Nepal Engineering College

(Affiliated to POKHARA UNIVERSITY)

Changunarayan, Bhaktapur

Report On
FAMILIARIZATION WITH BASIC DISCRETE-TIME SIGNAL.

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

Name: Ashutosh Acharya Rupesh D. Shrestha Sir
Roll No: 017-311
Department: Computer – 1
Group - A
1.Elementary discrete-time signal Plot the basic discrete-time signal using
MATLAB.
i.Unit Impulse sequence
ii.Unit step sequence
iii.Unit Ramp sequence
Create function m-files of each signals and plot the sequences. Also plot
impulse sequence and ramp sequence using step sequence function and step
sequence using impulse sequence function.
A Unit Impulse
Theory:
A unit impulse sequence is a sequence having unit magnitude at origin and zero
magnitude at all other sample instants.
While coding a impseq function is created and this file is saved as file imseq
and a next file is created where the function is called.
Source Code
#A unit impulse sequence#
#Function part#
function [n, d] = impseq(n0, n1 , k)
n = n0 : n1;
d = (n == k);
end
#Normal Code#
[n, d] = impseq(-3, 4, 2);
stem(n, d);
title('unit impulse sequence 017-311');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude')

Output:

1
 A Step Sequence
Theory:
It is defined as a single valued function of one or more independent variables
which contain some information.
While coding a unitstepseq function is created and this file is saved as file
unitstepseq and a next file is created where the function is called.
Source Code:
#A Unit Step Sequence#
#Function part#
function [n, d] = unitstepseq(n0, n1 , k)
n = n0 : n1;
d = (n > k);
end
#Normal Code#
[n, d] = unitstepseq(-5, 5, 2);
stem(n, d);
title('unit step sequence 017-311');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude');

Output:

2
 A Unit Ramp
Theory:
It is defined as a signal function of one or more independent variables which
contain some information.
While coding a unitrampseq function is created and this file is saved as file
unitrampseq and a next file is created where the function is called.
Source Code:
#A Unit Ramp Sequence#
#Function part#
function [n, d] = unitrampseq(n0, n1 , k)
n = n0 : n1;
unitstep = n>=0;
d = n.*unitstep;
end
#Normal Code#
[n, d] = unitrampseq(-5, 5, 0);
stem(n, d);
title('unit ramp sequence 017-311');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude')

Output:

3
2.Continuous-time sinusoidal signal Care must be taken while plotting
continuous-time signal in MATLAB because all signals in MATLAB are
discrete-time, but they will look like continuous-time signals if the sampling rate
is much higher than the Nyquist rate. For example, if we wish to plot continuous-
time sinusoid, x(t) = 2piFt+θ we must take sampling frequency, F s ≥ 2F. The
MATLAB code to plot above signal would be:
F = 3; A = 2; th = 0; % Three parameters frequency, amplitude and phase of
sinusoid.
Fs = 10*F; % Taking sampling rate is equal to ten times the frequency.
T = 1/Fs; % Time period of sampled sequence.
t = 0:T:1; % Defining time t from zero to one.
xt = A*cos(2*pi*F*t + th); % Defining the signal x(t)
plot(t,x); % Plotting the signal t Vs x(t)
a.Create and run the m-file above, and produce figure.
b.Change the sampling frequency and study the behavior of sinusoid.
c.Try plotting the signal for different frequencies.

Theory: A continuous time sinusoidal signal is defined as a signal which is

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 defined for every instant of time.

a) solution

Source Code:

#a solution#
F = 3;
A = 2;
th = 0;
Fs = 10*F;
T= 1/Fs;
t = 0:T:1;
x=A*cos(2*pi*F*t+th);
plot(t,x);
title('Continious Time Signal CRN : 017311');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude');

Output:

b) Solution
Source Code:
#b solution#
F = 3;
A = 2;
th = 0;
Fs = 2*F;

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T= 1/Fs;
t = 0:T:1;
x=A*cos(2*pi*F*t+th);
subplot(221);
plot(t,x);
title('With Frequency Sample as Fs=2*F CRN :
017311');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude');
set(gca, "linewidth", 2, "fontsize", 20)

F = 3;
A = 2;
th = 0;
Fs = 5*F;
T= 1/Fs;
t = 0:T:1;
x=A*cos(2*pi*F*t+th);
subplot(222);
plot(t,x);
title('With Frequency Sample as Fs=5*F CRN :
017311');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude');
set(gca, "linewidth", 2, "fontsize", 20)

F = 3;
A = 2;
th = 0;
Fs = 8*F;
T= 1/Fs;
t = 0:T:1;
x=A*cos(2*pi*F*t+th);
subplot(223);
plot(t,x);
title('With Frequency Sample as Fs=8*F CRN :
017311');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude');
set(gca, "linewidth", 2, "fontsize", 20)

F = 3;
A = 2;
th = 0;
Fs = 12*F;
T= 1/Fs;
t = 0:T:1;
x=A*cos(2*pi*F*t+th);

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subplot(224);
plot(t,x);
title('With Frequency Sample as Fs=12*F CRN :
017311');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude');

set(gca, "linewidth", 2, "fontsize", 20)

Output:

c) Solution

Source Code

#c solution#
F = 10;
A = 2;
th = 0;
Fs = 2*F;
T= 1/Fs;
t = 0:T:1;
x=A*cos(2*pi*F*t+th);
subplot(221);
plot(t,x);
title('With Frequency Sample as F=10 CRN : 017311');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude');
set(gca, "linewidth", 2, "fontsize", 20)

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F = 20;
A = 2;
th = 0;
Fs = 2*F;
T= 1/Fs;
t = 0:T:1;
x=A*cos(2*pi*F*t+th);
subplot(222);
plot(t,x);
title('With Frequency Sample as Fs=20 CRN : 017311');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude');
set(gca, "linewidth", 2, "fontsize", 20)

F = 30;
A = 2;
th = 0;
Fs = 2*F;
T= 1/Fs;
t = 0:T:1;
x=A*cos(2*pi*F*t+th);
subplot(223);
plot(t,x);
title('With Frequency Sample as F=30 CRN : 017311');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude');
set(gca, "linewidth", 2, "fontsize", 20)

F = 40;
A = 2;
th = 0;
Fs = 2*F;
T= 1/Fs;
t = 0:T:1;
x=A*cos(2*pi*F*t+th);
subplot(224);
plot(t,x);
title('With Frequency Sample as F=40 CRN : 017311');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude');

set(gca, "linewidth", 2, "fontsize", 20)

Output

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 3.Discrete-time sinusoidal signal A discrete-time sinusoidal signal is expressed
as, x(n) = Acos(2pifn +θ ) Where n is an integer variable. Write a MATLAB
program to plot discrete-time sinusoid with frequency f = 0.1. Study the
following properties of discrete-time sinusoidal signal in MATLAB:
i.A discrete-time sinusoid is periodic only if its frequency f is a rational number.
ii.Discrete-time sinusoids whose frequencies are separated by an integer
multiple of 2π are identical.
iii.The highest rate of oscillation in a discrete-time is attained when ω = π.

Theory:

A discrete time sinusoidal is defined as signal which is defined at discrete instant

of time.

i) Solution
Source Code:
#i Solution#
A = 3;
f = 1/8;
n = 1:25;
ph = pi/3;

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x = A*cos(2*pi*f*n+ph);
stem(n,x);
title('Discrete time sinusoid CRN : 017-311');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude');

set(gca, "linewidth", 2, "fontsize", 20)

Output:

ii) Solution
Source Code:
#ii Solution#
A = 3;
f = 1/14;
n = 0:60;
ph = 0;
x = A*cos(2*pi*f*n+ph);
subplot(221);
stem(n,x);
title('Discrete time sinusoid for ph = 0 CRN : 017-
311');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude');
set(gca, "linewidth", 2, "fontsize", 20);

ph = 2*pi;
x = A*cos(2*pi*f*n+ph);
subplot(222);
stem(n,x);

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title('Discrete time sinusoid for ph = 2*piCRN : 017-
311');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude');
set(gca, "linewidth", 2, "fontsize", 20);

ph = 2*2*pi;
x = A*cos(2*pi*f*n+ph);
subplot(223);
stem(n,x);
title('Discrete time sinusoid for ph = 4*pi CRN :
017-311');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude');
set(gca, "linewidth", 2, "fontsize", 20);

ph = 5*2*pi;
x = A*cos(2*pi*f*n+ph);
subplot(224);
stem(n,x);
title('Discrete time sinusoid for ph = 5*2*pi CRN :
017-311');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude');
set(gca, "linewidth", 2, "fontsize", 20);

Output:

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 iii) Solution
Source Code:
#iii Solution#
A = 2;
w=pi/2;
n = 0:60;
ph = 0;
x = A*cos(w*n+ph);
subplot(221);
stem(n,x);
title('Discrete time sinusoid for w = pi/2 CRN : 017-
311');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude');
set(gca, "linewidth", 2, "fontsize", 20);

w= pi;
x = A*cos(w*n+ph);
subplot(222);
stem(n,x);
title('Discrete time sinusoid for w = pi CRN : 017-
311');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude');
set(gca, "linewidth", 2, "fontsize", 20);

w = 2*pi/3;
x = A*cos(w*n+ph);
subplot(223);
stem(n,x);
title('Discrete time sinusoid for w = 2*pi/3 CRN :
017-311');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude');
set(gca, "linewidth", 2, "fontsize", 20);

w = 2*pi;
x = A*cos(w*n+ph);
subplot(224);
stem(n,x);
title('Discrete time sinusoid for w = 2*pi CRN : 017-
311');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude');
set(gca, "linewidth", 2, "fontsize", 20);

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Output:

4.Fourier series Fourier series theory states that a periodic wave can be
represented as a summation of sinusoidal waves with different frequencies,
amplitudes and phase values.
a.Write a program that plots the signal x(t) for N =9
N
sin 2 pi n t
x (t )= ∑ n
n=1
(n odd)

b.Write a program that plots the signal x(t) in step (a) but with N = 99 and N =
999.
c.What do you conclude from steps (a) & (b)?

a) Solution
Source Code:
#a solution#
t=0:.01:12;
N = 9;
x = 0;

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for n = 1:2:N
x = x+(sin(2*pi*n*t)/n);
endfor
plot(t,x);
title('Signal x(t) a solution CRN : 017-311');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude');
set(gca, "linewidth", 2, "fontsize", 20);

Output:

b) Solution
Source Code:
#b solution#
t=0:.01:12;
N = 99;
x = 0;
for n = 1:2:N
x = x+(sin(2*pi*n*t)/n);
endfor
plot(t,x);
title('Signal x(t) when N = 99 CRN : 017-311');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude');
set(gca, "linewidth", 2, "fontsize", 20);

Output:

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 Source Code:
#b solution#
t=0:.01:12;
N = 999;
x = 0;
for n = 1:2:N
x = x+(sin(2*pi*n*t)/n);
endfor
plot(t,x);
title('Signal x(t) when N = 999 CRN : 017-311');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude');
set(gca, "linewidth", 2, "fontsize", 20);

Output:

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 c) Solution
By compairing a and b we can see a smooth formation of signal along with
removal of distortion by increasing the value of N

5.Other Signals:A normally distributed random signal of length N can be

generated using the MATLAB command randn(1,N):
a.Write a program to generate a normally distributed random signal of length
100 samples.
b.Write a program to generate noise sinusoidal signal.

a) Solution
Source Code:
#a solution#
stem(randn(1, 100));
title('Randomly Sampled Signal 017-311');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude');
set(gca, "linewidth", 2, "fontsize", 20);

Output:

16
 b) Solution
Source Code:
#b solution#
f = 3;
A = 3;
ph = 0;
Fs = 50 * F;
T=1 / Fs;
t=0 : T : 1;
x = A * cos(2*pi*f*t+ph);
plot(t, x);
noiseAmplitude=2;
nois = x + noiseAmplitude * rand(1, length(x));
plot(t, nois);
title('noise sinusoidal signal 017-311');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude');
set(gca, "linewidth", 2, "fontsize", 20);

Output:

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