Introduction

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Introduction

Objective-1 De nition of diabetic and globally in KSA and non-KSA , causes

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by defects in insulin secretion or


action leading to hyperglycemia.(PMID: 30284579) Diabetes can be classi ed into the following
general categories: Type 1 diabetes (destruction of autoimmune B-cells, usually leading to complete
insulin de ciency, including latent autoimmune diabetes in adulthood) Type 2 diabetes (often due
to non-autoimmune, progressive loss of adequate B-cell insulin secretion in the setting of insulin
.resistance and metabolic syndrome) and certain other types of diabetes. (PMID 36507649)
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are heterogeneous diseases that can vary widely in clinical presentation
and course, as both diseases occur in both age groups. Children with type 1 diabetes often present
with the classic symptoms of polyuria/polydipsia, and about half of them present with diabetic
ketoacidosis. .( PMID 36507649). Symptoms usually begin in childhood or adolescence, but
symptoms may develop much later. (PMID: 19833881)
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the fastest growing health problems worldwide and has now
reached an epidemic scale in some countries ( PMID: 26609301)
Epidemiological data show that T1DM incidence is increasing globally by approximately 3-4% per
year, with an ever younger age of onset (PMID: 24072479)
Global diabetes prevalence among 20-79 year olds is estimated to be 10.5% (536.6 million) by 2021
and is projected to increase to 12.2% (783.2 million) by 2045 . Diabetes prevalence was similar in
men and women, and was highest among 75-79 year olds. Prevalence (2021) is estimated to be
higher in urban areas (12.1%) than in rural areas (8.3%) and higher in high-income countries
(11.1%) than in low-income countries (5.5%). I'm here. The greatest relative increase in diabetes
prevalence between 2021 and 2045 will be in middle-income countries (21.1%) compared to high-
income (12.2%) and low-income countries (11.9%)(PMID: 34879977)
IDF (2015) reported that there are 16,100 children (aged 0–14 years) with T1DM in Saudi Arabia.
This number is the highest in Saudi Arabia and accounts for more than a quarter of the total 60,700
people affected in the MENA region. (International Diabetes Federation, IDF Diabetes Atlas,
International Diabetes Federation, Brussels, Belgium, 7th edition, 2015)
However, the IDF report (2017) showed that Saudi Arabia (35,000) had the highest number of
T1DM cases (ages 0-19) and the highest number of new T1DM cases (3,900). (Fig. 1).

Local diabetes studies has reported an incidence of T1DM in children in Saudi Arabia of 27.5 per
100,000. (PMID: 20844831) The incidence of T1DM in children has doubled in less than 20 years,
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from 18.05 per 100,000 children from 1990 to 1998 to 36.99 per 100,000 children from 1999 to
2007, with annual average incidence rates The rate of increase corresponds to
16.8%. (PMID: 20383419)

Dm is a metabolic disorder resulting from disturbances in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both
and is diagnosed by the presence of hyperglycemia [1].
It is associated with poor metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats [PMID: 28539866].
Based on the etiology and clinical characteristics, DM can be divided into three main categories.
They are gestational diabetes (GDM), type 1 diabetes (T1DM), and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Due
to the pancreatic cells being destroyed by a cellularly mediated autoimmune process in T1DM, there
is a complete lack of insulin. There is relative insulin insuf ciency and insulin resistance in T2DM.
GDM refers to any level of glucose intolerance identi ed during pregnancy. Genetic abnormalities,
surgery, malnutrition, infections, and the use of corticosteroids are only a few of the conditions or
medications that can cause DM [PMID: 21250351,PMID: 22079683].

References

1-Mohieldein AH, Alzohairy MA, Hasan M. Awareness of diabetes mellitus among Saudi
non-diabetic population in Al- Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. J Diabetes Endocrinol.
2011;2(2):14-9.
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