Scribd
Upload
10 views8 pages

Lecture4 1

Uploaded by

Oswaldo René Banda Sayco
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views8 pages

Lecture4 1

Uploaded by

Oswaldo René Banda Sayco
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

Time-Frequency Spectrum

Signals and systems

PhD. Alberth Ronal Tamo Calla


Signals and Systems Topics
Domain Topic Discrete Time Continuous Time

Time Signals ✔ ✔
Systems
Convolution
Frequency Fourier series ➔ ➔
Fourier transforms
Frequency response
Generalized z / Laplace Transforms
Frequency
Transfer Functions
System Stability
Mixed Signal Sampling

4-2
Waveform Synthesis
• Synthesize many kinds of waveforms using
N
x(t) = A0 + å Ak cos ( 2p fk t + fk )
k=1

Constant, cosine and general periodic signals when fk = k f0


2 2
xh (t) = 2cos(20p (1)t) - cos(20p (3)t) + cos(20p (5)t)
3 5
Non-periodic signals, e.g.
2
( (
x2 (t) = 2cos ( 20p (1)t ) - cos 20p
3
8 ) t ) 5 cos(20p ( 27 ) t )
+
2

4-3
Waveform Synthesis

Figure 3-10: Sum of three cosine waves Figure 3-11: Sum of three cosine waves
of harmonic frequencies. Fundamental with nonharmonic frequencies, x2(t). No
frequency of xh(t) is 10 Hz. exact repetition appears in this signal.

• We’ve been assuming spectrum (set of amplitudes, frequencies,


and phases) does not change with time

4-4
Music – Western Scale – Intro
Octave https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Piano_Frequencies.sv

• Piano with g

88 keys
Octave CDEFGAB
Key frequencies increase from left to right (27.5 to 4186 Hz)
Middle C at 262 Hz (C4) in cyan & A at 440 Hz (A4) in yellow
Octave has 12 keys and doubles frequencies of previous octave

• Sheet music

♩
Frequency

♩ ♩ ♩ ♩♪ ♩
F ♯

♩
D 6
♪ ♪
B
E
G 8

How fast notes are played


Time depends on time signature and
4-5
beats per minute (bpm)
Music – Western Scale – Intro
C4 = 261.626;
• C major scale 60 bpm
D4 = 293.665;
E4 = 329.628;
Stepped frequencies F4 = 349.228;
G4 = 391.995;
Constant frequency for each note A4 = 440.000;
B4 = 493.883;
C5 = 523.251;
bpm = 60; % 300
300 bpm beattime = 60/bpm;
fs = 8000;
Ts = 1/fs;
N = beattime/Ts;
t = Ts : Ts : N*Ts;
f = [C4,D4,E4,F4,G4,A4,B4,C5];
vec = zeros(1, length(f)*N);
for i = 1:length(f)
note = cos(2*pi*f(i)*t);
Ideal Analysis vec((i-1)*N+1 : i*N) = note;
end
sound(vec, fs); 4-6
Music – Western Scale – Intro
• Analysis of audio clip for C major scale

300 bpm

N = beattime * fs; % number of samples in one note


spectrogram(vec, N, 100, N, fs, 'yaxis');
ylim( [0 0.7] ); % focus on 0 to 700 Hz
colormap bone % grayscale mapping

Grayscale map
4-7
Music – Western Scale – Intro
• Analysis of audio clip for C major scale (repeated)

300 bpm

N = beattime * fs; % number of samples in one note


spectrogram(vec, N, 100, N, fs, 'yaxis');
ylim( [0 0.7] ); % focus on 0 to 700 Hz

Default map
4-8

You might also like