I.

Basic Concepts
A. Set of Real Numbers
Everybody uses numbers, they are vital to our lives. It is important for us to understand their properties and operations.

Real Numbers
 A quantity that represents a distance along a line.
 All the numbers on the number line.
Irrational Numbers
 Numbers which are non-terminating and non-repeating.
 Cannot be written as a fraction
Rational Numbers
 Terminating,
 Can be written as a fraction
 non-terminating yet repeating
Non-integer
 Positive and negative fractions
Integer
 Numbers with no decimal part, it may be positive or negative
Negative Integers
 Negative numbers with no decimal part (fraction)
Whole Numbers
 Includes Zero and all positive integers
Zero
 It represents nothing in counting
 The only integer that is neither positive (+) nor negative (-)
Natural Numbers
 Also known as Counting Numbers
 This includes all integers greater than 0.

B. Operations on Real Numbers Addition + to find a sum

Subtraction – to find a difference
Multiplication x to find a product
Division ÷ to find a quotient
There are four basic operations that are carried out in numbers.

B.1 Signed numbers

ADDITION
Sign of the addends What to do Sign of the answer Example
Positive + positive add positive 2 +12 = 14
Negative + negative Negative -5 + (-7) = -12
Positive + negative subtract sign of the greater value in the problem 12 + (-8) = 4
Negative + positive -12 + 8 = -4

SUBTRACTION
Signs of given What to do Sign of the answer Example
Positive - positive Change the sign of the greater 2 - 12 = 2+ (-12) = -10
Negative – negative sign of the value in the -5 - (-7) = -5 + 7 = 2
SUBTRAHEND problem
Positive - negative and then 12 - (-8) = 12 +8 = 20
Negative – positive proceed to -12 - 8 = -12 + (-8) = -20
ADDITION Common sign

MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION

Mathematical problem What to do Sign of the answer Example
Positive number x or ÷ 12 x 5 = 60
positive number 60 ÷ 12 = 5
Negative number x or ÷ positive -13 x (-2) = 26
negative number Multiply -26 ÷ -2 = 13
Positive number x or ÷ Or negative 12 x (-5) = -60
negative number Divide 60 ÷ (-5) = -12
Negative number x or (-13) x 2 = -26
÷ positive number -26 ÷ 13 = -2

B.2. Fractions
A fraction simply tells us how many parts of a whole we have. As an example, if we say that 3⁄4 of
the class joined the parade, this means the students in the class were divided into 4 groups and that
only 3 groups (numerator) of the 4 groups (denominator) joined the parade.
Types of fractions
Type Definition Examples
Proper fractions Numerator < denominator 1⁄2 2/7 5/11 11/35
Improper fractions Numerator > denominator 3/2 7/3 11/5 4/3
Mixed number A whole number + proper fraction 1 1⁄2 13 3⁄4 2 5/6 7 2/3
Like or similar fractions with like denominators 2/7 4/7 1 6/7 1/7
Unlike or dissimilar fractions with unlike denominators 2/7 1 3⁄4 5/11 7/23
Equivalent fractions Fractions of different numerators 1⁄2 = 2/4 = 3/6= 25/50
and denominators but represents 1x2=2
the same value of the whole. 2x2 4
*Just multiply or divide the
numerator or the denominator 3÷3=1
by the same number to get its 6÷3 2
equivalent fraction.

For the four operations on signed fractions, follow the rules for signed numbers. Plus consider the
rules in the succeeding discussions.

DISSIMILAR FRACTIONS
Operation What to do Execute
Addition 1. Find the LCD or LCM of the 2+1 2x2+1x5
denominator 5 2 5x2 2x5
And 2. rewrite the fraction by 1. LCM of 5 &2 is 10
multiplying both numerator 2. Denominator 5 will be
Subtraction and denominator by the multiplied by 2 , while =4+5=9
factor needed to achieve the denominator 2 will be 10 10 10
LCM multiplied by 5 to achieve
the LCD of 10.
Consequently
do the same for their
respective numerators.
B.3. Decimals
A decimal is a fraction whose denominator is a power of ten and whose numerator is
expressed by figures placed to the right of a decimal point.
operation What to do Example
Addition 1. Align the decimal points and add 2. 3 3.015 2.5 3.015
Subtraction or subtract per column from right to + 0. 015 + 0.4 - 0.35 - 1.22
left. 2. 315 3. 415 2.15 1.795
2. Decimal placement of the answer
is aligned as the given.
Multiplication 1. Multiply the factors ignoring the 2. 3 3.01 2.5 3.015
decimal places for the factors x 0.2 x 4 x 0.05 x 0.03
2. The sum of decimal places of the 0.46 12.04 0.125 0.09045
factors will be the same for final
answer.
Division 1. If the divisor is not a whole number, 2.6 260
move decimal places to make it one. = = 130
0.02 2
2. Move the decimal place of the
dividend as many places as you have
36 360
done in step 1. = = 300
3. Proceed to division. Decimal point of 0.12 12
the quotient is aligned to the decimal
placement in the dividend after step2.
Percentage
A percentage is a fraction with denominator of a hundred, it is denoted by the symbol %. The
numerator of the fraction is called the rate percent.
Percentage Fraction equivalent Rate per cent
25 % 25 25
100
13.5 % 13.5 13.5
100
105 % 105 105
100
Probability
Probability is basically the chance of something happening. You might want to know the
chance that it will rain, the chance of heads tails, the chance of rolling an even, the chance of getting
picked in a draw. All of these chances have a numerical value called the probability of the event
occurring.
Probabilities are written as fractions, decimals and percent.
number of ways on event can occur
Probability of an event occuring
total number of outcomes
Example Problem: Molly has a bag of 20 marbles. The bag contains 4green, 8blue, 5red, and 3whitemarbles. What is
the chance of pulling out a white marble?
Probability of pulling out a white marble 3 white marbles 3
=
(fraction) 20 marbles∈the box 2

Probability of pulling out a white marble 3 white marbles 3

( 100 ) = (100)
(percentage) 20 marbles∈the box 20

= 15 %
Probability of pulling out a white marble 15
15 %¿ = 0.15
(decimal) 100
So, the probability of pulling out a white ball from 3
or 15% chance of pulling out a white ball from the bag.
the bag is (fraction, decimal and percentage) 20
B.4 Order of Operations
GEMDAS is the rule we are going to follow in solving equations with multiple operations. GEMDAS
is the same as what we used to call PEMDAS.
Operation Order Example
st
Grouping (Parenthesis or 1 do those inside the grouping signs 8 x (5-3) = 8 x (2)
brackets) like {}, [], () = 16
Exponents 2nd perform those with exponents (xn) 8 x (5-3)2
= 8 x (2)2
= 8 x 4 = 32
Multiplication or Division 3rd multiply or divide whichever comes 24 ÷ 8 x (5-3)2
first from left to right = 24 ÷ 8 x (2 )2
= 24÷ 8 x 4
= 3 x 4 = 12
Addition or Subtraction 4th add or subtract whichever comes 24 - 8 x (5-3 )2
first from left to right = 24 – 8 x (2)2
= 24 – 8 x 4
= 24 – 32 = -8
C. GCF and LCM
Greatest Common Factor (GCF) – It is the greatest number that is a factor of two or more given numbers.
Least Common Multiple (LCM)- It is the smallest positive number that is a multiple of two or more given numbers.
Finding the Prime
 36 10 9
Example: -= = = 3 giving us the prime factors of 36 = 2x2x3x3
2 2 3
Given Numbers Prime factors GCF (Bring down only LCM (Bring down all
common factors) unique columns
18 and 24 18= 2 x 3 x 3 2x3=6 2 x 3 x 3 x 2 x 2 = 72
24= 2 x 3 x 2 x 2
GCF= 2 x 3
LCM=2 x 3x 3 x 2 x 2
D. Ratio and Proportion
Ratio- It is a comparison of two quantities of the same unit reduced to its lowest value. To mention a few the scale on
maps, teacher to student, wins to losses are examples of a ratio.
- The ratio of teacher to student of “1 is to 50” can be written as 1:50 or 1/50.
- The ratio of “4cups of flour to 2cups of water” is 4:2, in its simplest form is 2:1.
Proportion- A statement that two ratios are equal.
For example, the statement 4:6 = 20:30 is a proportion because both simplify to 2:3
Kinds of Proportions
Kind What to do Example
Direct proportions- when an a:b=c:d Given the direct proportion
increase in quantity A results in where b and c are the means 2: 5 = 6: _____.
the increase of quantity B or while a and d are the extremes 5 (6 ) = 2 ( x )
when a decrease in quantity A Product of = Product of 30 = 2x
results in a decrease of quantity the means the extremes 30
=x
B. bxc=axd 2
15 = x
Indirect or Inverse Proportions a:b=c:d Given the inverse proportion
- When an increase in a quantity a (b) = c (d) 8 : 5 = 10 : x
result in a decrease of another 8 (5) = 10 (x)
quantity or a decrease in a quantity 40 = 10x
causes an increase of another 40
=x
quantity. 10
4=x
Partitive Proportions- where a If there are 10balls where 5 If 100 pesos was to be divided
whole is divided into unequal are red, 3 are blue and 2 are among three kids A, B and C in
parts green, the ratio can be the ratio of 5:3:2, respectively.
described as 5:3:2. How much will each kid receive?
Solution:
If total true value is given Total amount= PhP100
divide it by the total of the Total of ratio: 5+3+2= 10
ratios as well to get the value (portions)
of one (1) equal portion of 100
1 equal portion= =10
the whole 10

To get the true value of each So in 5:3:2

value in the ratio, multiply 5equal portions = 5x10=50
the value of 1 equal portion 3equal portions = 3x10=30
by the parts described in the 2equal portions = 2x10=20
ratio. Therefore,
A, B and C will receive PhP50, 30
and 20; respectively