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Lecture3 1

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13 views7 pages

Lecture3 1

Uploaded by

Oswaldo René Banda Sayco
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fourier Series

Signals and systems

PhD. Alberth Ronal Tamo Calla


Signals and Systems Topics
Domain Topic Discrete Time Continuous Time

Time Signals ✔ ✔
Systems
Convolution
Frequency Fourier series ➔ ➔
Fourier transforms
Frequency response
Generalized z / Laplace Transforms
Frequency
Transfer Functions
System Stability
Mixed Signal Sampling

3-2
Beat Notes
• Occurs when multiplying two sinusoidal signals
Audio: singing when holding a note, some musical instruments
Communications: amplitude modulation (AM radio, Wi-Fi)
• Example: x(t) = cos(2p10t) sin(2p1000t) Spectrum
Rewrite x(t) as sum of complex sinusoids
æ e j 2 p (10)t + e- j 2 p (10)t öæ e j 2 p (1000)t - e- j 2 p (1000)t ö
x(t) = ç ÷ç ÷
è 2 øè 2j ø
1 1 1 1 f
= e j 2 p (1010)t - e- j 2 p (990)t + e j 2 p (990)t - e- j 2 p (1010)t
4j 4j 4j 4j
1æ 1 1 ö 1æ 1 1 ö
= ç e j 2 p (1010)t - e- j 2 p (1010)t ÷ + ç e j 2 p (990)t - e- j 2 p (990)t ÷
2è2j 2j ø 2è2j 2j ø
1 1 1 æ pö 1 æ pö
= sin(2p 1010t) + sin(2p 990t) = cos ç 2p 1010t - ÷ + cos ç 2p 990t - ÷
2 2 2 è 2ø 2 è 2ø
3-3
Beat Notes
• Example: x(t) = cos(2p10t) sin(2p1000t)
1 æ pö 1 æ pö
Equal to: x(t) = cos ç 2p 1010t - ÷ + cos ç 2p 990t - ÷
2 è 2ø 2 è 2ø
f0 = 10; f1 = 1000; f2 = 1010; f3 = 990;
fs = 8000; Ts = 1/fs; fs = 8000; Ts = 1/fs;
t = 0 : Ts : 3; t = 0 : Ts : 3;
x0 = cos(2*pi*f0*t); x2 = cos(2*pi*f2*t - pi/2);
x1 = sin(2*pi*f1*t); x3 = cos(2*pi*f3*t - pi/2);
x = x0 .* x1; x = 0.5*x2 + 0.5*x3;
sound(x, fs); sound(x, fs);
% plot one period % plot one period
T0 = 1/f0; f0 = gcd(f2, f3); T0 = 1/f0;
n = T0 / Ts; n = T0 / Ts;
plot( t(1:n), x(1:n) ); plot( t(1:n), x(1:n) );

3-4
Periodic Waveforms
• A signal has period T if x(t + T) = x(t) for all t
Also periodic with periods 2T, 3T, etc., and –T, –2T ...
Smallest positive period T0 is called the fundamental period
Fundamental frequency f0 is computed as 1 / T0

• Synthesize periodic signals


Add two or more cosine waves with harmonic frequencies
N
x(t) = A0 + å Ak cos ( 2p fk t + fk ) where the kth harmonic is fk = k f0
k=1

• Finding fundamental frequency


Largest f0 such that fk = k f0 , i.e. f0 = gcd{ fk }
Consider notes A 440 Hz, E 660 Hz and F♯ 740 Hz. f0 = __
3-5
Notation and Speech Example
• Alternate periodic signal synthesis formula
Expand cosines into sum of two exponentials (Euler’s formula)
Explicitly represents positive and negative frequencies:
N N ìN ü
x(t) = A0 + å Ak cos ( 2p kf0t + fk ) = åae k
j 2 p kf0t
= a0 + 2 Re íå ak e j 2 p kf0t ý
k=1 k=-N î k=1 þ
1
where a0 = A0 and ak = Ak e jfk for k ¹ 0
2
• Synthesis of “ah” vowel from SPFirst (page 45)
http://dspfirst.gatech.edu/chapters/03spect/demos/vowel
Matlab command: vowel
Comment out lines that start with capture and imwrite
Combines components at 200, 400, 500, 1600 and 1700 Hz
3-6
Speech Example Revisited
• A recording of the “ah” vowel being spoken

of Spectrum
Magnitude
domain

“ah”
Time

recording
t f
• How close did synthesized vowel sound like “ah”?

of Spectrum
Magnitude
domain

synthesized
Time

sound
t f
3-7

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