PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS

Lab 01
Flowcharts And Algorithms
Flowchart 01
Problem: How the greatest of the three given numbers can be obtained?

START

INPUT A, B, C

IS Yes IS Yes
A>B A>C GA
? ?
No No
IS GC
B> C No

?
Yes
GB

PRINTG

STOP

Algorithm:
Step 1. INPUT TO A, B, C
(Accept three numbers for A, B, and C)
Step 2. IF A > B
THEN IF A > C
THEN G  A
(G holds the desired number) ELSE
G  C END-
IF
ELSE
IF B > C
THEN G  B ELSE
GC

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END-IF

END-IF
Step 3. PRINT “THE GREATEST OF THE GIVEN NUMBERS IS”, G
Step 4. STOP
Flowchart 02
Problem: Determine whether a given number is even or odd.

Algorithm:
Step 1. INPUT TO A
Step 2. COMPUTE R
Remainder of (A/2)
Step 3. IF R = 0
THEN PRINT “It is an even number.”
ELSE
PRINT “It is an odd number.”
END-IF
Step 4. STOP

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Flowchart 03
Problem: Arrange the numbers X, Y, Z in descending order

Algorithm:

Step 1: Input the value for variables X, Y, Z.

Step 2: Read the integers X, Y, Z.

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Step 3: Check if x>y, x>z, y>z

Step 4: Print the possible order.

Flowchart 04

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Lab 02
Flowchart 05
Problem: Mama had just filled the cookie jar when the 3 children went to bed. That
night one child woke up, ate half of the remaining cookies, and went back to bed. Still
later, the third child woke up, ate half of the remaining cookies, leaving 3 cookies in the
jar. How many cookies were in the jar to begin with?

Start

Initial Number of
Cookies=X
Total Cookies=X

Cookies After First Child End

Y=X-(X/2)

No

Cookies After
Print Total
Second Child If Z=3 Cookies=X
Algorithm:
Z=Y-(Y/2) Yes

Step-1: Set a variable to represent the number of cookies

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Step-2: Subtract the number of cookies eaten by the first child. Set jar to half of its value.
Step-3: Subtract the number of cookies eaten by the second child. Set jar to half of its value
Step-4: If jar is equal to 3, output the value of jar as the number of cookies
Step-5: If jar is not equal to 3 then go to step 3.
Step-6: End
Pseudocode:
Display “Enter the number of children: “
Read <number of children>
Display “Enter the number of cookies remaining: “
Read <cookies remaining>
<original cookies> = <cookies remaining>
While (<number of children> > 0)
<original cookies> = <original cookies> X 2
<number of children> = <number of children> - 1
End While
Display “Original number of cookies = “, <original cookies>

Flowchart 06
Problem: Brian bought a belt for $9 and a shirt that cost 4 times as much as the belt. He then
had $10. How much money did Brian have before he bought the belt and shirt?

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Start

Belt=$9
Shirt=(4 x $9=$36)

(sum-$9-$36)

End
Assign result to ‘sum’

Previous sum - $10 Print “Sum”

Algorithm:
Step-1: Start
Step-2: Set the variables belt cost = 9, shirt cost = 4*belt cost remaining money = 10.
Step-3: Calculate the total cost of the shirt by multiplying the belt cost by 4 and assign it to the
shirt cost.
Step-4: Subtract the total cost of the belt and the shirt from the remaining money and assign it
to remaining money.
Step-5: Display the value of remaining money as the result.

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Step-6: End
Pseudocode:
Display “Enter the price of the first item: “
Read <item 1 price>
Display “Enter the multiplier: “
Read <multiplier>
Display “Enter the amount left after shopping: “
Read <amount left>
<item2 price> = <multiplier> X <item1 price>
<start amount> = <item1 price> + <item2 price> +
<amount left>
Display “The starting amount was “, <start amount>

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Lab 03
Task 01: Write A list of all ASCII codes from 0 to 127.

0: NUL (Null) 1: SOH (Start of Heading)

2: STX (Start of Text) 3: ETX (End of Text)

4: EOT (End of Transmission) 5: ENQ (Enquiry)

6: ACK (Acknowledgment) 7: BEL (Bell)

8: BS (Backspace) 9: TAB (Horizontal Tab)

10: LF (Line Feed) 11: VT (Vertical Tab)

12: FF (Form Feed) 13: CR (Carriage Return)

14: SO (Shift Out) 15: SI (Shift In)

16: DLE (Data Link Escape) 17: DC1 (Device Control 1)

18: DC2 (Device Control 2) 19: DC3 (Device Control 3)

20: DC4 (Device Control 4) 21: NAK (Negative Acknowledgment)

22: SYN (Synchronous Idle) 23: ETB (End of Transmission Block)

24: CAN (Cancel) 25: EM (End of Medium)

26: SUB (Substitute) 27: ESC (Escape)

28: FS (File Separator) 29: GS (Group Separator)

30: RS (Record Separator) 31: US (Unit Separator)

32: Space 33: !

34: " 35: #

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36: $ 37: %

38: & 39: '

40: ( 41: )

42: * 43: +

44: , 45: -

46: . 47: /

48: 0 49: 1

50: 2 51: 3

52: 4 53: 5

54: 6 55: 7

56: 8 57: 9

58: : 59: ;

60: < 61: =

62: > 63: ?

64: @ 65: A

66: B 67: C

68: D 69: E

70: F 71: G

72: H 73: I

74: J 75: K

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76: L 77: M

78: N 79: O

80: P 81: Q

82: R 83: S

84: T 85: U

86: V 87: W

88: X 89: Y

90: Z 91: [

92: \ 93: ]

94: ^ 95: _

96: ` 97: a

98: b 99: c

100: d 101: e

102: f 103: g

104: h 105: i

106: j 107: k

108: l 109: m

110: n 111: o

112: p 113: q

114: r 115: s

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116: t 117: u

118: v 119: w

120: x 121: y

122: z 123: {

124: | 125: }

126: ~ 127: DEL (Delete)

Task 02: Write a program that calculates the average exam grade for a class of 10 students.
Step 1: Open Dev C++
Step 2: Go to file and create a new source file
Step 3: Then write the codes of program

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Step 4: After write the code compile the file and save the file with any name
Step 5: Then run the program
Step 6: Now input all the values one by one

Result:

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Lab 04
Task 01: Create a program to find the class average and take the input from user.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int numStudents, counter, grade, total, average;
total = 0;
counter = 1;

cout<<"Enter the number of students: ";

cin>> numStudents;

while (counter <= numStudents) {

cout << "Enter a grade: ";
cin >> grade;
total = total + grade;
counter = counter + 1;
}

average = total / numStudents;

cout << "Class average is: " << average << endl;

return 0;
}

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Output:

Task 02: Create a program to find the area in floating value.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#define PI 3.14159
int main()
{
float radius = 3.0;
float area;
area = PI * radius * radius;
cout << "The area is " << area << "." << endl;
return 0;
}

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Output:

Task 03: Create a program to find the inches and feet from fathoms.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
float inches, feet, fathoms;
cout << "Enter the depth in fathoms: ";
cin >> fathoms;
feet = 6 * fathoms;
inches = 12 * feet;
cout << "Its depth at sea: " << std::endl;
cout << fathoms << " fathoms" << std::endl;
cout << feet << " feet" << std::endl;
cout << inches << " inches" << std::endl;
return 0;
}

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Output:

Task 04 :Create a program to find a value defined by the user and check the value is
‘even’ or ‘odd’ using if_else statement

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
int a;
cout <<"Enter a number:\n";
cin>>a;
a=a%2;
if(a==0)
cout<<"Number is even";
else
cout<<"Number is odd";
return 0;
}

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Output:

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Lab 05
Task 01: Write a program that calculates the average exam grade for a class of 10 students.
Exam grade defined by the user using while loop.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int numStudents = 10;
int grade, totalGrade = 0;
int studentCount = 0;

while (studentCount < numStudents) {

cout << "Enter the grade for student " << studentCount + 1 << ": ";
cin >> grade;

totalGrade += grade;
studentCount++;
}

double averageGrade = static_cast<double>(totalGrade) / numStudents;

cout << "The average exam grade for the class is: " << averageGrade << endl;

return 0;
}

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Output:

Task 02: Write a program that calculates the average exam grade for a class of 10 students.
Exam grade defined by the user using do-while loop.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int numStudents = 10;
int grade, totalGrade = 0;
int studentCount = 0;

do {
cout << "Enter the grade for student " << studentCount + 1 << ": ";
cin >> grade;

totalGrade += grade;

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studentCount++;
} while (studentCount < numStudents);

double averageGrade = static_cast<double>(totalGrade) / numStudents;

cout << "The average exam grade for the class is: " << averageGrade << endl;

return 0;
}
Output:

Task 03: Write a program that calculates the average exam grade for a class of 10 students.
Exam grade defined by the user using for loop.

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {
int numStudents = 10;
int totalGrade = 0;

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for (int studentCount = 0; studentCount < numStudents; studentCount++) {

int grade;
cout << "Enter the grade for student " << studentCount + 1 << ": ";
cin >> grade;

totalGrade += grade;
}

double averageGrade = static_cast<double>(totalGrade) / numStudents;

cout << "The average exam grade for the class is: " << averageGrade << endl;

return 0;
}

Output:

Task 04: Write a program to make a right angle triangle(*) using Nested loops

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int rows;

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cout << "Enter the number of rows for the right angle triangle: ";
cin >> rows;
for (int i = 1; i <= rows; ++i) {
for (int j = 1; j <= i; ++j) {
cout << "* ";
}
cout << endl;
}
return 0;
}

Output:

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Lab 06
If, If else, If else if
Task 1: Write a program to get age from the user if age is greater than 18 then print(“You can
vote”).(Using If Statement)
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int age;
cout << "Enter Your Age: ";
cin >> age;
if (age > 18)
{
cout << "You can vote";
}
return 0;
}
Output:

Task 2: Write a program to get age from the user if age is greater than 18 then print(“You can
vote”)Otherwise print(“Maybe Next Time)”.(Using If else Statement)
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
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int main()
{
int age;
cout << "Enter Your Age: ";
cin >> age;

if (age > 18)

{
cout << "You can vote";
}
else
{
cout << "Maybe Next Time";
}
return 0;
}
Output:

Task 3: Write a program to get a number(0 to 6) from the user and print week day.(Using If else
if Statement)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {

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int num;

cout << "Enter a number (0 to 6): ";

cin >> num;
if (num == 0) {
cout << "Sunday";
} else if (num == 1) {
cout << "Monday";
} else if (num == 2) {
cout << "Tuesday";
} else if (num == 3) {
cout << "Wednesday";
} else if (num == 4) {
cout << "Thursday";
} else if (num == 5) {
cout << "Friday";
} else if (num == 6) {
cout << "Saturday";
} else {
cout << "Invalid input!";
}
return 0;
}
Output:

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Lab 07
Switch Function

Task 1: Create a Program to print day of week name using switch...case.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int day;

cout << "Enter a number: ";

cin >> day;

switch(day)
{
case 0:cout << "Sunday\n";
break;
case 1:cout << "Monday\n";
break;
case 2:cout << "Tuesday\n";
break;
case 3:cout << "Wednesday\n";
break;
case 4:cout << "Thursday\n";

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break;
case 5:cout << "Friday\n";
break;
case 6:cout << "Saturday\n";
break;
default:cout << "Error-- Invalid Day\n";
break;
}

return 0;
}
Output:

Task 2: Using switch function to get two numbers from the user and get a arithmetic
function(+,-,/,*) then perform it.
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {
double num1, num2;
char operation;

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cout << "Enter two numbers: ";

cin >> num1 >> num2;

cout << "Enter an arithmetic operation (+, -, *, /): ";

cin >> operation;

switch (operation) {
case'+':
cout << num1 << " + " << num2 << " = " << num1 + num2 << endl;
break;
case'-':
cout << num1 << " - " << num2 << " = " << num1 - num2 << endl;
break;
case'*':
cout << num1 << " * " << num2 << " = " << num1 * num2 << endl;
break;
case'/':
if (num2 == 0) {
cout << "Error: Division by zero" << endl;
} else {
cout << num1 << " / " << num2 << " = " << num1 / num2 << endl;
}
break;
default:
cout << "Invalid operation" << endl;
}

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return 0;
}
Output:

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Lab 08
Task-1
Sample Programmer-Defined Function
Program:

#include <iostream>
void printMessage();
int main()
{ printMessage();
return 0;
}
void printMessage()
{ std::cout << "A message for you:\n\n";
std::cout << "Have a nice day!\n";
}
Output:

Task-2
Using Parameters

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Program:
#include <iostream>
void printMessage(int counter);
int main()
{
int num;
std::cout << "Enter an integer: ";
std::cin >> num;

printMessage(num);

return 0;
}
void printMessage(int counter)
{
for (int i = 0; i < counter; i++)
{
std::cout << "Have a nice day!\n";
}
Output:

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Task-3:
Using AverageTwo

Program:

#include <iostream>
float averageTwo(int num1, int num2);
int main()
{
float ave;
int value1 = 5, value2 = 8;
ave = averageTwo(value1, value2);
std::cout << "The average of " << value1 << " and " << value2 << " is " << ave << std::endl;

return 0;
}
float averageTwo(int num1, int num2)
{
float average;
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average = (num1 + num2) / 2.0;

return average;
}
Output:

Task-4:
Sample Program

Program:

#include <iostream>
int funcA(int a, int b, int c);
int main()
{
int x = 3, y = 4, z = 5;
int result;
result = funcA(x, y, z);
std::cout << "result = " << result << std::endl;
result = funcA(6 + 4, y + 2, 9);
std::cout << "result = " << result << std::endl;
return 0;
}
int funcA(int a, int b, int c)
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{
std::cout << "a = " << a << " b = " << b << " c = " << c << std::endl;
return (a + b + c);
}

Output:

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Lab 9
Pointers

Task 1
#include <iostream>

// Function prototype for swap

void swap(int *, int *);
int main()
{
int x = 5, y = 7;

// calling swap with reference parameters

swap(&x, &y);
std::cout << "\n x is now " << x << " and y is now " << y << '\n';
return 0; // Added return statement for main
}

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// swap function is defined here using dereferencing operator '*'

void swap(int *a, int *b)
{
int temp;
temp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = temp;
}

Output :

Task 2
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int intVar = 10;

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int* intPtr; // intPtr is a pointer

intPtr = &intVar;

std::cout << "\nLocation of intVar: " << &intVar;

std::cout << "\nContents of intVar: " << intVar;
std::cout << "\nLocation of intPtr: " << &intPtr;
std::cout << "\nContents of intPtr: " << intPtr;
std::cout << "\nThe value that intPtr points to: " << *intPtr;

return 0;
}
Output :

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LAB 10
Arrays
Task 1
#include <iostream>
int main() {
// Declare an array of integers with size 5
int numbers[5];
// Initialize the array elements
for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
numbers[i] = i * 2;
}
// Access and print the array elements
std::cout << "Array elements: ";
for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
std::cout << numbers[i] << " ";
}
return 0;
}
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Output:

Task 2
#include <iostream>
int main() {
const int size = 5;
int numbers[size] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; // Initializing array elements

// Calculate the sum of array elements

int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
sum += numbers[i];
}
// Print the array elements and the sum
std::cout << "Array elements: ";
for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
std::cout << numbers[i] << " ";
}
std::cout << "\nSum of array elements: " << sum << std::endl;
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return 0;
}

Output:

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TASK 3
#include <iostream>
int main() {
const int size = 5;
int numbers[size];

// Ask the user to enter five numbers

std::cout << "Enter five numbers:\n";
for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
std::cout << "Number " << i + 1 << ": ";
std::cin >> numbers[i];
}

// Print the numbers in reverse order

std::cout << "Numbers in reverse order: ";
for (int i = size - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
std::cout << numbers[i] << " ";
}

return 0;
}

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Output :

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Lab 11
File handling
Task 1
#include <fstream>
using namespace std; // Add this line to use std::ofstream and std::ios

int main(void)
{
ofstream outFile("file1.txt", ios::out);
outFile << "That's new!\n";
outFile.close();

return 0; // Corrected to lowercase 'return'

}

Output :

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Task 2
Using get () and put()
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
int main()
{
std::fstream File("test_file", std::ios::out | std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
char ch;
ch = 'o';
File.put(ch); // put the content of ch to the file
File.seekg(std::ios::beg); // go to the beginning of the file
File.get(ch); // read one character
std::cout << ch << std::endl; // display it
File.close();

return 0;
}
Output :

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Task 3
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
ofstream outFile("fout.txt");
outFile << "Hello World!";
outFile.close();

return 0;
}

Output :

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Task 4
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
// Writing to file
ofstream OutFile("my_file.txt");
OutFile << "Hello " << 5 << endl;
OutFile.close();

int number;
char dummy[15];

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// Reading from file

ifstream InFile("my_file.txt");
InFile >> dummy >> number;
InFile.seekg(0);
InFile.getline(dummy, sizeof(dummy));
InFile.close();

return 0;
}

Output :

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THE END
<--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->

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