GEE 9

SPHERICAL TRIGO
WITH SOLID MENS
SEMESTER
2024
S.Y. 2023
-
ANA PEARL M. NILLOSA
S
T
1
CHAPTER III: Plane Figures

Starting Accurately (Introduction)

Geometry is used in various daily life applications such as art, architecture,engineering,robotics, astronomy,
sculptures, space, nature, sports, machines, cars, and much more.

In the world of mathematics, each of these geometric terms has a specific definition. It is important to know these
definitions—as well as how different figures are constructed—to become familiar with the language of geometry.
Let’s start with the plane figure.

Objectives:
1. Identify and describe plane figures and polygons.
2. Master the different formulas in solving for the perimeter and area of plane figures.

Inculcating Concepts(Input/Lesson Proper)

PLANE FIGURES

In mathematics, a plane is a flat or two-dimensional surface that has no thickness that and so the term ‘plane
figures’ is used to describe figures that are drawn on a plane. Circles, ellipses, triangles, quadrilaterals and other
polygons are some examples of plane figures. All plane figures are two dimensional in nature and the study of
these shapes is known as plane geometry or Euclidean geometry.

When dealing with plane figures, there are two measurements that are important to find: the area and the
perimeter. The perimeter is the length around the shape while the area is the size of the shape. They can be
calculated with different formula.

Triangles
A triangle is a plane figure bounded by three straight lines. It has three sides and three angles. Hence, there are
six elements in a triangle that can be measured. The sides meet at three points called the vertices (singular
vertex).

Types of Triangles

1. Equilateral triangles, which are also equiangular triangles, have three sides equal and three angles equal.
Their angles are always 60°.
2. Isosceles triangles are triangles in which two of the sides are equal. The non-included angles of the sides are
also equal.
3. Scalene triangles have no equivalence in any way.
4. Right triangles are triangles with a right angle. The longest side of such triangles is called a hypotenuse.
5. Obtuse triangles are triangles with an obtuse angle.
6. Acute triangles are triangles with no right or obtuse angle.

It is interesting to note that the interior angles of triangles must add up to 180°. This is commonly used in proofs
and other problems. Imagine a triangle whose points are marked A, B and C, angle A is 60 degrees, and angle B is
70 degrees:

Usually, when drawing a triangle, we draw one side horizontally. This side is usually called the base. There is
nothing special about the base. By turning your paper you can make any side into the base. There is no
mathematical reason to call one side a base; we do it to make talking about the triangle easier. When you have a
triangle and think of one of the sides as the base, then there is one corner of the triangle that is not on the base
and this point is the furthest point on the triangle from the base. The height of the triangle is the line that is
perpendicular to the base and goes through that furthest point. Sometimes instead of being called the height, it is
called the altitude of the triangle. (So if your teacher calls it an altitude, don't worry, it's really the same thing.) The
length of the base and the height are the only two numbers you need to know when calculating the area of any
triangle. Just multiply base and height and divide by two (or multiply it by half if you like.) and you have the area of
the triangle.

The perimeter of the triangle is easy: just add up all the sides and voilà, you have the perimeter. You can multiply
one side of an equilateral triangle by three as well. As for isosceles triangles, simply multiply one of the equal sides
by two and add the shorter one.

Naming triangles

A triangle is named using the three letters that refer to their vertices. Vertices are named using ‘upper case’ letters
and sides opposite the vertex are named using the corresponding lower case letters.
In the triangle, the vertices are A, B and C, and so, the triangle is named ABC.
The side opposite vertex A, BC is denoted a, the side opposite vertex B is denoted b and the side opposite angle
C is named c.

Sum of the angles in a triangle

The three angles at the vertices of a triangle are called interior angles. In the diagram below, x, y and z are the
interior angles of the triangle. Angle y at vertex B is the same as angle y at vertex A (alternate angles)Angle x at
vertex C is the same as angle x at vertex A (alternate angles). At the vertex A, x + y + z = 1800 (angles on a
straight line). But, x, y and z are the interior angles of the triangle ABC. Hence, the sum of the interior angles of a
triangle must be 1800 .

We can now state a general rule connecting the three interior angles of a triangle.

Interior Angle of a Triangle

The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180⁰ .

Example:

In the triangle, ABC, B=32º and C= 48º. Calculate the size of A.

Solution:

A ＋32º ＋48º=180º
A+80º=180º
A=180º- 80º
A=100º

(The sum of the interior angles in a triangle =180º)

Exterior angle of a triangle

If we extend the side of a triangle, the angle created between the extended side and the ‘next’ side of the triangle
is called an exterior angle. A triangle has 3 interior angles and three exterior angles. The exterior angles are
formed by extending each side, moving either in a clockwise direction or in an anticlockwise direction.

Exterior angles are shown below.

Exterior Angle Theorem

In the triangle below, d is an exterior angle and a, b and c, are interior angles. We refer to the angles a and b as
the interior opposite angles since they are opposite to the exterior angle, d.

We already know that the sum of the interior angles In a triangle is 180°. That is, a+b+c = 180°
Also, d + c= 180°, (d and c lie on a straight line). Therefore, a+b+c= d+c = 180° or (a+b) + c= d+ c. Subtracting c
from each side of the equation, we have (a+b) = d?

We can now state a general rule connecting the exterior of a triangle and the interior opposite angles of the
triangle.
Exterior Angle Theorem:

The measure of the exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the measures of the two interior opposite
angles.

Example:

In PQR, angle PQR= 45°, and angle QPR = 72°. Calculate the measure of the measure of the exterior angle at R.

Solution:

The exterior angle at R, angle PRS, is equal to the sum of the two interior angles at R and at Q,
PRS = 45° + 72°
PRS = 117°

Quadrilaterals

A quadrilateral is a shape with four sides. You will spend a lot of time with these. They can be classified into many
different categories:

Parallelograms are shapes where opposite sides and angles are equal. The opposite sides are parallel, hence
the name.
Rectangles are parallelograms where the angles are all 90°. Its width or breadth refers to the shorter sides, while
its length refers to its longer ones.
Rhombus(es) are parallelograms where all the sides are equal, and opposite angles are equal.
Squares are parallelograms that are both rectangles and rhombuses, i.e. all angles are right and all sides are
equal.
Trapeziums, called trapezoids in American English, has two opposite sides that are parallel. The parallel sides are
sometimes called the upper and lower bases.

Right-angles trapeziums are trapeziums with a right angle.

Isosceles trapeziums are trapeziums where the laterals sides are equal but not parallel.
Scalene trapeziums are trapeziums that fall into neither category.
Kites are quadrilaterals where two pairs of adjacent sides are equal and one pair of opposite angles is equal.

Irregular quadrilaterals are any quadrilaterals that do not fit into one of the groups above.

Other polygons

Many other polygons have a name. The following are the ones you need to know in elementary school:

Pentagons have five sides.

Hexagons have six sides.
Heptagons or septagons have seven sides.
Octagons have eight sides.
Nonagons have nine sides.
Decagons have ten sides.

And here are two more extras:

Hendecagons (also known as undecagons) has eleven sides.

Dodecagons have twelve sides.

FORMULA of different plane figures:

Using/application knowledge

Test 1: Solve the interior angle of the triangle.

1. x=25⁰ 2. s=65⁰ 3. m=45⁰ 4. a= 35⁰ 5. f=57⁰
y=90⁰ t=35⁰ o=65⁰ c=35⁰ d=38⁰
z=? u=? n=? b=? e=?

Test 2: Solve the following word problems:

1. If the radius of a circle is 7 cm, then what is the area of the circle?
2. Find the area of a parallelogram with a base of 12 cm and a height of 30 cm.
3. Given that each side is 5 cm, find the area of a square.
4. Calculate the perimeter of a square with each side measuring 7 units.
5. Find the perimeter of a parallelogram whose base is 5cm, and the side length is 6cm.

CHAPTER IV: Geometric Solids

Starting Accurately (Introduction)

One of the best examples of geometry in daily life is nature. We can find different geometrical shapes and patterns
in leaves, flowers, stems, bark, and so on. A walk in the garden daily will help you discover different 3D
geometrical shapes and symmetry. The fruits and vegetables consumed by us daily come in
different shapes which act as a great example for children to revise their geometry. One of nature's finest is seen
in a beehive, where bees build their home in the shape of a hexagon which can be seen only through a
microscope.

Objectives:

1. Identify the different geometric solids.

2. Solve problems involving volume and surface area of geometric solids.

Inculcating Concepts(Input/Lesson Proper)

NEW VOCABULARY:

Polyhedron:
a special solid with all flat surfaces that are polygons
**named by its base

Face- flat surfaces of a solid

Edge- the line segment where the faces intersect
Vertex- the point where three or more edges intersect
Platonic solid- a regular polyhedron where all of the faces are regular congruent polygons and all the edges are
congruent.

Geometric Solid

A geometric figure or shape that has a three-dimensional structure is known as a geometric solid. They occupy
space. In simple words, they have volume. They have length, width, and height.The branch of geometry that deals
with three-dimensional (3D) solid shapes is known as solid geometry.

Common examples of solid geometric figures are cone, sphere, cube, cuboid. The geometric solid cube has three
dimensions—length, width, and height.

Cube

A cube is a three dimensional solid with six square faces of the same length. The total space occupied by a cube
is called its volume. If we have a cube, and we fill it with water, the amount of water that fits inside the cube is
called its volume.

EXAMPLE:

What is the volume of a cube if its edge is 2 cm?

Solution:

Given: s = 2 cm
V= s × s × s

So, volume of the given cube = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8cm3

Thus, the total volume of a cube with an edge of 2 cm is 8cm3.

Parallelepiped

A parallelepiped is a three-dimensional geometric solid with six faces such that each face is a parallelogram. It is
also called a prism with a parallelogram base.

Volume of parallelepiped:

V= B × h

EXAMPLE:

If the base area of a parallelepiped is 70 ¿2 and the height is 8 inches, then find its volume.

Solution:

The base area of a parallelepiped= 70¿2 and height= 8 in.

The volume of parallelepiped (V) = Base Area × Height
 V= 70 ¿2 (8 in)
V= 560 ¿3
Prism

A prism is a solid shape that is bound on all its sides by plane faces. There are two types of faces in a prism. The
top and bottom faces are identical and are called bases. A prism is named after the shape of these bases. For
example, if a prism has a triangular base it is called a triangular prism.

How to Find the volume of a prism?

The formula to calculate the prism volume can be written as V=B×h, where V is the volume, b is the base area,
and h is the height of the prism.

EXAMPLE:

Calculate the volume of a prism with a height of 7 cm and an area of the base of 60 cm².

We know that Volume of prism = Area of base ✕ Height

Given: Height = 7 cm
Area of base = 60 cm²

Therefore, the volume of the given prism:

Volume = 60 ✕ 7 = 420 cm³

Cylinder

Cylinder is one of the basic 3d shapes, in geometry, which has two parallel circular bases at a distance. The two
circular bases are joined by a curved surface, at a fixed distance from the center. The line segment joining the
center of two circular bases is the axis of the cylinder. The distance between the two circular bases is called the
height of the cylinder. LPG gas-cylinder is one of the real-life examples of cylinders.

Volume of a Cylinder

The volume of a cylinder is defined as the amount of space it has that can be filled. Suppose you had a cylinder
that is absolutely empty from inside. If we start filling it with water, then the amount of water that the cylinder can
hold will be referred to as its volume.

The volume of a cylinder is given by the formula:

V= πr 2 h

EXAMPLE:

Find the volume of the given figure in the nearest cubic centimeter.

The formula of the cylinder is πr²h, here r = 8 cm and h = 15 cm

Therefore, volume of given cylinder = π ✕ 8 ✕ 8 ✕ 15 = 3016 cm3

Pyramid

What Is the Volume of a Rectangular Pyramid?

A rectangular pyramid is a three dimensional object with a rectangle as its base and triangular lateral faces. A
rectangular pyramid is crowned at the top at a point known as the apex. Except for the base, all the faces connect
at a vertex at the top called the apex.
Thus, a rectangular pyramid has these main parts: a rectangular base, four triangular faces, five vertices, and
eight edges.

Volume of Rectangular Pyramid Formula

The volume of a rectangular pyramid depends on the area of the base and its height. It is measured in cubic units.
The formula for the volume of the rectangular pyramid is as follows:

1
V= ×B×h
3

EXAMPLE:

Determine the volume of a rectangular pyramid shaped tank whose base area and height are 60 ft 2 and 10 ft
respectively.

Solution:

Area of the rectangular base =60 ft 2

The height of the pyramid shaped tank =10 ft
We know that,
1
V = × Base Area × Height
3
1
V = ×60 ft 2×10 ft
3
V =20 ft 2×10 ft
V =200 ft 3

Hence, the volume of the given rectangular pyramid shaped tank is 200 ft 3.

Cones

What Is the Volume of a Right Circular Cone?

The volume of a right circular cone is the total space occupied by the right circular cone. It is equal to one-third the
product of the base area and height.
1
The formula to find the volume of a right circular cone is V= ∏r 2h, where r is the radius of the base circle and h is
3
the height of the cone.

A right circular cone is a type of cone in which the axis of the cone is the line joining the vertex (apex) and the
midpoint of the circular base. A right circular cone is generated by a revolving right triangle about one of its legs.

EXAMPLE:

What is the volume of a conical tent whose radius is 14 feet and height is 12 feet?

Solution:

Radius of the conical tent (r) = 14 feet

Height of the conical tent (h) = 12 feet
1
V= ∏r 2h
3
1
V= ×3.14(14 2)12
3
V=2461.8 ft 3

Sphere

A sphere is a three-dimensional object that is round in shape. The sphere is defined in three axes, i.e., x-axis, y-
axis and z-axis. This is the main difference between circle and sphere. A sphere does not have any edges or
vertices, like other 3D shapes.

Volume of the sphere:

4 3
V= πr
3

EXAMPLE:
What is the volume of a sphere with a radius of 12 units?

Solution:

To solve for the volume of a sphere, you must first know the equation for the volume of a sphere.
The equation for the volume of a sphere is:
4
V = ∏r 3
3
If the radius of the sphere is 12, then you plug that in for r and solve:
4
V = ∏r 3
3
4 3
V= (3.14 )(12)
3
4
V= (3.14 )(1, 728)
3
V= 7234.56 cubic units

SURFACE AREA

SPHERE

What Is the Surface Area of a Sphere?

The surface area of a sphere is the region or area covered by the outer, curved surface of the sphere.

A sphere is a three-dimensional solid with every point on the surface at equal distances from the center. In simple
words, any solid, round object shaped like a ball is a sphere.

The radius of a sphere is the distance between the surface and the center of the sphere. While one endpoint of
radius is on the surface, the other lies at the center of that sphere.

FORMULA FOR SURFACE AREA OF A SPHERE

SA= 4πr 2

Example: If the radius of a sphere is 20 feet, find its surface area. (Use π = 3.14).

Solution: Given, the radius 'r' of the sphere = 20 feet.

The surface area of the sphere = 4πr2 = 4 × π × 202 = 5024 ft 2
Therefore the surface area of the sphere is 5024 ft 2
Using/application knowledge

TEST 1:Enumerate five examples of geometric solids.

TEST 2: Solve the following word problems:

1. If the diameter of a sphere is 16 units, what is the surface area of the sphere?
2. If the height of the cone is 18 inches and base diameter is 14 inches, then what will be the volume of
the cone?
3. What is the volume of the cube whose edge measures 10 cm?
4. Find the volume of the right circular cone if the radius is 7 units and height is 9 units.
5. If the base area and height of a parallelepiped are 24 square units and 7 units respectively, find its
volume.

REFERENCES:

Books:
1. Tolentino et.al.(2015).Text-Work Book in Solid Mensuration
2. Mateo et.al(2013).Plane and Solid Mensuration Worktext
3. Sarmiento F.M. et.al(2016).Plane Geometry with Basic Trigonometry A Simplified Approach
4. Mamhot et.al.Plane and Spherical Trigonometry A Tetrahedron Approach
5. Baltazar, et.al(2014).Plane and Spherical Trigonometry(Text/Work book)

Online References:

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhz6Vjw1CeA
2.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tUBMx9nn0fk
3.https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=qfh0utoWCpA&list=PLxRvfO0asFG_f4cLR57jTw5T1O9iyC4zH
4.https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Z5SPQDNjuE0&list=PLxRvfO0asFG_f4cLR57jTw5T1O9iyC4zH&index=2
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqIZue-plBI
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=75dMcyCUo2g