Exponential Signals

Signals and systems

PhD. Alberth Ronal Tamo Calla

 Ts = 0.0050s
Plotting Signals fs = 200Hz = 5f0
5 samples/cycle
• Sample signals before plotting them
in Matlab
x(t) = 20 cos(2p 40 t – 0.4p)
Ts = 0.0025s
Uniformly sample at points in
fs = 400Hz = 10f0
continuous time t = n Ts : 10 samples/cycle
x(nTs) = 20 cos(80p nTs – 0.4p)
• How small does Ts have to be in
order to produce an accurate plot?
Ts = 0.0001s
fs = 10kHz = 250f0
f0 = 40; Ts = 0.0001;
250 samples/cycle
t = -0.03 : Ts : 0.045;
x = 20*cos(2*pi*f0*t - 0.4*pi);
figure; plot(t, x);
hold; stem(t, x);
2-2
Exponential Signals
• Real-valued exponential signals  0 if a  0
Amplitude values are always non-negative 
lim e at =  1 if a = 0
t →
Might decay or not as t goes to infinity  if a  0


e-t
et

t t
t = -1 : 0.01 : 1; t = -1 : 0.01 : 1;
e1 = exp(t); e2 = exp(-t);
2-3
plot(t, e1) plot(t, e2)
Exponential Signals
• Complex numbers y
r
Cartesian form x + j y for real x and y
Polar form r e jq = r cos(q) + j r sin(q) q
Polar-to-Cartesian: x = r cos(q) and y = r sin(q) x
æ ö
Cartesian-to-Polar: r = x 2 + y 2 and q = arctan ç y ÷
èxø
• Complex sinusoid: Euler’s formula
e jq = cos(q ) + j sin(q ) e jq + e − jq = 2 cos(q ) “inverse”
jq − jq
e- jq = cos(q )- j sin(q ) e −e = 2 j sin(q ) Euler formula

• Complex sinusoidal signal t = 0 : 1/100 : 1;

plot(t, cos(2*pi*t));
e j 2 p f0t = cos(2p f0t)+ jsin(2p f0t) hold;
plot(t, sin(2*pi*t));

2-4
t
Many Faces of Signals
• Function, e.g. cos(t) in continuous time or cos(p n) in
discrete time, useful in analysis
• Sequence of numbers, e.g. {1,2,3,2,1} or a
sampled triangle function, useful in simulation
1
• Set of properties, e.g. even symmetric,
t
useful in reasoning about behavior -1/2 0 1/2
• A piecewise representation, e.g. rect(t) below,
useful in analysis  1
1 t  2
rect(t)
 1 1
rect (t ) = 
1
t =
Above mathematical models 2 2
1 t
can be used to approximate 0 t 
 2 -1/2 0 1/2
measured/observed signals 2-5
Spectrum Representation
• Sinusoidal waveforms
( ) { } {
x(t) = Acos 2p f 0t + f0 = Re A e j (2p f0t + f0 ) = Re Ae jf0 e j 2p f0t }
• Spectrum is collection of amplitude, phase and
frequency info to express more complicated signals
N ìï N ü
j 2p fk t ï
(
x(t) = A0 + å Ak cos 2p f k t + fk = )
X 0
+ Re íå k
ï
î k=1
X e ý
ïþ
k=1

where A0 is real-valued and X0 = A0 and Xk = Ak e jfk

• Example A0

y(t) = x2(t) = cos2(2 p 440 t) A1 A2

= ½ (1 + cos(2 (2 p 440 t)) ) f1 440 Hz f2 880 Hz

= ½ + ½ cos(2 p 880 t) f1 f2

2-6
Two-Sided Spectrum
• Expanding cosine terms with inverse Euler formula
N Nìï X j 2 p f t X * - j 2 p f t üï
x(t) = A0 + å Ak cos ( 2p f k t + fk ) = X 0 + åí k e k + k e k
ý
k=1 k=1 îï 2 2 þï
where Xk = Ak e jfk and X*k = Ak e- jfk

• Two-sided spectrum
2N+1 frequencies and 2N+1 complex amplitudes
{ (0, X0), (f1, ½ X1), (-f1, ½ X1*), …, (fk, ½ Xk), (-fk, ½ Xk*), … }
Frequency-domain representation of signal x(t)

2-7
Two-Sided Spectrum Example
• x(t) = 10 + 14 cos(200p t – p/3) + 8 cos(500p t + p/2)
Expanding cosine terms using (inverse) Euler formula
x(t) =10 + 7e- jp /3e j 2 p (100)t + 7e jp /3e- j 2 p (100)t + 4e jp /2e j 2p (250)t + 4e- jp /2 e- j 2 p (250)t
Constant term has zero frequency: 10 e j 0 t = 10
• Spectrum plot Two periods of x(t)
Complex amplitude
10
7e jp / 3 7e − jp / 3
4e − jp / 2 jp / 2
4e
t
–250 –100 0 100 250
Spectral line
f (in Hz)
2-8