BY

K H A D I J A I LYA S
 The Internet
 The Internet, also called the Net, is a worldwide collection of networks that links
millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and
individuals. The Internet is a widely used research tool, providing society with
access to global information and instant communications.
 The Internet has its roots in a networking project started by an agency of the
U.S. Department of Defense.
 The goal was to build a network that allowed scientists at different locations to
share information and work together on military and scientific projects .
 That net work, called ARPANET, became functional in September 1969, linking
scientific and academic researchers across the United States.
 Connecting to network
 Many home and small business users connect to the Internet via high-speed broadband
Internet service
 Cable Internet service provides high-speed Internet access through the cable television
network via a cable modem.
 DSL (digital subscriber line) provides high-speed Internet connections using regular telephone
lines.
 Fiber to the Premises (FTTP) uses fiber-optic cable to provide high-speed Internet access to
home and business users.
 Fixed wireless provides high-speed Internet connections using a dish-shaped antenna on your
house or business to communicate with a tower location via radio signals.
 A Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) network uses radio signals to provide high-speed Internet
connections to wireless computers and devices.
 Connecting to network
 A cellular radio network offers high-speed Internet connections to devices with built-in
compatible technology or computers with wireless modems.
 Satellite Internet service provides high-speed Internet connections via satellite to a satellite
dish that communicates with a satellite modem.
 Many public locations, such as airports, hotels, schools, and coffee shops, are hot spots that
provide Wi-Fi Internet connections to users with mobile computers or devices.
 Dial-up access takes place when the modem in your computer connects to the Internet via a
standard telephone line that transmits data and information using an analog (continuous wave
pattern) signal.
 Internet Addresses and Domain Names
 IP Addresses are unique numerical labels assigned to every device connected to the
Internet. They function like digital addresses, allowing devices to find and communicate
with each other over a network. An IP address typically looks like a set of four numbers
separated by periods (e.g., 192.168.1.1).

 Domain Names (DNS) serve as user-friendly names for IP addresses, making it easier
to access websites. The Domain Name System (DNS) translates these domain names
(like "example.com") into their corresponding IP addresses, allowing users to navigate
the web without memorizing complex numerical codes.
 Introduction to the World Wide Web

Components of the Web include:

 Web Pages: Individual documents or resources on the Web, each with its unique
address (URL). They can contain text, images, videos, and interactive elements.

 Websites: Collections of related web pages hosted under a common domain name (like
www.example.com), usually focused on a specific topic or purpose.

 Web Servers: Specialized computers that store and deliver web pages to users'
browsers when requested. These servers host websites and ensure they are accessible
to users worldwide.
 How Data and Information Travel the Internet

 Computers connected to the Internet work together to transfer data and

information around the world using various wired and wireless transmission
media.
 Several main transmission media carry the heaviest amount of traffic on the
Internet. These major carriers of network traffic are known collectively as the
Internet backbone.
How Data and Information Travel the Internet
 IP address

 An IP address, short for Internet Protocol address, is a number that uniquely

identifies each computer or device connected to the Internet.
 The IP address usually consists of four groups of numbers, each separated by
a period. In general, the first portion of each IP address identifies the network
and the last portion identifies the specific computer.
 Domain name

 A domain name is the text version of an IP address.

 Every domain name contains a top-level domain (TLD), which is the last
section of the domain name.
 Browsing the Web

 A Web browser, or browser, is application software that allows users to access

and view Web. The more widely used Web browsers for personal computers
are Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera, Safari, and Google Chrome.
 Downloading is the process of a computer or device receiving information, such
as a Web page, from a server on the Internet.
 Web Addresses

 A Web page has a unique address, which is called a URL (Uniform Resource
Locator) or Web address. For example, the home page for the United States
National Park Service Web site has a Web address of http://www.nps.gov.
 A Web browser retrieves a Web page using its Web address. If you know the
Web address of a Web page, you can type it in the Address bar.
 Navigating web pages

 A link, short for hyperlink, is a built-in connection to another related Web page
or part of a Web page. Links allow you to obtain information in a nonlinear way.
 That is, instead of accessing topics in a specified order, you move directly to a
topic of interest. Branching from one related topic to another in a nonlinear
fashion is what makes links so powerful. Some people use the phrase, surfing
the Web, to refer to the activity of using links to explore the Web.
 Tabbed browsing

 Most current Web browsers support tabbed browsing, where the top of the
browser displays a tab (similar to a file folder tab) for each Web page you open.
To move from one open Web page to another, you click the tab in the Web
browser
 Search Tools

 Search engine

 Subject directory
 Search Engines

 A search engine is helpful in locating information for

which you do not know an exact Web address or are
not seeking a particular Web site.
 Some search engines look through Web pages for
all types of information.
 Others can restrict their searches to a specific type
of information, such as images, videos, audio, news,
maps, people or businesses, and blogs.
 Search Engines

 The following list identifies techniques you can use to improve

your searches.
 Use specific nouns.

 Put the most important terms first in the search text.

 Use quotation marks to create phrases so that the search

engine finds an exact sequence of words.
 List all possible spellings, for example, email, e-mail.

 Before using a search engine, read its Help information.

 If the search is unsuccessful with one search engine, try another

 Subject directories

 Subject directories are collections of websites and online

resources that are organized by topic or subject area.

 They are manually compiled and categorized by experts,

unlike search engines that rely on algorithms.

 Subject directories are particularly useful for finding high-

quality, curated resources in specific fields.
 Subject directories

 Some well-known examples of subject directories

are:
 The WWW Virtual Library: The oldest subject directory,
created by Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the web.

 Google Directory: A now-defunct service that was based on

the Open Directory Project.

 Subject directories are beneficial for research, especially when

focused on academic or specialized topics. They provide a
reliable starting point to access vetted content.
 Types of Web Sites
Types of Web sites includes a portal, news, informational,
business/marketing, blog, wiki, online social network, educational,
entertainment, advocacy, Web application, content aggregator, and
personal.
Many Web sites fall into more than one of these categories.
 Portal: Offers a variety of services like search engines, email, news,
and weather from one convenient location (e.g., Yahoo, MSN).
 News: Provides current events, articles, and updates on various topics
like politics, sports, and weather (e.g., CNN, BBC).
 Web Application: Interactive websites that provide functionalities
like software applications (e.g., Google Docs, Canva).
 Personal: Created by individuals to share personal interests,
experiences, or hobbies (e.g., personal blogs, portfolio sites).
 Types of Web Sites

 Informational: Shares factual content and data on a wide range

of topics, often managed by organizations or government bodies
(e.g., Wikipedia, government sites).
 Business/Marketing: Promotes or sells products and services,
often including e-commerce features (e.g., Amazon, company
websites).
 Blog: Personal or informal websites featuring regularly updated
articles or posts, often written in a diary or journal style (e.g.,
WordPress blogs).
 Wiki: Collaborative websites that allow users to add, modify, or
delete content collectively (e.g., Wikipedia).
 Types of Web Sites

 Online Social Network: Platforms where users create

profiles, share content, and connect with others (e.g., Facebook,
Twitter).
 Educational: Offers learning resources, courses, and training
for formal and informal education (e.g., Coursera, Khan
Academy).
 Entertainment: Provides interactive and engaging content
such as games, videos, music, and more (e.g., YouTube, Netflix).
 Advocacy: Promotes a cause, idea, or opinion, often
representing a specific group or association (e.g., Greenpeace,
political campaign sites).
 Other Internet Services

 E-mail (short for electronic mail) is the

transmission of messages and files via a computer
network. Today, e-mail is a primary communications
method for both personal and
 For example, your credit card company may add you
to its mailing list in order to send you special offers.
To add your e-mail name and address to a mailing
list, you subscribe to it. To remove your name, you
unsubscribe from the mailing list business use.
 Instant Messaging

 Instant messaging (IM) is a real-time Internet

communications service that notifies you when one
or more people are online and then allows you to
exchange messages or files or join a private chat
room with them.
 Chat Rooms: A chat is a real-time typed
conversation that takes place on a computer. A chat
room is a location on an Internet server that permits
users to chat with each other. Anyone in the chat
room can participate in the conversation, which
usually is specific to a particular topic.
 VoIP

 VoIP (Voice over IP, or Internet Protocol), also called

Internet telephony, enables users to speak to other
users over the Internet.
 To place an Internet telephone call, you need a high-
speed Internet connection (e.g., via cable or DSL
modem); Internet telephone service; a microphone
or telephone, depending on the Internet telephone
service; and Internet telephone software or VoIP
router, or a telephone adapter, depending on the
Internet telephone service
 FTP

 FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is an Internet standard

that permits the process of file uploading and
downloading with other computers on the Internet.
Uploading is the opposite of downloading; that is,
uploading is the process of transferring documents,
graphics, and other objects from your computer to a
server on the Internet.