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Higher Order Derivatives and Implicit Differentiation

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56 views22 pages

Higher Order Derivatives and Implicit Differentiation

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202440187
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Derivatives

Differentiation of Algebraic Function


Differentiation of Algebraic Function
Example
Higher Order Derivatives
The derivative f’ of a function f is itself a function and hence may have
a derivative of its own. If f’ is differentiable, then its derivative is
denoted by f” and is called the second derivative of f. As long as we
have differentiability, we can continue the process of differentiating to
obtain the third, fourth, fifth, and even higher derivatives of f.

These successive derivatives are denoted by


f ' , f ' ' = ( f ' )' , f ' ' ' = ( f ' ' )' , f 4 = ( f ' ' ' )' , f 5 = ( f 4 )' ,......
Higher Order Derivatives
Other common notations for higher derivatives are the following:

First Derivative: dy d
, y ' , f ' ( x), f ( x), Dx f ( x)
dx dx

2 2
Second Derivative: d y d 2
2
, y ' ' , f ' ' ( x), 2 f ( x), D x f ( x)
dx dx
Higher Order Derivatives
Other common notations for higher derivatives are the following:

nth Derivative: dny n n dn n


n
, y , f ( x ), n
f ( x ), D x f ( x)
dx dx

dy d 2 y d n y
The symbols , 2
, are called Leibniz notations.
dx dx dx n
Higher Order Derivative
Example:
1. Find all the derivatives of the function.
y = −6 x 5 + 5 x 4 − 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 + 10 x − 5

Solution: y' = −30 x 4 + 20 x 3 − 6 x 2 + 6 x + 10


y" = −120 x 3 + 60 x 2 − 12 x + 6
y''' = −360 x 2 + 120 x − 12
y (4 ) = −720 x + 120
y (5 ) = −720
y (6 ) = 0
Higher Order Derivative
Example:
2. Find the second derivative of y = x 4 − 5 + x −2 + 4 x −4 when 𝑥 = 1.

Solution: y' = 4 x 3 − 2 x −3 − 16 x −5
y" = 12 x 2 + 6 x −4 + 80 x −6

when 𝑥 = 1: y" = 12(1)2 + 6 (1)−4 + 80(1)−6


= 12 + 6 + 80
y" = 98
Higher Order Derivative
Example:
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑥
3. Find of 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 2 1−𝑥

Solution: dy (1 − x )(1) − x(− 1) 1 − x + x 1


= = =
dx (1 − x ) 2
(1 − x ) (1 − x )2
2

d 2 y (1 − x ) (0 ) − 12(1 − x )(− 1) 2(1 − x )


2
= =
dx 2
(1 − x )4
(1 − x )4
d2y 2
=
dx 2
(1 − x )3
Implicit Differentiation
Functions Defined Explicitly and Implicitly

There are two ways to define functions, implicitly and explicitly. Most
of the equations we have dealt with have been explicit equations, such
as y = 2x-3, so that we can write y = f(x) where f(x) = 2x-3. But the
equation 2x-y = 3 describes the same function. This second equation is
an implicit definition of y as a function of x. As there is no real
distinction between the appearance of x or y in the second form, this
equation is also an implicit definition of x as a function of y.
Implicit Differentiation
An implicit function is a function in which the dependent variable has
not been given "explicitly" in terms of the independent variable. To give
a function f explicitly is to provide a prescription for determining
the output value of the function y in terms of the input value x: y = f(x).
By contrast, the function is implicit if the value of y is obtained
from x by solving an equation of the form: R(x,y) = 0.
Implicit Differentiation
• An equation of the form y=f(x) is said to define explicitly as a
function of x because the variable y appears alone on one side of the
equation and does not appear at all on the other side. However,
sometimes functions are defined by equations in which is not alone
on one side; for example the equation yx+y+1=x is not
of the form y=f(x), but still defines y as a function of x since it can be
𝑥−1
rewritten as 𝑦 = . Thus we say that yx+y+1=x defines y implicitly
𝑥+1
𝑥−1
as a function of x , the function being 𝑓 𝑥 = .
𝑥+1
Implicit Differentiation
Suppose we have an equation f(x, y) = 0 where neither variable could
be expressed as a function of the other. In other words, it wouldn’t be
possible, by rearranging f(x, y) = 0, to separate out one of the variables
and express it as a function of the other. Often we can solve an
equation f(x, y) = 0 for one of the variables obtaining multiple solutions
constituting multiple branches. Consider the equation
which defines y as an implicit function of x. If we solve for y in terms of
x, we obtain two solutions 𝑦 = + 1 − 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = − 1 − 𝑥 2 thus we
have found two functions that are defined implicitly by
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 1 = 0.
Implicit Differentiation
In general, it is not necessary to solve an equation for y in terms of x in
order to differentiate the functions defined implicitly by the equation.

To find the derivative of functions defined implicitly we use implicit


differentiation.
Implicit Differentiation
Steps in Implicit Differentiation

1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x.


𝑑𝑦
2. Collect all the terms with on one side of the equation.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
3. Factor out .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
4. Solve for .
𝑑𝑥
Implicit Differentiation
Example:
1. Find y' and y' ' of x 2 − 4 y 2 = 4 by implicit differenti ation.
2. Show that if x y = 1, then y' '  x' ' = 4
Solution 1:
x2 − 4 y2 = 4 Find y' '
Take the derivativeof 1  y - xy'  x
y' ' =  2

 then replace y' =
each term implicitly, 4  y  4y
2 x − 8 yy' = 0
 x  4 y2 − x2
8 yy' = 2 x y − x 
Solve for y' ,
1
y" = •  4y  1
= •
4y
2
4 y 4 y2
2x
y' =
8y 1 4 y2 − x2 − x2 − 4 y2
y" = • =
( )
3
x 4 4y 16 y 3
y' =
4y but x 2 − 4 y 2 = 4
−4 −1
y" = 3
= 3
16 y 4y
Solution 2:

Differentiate the given


dy − y
equation x y = 1 wrt x. then substitute =
dx x
x + y (1) = 0
dy  −y
x − + y
dx 2
d y  x  y+ y
= = 2
dy dy − y dx 2
x 2
x
x = −y  =
dx dx x d2y 2y
2
= 2  this is y"
dx x
Differentiate again wrt x
 dy   dy 
2 x −  − (− y (1)) x −  + y
d y
=  dx 
=  dx 
2 2
dx x x2
Solution 2:
dx dx − x
Now find in x y = 1. then substitute =
dy dy y
 −x
x(1) + y
dx
=0 y −  + x
dy 2
d x  y  x+x
= =
dx dx − x dy 2 y2 y2
y = −x  =
dy dy y d 2 x 2x
2
= 2  this is x"
Differentiate again wrt y. dy y

y( − ) − (− x(1))
dx
2
Therefore ,
d x dy
= 2 y 2x 4
dy 2
y2 y"  x" = 2  2 =
x y xy
 dx  y"  x" = 4 since xy = 1
2
y −  + x
d x
=  dy 
2
dy y2
Exercise
A. Find the indicated derivative for the following functions.

1. y = 10x 5 − 21x 4 + 13 x 4 − 6 x 2 + 5 x − 1000; y (6 )

2. y = 3
(1 − 2 x )
5
; y' ' 5. x = (1 − y ) (3 y + 1); y' '
2

x = t
x−2 
3. y = ; y (4 ) 6.  1 ; y' '
x y =
 1 − t 2

−4
4. f ( x ) = 2 ; y ( 3 )
x
dy
B . Find by implicit differentiation.
dx
1. 2 x + 2 y = 17
2 2

2. x y − xy = a b
3 3 3 3

1 1
3. − = 1
x y
4. x+ y= xy
C . Find the indicated derivativeof the following.
1. x 2 − 4 y 2 = 5 ; y' '
2. y 3 + y = x 4 ; y' '

3. ( x + y ) + ( x − y ) = a ; y' ' '


1 1
2 2

4. ( x + y ) = 2 ax ; y' ' '


2

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