in each case .
 OBSERVATION

S. Ammeter Pos.of null point Shunt r = (l1-

No Reading (cm) Resist l /l ) R
2 1
. (A) With (R) Without ance
L1 (R) L2
1 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94
2 0.3 660.5 77.2 2 1.77
3 0,3 660.5 108.3 3 2.51

Table for effect of separation between

electrodes

S. Seperation Balancin Balancin r = (l1- r/d

No between g length g length l /l ) R
. electrodes d (cm) (l1) (cm)(l2) 2 1
(cm)
1 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.46 0.38
2 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38
3 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.41 0.38
 Table for effect of temperature

S. Temp. l1 l2 Resistance r = Tr
No (T)0C R (l1-l2/l1)R
.
1 40 325 12 1 0.96 301
.44
2 32 552 23.6 1 0.95 291
.96
3 27 660.5 35.5 1 0.94 283
.87

CONCLUSION

1. The Electromotive Force of the cell is

constant and is equal to E = 0.98 Volt
2. The internal resistance of a cell is directly
proportional to the separation between the
electrodes.
3. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the area of the electrodes dipped
in electrolyte.
4.The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the temperature of electrolytes.
5.The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the concentration of the
electrolyte.

PRECAUTIONS

1. The connections should be neat , clean and

tight.
2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys
only when the observations are
to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells
E1 and E2 should , all be
connected to the terminal at the zero of the
wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along
the wire. It should touch the
wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant
for a particular set of
observation. If necessary , adjust the rheostat
for this purpose.
6. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater
than the e.m.f.'s of the either
of the two cells.
7. Some high resistance plug should always be
taken out from resistance box
before the jockey is moved along the wire.
8. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater
than that of the cell.
9. For one set of observation the ammeter
reading should remain constant.
10. Current should be passed for short time only
, while finding the null
point.
11. Rheostat should be adjusted so that initial
null point lies on last wire of
the potentiometer.
12. Cell should not be disturbed during
experiment.
13.Jockey should not be rubbed against the
potentiometer wire.
 SOURCES OF ERROR

1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully

charged.
2. The potentiometer wire may not be of
uniform cross-section and material
density throughout its length.
3. End resistances may not be zero.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.google.com
www.documents.mx
www.wikipedia.org
www.docfoc.com

THANK YOU