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Lecture6 1

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Lecture6 1

Uploaded by

Oswaldo René Banda Sayco
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Sampling Theorem

Signals and systems

PhD. Alberth Ronal Tamo Calla


Linear Systems and Signals Topics
Domain Topic Discrete Time Continuous Time

Time Signals ✔ ✔
Systems
Convolution
Frequency Fourier series ✔ ✔
Fourier transforms
Frequency response
Generalized z / Laplace Transforms
Frequency
Transfer Functions
System Stability
Mixed Signal Sampling ➔

6-2
Sampling Theorem
• Continuous-time signal x(t) with frequencies no higher than
fmax can be reconstructed from its samples x(n Ts) if samples
taken at rate fs > 2 fmax
Nyquist rate = 2 fmax
Nyquist frequency = fs / 2 What happens
if fs = 2 fmax?

• SPFirst sampling and interpolation demo


link
Distance between two zero crossings: one half period
How to compute sinusoidal frequency from zero crossings?
Is frequency content of sinusoid preserved after sampling?
What is the quality of sampled vs. original signal in time domain as
sampling rate increases above Nyquist rate?
6-3
Spectrum of Discrete-Time Signal
• Sampling a sinusoidal signal x(t) = A cos(w0 t + f)
x[n] = x ( n Ts ) = Acos (w0 n Ts + f ) = Acos (ŵ n + f )
Frequency of discrete-time signal is
w0 f0
ŵ = w 0 Ts = = 2p
fs fs
• Including aliased frequencies
æ ö æ ö
ææ w ö ö 1 w
jç 0 ÷n
1
w
jç - 0 ÷n
x[n] = x ( n Ts ) = Acos ççç 0 ÷ n + f ÷÷ = A e e s + A e e fs ø
jf è f ø - jf è

è è fs ø ø 2 2
Has two spectral lines at ŵ = ±w0 / fs
Also contains all aliases due to periodicity of exp(j q):
ŵ = w0 / fs + 2p l where l = 0,±1,±2,...
ŵ = -w0 / fs + 2p l where l = 0,±1,±2,...
6-4
Case #1: Oversampling
• Sampling rate fs > 2 fmax to avoid aliasing & folding
• Example: f0 = 100 Hz and fs = 1000 Hz
f0
x[n] = Acos (ŵ n + f ) where ŵ = 2p
100 Hz
= 2p = 2p (0.1) = 0.2p
fs 1000 Hz
1 1 * 1 1 *
2 X 2 X 2 X 2 X

ŵ
–1.8p –0.2p 0.2p 1.8p

6-5
Aliasing – SPFirst Sec. 4-2.3

Case #2: Aliasing by Undersampling


• Sampling rate fs ≤ 2 fmax
• Example: f0 = 100 Hz and fs = 80 Hz
f0
x[n] = Acos (ŵ n + f ) where ŵ = 2p
100 Hz
= 2p = 2p (1.25) = 2.5p
fs 80 Hz
1 * 1 1 * 1 1 * 1
2 X 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 X

ŵ
–2.5p –1.5p –0.5p 0.5p 1.5p 2.5p

6-6
Case #3: Folding by Undersampling
• Sampling rate fmax < fs ≤ 2 fmax as special case of #2
• Example: f0 = 100 Hz and fs = 125 Hz
f
x[n] = Acos (ŵ n + f ) where ŵ = 2p 0 = 2p
100 Hz
= 2p (0.8) =1.6p
fs 125 Hz
1 * 1 1 * 1
2 X 2 X 2 X 2 X

ŵ
–1.6p –0.4p 0.4p 1.6p

6-7
Folding Due to Undersampling
• Sinusoid sin(2 p finput t) sampled at fs = 2000 samples/s with finput varied

fs = 2000 samples/s
frequency (Hz)
Apparent
1000

1000 2000 3000 4000


Input frequency, finput (Hz)

• Mirror image effect about finput = ½ fs gives rise to name of folding

6-8
Aliasing & Folding Demonstrations
• Case #1 Oversampling
Third demo: f0 = 600 Hz and fs = 2000 Hz link

• Case #2 Aliasing
First demo: f0 = 600 Hz and fs = 500 Hz
• Case #3 Folding
Second demo: f0 = 600 Hz and fs = 750 Hz
• Reconstructed signal
Has frequencies between –½ fs and ½ fs

http://dspfirst.gatech.edu/chapters/04samplin/demos/aliasing/index.html
6-9
Strobe Demonstrations – SPFirst Sec. 4-3

Strobe Demonstrations
link

6-10

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