CONTENTS

UNIT - I Functions 1
UNIT - III Matrices 13

UNIT - IV Addition of Vectors 47

UNIT - V Vector Products 64

UNIT - VI Trignometric Rations upto Transformation 85

UNIT - IX Hyperbolic Equations 104

UNIT - X Properties of Triangles 108

 Unit 1
FUNCTIONS

Functions:Let A and B be non-empty sets and f be a relation from A to B. If for each element
aA, there exists a unique bB such that (a, b)f, then f is called a function (or) mapping
from A to B. It is denoted by f : A  B . The set A is called the domain of f and B is called
the co-domain of f.
Range: If f : A  B is a function , then f(A), the set of all f-images of elements in A, is called
the range of f. Clearly f ( A)   f (a) / a  A  B . Also f(A) = {bB/b = f(a) for some
aA}.
Injection or one-one function:A function f : A  B is called an injection if distinct elements
of A have distinct f-images in B. An injection is also called a one-one function.
f : A  B is an injection ⇔ a1 , a2 ∈ A and a1  a2  f (a1 )  f (a2 )
 a 1 , a2  A and f (a1 )  f (a2 )  a1  a2
Surjection: A function f : A  B is called a surjection if the range of f is equal to the co-
domain.
f : A  B is a surjection  range f = f (A) = B (co-domain)


 B  f ( a ) a  A

 for every bB there exists atleast one aA such that f(a) = b.
Bijection: If f : A  B is both an injection and surjection then f is said to be a bijection or one
to one from A onto B.
(i.e.) f : A  B is a bijection  f is both injection and surjection.
 (i) If a1, a2  A and f (a1) = f (a2)  a1 = a2
(ii) for every b  B  atleast one aA such that f (a) = b.
Finite set: If A is empty or  n  N such that there is a bijection from A onto {1,2,3..........., n}
then A is called a finite set. In such a case we say that the number of elements in A is n and
denote it by |A| or n(A).
2 Basic Learning Material

Equality of functions: Let f and g be functions. We say f and g are equal and write f = g if
domain of f = domain of g and f ( x )  g ( x ) for all x  domain f.
Identity function: Let A be a non-empty set. Then the function f : A  A defined by f(x) = x 
x  A is called the identity function on A and is denoted by IA.
Constant function: A function f : A  B is said to be a constant function, if the range of f
contains one and only one element i.e. f(x) = c  x  A, for some fixed c  B. In this case
the constant function f will be denoted by c itself.

Very Short Answer Questions

1
1. If f : R \{0}  R is defined by f ( x)  x  then prove that  f ( x) 2  f ( x 2 )  f (1) .
x
 1
Sol. Since f ( x)   x  
 x
1  1
f ( x 2 )  f (1)  x 2   1  
x2  1 
1
  x 2  x 2  2
2
1
   x  x    f ( x)
2

 

3 x  2, x  3

2. If the function f is defined by f ( x)   x 2  2, 2  x  2 then find the values, if exists, of
2 x  1, x  3

(i) f (4)(ii) f (2.5), (iii) f (–2), (iv) f (–4), (v) f (0), (vi) f (–7) .

Sol. Note that the domain of f is ( ,  3)  [ 2, 2]  (3,  )

(i) Since f ( x )  3 x  2, for x  3  we have f (4)  12  2  10
(ii) 2.5 does not belong to domain f, f (2.5) is not defined.
(iii) Since f ( x)  x 2  2, 2  x  2 , we have f (–2) = (–2)2 – 2 = 2

(iv) Since f ( x )  2 x  1, x  3 , we have f ( 4)  2( 4)  1  7

(v) Since f ( x)  x 2  2, 2  x  2 , we have f (0)  02  2  2

(vi) Since f ( x )  2 x  1, x  3 , we have f (–7) = 2(–7) + 1 = –13
Maths-IA 3

    
3. If A= 0, , , ,  and f : A  B is surjection defined by f ( x)  Cos ( x ) then find B.
 6 4 3 2
Sol. Let f : A  B be a surjection defined by f ( x)  Cos ( x )
         
Then B = rang of f  f ( A)   f (0), f  , f  , f  , f  
 6 4 3  2 

 π π π π
 = Cos0, Cos 6 , Cos 4 , Cos 3 , Cos 2 

 3 1 1 
 = 1, 2
, , , 0
2 2 


Cos 2 x  Sin 4 x
4. If f ( x)   x  R then show that f (2012)  1 .
Sin 2 x  Cos 4 x
Cos 2 x  Sin 4 x
Sol. f ( x) 
Sin 2 x  Cos 4 x
1  Sin 2 x  Sin 4 x

1  Cos 2 x  Cos 4 x
1  Sin2 x (1  Sin2 x)

1  Cos 2 x (1  Cos 2 x)
1  Sin 2 x Cos 2 x
  1  Sin2 xCos 2 x
f ( x)  1
f (2012)  1

 x  2, x  1

5. If the function f is defined by f ( x)  2 , -1  x  1 then find the values of
 x -1, -3<x <-1

(i) f (3) (ii) f (0) (iii) f (–1.5) (iv) f (2) + f (–2) (v) f (–5)
Sol. (i) Since f(x) = x + 2, x > 1 we have f(3) = 3 + 2 = 5
(ii) Since f(x) = 2, -1  x  1 we have f(0) = 2
(iii) Since f(x) = x–1, –3<x<–1 we havef(–1.5) = –1.5–1 = –2.5
(iv) Since f(x) = x+2, x > 1 we have f(2) = 2+2 = 4
f(x) = x–1, –3<x<–1 we have f(–2) = –2–1 = –3
f(2) + f(–2) = 4 + (–3) = 4 – 3 = 1
(v) As –5 does not belong to domain f, f (–5) is not defined.
4 Basic Learning Material

1 1
6. f : R \ {0}  R is defined by f ( x)  x 3  then show that f ( x)  f    0.
x3  x
1
Sol. f ( x)  x3 
x3
3
1 1 1
f     3
 x  x 1
 
x

1 1
f    3  x3
 x x
1 1 1
 f ( x)  f    x3  3  3  x3  0
x x x

1  x2
7. If f : R  R is defined by f ( x)  then show that, f (tan  )  Cos 2 .
1  x2
1  x2
Sol. f ( x) 
1  x2
Sin 2
2 1
1  tan  Cos 2
f (tan  )  =
2
1  tan  Sin 2
1
Cos 2
Cos 2  Sin 2
Cos 2 Cos 2  Sin 2
f (tan  )  =
Cos 2  Sin 2 Cos 2  Sin 2
Cos 2
f (tan  )  Cos 2  Sin 2  Cos 2
1 x  2x 
8. If f : R \ [ 1]  R is defined by f ( x)  log then show that f 2 
 2 f ( x) .
1 x  1 x 
1 x
Sol. f ( x)  log
1 x

2x
1
 2 x  1  x2
f 2 
 log
 1 x  2x
1
1  x2
Maths-IA 5

1  x2  2x
2
 log 1 2 x
1 x  2x
1  x2

(1  x)2
 log
(1  x)2
2
1 x
 log
1 x

1 x
 2 log
1 x

 2x 
f 2 
 2 f ( x)
 1 x 
9. A = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}  and f : A  B is a surjection defined by f ( x)  x 2  x  1  then
find B.
Sol. f : A  B is a surjection   b  B  a  A such that f ( a)  b
 A = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}
f ( x)  x 2  x  1
f (2)  (2) 2  (2)  1   4  2  3
f (1)  (1) 2  (1)  1  1
f (0)  (0) 2  (0)  1  1
f (1)  12  1  1  3
f (2)  (2) 2  2  1  7
 B  {1, 3, 7}
x2  x  1
10. A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and f : A  R is a function defined by f ( x)   then find the
x 1
range of f.
Sol. f : A  R  f (A)=R
x2  x  1
f ( x) 
x 1
12  1  1 1
f (1)  
11 2
6 Basic Learning Material

22  2  1 3
f (2)   1
2 1 3
32  3  1 7
f (3)  
3 1 4
42  4  1 13
f (4)  
4 1 5
 1 7 13 
Range of f =  ,1, , 
2 4 5 
3 x  3 x
11. If the function f : R  R defined by f ( x)   then show that
2
f ( x  y )  f ( x  y )  2 f ( x) f ( y ) .

3 x  3 x 3 y  3 y
Sol. f ( x) 
2
 f ( y)  2
3( x  y )  3 ( x  y ) 3x  y  3 ( x  y )
LHS  f ( x  y )  f ( x  y )  
2 2
1 x y
 3  3 ( x  y )  3( x  y )  3 ( x  y ) 
2
1 x y
 3 3  3x 3 y  3 x 3 y  3 x 3 y 
2
R HS  2 f ( x) f ( y )

 3x  3 x  3 y  3 y 
 2  
 2  2 
1 x x

2
 3  3  3 y  3 y 
1 x y

2
 3 3  3x 3 y  3 x 3 y  3 x 3 y 

1 x y

2
 3  3x  y  3 ( x  y )  3 ( x  y ) 

1 ( x y ) ( x y ) ( x y ) ( x y )

2
3  3  3  3 
LHS = RHS
f ( x  y )  f ( x  y )  2 f ( x) f ( y )
 Maths-IA 7

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
4x
1. f : R  R defined by f ( x) 
4x  2
then show that f (1  x)  1  f ( x) and hence deduce
1 1 3
the value of f    2 f    f  .
4 2 4

Real valued function

If X is any set, f : X  R then f is called a real valued function.

12. Find the domains of the following real valued functions

1
i) f ( x)  2
R
( x  1)( x  3)
1 1
Sol. 2
R  R
( x  1)( x  3) ( x  1)( x  1)( x  3)
 ( x  1)( x  1)( x  3)  0  x  1,1, 3,
Domain of f is R \{1, -1, -3}
2 x2  5x  7
ii) f ( x) 
( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)

2 x2  5x  7
Sol. R
( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)
 ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)  0
 x  1, 2,3
Domain of f is R \ {1, 2,3}
1
iii) f ( x) 
log(2  x)
1
Sol. R
log(2  x)
 (2  x )  0 2 x 1
x–2<0 –x  –1
x<2 x  1
Domain of f is ( , 2)  {1}
8 Basic Learning Material

iv) f ( x)  x  3

Sol. f ( x)  x  3

 x if x  0
f ( x)  x  
 x if x  0
 x  3 if x  3  0
 x 3  
( x  3) if x  3  0
Domain of f is R.
v) f ( x)  4 x  x 2
Sol. f ( x)  4 x  x 2  R
  4x  x2  0
  x2  4x  0
  x( x  4)  0
  x  0, x - 4  0
Domain of f is [0, 4]
1
vi) f ( x) 
1  x2
1
Sol. f ( x) 
1  x2

1  x2  0
 x2 – 1 < 0
 (x + 1) (x – 1) < 0
 (x + 1) > 0, (x – 1) < 0
x > –1; x < 1
Domain of f is (–1, 1)
13. Find the range of the following real valued functions
i) log 4  x 2

Sol. f ( x)  log 4  x 2

f ( x )  log x ;Range = (, )

f ( x )  | x | ;Range =  0,  
f ( x)  R  4  x 2  0, x 2  4, x  2, 2
 Maths-IA 9

Domain of f  R  {2, 2}
Range of f= R
ii) f ( x)  [ x]  x
Sol. f ( x)  [ x]  x
f ( x)  [ x]  x  0
 [ x]  x
Domain of f = Integers Z
Range of f = {0}
Sin [ x]
iii) f ( x) 
1  [ x2 ]
Sin [ x]
Sol. f ( x) 
1  [ x2 ]
 1  [ x2 ]  0
Domain of f= R [ Sin  0]
Range of f = {0}
x2  4
iv) f ( x) 
x2
x2  4
Sol. f ( x) 
x2
x2  0
x2  4
f ( x) 
x2
( x  2)( x  2)
  ( x  2)
 x2

f ( x)  2  2  4
Domain of f = R – {2}
Range of f =R – {4}

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
I. Find the domains of the following real valued functions
3x
(i) f ( x)  Ans: R – {–1}
x 1
10 Basic Learning Material

(ii) f ( x)  x 2  25 Ans: R – (–5, 5)

(iii) f ( x)  x  [ x] Ans: R

(iv) f ( x)  [ x]  x Ans: Z
1
(v) f ( x)  Ans: R – {1, 5}
6x  x2  5
1
(vi) f ( x)  (a  0) Ans: R – [–a, a]
x2  a2
(vii) f ( x)  ( x  2)( x  3) Ans: R – (–2, 3)

(viii) f ( x)  ( x   )(  x) (0     ) Ans: x  [ ,  ]

(ix) f ( x)  2  x  1  x Ans: [–1, 2]
1
(x) f ( x)  x 2  1  Ans: R – [–1, 2]
2
x  3x  2
II. Find the ranges of the following real valued functions
(i) 9  x2 Ans: [3,  )

Long Answer Questions

1. If f = {(4,5), (5,6), (6,-4)}, g = {(4,-4), ( 6,5), (8,5)} then find
(i) f  g (ii) f  g (iii) 2 f  4 g (iv) f  4 (v) fg
(vi) f / g (vii) | f | (viii) f (ix) f 2 (x) f 3
Sol. Domain of f = A = {4, 5, 6}
Domain of g = B = {4, 6, 8}
Domain of f  g = A  B = [4, 6]
(i) f  g  {(4,5  4), (6, 4  5)}  {(4,1), (6,1)}
(ii) f  g  {(4,5  4), (6, 4  5)}  {(4,9), (6,  9)}
(iii) Domain of 2 f = A = {4, 5, 6}
Domain of 4 g= B = {4, 6, 8}
 2 f  {(4,10), (5,12), (6, 8)}
 4g  {(4, 16), (6, 20), (8, 20)}
Domain of 2 f  4 g = {4, 6}
2 f  4 g = {(4, 10–16), (6, –8+20)} = {(4, –6), (6, 12)}
 Maths-IA 11

(iv) Domain of f + 4 = A = {4, 5, 6}

f + 4 = { (4, 5+4), (5, 6+4), (6, –4+4)}
= {(4, 9), (5, 10), (6,0)}
(v) Domain of f g = A  B = {4, 6}
f g = { (4, (5)(–4)), (6, (–4)(–5))}
= {(4, –20), (6, 20)}
f
(vi) Domain of = {4, 6}
g

f  5   4  
   4,  ,  6,  
g  4   5  
(vii) Domain of | f | A = {4, 5, 6}
| f | = {(4, 5), (5, 6), (6, 4)}
(viii) Domain of f {4,5}

f  {(4, 5), (5, 6)}

(ix) Domain of f 2  A = {4, 5, 6}
f 2  {(4, 25), (5, 36), (6, 16)}
(x) Domain of f 3  A = {4, 5, 6}
f 3  {(4, 125), (5, 216), (6, -64)}

2. If f ( x)  x 2 and g ( x )  | x | find the following functions:

(i) f + g (ii) f – g (iii) fg (iv) 2f (v) f 2 (vi) f + 3
2
Sol. f(x) = x
 x, x  0
g(x) = |x| = 
  x, x  0
Domain f = Domain of g = R
Hence the domain of all the functions is R.
 x 2  x, x  0
(i) (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) = x + |x| =  2
2
 x  x, x  0
2
 x  x, x  0
(ii) (f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x) = x2 – |x| =  2
 x  x, x  0
3
 x , x  0
2
(iii) ( fg) (x) = f(x)g(x) = x |x| =  3
 x , x  0
12 Basic Learning Material

(iv) (2f) x = 2f(x) = 2x2

(v) f 2(x) = (f(x))2 = (x2)2 = x4
(vi) ( f + 3)(x) = f(x) + 3 = x2 + 3
3. If f and g are real valued functions defined by f ( x )  2 x  1  g ( x)  x 2 , then find
 f 
(i) (3f – 2g) (x) (ii) (fg)(x) (iii)  g  ( x) (iv) (f + g + 2) (x)
 
Sol. f ( x)  2 x  1  g ( x)  x 2
 ( f  g ) x  f ( x)  g ( x)
(i) (3 f  2 g )( x)  3 f ( x)  2 g ( x)  3(2 x -1) - 2( x 2 )

 6x  3  2x2
 2 x 2  6 x  3
(3f – 2g) x  2 x 2  6 x  3
(ii) ( fg )( x )  f ( x ).g ( x )

 (2 x  1)( x 2 )  2x3  x 2

 f  f ( x) 2x 1
(iii)  g  x  g ( x)  x 2
 
(iv) ( f  g  2) x  f ( x )  g ( x )  2
  2 x  1  x 2  2
  x 2  2 x  1  ( x  1)2
4. If f  {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1)} then find

(i) 2 f (ii) 2  f (iii) f (iv) f 2

Sol. f  {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1)}

Domain of f A = {1, 2, 3}
(i) 2f = {(1, 2×2), (2, 2(–3), (3, 2(–1)} = {(1,4), (2,–6), (3,–2)}
(ii) 2 + f = {(1, 2+2), (2, –3+2), (3, –1+2) }
2 + f = {(1,4), (2,–1), (3,1) }
(iii) f = {(1, 2 )}

(iv) f 2 = {(1, 22), (2,(–3)2),(3,(–1)2)} = {(1,4), (2,9), (3,1)}

Maths-IA 13

Unit 3
MATRICES

Matrix
An ordered rectangular array of elements is called as matrix.
1 2 4
Ex: A =    B = 1 2
3 0  6 4  3 
Order of Matrix
A matrix having m rows and n columns is said to be of order m × n, read as m cross n or m
by n.
Types of Matrices
1. Square Matrix: A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns
is called a square matrix.

2 0 1
1  1
Ex:     4  1 2 
0 4  22
7 6 9  33
Principal Diagonal / Diagonal
IfA = [aij] is a square matrix of order n, the elements a11, a12 ...., ann are said to constitute
its principal diagonal or simply the diagonal. Hence aij is an element of the diagonal
according as i = j.

2 0 1
4  1 2 

7 6 9 

Trace of Matrix
The sum of the elements of the diagonal of a square matrix A is called the trace of A and is
denoted by Tr(A).
n
Tr  A    aii
i 1
14 Basic Learning Material

2 0 1
4  1 2 
Ex: If A =  then Tr  A   2   1  9  10
7 6 9 

2. Diagonal Matrix
If each non-diagonal element of a square matrix is equal to zero, then the matrix is called
a diagonal matrix.

2 0 0
0 0 
Ex:  , 0 1 0  are diagonal matrices.
0 2  
0 0 1 
3. Scalar Matrix
If each non-diagonal element of a square matrix is zero and all diagonal elements are equal
to each other, then it is called a scalar matrix.

 1 0 0
2 0  0 0  0  1 0 
Ex:  ,  ,  are all scalar matrices.
0 2  0 0   0 0  1

4. Unit matrx / Identity matrix
If each non-diagonal element of a square matrix is equal to zero and each diagonal element
is equal to 1, then that matrix is called a unit matrix or identity matrix.

1 0 0
1 0 0
Ex: 0  , 1 0  are identity matrices.
 1 22 
0 0 133

5. Null Matrix or Zero matrix

If each element of a matrix is zero, then it is called a null matrix or zero matrix. It is
denoted by Om×n or O.

0 0
0 0
Ex.: 0 O  0 0
 0  22 ,  
0 0 3 2

6. Row matrix
A matrix with only one row is called a Row matrix.
Ex: 1 3  213
Maths-IA 15

7. Column Matrix
A matrix with only one column is called a column matrix.

 2
Ex: 1 
3 31

8. Triangular matrices
A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be upper triangular if aij = 0 for all i > j.
'A' is said to be lower triangular if aij= 0  i < j.

2 4 0   3 1
Ex: 0 3  2  ,  0 4 
are upper triangular matrices.

0 0 1 

1 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 ,  are lower triangular matrices.
  2 3 
 2 0 1 

Equality of matrices
Matrices A and B are said to be equal if A and B are of the same order and the corresponding
elements of A and B are the same.
 a11 a12 a13  b11 b12 b13 
Thus A =  a , B =  
 21 a22 a23  b21 b22 b23 
are equal if aij = bij for i = 1, 2, 3 and j = 1, 2, 3
Sum of two matrices
Let A and B be matrices of the same order. Then the sum of A and B, denoted by A + B is
defined as the matrix of the same order in which each element is the sum of the corresponding
elements of A and B.
Scalar multiple of a matrix
Let A be a matrix of order m  n and k be a scalar. Then the m  n matrix obtained by
multiplying each element of A by k is called a scalar multiple of A and is denoted by kA.
IfA = [aij] m  n then kA = [kaij]m  n
Properties of Scalar multiplication of a matrix
Let A and B be matrices of the same order and be scalars. Then
(i)  ( A) = ()A =  ( A)
16 Basic Learning Material

(ii) (+ )A =  A + A

(iii) 0A = O
(iv)  O = O
(v) (A + B) = A + B

Very Short Answer Questions

 1 3 2 1  x1 x2 
1. If A =  , B= , X = x and A + B = X then find the values of
 4 2  3
  5  3 x4 
x1, x2, x3, x4.

 1 3 2 1  x1 x2 
Sol. A =  ,B= 3 ,X= x x4 
 4 2   5  3
A+B=X

 1 3  2 1   x1 x2 
  + =  x4 
 4 2  3  5  x3

x1  1
1 4   x1 x2  x2  4
7 =   
  3  x3 x4  x3  7
x4  3

 1  2 3 1  2 5  2 1 2
 1 4  1  2  1 2 
2. A= 
2
,B= 2 , C =  1
then find A + B + C.
 
 2  1 3  1 2  3   2 0 1

 1  2 3 1  2 5  2 1 2
 1 4  1  2  1 2 
Sol. A= 
2
,B =
2 , C =  1
 
 2  1 3  1 2  3   2 0 1

1  1   2  2   2  1 3 5 2 

 
111 2   2  1 422 
A+B+C= 
 2 1 2 1 2  0 3   3  1


 2 3 10
 8
=  3 1

 5 1 1
Maths-IA 17

3 2  1  3 1 0
2 2 0  2 1 3
3. If A =  ,B =  and X = A + B then find X.
1 3 1  4 1 2

Sol. X = A + B

3 2  1  3 1 0
2 2 0   2 1 3 
X=  +
1 3 1  4 1 2 

3   3 2   1 1  0  0 1 1 
  4
X =  2  2  2 1 0  3  =
 1 3 
1  4 3   1 1  2  5 2 3


x  3 2 y  8  5 2 
4. If 
6 
=  2 a  4  then find the values of x, y, z, a.
z  2  

x  3 2 y  8  5 2 
Sol.  =
z  2 6   2 a  4 
 
x– 3 = 5 x = 5 + 3 = 8  x  8
2y – 8 = 2 2y = 2 + 8 = 10
2y = 10

10
y=  5  y  5
2

z + 2 = –2 z = –2–2 = –4  z  4

6 = a – 4 a = 6 + 4   a  10

 x 1 2 5  y 1 2 3 
  0 4 7 
5. If  0 z  1 7  =   then find the values of x, y, z, a.
 1 0 a  5  1 0 0 

 x 1 2 5  y  1 2 3 
  0 4 7 
Sol.  0 z  1 7  =  
 1 0 a  5  1 0 0 

x– 1 = 1 x = 1 + 1 = 2  x  2
18 Basic Learning Material

5 – y = 3 y = 5 – 3 = 2  y  2

z– 1 = 4 z = 4 + 1 = 5  z  5

a– 5 = 0  a  5

1 3 5 
 2 1 5 
6. Find the trace of A =  .
 2 0 1 

1 3 5 
 2 1 5 
Sol. A =  
 2 0 1 

Trace of A = 1 + (–1) + 1 = 1

0 1 2  1 2 3
2 3 4  0 1 0 
7. If A =  and B =   then find B – A and 4A – 5B.
 4 5 6   0 0 1 

0 1 2  1 2 3
2 3 4  0 1 0 
Sol. A =  , B = 
 4 5 6   0 0 1 

 1 2 3 0 1 2
0 1 0  2 3 4 
B – A =  – 
 0 0 1   4 5 6 

 1 1 1
  2  2 4 
B –A=  
 4  5 5 

0 1 2  1 2 3
2 3 4  0 1 0 
4A – 5B = 4  –5 
 4 5 6   0 0 1 

0 4 8  5 10 15
8 12 16   0 
=   –  0 5
16 20 24   0 0  5 
Maths-IA 19

5 6 7 
8 7 16 
4A – 5B =  
16 20  19 

1 2 3 3 2 1
8. If A =   and B = 1 2 3  then find 3B – 2A.
3 2 1   
1 2 3 2 4 6
Sol. A =   2A = 6
3 2 1   4 2 

3 2 1 9 6 3
B=   3B = 
1 2 3  3 6 9 

9 6 3  2 4 6 7 2  3
3B – 2A =  – = 
3 6 9  6 4 2   3 2 7 

i 0 
9. If A =   then show that A 2= –I, (i2 = –1).
0  i 

i 0 
Sol. A =  
0  i 

i 0  i 0 
A A =   
0  i  0  i 

i 2  0 0  0   1 0 
A = 
2  =  
0  0 0  i 2   0  1

1 0
A2 = –   A 2  I
0 1

4 2
10. If A =  then find A2.
 1 1 

4 2 4 2
Sol. A2 =  
 1 1   1 1 

16   2  8 2
=  
 4   1  2  1
20 Basic Learning Material

14 10 
A2 = 
 5  1

i 0
11. If A =   then findA2.
0 i 

i 0 i 0
Sol. A2 = 
i 
 0 i 
0 

i 2  0 00 
A = 
2 
0  0 0  i 2 

 1 0 
A2 =    A 2  I
0  1

2 4 
12. If A =   and A2 = O then find k.
 1 k 

2 4 
Sol. A =  
 1 k 

2 4  2 4 
A2 = A  A =    
 1 k   1 k 

 4   4  8  4k 
A = 
2 
 2   k   4  k 2 

 0 8  4k 
A2 =  2
 2  k  4  k 
A2 = O

 0 8  4k  0 0
 2 = 
 2  k  4  k  0 0 

8 + 4k = 0
4k = – 8
8
k =–2
4
 k= –2
Maths-IA 21

 2 1   2 3 1
13. If A =  5 0 and B =  4 0 2 
then find2A+B1 and 3B1–A.

 1 4 

 2 1   2 3 1
Sol. A =  5 0  , B = 
   4 0 2 
 1 4 

 2 1   4 2
 0 
2A = 2  5 0  = 10
 
 1 4   2 8 

 2 4
 2 3 1  3 0 
B=   B1 = 
 4 0 2  1 2 

 4 2   2 4   6 6
 0  = 13

2A + B1 = 10 0  +  3  0 
 2 8   1 2  1 10 

 2 4   6 12 
  0 
3B = 3  3
1 0  =  9
 1 2  3 6 

 6 12   2 1   4 11
  0 
3B – A =  9
1 0  –  5 0  =  4

 3 6   1 4   4 2 

2  4 
14. If A = 
3
then findA+A1 , AA1.
 5

2  4   2  5
Sol. A =   A1 = 
3 
 5 3  4

2  4   2  5  4  9
A+A1 =  + =
 5 3  4
 3   9 6 

2  4   2  5
AA1 = 
 5 3  4 3 
22 Basic Learning Material

 4  16  10  12 
AA1 = 
 10  12 25  9 

 20  22 
AA1 = 
 22 34 

Symmetric matrix
A square matrix A is said to be symmetric if A1 = A.

1 2 0
2  3  1 
Ex:A =  
0  1 4 

Skew Symmetric matrix

A square matrix A is said to be skew symmetric ifA1 =–A.

 0 1  2
 1 0 4 
Ex: 
 2  4 0 

 1 2 3
 2 5 6 
15. If A =  is a symmetric matrix, then find x.
 3 x 7 

 1 2 3  1 2 3
Sol. A=  2 5 6  , A1=  2
 5 x 
 3 x 7   3 6 7 

A is Symmetric matrix  A1  A

 1 2 3  1 2 3
 2 x  =   2
 5
 5 6 
 3 6 7   3 x 7 

 x6

 0 2 1
 2 0  2 
16. If A =  is a skew symmetric matrix, then find x.
 1 x 0 

Sol. A is Skew symmetric matrix  A1  A

Maths-IA 23

 0 2 1   0 2 1
2 0 x   2 0  2 
 =– 
1  2 0   1 x 0 

 0 2 1   0  2 1 
2 0 x   2 0 2 
 =
1  2 0  1  x 0 

 x  2

 cos  sin  
17. If A=  then show that AA1 = A1A = I.
  sin  cos  

 cos  sin   cos   sin  

Sol. A=  A1=
  sin  cos   sin 
 cos  

 cos  sin   cos   sin  

AA1 = 
  sin  cos   sin 
 cos  

cos2   sin 2   cos  sin   sin  cos  

=  
  sin  cos   cos  sin  sin 2   cos 2  

1 0
 = 0 1
=I


cos   sin    cos  sin  

A1A = 
cos  
   sin  cos  
sin  

cos2   sin 2   cos  sin   sin  cos  

=  
sin  cos   cos  sin  sin 2   cos 2  

1 0
=  =I
0 1

 AA1  A1A  I
24 Basic Learning Material

Short Answer Questions (4 marks)

0 1 2 1  2
 3  and B =  1
1. If A = 1 2
 0  then findAB, BA.
 2 3 4   2  1 

0 1 2 1  2  0  1  4 0  0  2
1 3   1 0  1  2  6
2  2  0  3 
Sol. AB =    = 
 2 3 4  33  2  1  32  2  3  8  4  0  4 

3  2
5  5 
AB = 
7  8 

1  2  0 1 2
 1 0  1 2 3 
BA =    
 2  1  32  2 3 4  33

Since the number of column of B is not equal to number of rows of A, BA is not defined.

 1 2 3 1 0 2
 0 2 
2. If A =  2 3  1 and B =  1
then examine whether A and B commute
 3 1 2  1 2 0 

with respect to multiplication of matrices.

Sol. Both A and B are square matrices of order 3. Hence both AB, BA are defined and are
matrices of order 3.

 1 2 3 1 0 2
  1 0
AB =  2 3 
 1 2 
 3 1 2  33 1 2 0  33

1  0  3 026 2  4  0
2  0  1 0  3  2 4  6  0 
= 
 3  0  2 0  1  4  6  2  0 

4 4 2 
1 1 10 
=  
 1 5  4 
Maths-IA 25

1 0 2 1 2 3
 2  1
BA = 0 1 2    3
1 2 0  3 1 2 

1  0  6 202 3 0 4 
0  2  6 03 2 0  1  4 
= 
1  4  0 260 3  2  0 

 5 0 7
 4 5 3 
= 
 5 4 1 33

Which shows that AB  BA.

 A and B do not commute with respect to multiplication of matrices.

1 2 2
3. If A =  2 1 2  then show thatA2 – 4A – 5I = O.

 2 2 1  33

1 2 2
 2 
Sol. A =  2 1
 2 2 1 

1 2 2  1 2 2
2 1 2    2 1 2 
A2 = 
 2 2 1   2 2 1 

1  4  4 224 2  4  2
2  2  4 4 1 4 4  2  2 
= 
 2  4  2 422 4  4  1 

9 8 8
8 9 8
= 
8 8 9

1 2 2 4 8 8
2 1 2  8 4 8
4A = 4  =
 2 2 1 8 8 4 
26 Basic Learning Material

1 0 0 5 0 0
 0 0 
5I = 5 0 1 0  =  5
0 0 1 0 0 5

Hence A2 – 4A – 5I

9 8 8  4 8 8  5 0 0 0 0 0
8 8 8 8 0 0 0 
= 
9
–
4
– 5 0  =  0
8 8 9  8 8 4  0 0 5 0 0 0 

A2 – 4A – 5I = O

2 3
1 2 3  5 then do AB and BA exist? If they exist, find
4. If A =   and B =   4
 4 2 5  2 1 

them. Do A and B commute with respect to multiplication?

2 3
1 2 3 4 5
Sol. A =  4
 2 
5 23 , B =  
 2 1  3 2

AB multiplication matrix is 2×2 matrix

BA multiplication matrix is 3×3 matrix

2 3
1 2 3  5
 AB =    4
 4 2 5  2 1 

 28 6 3  10  3  0  4
AB =  =
 8  8  10  12  10  5 10 3 

2 3
 1 2 3
BA =  4 5  
 4 2 5
 2 1  

 2  12 46 6  15   10 2 21

 4  20  8  10 12  25   16 2 37 
=  =  
 2  4 42 6  5   2 2 11 

Since AB  BA, A and B are not commutative with respect to multiplication.

Maths-IA 27

3 0 0
 0  then findA4.
5. If A = 0 3
0 0 3

3 0 0 1 0 0
 0 0 
Sol. A = 0 3 0  = 3  1
0 0 3 0 0 1

4 4
 1 0 0  1 0 0
   0 0 
A4 = 3 0 1 0   = 34  1
 0 0 1  0 0 1
 

1 0 0  81 0 0
0 1 0  0 81 0 
A4 = 81  =
0 0 1 0 0 81

 1 1 3
 5 2 6 
6. If A =  then findA3 .
 2  1  3 

 1 1 3
 5 2 6 
Sol. A = 
 2  1  3 

 1 1 3  1 1 3
 5 2  
6   5 2 6 
A2 = 
 2  1  3   2  1  3 

1  5  6 1 2  3 3 69   0 0 0
5  10  12 5  4  6 
15  12  18  3 3 9 
=  =
 2  5  6  2  2  3  6  6  9   1  1  3 

 0 0 0  1 1 3
 3 3  
9   5 2 6 
A3 = A2  A =  
 1  1  3   2  1  3 

0  0  0 000 0  0  0  0 0 0
3  15  18 3  6  9 9  18  27  0 0 0 
A3 =  =
 1  5  6  1  2  3  3  6  9  0 0 0 
28 Basic Learning Material

1 2 1
0 1  1
7. If A =   then findA3–3A2–A–3I (where I is unit matrix of order 3).
3 1 1 

1 2 1
  1
Sol. A =  0 1
3 1 1

1 2 1 1 2 1
  1  0  1
A2 = A  A = 0 1 1
3 1 1 3 1 1

1  0  3  2  2 1 1 2 1  4 5 4
  2  2 
A2 = 0  0  3 0 11 0  1  1 =  3

3  0  3  6 11 3  1  1   6 8 5 

 4 5 4  1 2 1
 3 2  2   0 1  1
A3 = A2  A = 
 6 8 5  3 1 1

 4  0  12 85 4 454 
 3  0  6 622  3  2  2 
A3 = 
6  0  15  12  8  5 6  8  5 

16  17 13 
 9 10  7 
A3 =   
 21  25 19

 4 5 4  12  15 12 
 3 2  2   9 6  6 
3A2 = 3  =
 6 8 5  18  24 15 

1 0 0 3 0 0
 0 0 
3I = 3 0 1 0  =  3
0 0 1  0 0 3

A3 –3A2–A–3I
16  17 13  12  15 12  1 2 1 3 0 0
 9 10  7   9  6  0
=  –  6
–  1  1 –  0 3 0 

 21  25 19  18  24 15  3 1 1  0 0 3
Maths-IA 29

0 0 0
0 0 0 
=  = O
0 0 0 33

 A3  3A 2  A  3I  O

1 0  0 1
8. If I =  ,E= 0 0  then show that (aI+bE)3 = a3I + 3a2bE. (Where I is unit matrix).
 0 1  
Sol. LHS = (aI + bE)3
3
 1 0  0 1 
= a   b 
 0 1 0 0  
3 3
  a 0  0 b   a b
=      = 
 0 a  0 0   0 a 
2
a b a b a2  0 ab  ba   a 2 2ab 
a b   =  
= 0     =
0


a  a 0 a  0  0 0  a 2  0 a 2 
2
a b
3
a b
2
a b  a 2ab   a b
 =   0 = 
0

a 0 a   a  0 a 2  0 a 

 a 3  0 a 2b  2 a 2b  a2 3a 2b 
L.H.S. =   =  
0  0 0  a3  0 a3 
R.H.S. = a3I + 3a2bE

1 0  0 1
= a3   + 3a2b 0 0 
 0 1  

 a3 0  0 3a 2b   a
3
3a 2b 
=  +  = 
0 a3   0 0  0 a3 

 L.H.S. = RHS

 aI  bE 3  a3I  3a 2bE
30 Basic Learning Material

cos2  cos  sin   cos2  cos  sin  

     O.
9. If – then show that 
2 cos  sin  sin 2   cos  sin  sin 2  

cos2  cos  sin   cos2  cos  sin  

Sol.     
cos  sin  sin 2   cos  sin  sin 2  

cos2  cos2   cos sin   cos  sin  cos2   cos  sin   cos sin   sin 2  
  
cos  sin  .cos2   sin 2   cos  sin  cos  sin   cos  sin   sin 2   sin 2  

 
–  
2 2
 
cos = cos     = –sin
2 
 
sin  = sin     = cos
2 

sin 2  cos 2   sin 2  cos 2  sin 2  cos  sin   sin  cos  sin 2  
 

  
=   sin  cos  cos2   cos2  cos  sin   sin  cos  cos  sin   cos2  sin 2  


sin 2  cos 2   sin 2  cos 2  sin 3  cos   sin 3  cos  

=  
  sin  cos3   sin  cos3   sin 2  cos 2   sin 2  cos2  

0 0
= 
0 0 

= O.

Singular Matrix
A square matrix is said to be singular if its determinant is zero.

Non-singular Matrix
A square matrix is said to be non-singular if its determinant is non-zero.

Adjoint of a matrix
The transpose of the matrix formed by replacing the elements of a square matrix A, with
the corresponding co-factors is called the adjoint of A and is denoted by Adj A.
Maths-IA 31

Invertible Matrix
Let A be a square matrix, we say that A is invertible if a matrix B exists such that
AB = BA = I, where I is the unit matrix of the same order as A and B.

 a1 b1 c1 
10. If A =  a2 b2

c2  is a non-singular matrix then show that A is invertible and

 a3 b3 c3 

AdjA
A–1 = .
det A

 a1 b1 c1 
Sol. A =  a2 b2 c2 


 a3 b3 c3 

 A1 A2 A3 
 
B B2 B3 
AdjA =  1
C1 C2 C3 

 a1 b1 c1   A1 A2 A3 
 
A . AdjA =  a2 b2

c2    B1 B2 B3 

 a3 b3 c3  C1 C2 C3 

 a1A1  b1B1  c 1C1 a1A 2  b1B2  c 1C2 a1A3  b1B3  c 1C3 

 
 a2 A1  b2 B1  c 2C1 a2 A 2  b2 B2  c 2C2 a2 A3  b2 B3  c 2C3 
 a3A1  b3B1  c 3C1 a3A 2  b3B2  c 3C2 a3A3  b3B3  c 3C3 

det A 0 0  1 0 0
 0 det A 0  0 1 0 
= = det A 
 0 0 det A  0 0 1

= det A . I
Since det A  0,
A.(AdjA) = det A . I

 AdjA 
 A I
 det A 

 AdjA 
Similarly   A  I
 det A 
32 Basic Learning Material

AdjA
Let B = then AB = BA = I
det A
AdjA
Hence A is invertible and A–1 = B =
det A

Long Answer Questions (7 Marks)

1 3 3
 3  .
1. Find the adjoint and the inverse of the matrix A = 1 4
1 3 4 

1 3 3
 3 
Sol. A = 1 4
1 3 4 

detA = 1 (16 – 9) – 3 (4 – 3) + 3 (3 – 4)
= 7 – 3 – 3 = 1 0
 A is invertible.

 7 1  1
 3 1 0 
The cofactor matrix of A is B =  
 3 0 1

 7 3  3
1 1 0 
Adj A = BT = 
1 0 1 

 7 3  3
AdjA  1 1 0 
A–1 = =  [ det A = 1]
det A  1 0 1 

1 2 1
 3 is non-singular and find A–1.
2. Show that A = 3 2
1 1 2 

1 2 1
 3
Sol. A = 3 2
1 1 2 
Maths-IA 33

det A = 1 (4 – 3) – 2 (6 – 3) + 1 (3 – 2)
= 1 – 6 + 1 = –4  0
Hence A is a non-singular matrix.

 1 3 1
 3 1 1 
The cofactor matrix of A is B = 
 4 0  4 

 1 3 4
 3 1 0 
Adj A = BT =  
 1 1  4 

 1 3 4
1 
AdjA 3 1 0 
A–1 = = 4 
det A  1 1  4 

 1 3 
 4 4
1 
 
3 1
A =  
–1  0

4 4
 1 1 
  1
 4 4 

 1 2 3
 4 then find (A')–1.
3. If A =  0 1
 2 2 1 

 1 2 3
 4
Sol. A =  0 1
 2 2 1 

 1 0  2
 2 1 2 
A1 = 
 3 4 1

del (A1) = 1 (–1–8) + 0 – 2 (–8+3)

= –9 + 0 + 10 = 1  0
34 Basic Learning Material

 9 8 5
 8 7  4 
Cofactor matrix of A1 = 
 2 2  1 

 9 8  2
 8 7 2 
Adjoint matrix of A1 =  
 5 4  1 

 9 8  2
Adj(A1 )
1 1
(A )    8 7 2 
1
det(A ) 
 5 4  1 

 1 2 2
4. If A =  2 1  2  then show thatadjA = 3A1. FindA–1.

 2 2 1 

 1 2 2
Sol. A =   2 1  2 

 2 2 1 

 1 2 2
  2 
A1 =   2 1
 2 2 1 

 1 2 2
  2 
3A = 3  2
1 1
 2 2 1 

 3 6 6
  6
3A1 =  6 3
.......(1)
 6 6 3 

 3 6  6
  6 
Cofactor matrix of A =  6 3
 6 6 3
Maths-IA 35

 3  6  6 T  3 6 6
  6  6
AdjA =  6 3  6  =  3 .......(2)
 6  6 3  6 6 3 
From (1) and (2) Adj A = 3A1
det A = – 1 (1–4) + 2 (2+4) – 2 (–4–2)
= 3 + 12 + 12 = 27  0

 3 6 6
AdjA 1  6 3  6
A–1 = =  
det A 27  6 6 3 


 3 6 6 
  27 27 27 
   1 2 2
6 3 6 1 
A = 
–1  =   2 1  2 
 27 27 27  9
   2 2 1 
 6 6 3 
 27 27 27 

 1 2 2
  2  then show that A–1 = AT.
5. If 3A =  2 1
 2 2  1 

 1 2 2
  2 
Sol. 3A =  2 1
 2 2  1 

 1 2 2
1
2 1  2 
A =  3 
 2 2  1 
AAT = I  A–1 = AT

1 2 2
1
AT =  3  2 1 2 
 2  2  1

1 2 2 1 2 2 
1 1
2 1 2    2 1 2 

A×AT =  3  3
 2 2 1  2 2 1
36 Basic Learning Material

 1 4  4 2  2  4 2  4  2 
1
224 4  1  4 4  2  2 
=  9 
 2  4  2 4  2  2 4  4  1 

9 0 0  1 0 0 
1
0 9 0   0 1 0   I
=  9 
0 0 9  0 0 1 

AAT = I
 A–1 = AT

Solution of Simultaneous Linear Equations

Cramer's Rule
Consider the system of equations
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3

 a1 b1 c1 
 
where A =  a2 b2 c2  is non-singular matrix
 a3 b3 c3 

x   d1 
 y  
Let X =   be the solution of the equation AX = D where D =   d 2 
 z   d3 

a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
Let  =
a3 b3 c3

a1x b1 c1
a x b2 c2
Then x =  2
a3 x b3 c3

On applyingC1  C1 + yC2 + zC3 we get

a1x  b1 y  c1z b1 c1 d1 b1 c1
a2 x  b2 y  c2 z b2 c2 d 2 b2 c2
x = =
a3 x  b3 y  c3 z b3 c3 d3 b3 c3
Maths-IA 37

d1 b1 c1
d 2 b2 c2 1
 1 = , thenx = 
d3 b3 c3

a1 d1 c1
a d2 c2 2
Similarly2 = 2 theny =
a3 d3 c3 

a1 b1 d1
a2 b2 d2 3
3 = thenz =
a3 b3 d3 

x y z 1
  =  =  = . This is known as Cramer's Rule.
1 2 3 
Matrix Inversion Method
Consider the matrix equation AX = D, whereA is non-singular.
Then we can find A–1.
AX = D  A–1 (AX) = A–1D
(A–1A) X = A–1D
I X = A–1D
X = A–1D. From this x, y and z are known.
6. Solve the following simultaneous linear equations by using Cramer's rule.
3x + 4y + 5z = 18, 2x – y + 8z = 13 5x – 2y + 7z = 20
Sol. 3x + 4y + 5z = 18,
2x – y + 8z = 13
5x – 2y + 7z = 20

3 4 5 x  18 
  y 13 
A = 2 1 8  , X =  , D =  
5 2 7   z   20 

Then we can write the given equations in the form of matrix equation as AX = D.

3 4 5
 8 
 = det A =  2 1
5 2 7 
38 Basic Learning Material

= 3 (–7+16) – 4 (14–40) + 5 (–4+5)

= 3 (9) – 4 (–26) + 5 (1)
= 27 + 104 + 5 = 136  0
Hence we can solve the given equation by using Cramer's rule.

18 4 5
13 1 8
1 = = 408
20 2 7

3 18 5
2 13 8
2 = = 136
5 20 7

3 4 18
2  1 13
3 = = 136
5  2 20

Hence by Cramer's rule

1 408
x= = =3
 136
 2 136
y= = =1
 136
3 136
z= = =1
 136

The solution of the given system of equations is x  3, y  1, z  1

7. Solve the following system of equations by Cramer's rule.

(i) 5x – 6y + 4z = 15, 7x + 4y – 3z = 19, 2x + y + 6z = 46
Sol. (i) 5x – 6y + 4z = 15,
7x + 4y – 3z = 19,
2x + y + 6z = 46

5  6 4  x 
15   y
  19  , X =
det A = 7 4  3  , D =  
 
 2 1 6   z 
 46 
 Maths-IA 39

5  6 4 
 
det A =  = 7 4  3  =5(24 + 3) + 6 (42 + 6) +4 (7–8)
 2 1 6 

= 135 + 288 – 4

 = 419  0

15 6 4
19 4 3
1 = = 1257
46 1 6

5 15 4
7 19 3
2 = = 1676
2 46 6

5 6 15
7 4 19
3 = = 2514
2 1 46

From Cramer's rule

1 1257
x= = =3
 419
 2 1676
y= = =4
 419
3 2514
z= = =6
 419

 x  3, y  4, z  6

(ii) x + y + z = 1
2x + 2y + 3z = 6
x + 4y + 9z = 3

1 1 1 1  x 
2 2 3  6  y
Sol. A=  ,D=   ,X=  
1 4 9  3   z 
40 Basic Learning Material

1 1 1
2 2 3
det A =  = = 1(18 – 12) – 1 (18 –3) +1 (8 – 2)
1 4 9

 = 6 – 15 + 6 = –3  0

1 1 1
6 2 3
1 = = –21
3 4 9

1 1 1
2 6 3
2 = = 30
1 3 9

1 1 1
2 2 6
3 = = –12
1 4 3

F ro m C ram er's ru le

1 21
x= = =7
 3
2 30
y= = = –10
 3
3 12
z= = =4
 3

 x  7, y  10, z  4

(iii) x – y + 3z = 5
4x + 2y – z = 0
–x + 3y + z = 5

 1 1 3 5  x 
 4  1 0  
Sol.A = 
2
, D=   , X =   y
 1 3 1  5   z 

1 1 3
4 2 1
det A =  = = 1(2 + 3) + 1 (4 –1) +3 (12 + 2)
1 3 1

= 5 + 3 + 42 = 50  0
Maths-IA 41

5 1 3
0 2 1
1 = =0
5 3 1

1 5 3
4 0 1
2 = = 50
1 5 1

1 1 5
4 2 0
3 = = 100
1 3 5

From Cramer's rule

1 0
x= = =0
 50
2 50
y= = =1
 50
3 100
z= = =2
 50

 x  0, y  1, z  2

(iv) x + y + z = 9
2x + 5y + 7z = 52
2x + y – z = 0

1 1 1 9  x 
2 5 7   52   y
Sol.A =  , D=   , X =   
 2 1  1  0   z 

1 1 1
2 5 7
det A =  = = 1(–5 – 7) – 1 (–2 –14) +1 (2 – 10)
2 1 1

= –12 + 16 – 8 = –4  0
 = –4
42 Basic Learning Material

9 1 1
52 5 7
1 = = –4
0 1 1

1 9 1
2 52 7
2 = = –12
2 0 1

1 1 9
2 5 52
3 = = –20
2 1 0

From Cramer's rule

1 4
x= = =1
 4
2 12
y= = =3
 4
3 20
z= = =5
 4
  x  1, y  3, z  5
8. Solve the following systems of equations by using matrix inversion method.
i) 3x + 4y + 5z = 18, 2x – y – 8z = 13, 5x – 2y + 7z = 20
Sol. 3x + 4y + 5z = 18
2x – y – 8z = 13
5x – 2y + 7z = 20

x  18 
3 4 5   y 13 
Let A =  2  1 8  , X =   and D =   
 
5  2 7   z   20 
Then we can write the given equations in the form
AX=D

3 4 5
2 1 8
det A =  = = 3(–7 + 16) – 4 (14 –40) +5 (–4 + 5)
5 2 7

= 27 + 104 + 5 = 136  0

 Maths-IA 43

 9 26 1
 38 4 26
Cofactor matrix of A = 
 37  14  11

 9  38 37 
 26  4  14 
Adj A = 
1 26  11

X = A–1 D

 AdjA 
X=   .D
 det A 

9  38 37  18 
1  26  4  14  13 
=    
136  1 26  11  20 
 

 408
1 136 
=  
136 136 

 3
1 
X =     x  3, y  1, z  1
1 

(ii) 2x – y + 3z = 9
x+y+z=6
x–y+z=2

2  1 3 x  9 
1 1 1   y 6 
Sol. A =  , X =  , D =  
1  1 1   z   2 

AX  D  X  A 1D

2 1 3
1 1 1
det A =  = = 2 (1 + 1) + 1 (0 – 0) +3 (–1 – 1)
1 1 1

= 4 – 6 = –2  0
44 Basic Learning Material

 2 0 2
 2 1 1 
Cofactor matrix of A = 
 4 1 3

 2  2  4
0 1 1
Adj A = 
 2 1 3
X = A–1 D
 AdjA 
X =   .D
det A 

 2  2  4  9 
1 
0 1 1  6 
X = 2 
 2 1 3   2 

 2 
1  4 
X=  
2  6 
 

1   x  1 
2  y  2
X =       =  
3   z  3 

  x  1, y  2, z  3

(iii) x+y+z=1
2x +2 y +3 z = 6
x + 4y + 9z = 3

1 1 1 x  1 
2 2 3   y 6 
Sol. A =  , X =  , D =  
1 4 9   z  3 

AX  D  X  A 1D
1 1 1
2 2 3
det A = = 1 (18 – 12) – 1 (18 – 3) +1 (8 – 2)
1 4 9

= 6 – 15 + 6 = –3  0
det A  0 = –3
Maths-IA 45

6  15 6
 5 8  3
Cofactor matrix of A = 
 1 1 0 

 6 5 1
  1 
Adj A =  15 8
 6 3 0 

X = A–1 D
 AdjA 
X =   .D
det A 

 6 5 1  1 
1
 15 8  1   6 
X = 3
 6 3 0  3 

x   21   7
 y 1  30   
  =   =   10 
 z  3  12   4 
 

  x  7, y  10, z  4

(iv) 2x – y + 3z = 8
–x +2y +z = 4
3x + y – 4z = 0

 2 1 3 x  8 
 1 2 1   y 4
Sol. A =  , X =  , D =  
 3 1  4   z  0 

AX  D  X  A 1D

2 1 3
det A = 1 2 1 = 2 (–8 – 1) + 1 (4 – 3) +3 (–1 – 6)
3 1 4

= –18 + 1 – 21 = –38  0

det A = –38  0
46 Basic Learning Material

 9 1 7
 1  17  5 
Cofactor matrix of A = 
 7 5 3

 9 1 7
 1  17  5 
Adj A = 
 7 5 3

X = A–1 D
 AdjA 
X =   .D
det A 

 9 1  7 8 
1 
X =   1  17  5  4
 
38
 7 5 3  0 

 76  1
1   
X =   76   1
38
 76  1

x  1
 y 1
  = 
 z  1

  x  1, y  1, z  1
PRACTISE PROBLEMS

3  3 4 
2  3 4
1. If A =    then show thatA–1 = A3.
0  1 1 

2. Solve the following system of equations by Cramer's rule.

(i) 2x – y + 3z = 9, x + y + z = 6, x – y + z = 2
(ii) 2x – y + 3z = 8, –x + 2y + z = 4, 3x + y – 4z = 0
(iii) 2x – y + 8z = 13, 3x + 4y + 5z = 18, 5x – 2y + 7z = 
2. Solve the following system of equations by matrix inversion method.
(i) x + y + z = 1, 2x + 2y + 3z = 6, x + 4y + 9z = 3
(ii) x – y + 3z = 5, 4x + 2y – z = 0, –x + 3y + z = 5
(iii) x + y + z = 9, 2x + 5y + 7z = 52, 2x + y – z = 
Maths-IA 47

Unit 4
Addition of Vectors

Vector: A physical quantity which has both magnitude and direction is called a vector.
Example: Velocity, displacement, force etc.
Scalar: A physical quantity which has only magnitude is called a scalar.
Example: Length, volume, temperature
Position Vector: : Let'O' and 'P' be any two points in space. Then the vector OP having
'O' and 'P' as initial and terminal points respectively, is called the position vector of the
point P with respect to 'O'.
Position vector of P (x,y,z) w.r.t. origin O (0, 0, 0) is denoted by r .

Magnitude of OP is given by, OP  r  x 2  y 2  z 2

Note: AB = OB - OA = Position vector of B – Position vector of A.

Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios:
Let the position vector of point P (x,y,z) w.r.t. origin 'O' be OP = r  Let  ,  ,  be the
angles made by the vector r in the positive direction (counter clockwise direction) of X,
Y, Z axes respectively.
Then Cos , Cos , Cos  are called the direction cosines of the vector r .
These direction cosines are denoted by l, m, n respectively.
i.e. l = Cos
m = Cos
n = Cos
Thus the coordinates x, y, z of the point P are expressed as (lr, mr, nr).
The numbers lr, mr, nr which are proportional to the direction cosines l, m, n are called the
direction ratios of the vector r These direction ratios are denoted by a, b, c.
i.e. a = lr
b = mr
c = nr
48 Basic Learning Material

Note: l2 + m2 + n2 = 1 but a2 + b2 + c2  1, in general.

Unit Vector: A vector whose magnitude is unity (i.e. 1 unit) is called a unit vector. It is
represented by e .
Unit vector in the direction of a given vector a is denoted by a and it is given by,,
a
a =
a
The zero vector is denoted by 0 and it is also known as null vector. We can observe that
the initial and terminal points coincide for zero vector and its magnitude is the scalar 0.
Like vectors: If two vectors are having the same direction, then they are called like vectors.
Unlike vectors: If two vectors are in opposite directions, then they are called unlike vectors.
Negative of a vector: Let a be a vector. The vector having the same magnitude as a but
having the opposite direction is called the negative vector of a and is denoted by – a .
Note:
1. If a  AB then a  BA .

a
2. Unit vector in the opposite direction of a =
a

The line AB is called support of the vector AB . A B

Collinear (Parallel) Vectors: Vectors with same support or parallel supports are called
collinear or parallel vectors.
Note:1. a  b are collinear (parallel) vectors  a   b where  is a scalar..
2. The points A, B, C are collinear  AB =  BC where  is a scalar..
a1 a 2 a 3
3. If a1i + a2j + a3k and b1i + b2j + b3k are collinear vectors, then b  b  b .
1 2 3

Coplanar Vectors: Vectors whose supports are in the same plane or parallel to the same
plane are called coplanar vectors.
Note:1. The points A, B, C, D are coplanar  AD  x AB  y AC where x, y are scalars.

2. If AB = a1i + b1j + c1k

AC = a2i + b2j + c2k
AD = a3i + b3j + c3k, then the points A, B, C, D or
a1 b1 c1
AB , AC  AD are coplanar  a 2 b 2 c 2 = 0
a 3 b3 c 3
The vectors which are not coplanar are called non–coplanar vectors.
 Maths-IA 49

Triangle law of vector addition: C

In ABC  AB and BC are two sides,
then their sum is represented by the third side, AC 
i.e. AC = AB + BC A B

This is known as the triangle law of vector addition.

Parallelogram law of vector addition:
If a  b are the adjacent sides of a parallelogram then their sum
a  b  is represented by the diagonal of the parallelogram through b
b a +
their common point.
This is known as the parallelogram law of vector addition. a
Properties of vector addition: For any vectors a  b and c
(i) ab = ba (Commutative property)

  
(ii) a  b  c  a  b  c  (Associative property)

(iii) a  0  0  a  a (Identity property)

Here, the zero vector 0 is called the additive identity for the vector addition.
Let a, b be two vectors, then
(i) ab  a  b

(ii) a  b  ab

Note: Equality holds if and only if a and b are like vectors.

If a point P divides the line segment joining the points A( a ) and B( b ) in the ratio m : n,
mb + na
then the position vector of P is .
m+n
Linear combination of vectors: Let a1 , a 2 , a 3 ....... a n be vectors and x1, x2, x3 ...., xn be

scalars. Then the vector x1 a1  x 2 a 2 + x 3 a 3 +.......  xn a n is called a linear combination of

the vectors a1 , a 2 , a 3 ......., a n .
Vector equation of the straight line passing through the point A a    and parallel to the
vector b is r = a + tb t  R

Vector equation of the straight line passing through two points A a and B(b) is,
r = (1-t)a + tb t  R

Vector equation of the plane passing through a point A a and parallel to the vectors b, c
is r = a + tb  sc t , s  R
50 Basic Learning Material

Vector equation of the plane passing through three points A a    B(b) and parallel to the
vector c is r = (1-t) a + tb  sc t, s  R

Vector equation of the plane passing through three points A a    B(b) and C c is
r = (1-t-s) a + tb  sc t , s  R
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
 Find the unit vector in the direction of vector a = 2i + 3j + k.
Sol. a = 2i + 3j + k
a  22  32  12  4  9  1  14

a
 Unit vector in the direction of a is a =   2i  3 j  k
a 14

2 3 1
 a  i j k
14 14 14
 Let a = i + 2 j + 3k  b = 3i + j . Find the unit vector in the direction of a + b .
Sol. a  i  2 j  3k
b  3i  j
a  b  = i + 2j + 3k + 3i + j
  a  b = 4i + 3j + 3k

a + b  42  32  32  16  9  9  34

a+b 4i  3 j  3k
 Unit vector in the direction of a + b  a + b   34

1
  34
(4i  3 j  3k )

 Find the unit vector in the direction of the sum of the vectors a  2i  2 j  5k  and
b  2i  j  3k .
Sol. a  2i  2 j  5k  b  2i  j  3k
a  b  = 2i + 2j – 5k + 2i + j + 3k
a  b  = 4i + 3j – 2k
a + b  4 2  32  ( 2) 2  16  9  4  29
Maths-IA 51

a+b 4i  3 j  2k
Unit vector in the direction of sum of a and b = a + b  
29

 Let a  2i  4 j  5k , b  i  j  k  and c  j  2k . Find the unit vector in the opposite

direction of a  b  c .
Sol. a  2i  4 j  5k
bi jk
c  j  2k
a + b + c = (2i + 4j – 5k) + (i + j + k) + (j + 2k)
a + b + c = 3i + 6j – 2k
a + b + c  32  62  ( 2) 2  9  36  4  49  7

 Unit vector in the opposite direction of a + b + c

(a + b + c)

a+b+c

(3i + 6j - 2k)

7
 If the position vectors of the points A, B and C are –2i + j – k, –4i + 2j + 2k and
6i – 3j – 13k respectively and AB   AC , then find the value of  .
Sol. Let 'O' be the origin.
Then, OA = –2i + j – k
OB = –4i + 2j + 2k
OC = 6i – 3j – 13k
 AB = OB – OA = (–4i + 2j + 2k) – (–2i + j – k)
= –4i + 2j + 2k + 2i – j + k
 AB = –2i + j + 3k
 AC = OC – OA = (6i – 3j – 13k) – (–2i + j – k)
= 6i – 3j – 13k + 2i – j + k
= 8i – 4j – 12k
AC = –4(–2i + j + 3k)

AC = –4. AB  AB  2i  j  3k 
 
 –4 AB = AC
52 Basic Learning Material

1
AB =  AC
4
Comparing with, AB =  AC we get,
1
  =  4
 If OA  i  j  k  AB  3i  2 j  k  BC  i  2 j  2 k  and CD  2i  j  3k , then find
the vector OD .
Sol. OA  i  j  k
AB  3i  2 j  k
BC  i  2 j  2 k
CD  2i  j  3k
 OA  AB  BC  CD  OD
 OD  OA  AB  BC  CD
= (i + j + k) + (3i – 2j + k) + (i + 2j – 2k) + (2i + j + 3k)
  OD = 7i + 2j + 3k

 Write direction ratios of the vector a = i + j – 2kand hence calculate its direction cosines.
Sol. Let r = a = i + j – 2k
Let a, b, c be the direction ratios of vector r = xi + yj + zk
Then the values of a, b, c are just the respective components x, y and z of the vector.
Hence, a = 1, b = 1, c = –2
If l, m, n are the direction cosines of the given vector, then

r  12  12  ( 2) 2  1  1  4  6

a 1
l 
r 6
b 1
m 
r 6
c 2
n 
r 6

 1 1 2 
 The direction cosines are  , , 
 6 6 6
Maths-IA 53

 If the vectors –3i + 4j +  k and  i + 8j + 6k are collinear vectors, then find  and  .
Sol. The vectors, –3i + 4j +  k and  i + 8j + 6k are collinear..
3 4 
  
 8 6
3 1 
  
 2 6
3 1 1 
  and 2  6
 2
   2( 3) 2  6(1)
6
   6  3
2
    3 and   6
9) Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point 2i + 3j + k and parallel to the
vector 4i – 2j + 3k.
Sol. Let a = 2i + 3j + k
b = 4i – 2j + 3k
Vector equation of the line passing through a and parallel to b is,
r = a + tb t  R
r = (2i + 3j + k) + t(4i – 2j + 3k)
 r = (2 + 4t)i + (3–2t)j + (1+3t)k
10) OABC is a parallelogram. If OA = a  and OC = c , find the vector equation of the side
BC .
Sol. OABC is a parallelogram in which,
OA = a C B
OC = c    AB  = c
 OB - OA  c c

 OB = c  OA O A
 OB = c  a a
 OB = a  c

 The vector equation of BC , r = (1-t)c  t (a  c) t  R

 r = (1-t+t)c  t a
 r=c  ta
54 Basic Learning Material

11) Find the vector equation of the line joining the points 2i + j + 3k and –4i + 3j – k.
Sol. Let a = 2i + j + 3k
b = –4i + 3j – k
Vector equation of line passing through a and b is
r = (1  t)a  tb , t  R
 r = (1 – t) (2i + j + 3k) + t(–4i + 3j – k)
 r = (2 – 2t – 4t)i + (1 – t + 3t)j + (3 – 3t – t)k
 r = (2 – 6t)i + (1 + 2t)j + (3 – 4t)k
 r = 2(1 – 3t)i + (1 + 2t)j + (3 – 4t)k
12) Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the points i – 2j + 5k, –5j – k and
–3i + 5j.
Sol. Let a = i – 2j + 5k
b = –5j – k
c = –3i + 5j
 Vector equation of the plane passing through a , b and c is,
r = (1-t-s)a  tb  sc t, s  R
 r = (1 – t – s) (i – 2j + 5k) + t(–5j – k) + s(–3i + 5j)
13) Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the points (0, 0, 0), (0, 5, 0) and
(2, 0, 1).
Sol. a = 0.i + 0.j + 0.k = 0
b = 0.i + 5j + 0.k = 5j
c = 2.i + 0.j + 1.k = 2i + k
Vector equation of the plane passing through a , b and c is,
r = (1-t-s)a  tb  sc t , s  R
 r = (1 – t – s) 0 + t(5j ) + s(2i + k)
 r = (5t)j + s(2i + k)
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)
1) Show that the points A(2i – j + k), B(i – 3j – 5k), C(3i – 4j – 4k) are the vertices of a right
angle triangle.
Sol. Let 'O' be the origin, then
OA = 2i – j + k
Maths-IA 55

OB = i – 3j – 5k
OC = 3i – 4j – 4k
 AB = OB – OA = (i – 3j –5k) – (2i – j + k)
= (1–2)i + (–3+1)j + (–5–1)k
AB = –i – 2j – 6k
 AB = ( 1) 2  ( 2) 2  ( 6) 2  1  4  36  41

BC = OC – OB = (3i – 4j –4k) – (i – 3j – 5k)

BC = (3 – 1)i + (–4 + 3)j + (–4 + 5)k = 2i – j + k
BC = 2 2  ( 1) 2  12  4  1  1  6

CA = OA – OC = (2i – j + k) – (3i – 4j – 4k)

CA = (2 – 3)i + (–1 + 4)j + (1 + 4)k = –i + 3j + 5k
CA = (1) 2  32  52  1  9  25  35
2
AB  ( 41)2  ( 6)2  ( 35)2
2 2 2
 AB  BC  CA

 A, B, C are the vertices of a right angle triangle.

2) Is the triangle formed by the vectors 3i + 5j + 2k, 2i – 3j – 5k and –5i – 2j + 3k equilateral?

Sol. In ABC , let AB = 3i + 5j + 2k

BC = 2i – 3j – 5k
CA =– 5i – 2j + 3k
AB = 32  52  22  9  25  4  38

BC = 22  (3) 2  (5) 2  4  9  25  38

CA = ( 5) 2  (2) 2  32  25  4  9  38

  AB  BC  CA  ABC is an equilateral triangle.

D C
3) If centre of the regular hexagon ABCDEF is 'O, then show that
AB + AC + AD + AE = 3 AD = 6 AO. E O B
Sol. From figure, AB + AC + AD + AE + AF
= (AB + AE) + AD + (AC + AF) F A
56 Basic Learning Material

= (AE + ED) + AD + (AC + CD)

( AB = ED, AF = CD) (from figure)
= AD + AD + AD = 3 AD
= 6 AO ( O centre, OD = AO)
4) a , b , c are non–coplanar vectors. Prove that the following four points are coplanar..
(i) -a + 4b - 3c , 3a + 2b - 5c , 3a + 8b - 5c , 3a + 2b + c
(ii) 6a + 2b - c , 2a - b + 3c , a + 2b - 4c , 12a - b - 3c
Sol. (i) Let 'O' be the origin. Then the position vectors of A, B, C, D are

OA = -a + 4b - 3c
OB = 3a + 2b - 5c
OC = -3a + 8b - 5c
OD = 3a + 2b + c
AB = OB – OA =  3a + 2b - 5c ) –  -a + 4b - 3c ) = 4a - 2b - 2c
AC = OC – OA =  3a + 8b - 5c ) –  -a + 4b - 3c ) = -2a + 4b - 2c
AD = OD – OA =  -3a + 2b + c ) –  -a + 4b - 3c ) = - 2a - 2b + 4c
4 -2 -2
A, B, C, D are coplanar  -2 4 -2  0
-2 -2 4
4 -2 -2
-2 4 -2  4(16  4)  2( 8  4)  2(4  8)
-2 -2 4
= 4(12) + 2(–12) – 2(12)
= 48 – 24 – 24
=0
 A, B, C, D are coplanar..
Second Method:
A, B, C, D are coplanar  AB, AC, AD are coplanar..
  AB  x AC + yAD
where x, y are scalars.
 4a - 2b - 2c  x(-2a + 4b - 2c)  y(-2a - 2b + 4c)
 4a - 2b- 2c + 2a x - 4b x + 2c x  2a y + 2b y - 4c y  0
 (4+2x+2y)a + (-2-4x+2y)b + (-2+2x-4y)c  0
 Maths-IA 57

 a , b , c are non–coplanar
 4 + 2x + 2y = 0 .............(1)
–2 – 4x + 2y = 0 .............(2)
–2 + 2x – 4y = 0 .............(3)
Solving (1) and (2)
2x + 2y + 4 = 0
– 4x + 2y – 2 = 0
+ – + .
6x +6 =0
x = –6/6 = –1
Substituting x = –1in equation (1), we get
4 + 2 (–1) + 2y = 0
4 – 2 + 2y = 0
2 + 2y = 0
2y = –2
y = –2 / 2 = –1
Substituting x = –1, y = –1in equation (3), we get

 AB, AC, AD are coplanar..
 A, B, C, Dare coplanar.
 Given points are coplanar.
(ii) Let 'O' be the origin. Then the position vectors of A, B, C, D are
OA = 6a + 2b - c
OB = 2a - b + 3c
OC = -a + 2b - 4c
OD = 12a - b - 3c respectively
AB = OB – OA =  2a - b + 3c ) –  6a + 2b - c ) = -4a - 3b + 4c
AC = OC – OA =  a + 2b - 4c ) –  6a + 2b - c ) = - 7a - 3c
AD = OD – OA =  12a - b - 3c ) –  6a + 2b - c ) = 18a - 3b - 2c
-4 -3 4
A, B, C, D are coplanar  -7 0 -3  0
-18 -3 -2

-4 -3 4
-7 0 -3  4(0  9)  3(14  54)  4(21  0)
-18 -3 -2
58 Basic Learning Material

= 36 + 3(–40) + 4(21)
= 36 – 120 + 84
= 120 – 120 = 0
 A, B, C, Dare coplanar.
5) If i, j, k are unit vectors along the positive direction of the coordinate axes, then show that
the four points 4i + 5j + k, –j–k, 3i +9 j + 4k and –4i + 4j + 4k are coplanar.
Sol. Let 'O' be the origin and A, B, C, D be the given points.
Then, OA = 4i + 5j + k
OB = –j – k
OC = 3i + 9j + 4k
OD = –4i + 4j + 4k
AB = OB – OA = (–j – k) – (4i + 5j + k) = –4i – 6j – 2k
AC = OC – OA = (3i + 9j + 4k) – (4i + 5j + k) = –i + 4j + 3k
AD = OD – OA = (–4i + 4j + 4k) – (4i + 5j + k) = –8i – j + 3k
-4 -6 -2
A, B, C, D are coplanar  -1 4 3 0
-8 -1 3

-4 -6 -2
 -1 4 3  4(12  3)  6( 3  24)  2(1  32)
-8 -1 3

= –4(15) + 6(21) – 2(33)

= –60 + 126 – 66
= – 126 + 126
=0
 A, B, C, Dare coplanar
6) If a , b , c are non–coplanar vectors, then test for the collinearity of the following points
whose position vectors are given by
(i) a - 2b + 3c , 2a + 3b - 4c ,  7 b + 10c
(ii) 3a - 4b + 3c , 4a + 5b - 6c , 4a  7b + 6c
Sol. (i) Let 'O' be the origin and A, B, C be the given points.
OA = a - 2b + 3c
OB = 2a + 3b - 4c
 Maths-IA 59

OC = -7 b + 10c
AB = OB – OA =  2a + 3b - 4c ) –  a - 2b + 3c ) = a + 5b - 7c .....(1)
BC = OC – OB =   7 b + 10c ) –  2a + 3b - 4c ) = -2a - 10b + 14c
BC = -2(a + 5b - 7c)
BC = –2 AB [ from (1)]
 BC = 2 BA
 A, B, Care collinear.
(ii) Let 'O' be the origin A, B, C be the given points
OA = 3a - 4b + 3c
OB = 4a + 5b - 6c
OC = 4a - 7b + 6c
AB = OB – OA =  4a + 5b - 6c ) –  3a - 4b + 3c ) = 7a + 9b - 9c
BC = OC – OB =  4a  7b + 6c ) –  4a + 5b - 6c = 8a - 12b + 12c
AB   BC , where  is a scalar..
 A,B, C are non–collinear.
7) If the points whose position vectors are 3i – 2j – k, 2i + 3j – 4k , –i + j + 2k and
146
4i + 5j +k are coplanar, then show that= .
17
Sol. Let 'O' be the origin and A, B, C, D be given points.
OA = 3i – 2j – k
OB = 2i + 3j – 4k
OC = –i + j + 2k
OD = 4i + 5j +  krespectively..
 AB = OB – OA = (2i + 3j – 4k) – (3i – 2j – k) = –i + 5j – 3k
AC = OC – OA = (–i + j + 2k) – (3i – 2j – k) = –4i + 3j + 3k
AD = OD – OA = (4i + 5j +  k) – (3i – 2j – k) = i + 7j + (  +1)k
-1 5 -3
A, B, C, D are coplanar  -4 3 3 0
1 7  +1

–1[3(  +1) – 21] – 5[–4(  +1) – 3] – 3[–28–3] = 0

–1(3  +3–21) – 5(–4  –4–3) – 3(–31) = 0
60 Basic Learning Material

–1(3  –18) – 5(–4  –7) + 93 = 0

–3  + 18 + 20  + 35 + 93 = 0
17  + 146 = 0
17  = – 146
146
  = 
17
8) Find the vector equation of the plane which passes through the points 2i + 4j + 2k,
2i + 3j + 5k and parallel to the vector 3i – 2j + k. Also find the point where this plane meets
the line joining the points 2i + j + 3k and 4i – 2j + 3k.
Sol. Let a = 2i + 4j + 2k
b = 2i + 3j + 5k
c = 3i – 2j + k
 Vector equation of plane passing through a , b and parallel to c is given by,,
r = (1– t) a + t b + s c , t, s  R
r = (1– t) (2i + 4j + 2k) + t(2i + 3j + 5k) + s(3i – 2j + k)
r = (2 – 2t + 2t + 3s)i + (4 – 4t + 3t – 2s)j + (2 – 2t + 5t + s) k
r = (2 + 3s)i + (4 – t – 2s) j + (2 + 3t + s) k ............................... (1)
Let p = 2i + j + 3k
q = 4i – 2j + 3k
Vector equation of line passing through p and q is given by,,

r = (1– x) p + x q , xR
r = (1 – x) (2i + j + 3k) + x(4i – 2j + 3k)
r = (2 – 2x + 4x)i + (1 – x – 2x) j + (3 – 3x + 3x)k
r = (2 + 2x)i + (1 – 3x) j + 3k ..............................(2)
Equating the corresponding coefficients of i, j, k from (1) & (2), we get
2 + 3s = 2 + 2x  2x – 3s = 0. .............................(3)
4 – t – 2s = 1 – 3x  3x – 2s – t = –3 .............................(4)
2 + 3t + s = 3  s + 3t = 1
1-s
 3t = 1 – s  t =
3
Substituting 't' value in equation (4), we get
1 - s 
3x – 2s –   = –3
 3 
9x – 6s – 1 + s = –9
 9x – 5s = –8 .........................(5)
Maths-IA 61

Solving (3) & (5), we get

(2x – 3s = 0) × 5  10 x – 15s = 0
(9x – 5s = –8) × –3  –27x + 15s = 24
–17x = 24
24
x=
17
24
Substituting x = in (2), we get
17
  24     24  
r = 
2  2   i  1  3    j  3k
 17     17  

 48   72 
r = 
2   i   1   j  3k
17   17 
 34  48   17  72 
i
r =  17   17 
j  3k

14 89
 r = 17 i  17 j  3k

 14 89 
 Point of intersection of plane and line   , ,3 
 17 17 
9) Find the vector equation of the plane passing through points 4i – 3j – k, 3i + 7j – 10k and
2i + 5j – 7k and show that the point i + 2j – 3k lies in the plane.
Sol. Let a = 4i – 3j – k
b = 3i + 7j – 10k
c = 2i + 5j – 7k
d = i + 2j – 3k
Vector equation of plane passing through a , b and c is

r = (1 – t – s) a + t b + s c t, s  R
r = (1 – t – s) (4i – 3j – k) + t (3i + 7j – 10k) + s(2i + 5j – 7k)
If the point d lies on this plane, then
i + 2j – 3k = (1 – t – s) (4i – 3j –k) + t(3i + 7j – 10k) + s(2i + 5j – 7k)
i + 2j – 3k = (4 – 4t – 4s + 3t + 2s)i + (–3 + 3t + 3s + 7t + 5s)j + (–1 + t + s – 10t – 7s)k
i + 2j – 3k = (4 – t – 2s)i + (–3 + 10t + 8s)j + (–1 – 9t – 6s)k
Equating the coefficient of i, j, k on both sides, we get
4 – t – 2s = 1  t + 2s = 3 ................(1)
–3 + 10t + 8s = 2  10t + 8s = 5 ................(2)
62 Basic Learning Material

–1 – 9t – 6s = –3  9t + 6s = 2 ................(3)
Solving (1) & (2)
(t + 2s = 3) × –4  –4t – 8s = –12
10t + 8s = 5  10t + 8s = 5
––––––––––––––––
7
6t = –7  t =
6
From (1) t + 2s = 3
7
+ 2s = 3
6
7 18  7
2s = 3  
6 6
25 25
2s =  s=
6 12
From (3)
LHS = 9t + 6s
 7   25  21 25 21  25 4
= 9  + 6  =  = = = 2 = R.H.S.
 6   12  2 2 2 2
7 25
 t=
6
,s=
12
satisfy (1), (2) and (3) equations.
 d lies on the plane passing through a , b and c .
10) Show that the line joining the pair of points 6a - 4b + 4c , - 4c  and the line joining the
pair of points a - 2b - 3c , a + 2b - 5c intersect at the point –4c when a , b , c are non–
coplanar vectors.
Sol. Equation of the line joining the first pair of points is,

r = (1 – t) ( - 4c ) + t ( 6a - 4b + 4c ), tR

r = (6t) a + (–4t) b + (–4 + 4t + 4t) c

r = (6t) a + (–4t) b + (8t –4) c ...............(1)
Equation of the line joining the second pair of points is,
r = (1 – s) ( a - 2b - 3c ) + s( a + 2b - 5c ), s  R
r = (–1 + s + s) a + (–2 + 2s + 2s) b + (–3 + 3s – 5s) c
r = (2s – 1) a – (4s – 2) b + (–2s – 3) c ...............(2)
Equating the corresponding coefficients of a , b and c in (1) & (2), we have
6t = 2s – 1  6t – 2s = –1 ..............(3)
–4t = 4s – 2  4t + 4s = 2  2t + 2s = 1 ...............(4)
8t – 4 = –2s – 3  8t + 2s = 1 ...............(5)
Maths-IA 63

Solving (3) & (4), we get

6t – 2s = –1
2t + 2s = 1
8t =0  t=0
From (4) 2t + 2s = 1
2(0) + 2s = 1
1
2s = 1  s =
2
1
t = 0, s =
2
satisfy equation (5).
1
 Substituting the value of t = 0 in (1) or s = in (2), the point of intersection of the
2
lines is –4c.
10) Find the point of intersection of the line r = 2a + b + t(b - c) and the plane
r = a + x(b + c) + y (a + 2b - c) where a , b , c are non–coplanar vectors.
Sol. Given line is, r = 2a + b + t(b - c) .................(1)
plane is, r = a + x(b + c) + y (a + 2b - c) ................(2)
At the point of intersection of the line and the plane, we have,
2a + b + t(b - c) = a + x(b + c) + y (a + 2b - c)
2a + (1+t)b - tc  (1+y)a + (x+2y)b + (x-y)c
 On comparing the corresponding coefficients,
2=1+y  y=2–1=1  y=1
1 + t = x + 2y  1 + t = x + 2(1)  t – x = 1 ..............(3)
–t = x – y  –t = x – 1  t + x = 1 ............ (4)
Solving (3) & (4)
t–x=1
t+x=1
2t = 2
t=1
From (4) t+x=1
1+x=1
 x = 1 –1
 x=0
Substituting t = 1 in (1) or substituting x = 0, y = 1 in (2), we get the point of intersection
of (1) & (2) as 2a + 2b - c .
64 Basic Learning Material

Unit 5
Product of Vectors

Scalar or Dot Product of two vectos

Let a and b be two vectos. The scalar (or dot) product of  a and b , written as , a . b is
defined as
a .b = 0 if one of a or b is 0

= a b Cos , if a  0, b  0 and  is the angle between a and b

Note:
(i) a . b is a scalar..
(ii) If a , b are non zero vectors, than a . b is positive or zero or negative according as the
angle  beween a and b is acute or right or obtuse angle.

(iii) If  = 0 0, then

a .b = a b

In particular, a .a = a a cos 0º  a . a
2
a .a = a

Orthogonal Projection
b D
Let a  AB and b  CD  be two non zero vectors. Let P
C
and Q be the feet of the perpendiculars drawn from C and D
respectively onto the line AB. Then PQ is called the
orthogonal projection vector of b on a and the magnitude, A B
PQ is called the magnitude of the projection of b on a . P Q a

(b.a)a b .a
 The projection vector of b on a is 2 and its magnitude is
a
a
 Maths-IA 65

(a .b)b a.b
 The projection vector of a on b is
b
2 and its magnitude is b


 Let a , b be two vectors. Then

(i) a .b = b.a (commutative law)
(ii) (l a ) . b = a .(l b ) = l( a . b ), l  R.
(iii) (l a ) . (m b ) = lm ( a . b ), l, m  R.
(iv) (– a ) . ( b ) = a . (– b ) = – ( a . b )
(v) (– a ) . (– b ) = a . b
Note: If i, j, k are mutually perpandicular unit vectors, then
i.i = j.j = k. k = 1
i.j = j. k = k. i = 0
Theorem Let a = a1i + a2 j + a3 k
b = b1i + b2j + b3 k . Then
a . b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3.
Note: (i) If is the angle between two non-zero vectors a and b , then

 a.b 
  Cos 1 
a b
 

 a1b1  a 2 b 2  a 3 b3 
  Cos 1  
 a a 2 a 2 b 2 b 2 b 2
2 
 1 2 3 1 2 3 
(ii) a , b are perpendicular to each other  a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 = 0
Cross Product of two vectors:
Let a and b be non-zero non collinear vectors. The cross (or vector) product of a and b
written as a  b is defined to be the vector ( a b Sin) n where is the angle between a
and b and n is the unit vector perpendicular to both a and b such that ( a , b , n ) is a right
handed system.
If one of the vectors a , b is the null vectors or a , b are collinear vectors then the cross
product a  b is defined as the null vector 0 
Note:
(1) If a , b are non-zero and non collinear vectors, then a  b is a vector, perpendicular to the
plane determined by a and b , whose magnitude is a b sin.
66 Basic Learning Material

(2) a  b = –( b  a )
(3) (–a)  b = a  (– b ) = –( a  b ) = b  a
(4) (– a )  (– b ) = a  b
(5) ( l a )  ( b ) = l( a  b ) = a  (l b ), l  R
(6) (l a )  (m b ) = lm( a  b ), l, m  R
(7) a (b + c) = a  b + a  c
(8) (a + b)  c = (a  c) + (b  c)
(9) If (i, j, k)is an orthogonal triad, then
(i) i  i = j  j = k  k = 0
(ii) i  j = k, j  k = i, k  i = j

Theorem:If a = a1i + a2 j + a3k

If b = b1i + b2 j + b3 k then

i j k
a1 a 2 a 3
ab =
b1 b 2 b3

Theorem:For any two vectors a and b ,

2 2 2 2
a  b  a b  ab  
Theorem: The vector area of ABC is
1 1 1
=
2
AB  AC =
2

BC  BA =
2

CA  CB   
Theorem:If a , b , c are the position vectors of the vertices A, B and C of ABC , Then the
1
vector area of ABC is 1 b × c + c × a + a × b and its area is b × c + c × a + a × b
 
2 2
Theorem:
(i) The vector area of any plane quadrilateral ABCD in terms of the diagonals AC and BD is
1
2

AC  BD 
1
(ii) The area of the quadrilateral ABCD is AC  BD
2
(iii) The vector area of a parallelogram with a and b as adjacent sides is a  b and the area is
ab ,
Maths-IA 67

(iv) The unit vector perpandicular to both a and b is

(a  b)
=
ab

 If a = 6i + 2j +3k , b = 2i – 9j + 6k, then find a . b and the angle between a and b . (4M)
Sol: a = 6i + 2j +3k , b = 2i – 9j + 6k then,

a . b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 and a = a12  a 2 2  a 32

a . b = 6(2) + 2(–9) + 3(6) = 12 – 18 + 18 = 12

a  36  4  9  49  7

b  22  (9) 2  6 2  4  81  36  121  11

a.b 12 12
Cos  
 a b  = =
7 11 77

 12 
  Cos 1  
 77 
 If a = i + 2j – 3k , b = 3i – j + 2k, then show that a + b and a – b are perpendicular to each
other. (4 M)
Sol: a + b = i + 2j – 3k + 3i – j + 2k = 4i + j – k
a – b = (i + 2j – 3k) – (3i – j + 2k) = –2i + 3j – 5k
( a + b ) . ( a – b ) = 4(–2) + 1(3) + (–1)(–5)
= –8 + 3 + 5
=0 [ a . b = 0  a  b ]
 (a + b)  (a – b)
 If a = i – j – k and b = 2i – 3j + k then find the orthogonal projection of b on a and its
magnitude. (4 M)

(b.a)a
2
Sol: Orthogonal projection of b on a = a

b . a = (2i – 3j + k) . (i – j – k)
= 2(1) + (–3)(–1) + 1(–1)= 2 + 3 – 1 = 4

a = (1) 2  (1) 2  (1) 2 = 1  1  1 = 3

68 Basic Learning Material

(b.a)a 4(i  j  k) 4(i  j  k)

 Orthogonal projection of b on a = 2 = 2
=
a ( 3) 3

b.a 4 4
Magnitude of the projection vector  = = 3
a 3

 If the vectors i – 3j + 5k and 2i – j – k are perpendicular to each other, find . (2M)
Sol: If a and b are perpendicular to each other then, a . b = 0
 ()(2) + (–3)(–) + 5(–1) = 0
22 + 3 – 5 = 0
22 + 5 – 2 – 5 = 0
(2 + 5) ( – 1) = 0
2 + 5 = 0 (or)  – 1 = 0
5
= (or) = 1
2
 Prove that the angle between any two diagonals of a cube is given by cos   1 .(4M)
3
Sol: Let the cuber be a unit cube.
Z
Let OA = i; OB = j; OC = k
C D
OF  GC are diagonals
OF = OA + AD + DF E F
=i+k+j
=i+j+k
O
X
GC = GB  BO  OC A
= –i – j + k G
B
If is angle between OF and GC  then Y

OF .GC 1(1)  1(1)  1(1) 1  1  1 1

Cos =
OF GC
= 2 2
1 1 1 2 2
(1)  (1)  1 2 2 =
3. 3

3

 The Vectors AB = 3i – 2j + 2k and AD = i – 2k represent the adjacent sides of a

parallelogram ABCD, Find the angle between the diagonals. (4M)
Sol: AC = AB + BC
= 3i – 2j + 2k + i – 2k
= 4i – 2j
BD = BA + AD
= –3i + 2j – 2k + i – 2k
Maths-IA 69

= –2i + 2j – 4k D C
If is the angle between AC and BD , then

AC.BD 4( 2)  ( 2)2  0( 4)

Cos = AC BD =
4  (2) 2 ( 2) 2  2 2  ( 4) 2
2
A B

8  4 12 12 12 3

Cos = = = = =
16  4 4  4  16 20 24 5 4 6 4 4 30 10. 3

 3
Cos =
10
 Find the cartesian equation of the plane through the point A = (2, –1, –4) and parallel to the
plane 4x – 12y – 3z – 7 = 0. (4M)
Sol: The normal to the plane4x – 12y – 3z – 7 = 0 is, n = 4i – 12j – 3 k .
Let P = xi + yj + zkbe any point on the plan.
AP  n
 
OP  OA . n = 0
[(x – 2)i + (y + 1)j + (z + 4) k ] . (4i – 12j – 3 k ) = 0
4(x – 2) – 12(y + 1) – 3(z + 4) = 0
4x – 12y – 3z – 8 – 12 – 12 = 0
4x – 12y – 3z – 32 = 0
 Find the angle between the vectors i + 2j + 3k and 3i – j + 2k. (4M)
Sol: Let a = i + 2j + 3k, b = 3i – j + 2k
a . b = 1(3) + 2(–1) + 3(2) = 3 – 2 + 6 = 7
a = 12  22  32 = 1  4  9 = 14

b = 32  ( 1) 2  2 2 = 9  1  4 = 14
a.b
If is angle between a and b  Cos = a b

7 7 1
Cos = = = = Cos600
14. 14 14 2
 = 600
70 Basic Learning Material

 If the vectors 2i + j – k and 4i – 2j + 2k are perpendicular to each other, find

Sol: Let a = 2i + j – k; b = 4i – 2j + 2 k

If a and b are perpendicular to each other, then a . b = 0

 2(4) + (–2) + (–1)(2) = 0
8 – 2 – 2 = 0
2 = 6 = 3
 For what value of the vectors i – j + 2k and 8i + 6j – k are at right angles? (2M)
Sol: Let a = i – j + 2k; b = 8i + 6j – k
If a and b are perpendicular to each other, then a . b = 0
 1(8) + (6) + 2(–1) = 0
 8 – 6 – 2 = 0
6 = 6
 = 1
1
 Let e1 and e2 be unit vectors making angle  If
2
e1  e 2 = Sin, then find 

Sol: e1 = 1; e 2 = 1
e1 .e2
Cos = e e = e1 .e 2
1 2

1
Given, e1  e 2 = Sin
2
e1  e 2 = 2Sin
2 2
e1  e 2 = 4Sin2 ( a  a.a )
2
 e  e  . e  e  = 4Sin 
1 2 1 2
2
( e1.e1  e1 )
2 2
e1  e1.e2  e2 .e1  e2 = 4Sin2 ( e1.e 2  e 2 .e1 )

1 – 2 e1.e 2 + 1 = 4Sin2

2 – 2Cos = 4Sin2 ( e1.e 2  cos  )

2(1–Cos) = 4Sin2
2 
2(2Sin2/2) = 4Sin2 [ 1 – cos = 2sin ]
2
Sin2/2 = Sin2
1
 
2
Maths-IA 71

 If a = 2i + 2j – 3k , b = 3i – j + 2k, then find the angle betwen the vectors, 2 a + b and
a + 2 b . (4M)
Sol: 2 a + b = 2(2i + 2j – 3k) + 3i – j + 2k = 7i +3j – 4k
a + 2 b = 2i + 2j – 3k + 2(3i – j + 2k) = 8i + k
If is the angle between 2 a + b and a + 2 b , then

(2a  b)(a  2b) 7(8)  3(0)  (4)(1)

Cos = =
2a  b a  2b 7 2  32  (4) 2 . 82  12

56  4 52
= =
49  9  16. 64  1 74. 65
 52 
= Cos–1  74. 65 

 If a + b + c = 0, a = 3, b = 5, c = 7, then find the angle between a and b  (4M)

Sol: a + b = – c
( a + b )2 = (– c )2
( a + b ).( a + b ) = c . c
2 2 2
a  a b  ba  b  c
2 2 2
a  2a b  b  c
2 2 2
2 a b cos   c  a  b
2(3)(5) cos = 49 – 9 – 25
30 cos = 49 – 34 = 15
15
Cos
30
1
Cos = Cos600
2
0
= 60
 If |a| = 2,| b | = 3and| c | = 4 and each of a , b , c is perpendicular to the sum of the other
two vectos, then find the magnitude of a + b + c . (4M)
Sol: Given |a| = 2,| b | = 3and| c | = 4
a  (b+c)  a . (b+ c) = 0
a .b+a .c = 0
72 Basic Learning Material

b  (c+a )  b. (c+a ) = 0
b.c+b.a = 0
c  (a +b)  c. (a +b) = 0
c.a + c.b = 0
a .b + a .c + b.c+b.a + c.a + c.b = 0
2 (a .b + b.c + c.a ) = 0 .........(1)
Now, | a + b + c |2 = ( a + b + b ). ( a + b + c )
2 2 2
= a + a .b + a .c + b.a + b + b.c + c.a + c.b + c
2 2 2
= a + b + c + 2( a . b + b . c + c . a )
= 22 + 32 + 42 + 2(0) [ from (1)]
= 4 + 9 + 16
= 29
 |a +b +c | = 29
 Show that the points (5, –1, 1), (7, –4, 7) (1, –6, 10) and (–1, –3, 4) are the vertices of a
rhombus. (7M)
Sol: Let OA = 5i – j + k
OB = 7i – 4j + 7k
OC = i – 6j + 10k
OD = –i – 3j + 4k
AB  OB  OA = 2i – 3j + 6k
BD  OD  OB = –8i + j – 3k
AC  OC  OA = –4i – 5j + 9k
BC = OC – OB = –6i – 2j + 3k
CD = OD – OC = –2i + 3j – 6k
DA = OA – OD = 6i + 2j – 3k
AB  4  9  36  7

BC  36  4  9  7

CD  4  9  36  7

DA  36  4  9  7

BD  64  1  9  74

AC  16  25  81  122
Maths-IA 73

i.e, AB  BC  CD  DA & BD  AC

ABCD is a rhombus.
 If a = 2i – 3j + 5k, b = –i + 4j + 2k, then find a  b and unit vector perpendicular to both
a and b . (4M)
i j k
2 -3 5
Sol: a  b =
-1 4 2

-3 5 2 5 2 -3
=i –j +k
4 2 -1 2 -1 4
= i(–6 – 20) – j(4 + 5) + k(8 – 3)
= –26i – 9j + 5k
Unit vector perpendicular to both a and b is

ab

= ab

(26i  9 j  5k) (26i  9 j  5k)

= 2 2 2 =
(26)  ( 9)  5 782
 
  
If a = 2i – 3j + 5k, b = –i + 4j + 2k, then find (a + b)  a  b and unit vector perpendicular
to both  a + b and a – b . (4M)
Sol: a + b = i + j + 7k, a – b = 3i – 7j + 3k
i j k

a + b)  (a – b) = 1 1 7
3 -7 3
= i(3 + 49) – j(3 – 21) + k(–7 – 3)
= 52i + 18j – 10k
| a + b )  ( a – b )| = (52) 2  (18) 2  ( 10) 2 = 4[(26) 2  (9) 2  5 2 ]  2 782

Unit vector perpendicular to both a + b and a – b


a  b  a  b
=
a  b  a  b
(52i  18j  10k) (26i  9 j  5k)
= =
2 782 782
74 Basic Learning Material

 Find the area of the parallelogram for which a = 2i – 3j, b = 3i – k are adjacent sides.
(2M)
Sol: a = 2i – 3j, b = 3i – k
i j k
2 -3 0
Vector area of parallelogram = a  b =
3 0 -1

= i(3 – 0) – j(–2 – 0) + k(0 + 9)

= 3i + 2j + 9k

Area = a  b = 32  22  92
= 9  4  81
= 94
 If a = i + 2j + 3k and b = 3i + 5j – k are two sides of a triangle, then find its area.(4M)
1
Sol: Area of triangle ab
2

i j k
1 2 3
ab =
3 5 -1

= i(–2 – 15) – j(–1 – 9) + k(5 – 6)

= –17i + 10j – k

 a  b = (17) 2  (10 2  ( 1) 2

= 289  100  1
= 390
1 1
 Area of triangle = ab  390
2 2
390
=
2
 If is the angle between a = 2i – j + k and b = 3i + 4j – k, then find sin (4M)

ab
Sol: Sin
a b
Maths-IA 75

i j k
2 -1 1
ab =
3 4 -1

= i(1– 4) – j(–2 – 3) + k(8 + 3)

= –3i + 5j + 11k
a  b  ( 3) 2  52  112  9  15  121  155

a  22  (1) 2  12  4  1  1  6

b  32  42  (1) 2  9  16  1  26

155 155
 Sin 
6. 26 156

 Let a = 2i + j – 2k, b = i + j. If c is a vector such that a . c = c  c - a = 2 2 and the

 
angle between  a  b and c is 30º, then find the value of a  b  c .(4M)
2 2 2
Sol: a  2  1  (2)  4  1  4  3

b  12  12  2

ca  2 2
2 2
ca  2 2  
2 2
c  a  2(c . a)  8
2
c 92 c 8
2
c  2 c 1  0
2
 c  1 0

c 1

a  b  c  a  b c .Sin300

1
= a  b (1)
2
1
a  b  c  2
ab ...........(1)
76 Basic Learning Material

i j k
2 1 -2
ab =
1 1 0
= i(0 + 2) – j(0 + 2) + k(2 – 1)
= 2i – 2j + k

ab = 4  4 1 = 3
1 3
 
(1)  a  b  c =
2
(3) =
2
 Let a = 4i + 5j – k, b = i – 4j + 5k and c = 3i + j – k. Find vector which is perpendicular
to both a and b and c 
Sol: There exist scalar  such that  =  a  b 
i j k
4 5 -1
ab =
1 -4 5
= i(25 – 4) – j(20 + 1) + k(–16 – 5)
= 21i – 21j – 21k

  = (21i – 21j – 21k)

 = 21(i – j – k)
but   c = 21
21 (i – j – k) . (3i + j – k) = 21
21 (3 – 1 + 1) = 21
21  3   = 21
1
=
3
1
  = 21  (i – j – k)
3
= 7(i – j – k) = 7i –7j – 7k
2
 For any vector a , show that| a  i|2 + | a  j|2 + | a  k|2 = 2 a 
Sol:If a = xi + yj + zk, then a = x2  y2  z 2

i j k
x y z
a i=
1 0 0
Maths-IA 77

= i(0 – 0) – j(0 – z) + k(0 – y)

= zj – yk

a  i  z2  y2

Similarly a  j  z 2  x 2

a  k  x2  y 2
2 2 2
 a  i  a  j  a  k
= z2 + y2 + z2 + x2 + x2 + y2 = 2(x2 + y2 + z2)
2
= 2.  x2  y 2  z 2 
= 2| a |2

 If a = 2i – j + k, b = i – 3j – 5k, then find a  b 

i j k
2 -1 1
Sol: a  b =
1 -3 -5

= i(5 + 3) – j(–10 – 1) + k(–6 + 1)

= 8i + 11j – 5k

 a × b = 82  112  ( 5) 2
= 64  121  25
= 210

 If a = 2i – 3j + k, b = i + 4j – 2k, then find  a  b      a  b  

Sol: a  b = 3i + j – k
a  b = i – 7j + 3k
i j k

 a  b   a  b = 3 1 -1
  
1 -7 3
= i(3 – 7) – j(9 + 1) + k(–21 – 1)
= –4i – 10j – 22k
78 Basic Learning Material

2p
 If 4i + j + pk is parallel to the vectori + 2j + 3k,findp
3
Sol: If a = a1i + a2j + a3k is parallel to b = b1i + b2 j + b3k, then
a1 a a
= 2 = 3
b1 b2 b3
4 2p /3 p
 = =
1 2 3
p
4=
3
 p = 12
 Find unit vector perpendicular to both i + j + k and 2i + j + 3k
(a  b)
Sol: The unit vector perpendicular to both a and b is = 
ab
i j k
1 1 1
ab =
2 1 3
= i(3 – 1) – j(3 – 2) + k(1 – 2)
= 2i – j – k

 a × b = 22  (1) 2  (1) 2
= 4 11 = 6
(2i - j - k)
 Required unit vector = ±
6
 Find the area of the parallelogram having a = 2j – k and b = –i + k as adjacent sides

Sol: Area of parallelogram = a × b

i j k
0 2 -1
ab =
-1 0 1

= i(2 – 0) – j(0 – 1) + k(0 + 2)

= 2i + j + 2k

 Area of parallelogram = a × b = 2 2  12  2 2
= 4 1 4 = 3
Maths-IA 79

 Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are A(1, 2, 3), B(2, 3, 1) and C(3, 1, 2)

Sol: OA = i + 2j + 3k

OB = 2i + 3j + k
OC = 3i + j + 2k
AB = OB - OA = i + j – 2k
AC = OC - OA = 2i – j – k
i j k
AB  AC  1 1 -2
2 -1 -1
= i(–1 –2) – j(–1 + 4) + k(–1 – 2)
= –3i – 3j – 3k
AB  AC = 999 = 27 = 3 3

1
Area of triangle = AB  AC
2
1 3 3
=
2

3 3 = 2

 
If a = 2i + j – k, b = – i + 2j – 4k, c = i + j + k, then find a  b    b  c  
i j k
2 1 -1
Sol: a  b =
-1 2 -4
= i(–4 + 2) – j(–8 – 1) + k(4 + 1)
= –2i + 9j + 5k
i j k
-1 2 -4
bc =
1 1 1
= i(2 + 4) – j(–1 + 4) + k(–1 – 2)
= 6i – 3j – 3k

 a  b    b  c  = (–2i + 9j + 5k) . (6i – 3j – 3k)

= (–2)(6) + (9)(–3) + (5)(–3)
= –12 – 27 – 15
= – 54
80 Basic Learning Material

 Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane determined by the points P(1, –1, 2),
Q(2, 0, –1) and R(0, 2, 1)
Sol: OP = i – j + 2k; OQ = 2i – k; OR = 2j + k
PQ = OQ – OP = i + j – 3k
PR = OR – OP = –i + 3j – k
i j k
1 1 -3
PQ  PR =
-1 3 -1
= i(–1 + 9) – j(–1 – 3) + k(3 + 1)
= 8i + 4j + 4k
= 4(2i + j + k)
|PQ  PR| = 4 4  1  1 = 4 6
(PQ  PR)
Required unit vector = ± PQ  PR

4(2i + j + k)
= ±
4 6
(2i + j + k)
= ±
6

 If a  13  b = 5  a . b = 60, then find a × b . 

2 2 2
Sol: a × b 2 =  a  b –   a.b 
= (13)2(5)2 – (60)2
= 4225 – 3600 = 625

 a × b = 25

  
If a = 2i + 3j + 4k, b = i + j – k, c = i – j + k, then compute a × b × c and verify that

it is perpendicular to a . 

i j k
1 1 -1
Sol: b  c =
1 -1 1
= i(1 –1) – j(1 + 1) + k(–1 – 1)
= –2j – 2k
Maths-IA 81

i j k
a× b×c = 2 3 4
 
0 -2 -2
= i(–6 + 8) – j(–4 – 0) + k(–4 – 0)
= 2i + 4j – 4k

 a ×  b × c . a = (2i + 4j – 4k). (2i + 3j + 4k)

= 2(2) + 4(3) +(–4)(4)
= 4 + 12 – 16
=0

 
 a × b × c is perpendicular to a .

 If a = 7i – 2j + 3k, b = 2i + 8k and c = i + j + k  then compute a  b  a × c ,

 
a × b + c . Verify whether the cross product is distributive over the vector addition.(7M)

i j k
7 -2 3
Sol: a  b =
2 0 8
= i(–16 – 0) – j(56 – 6) + k(0 + 4)
= –16i – 50j + 4k
i j k
7 -2 3
ac =
1 1 1
= i(–2 – 3) – j(7 – 3) + k(7 + 2)
= –5i – 4j + 9k
b+c = 2i + 8k + i + j + k
= 3i + j + 9k
i j k
7 -2 3

a× b+c =  3 1 9
= i(–18 – 3) – j(63 – 9) + k(7 + 6)
= –21i – 54j + 13k ..................(1)
a  b + a × c = –16i – 50j + 4k + (–5i – 4j + 9k)
= –21i – 54j + 13k ..................(2)
82 Basic Learning Material

From (1) & (2),

    
a × b + c = a  b + a  c 
 Cross product is distributive over the vector addition.
 If a = i + j + k, c = j – k, then find vector b such that a  b = c and  a.b  3 . (7M)
Sol: Let b = b1i + b2j + b3k
Given, a  b = c

i j k
1 1 1
=j–k
b1 b2 b3
i(b3 – b2) – j(b3 – b1) + k(b2 – b1) = j – k
 b3 – b2 = 0; b1 – b3 = 1; b2 – b1 = –1
Let b3 = b2 = k
b1 – k = 1 k – b1 = –1
b1 = 1 + k; b1 = k + 1
Given, a . b = 3
(i + j + k). (b1i + b2j + b3k) = 3
b1 + b2 + b3 = 3
k+1+k+k=3
3k = 2
2
k=
3
2 5 2
  b1   1   b 2  b3  k 
3 3 3
 b = b1i + b2j + b3k
5 2 2 1
= i + j + k = (5i + 2j + 2k)
3 3 3 3
 If a , b , c are unit vectors such that a is perpendicular to the plan of b , c and the angle
π
between b and c is , then find a + b + c (7M)
3
Sol: a = b = c = 1

a  b  a. b =0
a  c  a .c = 0
Maths-IA 83

2 2 2 2
a+b+c = a + b + c + 2 a.b+b.c+c.a  
 π 
= 1 + 1 + 1 + 2  0 + b c Cos + 0 
 3 
 1
= 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 1.1. 
 2
=1+1+1+1
2
a +b+c =4

  a + b + c = 2

 a = 3i – j + 2k, b = –i + 3j + 2k, c = 4i + 5j – 2k,  d = i + 3j + 5k, then compute

       
(i) a  b  c  d (ii) a  b  c - a  d .b . (7M)

i j k
3 -1 2
Sol: a  b =
-1 3 2
= i(–2 – 6) – j(6 + 2) + k(9 – 1)
= –8i – 8j + 8k
i j k
4 5 -2
cd =
1 3 5
= i(25 + 6) – j(20 + 2) + k(12 – 5)
= 31i – 22j + 7k
i j k
-8 -8 8
  
(i) a  b  c  d = 
31 -22 7
= i(–56 + 176) – j(–56 – 248) + k(176 + 248)
= 120i +304j + 424k

a  b  c = (–8i – 8j + 8k).(4i + 5j – 2k)

= (–8)(4) + (–8)(5) + (8)(–2)
= –32 – 40 – 16
= –88
84 Basic Learning Material

i j k
3 -1 2
a  d =
1 3 5
= i(–5 – 6) – j(15 – 2) + k(9 + 1)
= –11i – 13j + 10k

 a  d   b = (–11i – 13j + 10k). (–i + 3j +2k)

= (–11)(–1) + (–13)(3) + 10(2)
= 11 – 39 + 20
= –8

   
  a  b  c - a  d .b = –88 – (–8)
= –88 + 8
= –80
Maths-IA 85

Unit 6
Trignometric Ratios upto Transformations

1. In a right angled triangle ABC,  is an acute angle. x is opposite side, y is an adjacent

side, z is hypotenuse, then
x
Sin = A
z
y
Cos = z
z x
x
tan = 
y B C
y
z
Cosec =
x
z
Sec =
y
y
Cot =
x
* From the definitions of trigonometric ratios, we can observe the following
Sin Cos 1 1
1) tan = 2) Cot = ` 3) Sec = 4) Cos =
Cos Sin Cos Sec
1 1
5) Sin = 6) Cosec =
Cosec Sin
Trigonometric Identities
1) Cos2 + Sin2 = 1
Cos2 = 1 – Sin2
Sin2 = 1 – Cos2
2) Sec2 – tan2 = 1
Sec2 = 1 + tan2
tan2 = Sec2 – 1
86 Basic Learning Material

3) Cosec2 – Cot2 = 1
Cosec2 = 1 + Cot2
Cot2 = Cosec2 – 1
Values of the Trigonometric Functions
   
 300  450  600  900
Angle  6 4 3 2

1 1 3
sin  1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos  
2 2 2
1
tan   3 
3
1
cot  3  
3
2
cosec   2 
3
2
sec  2  
3
* We can remember the sign of trigonometric functions in four quadrants by using the
following figure.

900
y
   
II quadrant       I quadrant  0    
2  2
Sin, Cosecare positive all positive
(Sugar) (Add)

1800 3600
x
(To) (Coffee)
 3   3 
     
III q u ad ran t  IV quadrant     2 

2  2
tan, cot are positive Cos, Secare positive

2700
 Maths-IA 87

Add Sugar To Coffee

Sin  tan  Cos 
All Trignometric   ve   ve   ve
Cosec  Cot  Sec 
functions are +ve
Cos  Sin  Sin 
tan  Cos  Cosec 
  ve   ve   ve
Cot  Sec  tan 
Sec  Cosec  Cot 

Angle Sin Cos tan

n –  (–1)n+1Sin (–1)nCos –tan

n+ (–1)nSin (–1)nCos tan

(2n+1) – (–1)nCos (–1)nSin Cot
2


(2n+1) + (–1)nCos (–1)n+1Sin –Cot
2
n
* Any trigonometric function for the angle ± (nZ),
2
(i) If 'n' is even integer, then there is no change in trigonometric function.
(ii) If 'n' is odd integer, then there is change in trigonometric function as follows
Sin  Cos tan  Cot Sec  Cosec
* Sin(–) = –Sin, Cos(–) = Cos; tan (–) = –tan
Cot(–) = –Cot, Sec(–) = Sec; Cosec(–) = – Cosec
* All trigonometric functions are periodic functions.
Period of Sinx is 2
Period of Cosx is 2
Period of tanx is 
* Range of Sin(or)Cosis [–1, 1]
Range of tan(or)Cotis R
Range of Sec(or)Cosecis (–, –1]  [1, )
88 Basic Learning Material

Compound Angles
* A, B are any two angles, then
i) Sin(A + B) = SinACosB + CosASinB
ii) Sin(A – B) = SinACosB – CosASinB
iii) Cos(A + B) = CosACosB – SinASinB
iv) Cos(A – B) = CosACosB + SinASinB

* If none of A, B, A+B, A–B is an odd multiple of , then
2
tanA + tanB
tan(A+B) =
1 - tanAtanB
tanA - tanB
tan(A - B) =
1 + tanAtanB
* If none of A, B, A+B, A–B is an integral multiple of , then
CotACotB - 1
Cot(A + B) =
CotB + CotA
CotACotB + 1
Cot(A - B) =
CotB - CotA
* If A, B, C  Rthen
Sin(A+B+C) =  (SinACosBCosC) – SinASinBSinC
Cos(A + B + C) = CosACosBCosC –  (CosASinBSinC)
Trigonometric ratios of multiple and sub multiple angles
1. Sin2 = 2SinCos, Sin = 2Sin/2Cos/2

2 tan 
2 tan  2
= =
1  tan 2  1  tan 2 
2
2. 2
Cos2 = Cos  – Sin  2
Cos = Cos /2 – Sin2 /2
 2

= 1 – 2 Sin2 = 1 – 2Sin2/2
= 2Cos2 –1 = 2Cos2 /2 – 1

1  tan 2  1  tan 2  2
= =
1  tan 2  1  tan 2  2

2 tan  2 tan 
2
3. tan2 = tan =
1  tan 2  1  tan 2 
2
Maths-IA 89

Cot 2   1
Cot 2 - 1 2
4. Cot2 = Cot =
2Cot 2Cot 
2
5. 1 + Cos2 = 2Cos  2
1 + Cos = 2Cos /22

6. 1 – Cos2 = 2Sin2 1 – Cos = 2 Sin2/2

1  Cos 2 1  Cos
7. Sin =  Sin/2 = 
2 2

1  Cos 2 1  Cos
8. Cos =  Cos/2 = 
2 2

1  Cos 2 1  Cos
9. tan =  tan/2 = 
1  Cos 2 1  Cos
* Sin3 = 3Sin – 4Sin3
Cos3 = 4Cos3 – 3Cos
3 tan   tan 3 
tan3 =
1  3 tan 2 
3Cot  Cot 3
Cot3 =
1  3Cot 2
Transformations
I.
* Sin(A + B) + Sin(A – B) = 2SinACosB
* Sin(A + B) – Sin(A – B) = 2CosASinB
* Cos(A + B) + Cos(A – B) = 2CosACosB

* Cos(A – B) – Cos(A + B) = 2SinASinB

II.
C+D C-D
* SinC + SinD = 2Sin   Cos  
 2   2 
C+D C-D
* SinC – SinD = 2Cos   Sin  
 2   2 
C+D C-D
* CosC + CosD = 2Cos   Cos  
 2   2 
C+D C-D
* CosC – CosD = –2Sin   Sin  
 2   2 
90 Basic Learning Material

Some Important Problmes with Solutions

1. Simplify the following problems
1
i. Cos3150 = Cos(3600 – 450 ) = Cos450 =
2
1
ii. Cot(–3000) = –Cot3000 = –Cot(360 – 600) = –Cot (–600) =
3
 5     3
iii. Sin   = Sin  2   = –Sin = –
 3   3 3 2
2. Find the value of Cos2450 + Cos21350 + Cos22250 + Cos23150.
Sol: Cos2450 + Cos21350 + Cos22250 + Cos23150
= Cos2450 + Cos2(180–450) + Cos2(180+450) + Cos2(360–450)
= Cos2450 + Cos2450 + Cos2450 + Cos2450
2 2 2 2
 1   1   1   1 
=       
 2  2  2  2

1 1 1 1
=    =2
2 2 2 2
π 3π 5π 7π 9π
3. Find the value of Cot . Cot . Cot . Cot . Cot .
20 20 20 20 20
π 3π 5π 7π 9π
Sol: Cot . Cot . Cot . Cot . Cot = Cot90. Cot270. Cot450.Cot630.Cot810
20 20 20 20 20
Cot90.Cot270.Cot(900 – 27). Cot(900 – 90)
= Cot90.Cot270.tan270.tan90 = 1
4. Find the value of Sin3300.Cos1200 + Cos2100.Sin3000.
Sol: Sin3300.Cos1200 + Cos2100.Sin3000
= Sin(360 – 300) Cos(180 – 600) + Cos(180 + 300) Sin(360 – 600)
= (–Sin300) (–Cos600) + (–Cos300)(–Sin600)

1 1 3 3 1 3
= . + . = + =1
2 2 2 2 4 4
5. If Sin + Cosec = 2, n  Z, then find the value of Sinn + Cosecn
Sol: Sin + Coses = 2
1
Sin α + =2
Sinα
 Sin2 + 1 = 2Sin
 Maths-IA 91

 1 – 2 Sin2 + Sin2 = 0
 (1 – Sin)2 = 0
 1 – Sin = 0
 Sin = 1   = 900
 Sinn α + Cosecn α = Sinn900 + Cosecn900 = 1n + 1n = 1 + 1 = 2
6. Eliminate from the following.
(i) x = a Cos3 ; y = bSin3
x y
Sol: = Cos3 = Sin3
a b
1/3 1/3
x  y
Cos =   Sin =  
a b
 Cos2 + Sin2 = 1
2/3 2/3
 x  y
   +  =1
a  b
ii. x = a(Sec + tan ); y = b(Sec – tan )
Sol: xy = ab(Sec2 – tan2 )
= ab(1)
xy = ab
7. Find the period of the following functions.
i) Cos(3x + 5) + 7
Sol: f(x) = Cos(3x + 5) + 7
p 2
Period  
|a| 3
ii) tan5x
Sol: f(x) = tan5x

Period 
5
 4x  9 
iii) Cos  
 5 
 4x  9 
Sol: f(x) = Cos  
 5 
2 10 5
Period = = =
4/5 4 2
92 Basic Learning Material

1
8. is not in 3rd quadrant, ifSin = - then find the values of a) Cos b) Cot
3
1
Sol: Sin =  < 0; Q3.
3
8
Q4.
–1
3
8
a) Cos = b) Cot =  8
3
0 0
2 1 1
9. Find the value of Sin 82  Sin 2 22 .
2 2
0 0
1 1
Sol: Sin 2 82  Sin 2 22 = Sin2A – Sin2B
2 2
= Sin(A + B) Sin(A – B) 0 0
1 1
= Sin1050 . Sin600 [ substituting A = 82 ; B = 22 ]
2 2
= Sin(90 + 150) Sin600
= Cos150 . Sin600

3 1 3
= .
2 2 2

3 3
=
4 2
0 0
2
1 1
10. Find the value of Cos 112 – Sin2 52
2 2

0 0
1 1
Sol: Let A = 112 ; B = 52
2 2
0 0
1 1
Cos2 112 – Sin2 52 = Cos2A – Sin2B
2 2
= Cos(A + B).Cos(A–B)  Cos(1650) .Cos600
= Cos(180 – 150) . Cos600
= –Cos150.Cos600
 3 1   1 
= –    
 2 2  2 
 3 1 
= –  
 4 2 
Maths-IA 93

11. Find the minimum and maximum value of the function 3cosx + 4sinx.
Sol: Let f(x) = 3cosx + 4sinx
Comparing with f(x) = a sinx + b cosx + c, we get a = 4, b = 3, c = 0.

Minimum value = c  a 2 +b2

=0  42 + 32
=– 25
=–5
Maximum value = c + a 2 +b2

= 0 + 42 + 32

= 25
=5
12. Find the minimum and maximum value of the function Sin2x – Cos2x.
Sol: Let f(x) = Sin2x – Cos2x
Comparing with f(x) = a sinx + b cosx + c, we get a = 1, b = –1, c = 0.

Minimum value = c  a 2 +b 2

=  12 + (  1) 2

=– 2
Maximum value = c + a 2 +b2

= 12 + (  1) 2

= 11
= 2
13. Find the range of the function 7Cosx – 24Sinx + 5.
Sol: Let f(x) = 7Cosx – 24Sinx + 5
Comparing with f(x) = a sinx + b cosx + c, we get a = –24, b = 7, c = 5.

Minimum value of f(x) = c  a 2 +b2

= 5 ( 24) 2 + 7 2

= 5  576  49
94 Basic Learning Material

= 5  625
= 5 – 25
= – 20
Maximum value of f(x) = c + a 2 +b2

= 5  625
= 5 + 25
= 30
 Range = [–20, 30]

tan6100 + tan7000 1  p2
14. If tan20 = p , then prove that
0
 1 + p2 .
=
tan 5600  tan 4700

tan6100 + tan7000 tan(3600 +2500 ) + tan(3600 +3400 )

Sol:
tan 5600  tan 4700
=  tan(3600 +2000 ) - tan(3600 +1100 )
tan2500 + tan3400
=
tan2000 - tan1100
tan(2700 - 200 ) + tan(3600 - 200 )
=
tan(1800 +200 ) - tan(900 +200 )

cot200 - tan200
=
tan200 + Cot200
1
-p
p 1 - p2
= 1 = = RHS [ tan 20º = p]
p+ 1 + p2
p

tan   sec   1 1  sin 

15. Prove that  .
tan   sec   1 cos 
tan   sec   1
Sol: LHS =
tan   sec   1
tan + sec - (sec2 - tan 2 )
=
tan - sec + 1
(tan + sec ) - (sec + tan )(sec - tan )
=
tan - sec + 1
(tan + sec )(1 - sec + tan )
=
(tan - sec + 1)
Maths-IA 95

= tan + Sec
sin 1
= +
cos cos
1+ sin 
= = RHS
cos
16. Prove that (1 + Cot – Cosec) (1 + tan + Sec) = 2.
Sol: LHS = (1 + Cot – Cosec) (1 + tan + Sec)

 cos 1  sin 1 
= 1    1   
sin sin cos cos 

 sin + cos  1  cos  sin + 1

=    
sin cos

=
sin + cos 2 - 1
sin cos
sin 2 + cos 2 + 2sin cos - 1
=
sin cos
1+ 2sin cos - 1
=
sin cos
2sin cos
=
sin cos
= 2 = RHS

Cos110 + Sin110
17. If  is in 3rd Quadrant and tan , then find the value of 
Cos110 - Sin110
Cos110 + Sin110
Sol: tan
Cos110 - Sin110
 Sin110 
Cos110 1 + 
 Cos110 
=  Sin110 
Cos110 1 - 
 Cos110 
0
1+ tan11
=
1-tan110
= tan(450 + 110)
= tan560
tan= tan(180 + 560) = tan2360
= 2360
96 Basic Learning Material

Cos90 + Sin9 0
18. Prove that 
Cos90 - Sin9 0 = Cot36
0

Cos90 + Sin9 0
Sol: LHS =
Cos90 - Sin9 0
1 + tan90
= [ on dividing numerator and denominator by cos9º]
1 - tan90
= tan(450 + 90)
= tan540
= tan(90 – 360)
= Cot360 = RHS

19. If A + B = , then prove that(1 + tanA) (1 + tanB) = 2.
4
Sol: A + B = 450
 tan(A + B) = tan450 = 1
tanA + tanB
 =1
1 - tanAtanB
 tanA + tanB = 1 – tanAtanB
 tanA + tanB + tanAtanB = 1 ...............(1)
 Now (1 + tanA) (1 + tanB) = 1 + tanA + tanB + tanAtanB = 2 ( from 1)

 2   2  3
20. Show that cos 2 + cos 2  +   + cos 2    = .
 3   3  2

 2   2 
Sol: cos 2  +   + cos 2   
 3   3 
= cos2(120 + ) + cos2 (120 –)
= (cos1200cos – sin1200sin)2 + (cos1200cos + sin1200sin)2
= 2[cos21200cos2 + sin21200sin2] [ (a + b)2 + (a – b)2 = 2(a2 + b2)]
2
 -1  2  3 
2 
=  2  Cos 2
θ +  
 2  Sin2
θ
    
 

1 3 2 
= 2  Cos θ + Sin θ
2

4 4 

2
= Cos 2θ+3Sin2θ
4
Maths-IA 97

1
= Cos 2θ +3Sin2θ ..........(1)
2

 2   2 
 Cos 2θ+Cos2      Cos2   
 3   3 

1 3
LHS = Cos2 + Cos2 + Sin2 [ From (1)]
2 2
3 3
= Cos2 + Sin2
2 2
3 3
= (Cos2 + Sin2) = = RHS
2 2
Sinα Cosα
21. If = , then show that aSin2 α + bCos2 α = b.
a b
Sinα Cosα
Sol: = =k
a b
Sin α = ak, Cos α = bk
LHS = aSin2 α + bCos2 α
= a(2Sin α Cos α ) + b(1 – 2Sin2 α )
= a[2(ak)(bk)] + b[1–2(ak)2]
= 2a2bk2 + b – 2a2bk2
= b = RHS

1 3
22. Prove that 0
 4 .
sin10 cos100

1 3
Sol: LHS = 0
-
Sin10 Cos10 0

Cos100 - 3Sin10 0
=
Sin100Cos10 0

1 3 
2  Cos100 - Sin10 0 
2 2 
= 1
2
 0
2Sin10 Cos10 0

4 Sin300Cos10 0 - Cos30 0Sin10 0 
=
Sin200
98 Basic Learning Material

4Sin(300 - 100 )
=
Sin200
4Sin200
=
Sin20 0
= 4 = RHS

A 5 C 2
23. In a ABC , tan = , tan B = 20 , then show that tan = .
2 6 2 37 2 5
A+B C
Sol: A + B + C = 180º  A + B = 180º – C   90 
2 2

 A + B   A+B  90  C
tan  
 2  2 2

A B C
 tan    = Cot
 2 2 2
A B
tan  tan
 2 2 C
A B = Cot
1- tan tan 2
2 2
5 20

 6 37 C  A 5 B 20 
5 20 = Cot
1- . 2  tan 2  6 , tan 2  37 
6 37
185  120
222 C
 222  100 = Cot
2
222
1
305
 = tan C
122 2
C 122 2
 tan = =
2 305 5
C 2
 tan =
2 5
Maths-IA 99

π 3π 5π 7π
24. Prove that Cos2 + Cos2 + Cos2 + Cos2 = 2.
8 8 8 8

π 3π 5π 7π
Sol: LHS = Cos2 + Cos2 + Cos2 + Cos2
8 8 8 8

π 3π  3π   π
= Cos2 + Cos2 + Cos2  π -  + Cos2 π- 
8 8  8   8
π 3π 3π π
= Cos2 + Cos2 + Cos2 + Cos2
8 8 8 8

 2 π 3π 
= 2  Cos + Cos 2 
 8 8 
 2 π  π π 
= 2  Cos + Cos 2    
 8  2 8 
 2 π π
= 2  Cos + Sin 2  = 2(1) = 2 = RHS
 8 8

 2 3 4 5
25. Show that Sin .Sin .Sin .Sin  .
5 5 5 5 16
 2 3 4
Sol: LHS = Sin .Sin .Sin .Sin
5 5 5 5
= Sin360 . Sin720 . Sin1080 . Sin1440
= Sin360 . Sin(90–180) . Sin(90+180). Sin(180–360)
= Sin360 . Cos180 . Cos180. Sin360
= Sin2360 . Cos2180
 10  2 5   10  2 5 
=  16  .  16 
  
100  20 80 5
= = = = RHS
16  16 16  16 16

   3   7   9  1
26. Prove that 1 + Cos  1 + Cos  1 + Cos  1 + Cos   .
10 10 10 10 16

   3   7   9 
Sol: LHS = 1 + Cos  1 + Cos  1 + Cos  1 + Cos 
10 10 10 10 

 π  3π    3π    π 
= 1 + Cos 1 + Cos  1 + Cos  π   1 +Cos π  
 10  10    10    10  
100 Basic Learning Material

   3   3   
= 1 + Cos  1 + Cos  1  Cos  1  Cos 
10 10 10 10

 2    2 3 
= 1  Cos  1  Cos 
10 10 

2 π 3π
= Sin Sin 2
10 10
= Sin 18 . Sin 540
2 0 2

2 2
 5 1   5 1 
=    
 4   4 
2


 5 1 5 1 


= 16 
 

(5  1)2 16 1
= = = = RHS
16 16 16  16 16

3 5
27. If are acute angles and Cosα = , Cosβ = , then show that
5 13

2  α -β  1 2  α +β  16
(i) Sin   , (ii) Cos  =
 2  65  2  65
3 5
Sol: Cos = Cos =
5 4 5 13
12 13
4  12
Sin = Sin = 
5 3 13 5f
 α -β 
(i) 2Sin 2   = 1 – Cos ( [ 2Sin2 = 1 – Cos2 ]
 2 
[CosCos + SinSin]

 3 5 4 12 
1 –  .  . 
 5 13 5 13 

15 48
1 – 
65 65
65  15  48

65
 Maths-IA 101

65  63 2
 =
65 65

2  α -β  1
 Sin  2   65
 

 + 
(ii) 2Cos 2  [ 2Cos2 = 1 + Cos2
 2  = 1 + Cos (
CosCos – SinSin

 3 5 4 12 
1 +  .  . 
 5 13 5 13 

15 48
1 + 
65 65
65  15  48

65
80  48

65

 α +β  32
 2Cos 2   =
 2  65

 α +β  16
Cos2  =
 2  65
28. A, B, C are angles in a triangle. Then prove that
Sin2A + Sin2B + Sin2C = 4 SinASinBSinC.
Sol: LHS = Sin2A + Sin2B + Sin2C
= 2Sin(A + B)Cos(A – B) + Sin2C
= 2SinC Cos(A – B) + 2SinCCosC [ A + B + C = 180º, A + B = 180 – C]
= 2SinC [Cos(A–B) + CosC]
= 2SinC [Cos(A – B) – Cos (A + B)]
= 2SinC [2SinASinB]
= 4SinASinBSinC
= RHS
29. Prove that Cos2A – Cos2B + Cos2C = 1 – 4SinACosBSinC.
Sol: Cos2A – Cos2B + Cos2C
= –2Sin(A + B)Sin(A – B) + Cos2C
= –2SinCSin(A – B) + 1 – 2Sin2C [ A + B + C = 180º, A + B = 180 – C]
102 Basic Learning Material

= 1 – 2SinC [Sin(A – B) + SinC]

= 1 – 2SinC[Sin(A – B) + Sin(A + B)]
= 1 – 2SinC[2SinACosB]
= 1 – 4SinACosBSinC
30. A, B, C are angles in a triangle. Then prove that
A B C
SinA + SinB – SinC = 4Sin . Sin . Cos
2 2 2
Sol: LHS = SinA + SinB – SinC

(A + B) A-B
= 2Sin Cos - SinC
2 2

C A-B C C  A + B  180 - C 
= 2Cos Cos - 2Sin Cos  Sin   = Sin 
2 2 2 2  2   2 

C A-B C   C C
= 2Cos  Cos - Sin   Sin  90    Cos

2 2 2  2 2

C A-B A+B   C  A + B 
= 2Cos  Cos - Cos   Sin 2 = Sin  90- 2  
2 2 2   
 A + B
C A B  = Cos  
= 2Cos  2Sin . Sin  2 
2 2 2 

A B C
= 4Sin Sin Cos
2 2 2
= RHS
A B C
31. Prove that CosA + CosB – CosC = –1 + 4 Cos Cos Sin
2 2 2
Sol: LHS = CosA + CosB – CosC

 A+B   A-B 
= 2Cos   Cos   - CosC
2 2 

C A-B  C
= 2Sin Cos - 1 - 2Sin 2 
2 2  2

C A-B C
= 2Sin Cos - 1 + 2Sin 2
2 2 2
Maths-IA 103

C A-B C 
= -1 + 2Sin  Cos + Sin 
2 2 2 

C A-B A+B 
= -1 + 2Sin Cos + Cos
2  2 2 

C A B
= -1 + 2Sin  2Cos .Cos 
2 2 2

A B C
= -1 + 4Cos Cos Sin = RHS
2 2 2
32. A, B, C are angles in a triangle. Then prove that
Sin2A + Sin2B – Sin2C = 2SinA SinB CosC.
Sol: LHS = Sin2A + Sin2B – Sin2C
= 1 – Cos2A + Sin2B – Sin2C
= 1 – (Cos2A – Sin2B) – Sin2C
= 1 – Cos(A + B) Cos (A – B) – 1 + Cos2C
= CosCCos(A – B) + Cos2C
= CosC [CosC + Cos(A – B)]
= +CosC [Cos(A – B) – Cos(A + B)]
= CosC [2SinASinB]
= 2SinASinBCosC
= RHS
33. A, B, C are angles in a triangle. Then prove that
Cos2A + Cos2B – Cos2C = 1– 2SinA SinB CosC
Sol: LHS = Cos2A + Cos2B – Cos2C
= Cos2A + 1 – Sin2B – Cos2C
= 1 + (Cos2A – Sin2B) – Cos2C
= 1 + Cos(A + B) Cos (A – B) – Cos2C
= 1 – CosC.Cos(A – B) – Cos2C
= 1– CosC [Cos(A – B) + CosC]
= 1 – CosC [Cos(A – B) – Cos(A + B)]
= 1 – CosC [2SinASinB]
= 1 – 2SinASinBCosC
= RHS
104 Basic Learning Material

Unit 9
Hyperbolic Functions

e x  e x
  x  R , Sinhx 
2
e x  e x
  x  R , Coshx 
2
e x  e x
  x  R , tanhx 
e x  e x
e x  e x
  x  R – {0}, Cothx 
e x  e x
2
  x  R , Sechx 
e  e x
x

2
   x  R – {0}, Cosechx 
e  e x
x

Note:
e0  e 0 1  1 2
1) Cosh(0)    1
2 2 2
e0  e 0 1  1 0
2) Sinh(0)    0
2 2 2
e x  e(  x ) e x  e x
3) Cosh(  x)    Coshx
2 2
f(-x) = f(x)
 Coshx is an even function.
e x  e(  x ) e x  e x
(4) Sinh(  x)  
2 2
 e x  e x 
=   = –Sinhx
 2 
 f (–x) = – f(x)  f (x) = Sinhx is an odd function
 Maths-IA 105

IDENTITIES
   x  R ,Cosh x – Sinh x = 1
2 2

   x  R ,1 – tanh x = Sech x

2 2

   x  R – {0},Coth2x – 1 = Cosech2x
Theorm - 1
(i) Sinh(x + y) = Sinhx Coshy + Coshx Sinhy
(ii) Sinh(x – y) = Sinhx Coshy – Coshx Sinhy
(iii) Cosh(x + y) = Coshx Coshy + Sinhx Sinhy
(iii) Cosh(x – y) = Coshx Coshy – Sinhx Sinhy
 x  R
2 tanh x
(i) Sinh2x = 2SinhxCoshx =
1  tanh 2 x
(ii) Cosh2x = 2Cosh2x - 1
= 1 + 2Sinh2x
1  tanh 2 x
=
1  tanh 2 x
= Cosh2x + Sinh2x
  x, y  R
tanh x  tanh y
(i) tanh(x + y) =
1  tanh x tanh y
tanh x  tanh y
(ii) tanh(x - y) =
1  tanh x tanh y
 x  R
2 tanh x
(i) tanh2x =
1  tanh 2 x
Cot h 2 x  1
(ii) Coth2x =
2Cothx
Theorm:   x  R

Sinh 1 x  log e ( x  x 2  1)
Theorm:   x  [1, )

Cosh 1 x  log e ( x  x 2  1)
Theorm:  x  ( 1,1)
1  1 x 
tanh 1 x  log e  
2  1 x 
106 Basic Learning Material

PROBLEMS
3
 If Sinhx  , then find Cosh(2x), Sinh(2x)
4
Sol: Cosh2x = 1 + Sinh2x
2
3
=1+  
4
9
=1+
16
25
=
16
5
Coshx =
4
Cosh2x = Cosh2x + Sinh2x
2 2
5 3
=    
4 4
25 9
= 
16 16
34 17
= 
16 8
 3   5  15
Sinh2x = 2SinhxCoshx =  2     =
 4  4  8
 If Sinhx = 3, then show that x  log e (3  10)
Sol: Sinhx = 3
x = Sinh-1(3)
= log e (3  32  1) [ Sinh-1x = log e ( x  x 2  1) ]

x  log e (3  10)
 n  R
(i) (Coshx - Sinhx)n = Cosh(nx) - Sinh(nx)
(ii) (Coshx + Sinhx)n = Cosh(nx) + Sinh(nx)
n
 e x  e x e x  e x 
Sol: (i) (Coshx - Sinhx)n =  
 2 2 
n
 e x  e x  e x  e x 
= 
 2 
Maths-IA 107

n
 2e  x 
= 
 2 
= e-nx
 e nx  e  nx   e nx  e  nx 
=   
 2   2 
= Cosh(nx) - Sinh(nx)
n
 e x  e x e x  e x 
(ii) (Coshx + Sinhx)n =  
 2 2 
n
 e x  e x  e x  e x 
= 
 2 
n
 2e x 
= 
 2 
= enx
 e nx  e  nx   e nx  e  nx 
=   
 2   2 
= Cosh(nx) + Sinh(nx)
 If  x  R , prove that Cosh4x – Sinh4x = Cosh(2x).
Sol: Cosh4x – Sinh4x = (Cosh2x + Sinh2x) (Cosh2x – Sinh2x)
= Cosh(2x) (1)
= Cosh(2x)
1 1
 Show that Tanh -1    log e 3 .
2 2
1  1 x 
Sol: Tanh -1 x  log e  
2  1 x 

 1
 1  1  1 
Tanh -1    log e  2 
2 2 1
 1 
 2
1  3/ 2 
= log e  
2  1/ 2 
1
= log e 3
2
108 Basic Learning Material

Unit 10
PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES
Important Points - Formulas
A
1. In ABC , BC = a, CA = b, AB = c
a+b+c c b
a + b + c = 2S  S =
2
2. Sine Rule: In ABC B C
a
a b c
= = = 2R
SinA SinB SinC
R – circumradius of ABC .
3. Cosine Rule: a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc CosA
b2 = c2 + a2 – 2ca CosB
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab CosC
b2 + c2 - a 2 c2 + a 2 - b2 a 2  b2 - c2
CosA = ; CosB = ; CosC =
2bc 2ca 2ab
4. Projection Rule:
a = bCosC + cCosB
b = cCosA + aCosC
c = aCosB + bCosA
5. Tangent or Napier's Rule:
B -C  b -c  A
tan   =   Cot
 2  b + c 2

A - B  a - b  C
tan  =  Cot
 2   a + b  2
C -A  c - a  B
tan   =  Cot
 2  c+a 2
Maths-IA 109

A (s - b)(s - c) B (s - a)(s - c) C (s - a)(s - b)

6. Sin = ; Sin = ; Sin =
2 bc 2 ac 2 ab

A s(s - a) B s(s - b) C s(s - c)

Cos = ; Cos = ; Cos =
2 bc 2 ac 2 ab

A (s - b)(s - c) B (s - a)(s - c) C (s - a)(s - b)

tan = ; tan = ; tan =
2 s(s - a) 2 s(s - b) 2 s(s - c)

1 1 1
7. ABC Area   = bcSinA = caSinB = abSinC
2 2 2
= s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c) = 2R2SinASinBSinC.
A (s - b)(s - c) B (s - a)(s - c) C (s - a)(s - b)
8. tan = ; tan = ; tan =
2 Δ 2 Δ 2 Δ
A s(s - a) B s(s - b) C s(s - c)
Cot = ; Cot = ; Cot =
2 Δ 2 Δ 2 Δ
   
9. r= ; r1 = ; r2 = ; r3 =
s s-a s-b s-c
r - radius of incircle
r1, r2, r3 - radii of excircles.
 A B C
10. r= = 4R Sin Sin Sin
s 2 2 2
 A B C A
11. r1 = = 4R Sin Cos Cos = S tan
s-a 2 2 2 2
 A B C B
12. r2 = = 4R Cos Sin Cos = S tan
s-b 2 2 2 2
 A B C C
13. r3 = = 4R Cos Cos Sin = S tan
s-c 2 2 2 2
14.  2 = rr1r2r3
1 1 1 1
15.   
r r1 r2 r3
Short & Long Answer Questions
(Note: In all problems are refer to ABC)
3
1. In ABC , if a = 3, b = 4 and SinA = then find angle B.
4
a b
Sol: From Sine Rule, =
SinA SinB
110 Basic Learning Material

aSinB = bSinA
3
bSinA 4   3
SinB = = 4 = 1 ( from assumption b = 4; a = 3; SinA = )
a 3 4
S in B = 1 = S in 9 0 0

B = 90
0

63
2. If a = 26 cm; b = 30 cm and CosC = then find the value of c.
65
Sol: From Cosine rule,c2 = a2 + b2 – 2abCosC
 63 
c2 = (26)2 + (30)2 – 2(26)(30)   ( from assumption rule a = 26 cm; b = 30 cm,
 65 
63
CosC = )
65
= 676 + 900 – 1512 = 64
c2 = 64
c=8
3. Show that (b + c)CosA + (c + a)CosB + (a + b)CosC = a + b + c.
Sol: LHS = (b + c)CosA + (c + a)CosB + (a + b)CosC
= bCosA + cCosA + cCosB + aCosB + aCosC + bCosC
= (aCosB + bCosA) + (bCosC + cCosB) + (cCosA + aCosC)
=c+a+b ( from projection rule)
= a + b + c = RHS
 (b + c)CosA + (c + a)CosB + (a + b)CosC = a + b + c
 C B
4. Show that bCos + cCos 2 = s .
2 2
 C B
Sol: LHS = bCos + cCos 2
2 2
 s(s - c)   s(s - b) 
= b  + c
 ab   ac 
s(s - c) s(s - b) s s
=
a
+
a
= [s – c + s – b] = [2s – b – c]
a a
s
= [a + b + c – b – c]
a
s
= [a] = s = RHS
a
C B
 bCos  + cCos 2 = s.
2 2
Maths-IA 111

a CosA b CosB c CosC

5. Show that + = + = + .
bc a ca b ab c

 b 2 + c2 - a 2 
a CosA  
a  2bc  2
+ c2  a 2
Sol:
bc
+
a
= +  from Cosine rule, CosA  b 2bc
)
bc a

a b 2 + c2 - a 2 2a 2 + b 2 + c2 - a 2 a 2 + b 2 + c2
= + = =
bc 2abc 2abc 2abc
b CosB a 2 + b 2 + c2
Similarly, + =
ca b 2abc
c CosC a 2 + b 2 + c2
+ =
ab c 2abc
a CosA b CosB c CosC
 + = + = +
bc a ca b ab c
CosA CosB CosC a 2 + b 2 + c2
6. Show that + + = .
a b c 2abc
CosA CosB CosC
Sol: LHS = + +
a b c

 b 2 + c2 - a 2   c 2 + a 2 - b2   a 2 + b2 - c2 
     
=  2bc  +  2ca  + 2ab  ( from Cosine rule)
a b c

b 2 + c2 - a 2 c 2 + a 2 - b2 a 2 + b2 - c2
= + +
2abc 2abc 2abc
b2 + c2  a 2  c2  b2  a 2  a 2  b2  c2 a 2 + b2  c2
= = = RHS
2abc 2abc
CosA CosB CosC a 2 + b 2 + c2
 + + =
a b c 2abc
C A
7. Write the value of aSin 2 + cSin 2 in terms of s, a, b, c.
2 2
C A  (s - a)(s - b)   (s - b)(s - c) 
Sol: aSin 2 + cSin 2 = a   + c 
2 2  ab   bc
(s - a)(s - b) (s - b)(s - c)
= 
b b
112 Basic Learning Material

s-b s-b s-b

= [s - a + s - c] = [2s - a - c] = [a + b + c - a - c]
b b b
s-b
= [b] = s – b
b
2 C A
 aSin + cSin 2 = s – b
2 2
A B C s2
8. Prove that Cot  Cot  Cot  .
2 2 2 
A B C
Sol: LHS = Cot  Cot  Cot
2 2 2
s(s - a) s(s - b) s(s - c) s
= + + = [s - a + s - b + s - c]
Δ Δ Δ 
s s
= [3s - (a + b + c)] = [3s - 2s]
 
s s2
= .[s] = = RHS
 
A B C s2
 Cot  Cot  Cot 
2 2 2 
A B C bc + ca + ab - s2
9. Prove that, tan + tan + tan = .
2 2 2 
A B C (s - b)(s - c) (s - a)(s - c) (s - a)(s - b)
Sol: LHS = tan + tan + tan =  
2 2 2   
s 2 - s(b + c)+ bc + s2 - s(a + c) + ac + s2 - s(a + b) + ab
=

3s 2 - 2s(a + b + c) + ab + bc + ca ab  bc + ca - s2
= = = RHS
 
A B C bc + ca + ab - s2
 tan + tan + tan =
2 2 2 

a 2 bc A
10. If Sin = , show that Cos = Cos .
b+c b+c 2
a
Sol: Given Sin = 
b+c
Cos2 + Sin2 = 1
Maths-IA 113

2
 a 
2 2
Cos  = 1 – Sin  = 1 –   [ from (1)]
b + c

a2 (b + c)2  a 2 (b + c + a) (b + c - a)
=1- = =
(b + c) 2
(b + c) 2
(b + c)2
2s (2s - a - a) 2s . 2(s - a) bc
= 2 = .
(b + c) bc (b + c)2
4s(s - a) bc 2 A bc 4 bc A
Cos2 = . 2 = 4Cos . 2
 2
.Cos 2
bc (b + c) 2 (b + c) (b + c) 2
2 bc A
 Cos = Cos
b+c 2

2 bc A
11. If a = (b + c)Cosshow that Sin Cos .
b+c 2
a
Sol: Given,a = (b + c)Cos  Cos =
b+c
Sin2 + Cos2 = 1
2
 a 
2
a2  b + c - a2
2 2
Sin  = 1 – Cos  = 1 –   = 1 –  b + c 2 = 2
b + c  b + c
 b + c + a b + c - a  2s 2s - a - a   2s 2 s - a 
= = =
 b + c 2  b + c 2  b + c2
s s - a  bc A bc
= 4. . 2 =
4.Cos 2 .
bc (b + c) 2 (b + c)2
bc 2 A
Sin2 = 4 . Cos
(b + c)2 2

2 bc A
 Sin Cos
b+c 2
2 bc A
12. If a = (b – c) Secshow that tan Sin .
b-c 2
a
Sol: a = (b – c) Sec  Sec
b-c
2
2 2
 a 
tan  = Sec  – 1 =   –1
b -c
114 Basic Learning Material

a 2 - (b - c)2 (a + b - c) (a - b + c)
tan2 = 2 = 2
 b - c b - c
2(s - c). 2(s - b) 4(s - c)(s - b) bc
= 2 = . 2
b - c bc b - c
bc 2 A
tan2 = 4 b - c 2 Sin 2
 
2 bc A
 tan Sin
b-c 2
a 2 + b2 + c2
13. Prove thatCotA + CotB + CotC = .
4Δ
CosA
Sol: CotA + CotB + CotC =  CotA =  SinA
  b2 + c2 - a 2  
 
2bc
=
  SinA   =


 b2 + c2 - a 2 

   2bcSinA 
 

b2 + c2 - a 2 1
=  [ Δ = bcSinA ]
4 2
b2 + c2 - a 2 c2 + a 2 - b2 a 2 + b2 - c2
= + +
4 4Δ 4
b 2 + c 2 - a 2 + c2 + a 2 - b 2 + a 2 + b2 - c2 a 2 + b2 + c2
= = = RHS
4Δ 4Δ
a 2 + b2 + c2
 CotA + CotB + CotC =
4Δ
1 1 3
14. In ABC , if +  , then show that C = 60 0 .
a+c b+c a+b+c
1 1 3
Sol: + 
a+c b+c a+b+c
b+c+a+c 3
(a + c)(b + c)
= a + b + c
(a + b + 2c) (a + b + c) = 3(a + c) (b + c)
a2 + ab + ac + ba + b2 + bc + 2ac +2bc + 2c2 = 3 [ab + ac + bc + c2]
Maths-IA 115

a2 + b2 – c2 = ab
2abCosC = ab  from Cosine rule)
2CosC = 1
1
CosC = = Cos600
2
 C = 600
15. In ABC , ifaCosA = bCosB, then show that triangle is either isosceles or right angle
triangle.
Sol: aCosA = bCosB
2RSinACosA = 2RSinBCosB  From Sine rule)
Sin2A = Sin2B = Sin(180 – 2B)
2A = 2B (or)2A = 180 – 2B
A = B (or)A = 90 – B
A = B(or)A+ B = 900
 a = b(or) C = 900
  ABC is isosceles or right angle triangle.
16. Ifa : b : c = 7 : 8 : 9 then find CosA : CosB : CosC.
Sol: a:b:c=7:8:9
a b c
= = =k
7 8 9
a = 7k; b = 8k; c = 9k
b2 + c2 - a 2 64k 2 + 81k 2 - 49k2 96k 2 2
CosA = = = 2 =
2bc 2(8k)(9k) 144k 3

a 2 + c2 - b2 49k 2 + 81k 2 - 64k2 66k 2 11

CosB = = = 2 =
2ac 2(7k)(9k) 126k 21

a 2 + b2 - c2 49k 2 + 64k 2 - 81k2 32k 2 2

CosC = = = 2 =
2ab 2(7k)(8k) 112k 7

2 11 2  2  7  11  2  3 
 CosA : CosB : CosC = : : =  : : 
3 21 7  3  7  21  7  3 
CosA : CosB : CosC = 14 : 11 : 6
116 Basic Learning Material

1 1 1 CotA+CotB+CotC
17. In ABC , P1, P2, P3 are altitudes, then show that 2
 2 2  .
P1 P2 P3 Δ
Sol: In ABC , AD, BE, CF are altitudes.
Let AD = P1, BE = P2, CF = P3 A
1 1 1
 = BC  AD = CA  BE = AB  CF
2 2 2 F E
1 1 1
 = a.P1 = b.P2 = c.P3
2 2 2
B D C
2 2 2
  P1 = ; P2 = ; P3 =
a b c
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2

2
 2  2 = a  b  c = a b c
P1 P2 P3 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2

1  a 2  b2  c2  1
=   =  CotA + CotB + CotC   From problem 13)
 4  
1 1 1 CotA+CotB+CotC
 2
 2 2 
P1 P2 P3 Δ
18. Show that  aCotA = 2(R + r) .
CosA
Sol: LHS =  aCotA =  2RSinA SinA =  2RCosA
= 2R (CosA + CosB + CosC)
 A B C
= 2R 1 + 4Sin Sin Sin 
 2 2 2
A B C
( from transformations CosA + CosB + CosC = 1 + 4Sin Sin Sin )
2 2 2
 A B C
= 2  R + 4RSin Sin Sin 
 2 2 2
= 2[R + r]

   aCotA = 2(R + r)
19. Prove thatr(r1 + r2 + r3) = ab + bc + ca – s2.
Δ Δ Δ Δ 
Sol: LHS = r(r1 + r2 + r3) =    
s s -a s -b s -c

Δ 2  (s -b)(s -c) +(s -a)(s -c)  (s -a)(s - b) 

=  
s  (s - a)(s - b) (s - c) 
Maths-IA 117

Δ 2 [s2 -s(b +c) +s2 -s(a +c) +s2 -s(a + b) + bc + ac + ab]

=
2
= 3s2 – 2s(a + b + c) + ab + bc + ca
= 3s2 – 2s(2s) + ab + bc + ca
= ab + bc + ca – s2 = RHS
 r(r1 + r2 + r3) = ab + bc + ca – s2
20. In ABC show thatr1 + r2 + r3 – r = 4R.
Sol: r1 + r2 + r3 – r
A B C A B C C
= 4R Sin Cos Cos + 4R Cos Sin Cos + 4R Cos A Cos B Sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
– 4R Sin Sin Sin
2 2 2
C A B A B C A B A B
= 4RCos  Sin Cos + Cos Sin  + 4RSin Cos Cos - Sin Sin 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

C A B C A B
= 4RCos Sin  +  + 4RSin Cos  + 
2 2 2 2 2 2
C  A+B  C  A+B 
= 4RCos Sin   + 4RSin Cos  
2  2  2  2 
 A+B C  A+B+C   
= 4RSin  +  = 4RSin   = 4RSin  
 2 2  2  2
= 4R(1) = 4R = RHS
 r1 + r2 + r3 – r = 4R
21. In ABC prove that r + r1 + r2 – r3 = 4RCosC.
Sol: LHS = r + r1 + r2 – r3
A B C A B C A B C
4R Sin Sin Sin + 4R Sin Cos Cos + 4R Cos Sin Cos
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
– 4R Cos Cos Sin
2 2 2
A B C B C A B C B C
= 4RSin  Sin Sin + Cos Cos  + 4RCos Sin Cos - Cos Sin 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

A B C A B C
= 4RSin Cos  -  + 4RCos Sin  - 
2 2 2 2 2 2
118 Basic Learning Material

 A B -C A  B - C 
= 4R Sin Cos    Cos Sin  
 2  2  2  2 

A B-C   A + B - C
= 4R.Sin  +  = 4RSin  
 2 2   2 
 π -C -C  π 
= 4RSin   = 4RSin  - C 
 2  2 
= 4RCosC = RHS
 r + r1 + r2 – r3 = 4RCosC
1 1  1 1  1 1  abc 4R
22. Prove that          = 3  2 2 .
 r r1   r r2   r r3  Δ rs

1 1  1 1  1 1 
Sol:       
 r r1   r r2   r r3 
 s s-a  s s-b  s s -c s -s + a s -s + b s -s + c
= -   -   -  =    
Δ Δ  Δ Δ  Δ Δ   Δ   Δ  Δ 
 a   b   c  abc 4R 4R  abc 
=     = 3 =
 Δ  Δ  Δ  Δ Δ 3 = 2
Δ   = 4R , abc = 4R 

4R 4R
=
(rs)2
= 2 2
rs
  = rs
1 1  1 1  1 1  abc 4R
         = 3  2 2
 r r1   r r2   r r3  Δ rs
r1 3
23. Show that  (s - b)(s - c) =
r
.

r1   Δ
Sol: LHS =  (s - b)(s - c) =  (s - a)(s - b)(s - c)  r1 = s-a 


 2
=   2  s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c) 
 
s
 
sΔ s s s s 3s
= 2 =  =   
Δ     Δ
s 1 3
= 3    3    = RHS
 r r
r1 3
   (s - b)(s - c) = r
Maths-IA 119

r
24. Show that CosA + CosB + CosC = 1 + .
R
A + B A - B
Sol: LHS = CosA + CosB + CosC = 2Cos   Cos   + CosC
 2   2 
C A - B 2 C  A +B C  A B  C
= 2Sin Cos   + 1 - 2Sin  2  90  2 , Cos  2   sin 2 
2  2  2    

C  A - B C
= 1 + 2Sin  Cos   - Sin 
2  2  2

C  A - B  A + B 
= 1 + 2Sin  Cos   - Cos  
2  2   2 
C A B
= 1 + 2Sin 2Sin Sin 
2  2 2
A B C
= 1 + 4Sin Sin Sin
2 2 2
A B C
4RSin Sin Sin r
=1+ 2 2 2 = 1 + = RHS
R R

r
 CosA + CosB + CosC = 1 +
R
2 A B C r
25. Show that Cos + Cos 2 + Cos 2 = 2 + .
2 2 2 2R
A B C A B C
Sol: Cos 2 + Cos 2 + Cos 2 = Cos 2 + 1 - Sin 2 + Cos 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
 2 A B C A + B A - B 2 C
= 1 +  Cos - Sin 2  + Cos 2 = 1 + Cos   Cos   + Cos
 2 2 2  2   2  2

 A+B C 
 2 = 90 - 2 
C A - B 2 C  
= 1 + Sin Cos   + 1 - Sin Cos  A + B  = Sin C 
2  2  2  
  2  2 

C  A - B C
= 2 + Sin  Cos   - Sin 
2  2  2

C  A - B  A + B 
= 2 + Sin  Cos   - Cos  
2  2   2 
120 Basic Learning Material

C A B A B C
= 2 + Sin  2Sin Sin  = 2 + 2Sin Sin Sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
(2R) . 2Sin Sin Sin 4RSin Sin Sin
= 2+ 2 2 2 = 2+ 2 2 2
2R 2R
r
= 2+ = RHS
2R
2 A B C r
 Cos + Cos 2 + Cos 2 = 2 +
2 2 2 2R
26. In ABC , P1, P2, P3 are the altitudes drawn from the vertices A, B, C to the opposite sides
respectively, then show that
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (abc)2 8 3
(i) P + P + P = r (ii) P + P - P = r (iii) P1 P2 P3 = 
1 2 3 1 2 3 3 8R 3 abc
Sol: In ABC
A
AD = P1, BE = P2, CF = P3 are altitudes.
1 1 1 c
 = a. P1 = b.P2 = c.P3 F E b
2 2 2
2  = aP1, 2  = bP2 ; 2  = cP3
2 2 2 B D C
P1 = ; P2 = ; P3 = a
a b c
1 1 1 a b c a + b + c 2s s 1
(i) + + + +
P1 P2 P3 = 2Δ 2Δ 2Δ = 2Δ
=
2Δ
= =
Δ r
1 1 1 a b c a + b - c 2s - c - c 2(s - c) s - c 1
(ii) + - = +  = = = = =
P1 P2 P3 2Δ 2Δ 2Δ 2Δ 2Δ 2Δ Δ r3

2Δ 2Δ 2Δ 8Δ3
(iii) P1 P2 P3 = ×  
a b c abc
3
 abc  8  abc 
3
2
8   abc 
=  4R  = =
abc
 64R  abc 8R 3
3

(abc)2 8 3
 P1 P2 P3 = 
8R 3 abc
Maths-IA 121

65 21
27. If a = 13, b = 14, c = 15, then show that R = , r = 4, r1 = , r = 12 andr3 = 14.
8 2 2
Sol: a = 13, b = 14, c = 15
2s = a + b + c = 13 + 14 + 15 = 42
s = 21
 2 = s(s – a) (s – b) (s – c) = 21 ( 21 – 13) (21 – 14) (21 – 15)
= (21) (8) (7) (6)
 = 21 8  7  6 = 7  3  2  2  2  7  2  3 = 7  3  2  2 = 84
 = 84
abc 13  14 15 65
R= = =
4Δ 4  84 8
Δ 84
r= = =4
s 21
Δ 84 84 21
r1 = = = =
s-a 21 - 13 8 2
Δ 84 84
r2 = = = = 12
s-b 21 - 14 7
Δ 84 84
r3 = = = = 14
s-c 21 - 15 6
65 21
 R= , r = 4, r1 = , r = 12,r3 = 14
8 2 2
28. If r1 = 2, r2 = 3, r3 = 6 and r = 1, then show that a = 3, b = 4, c = 5.
Sol: r1 = 2, r2 = 3, r3 = 6,r = 1
2 = r r1 r2 r3 = (1)(2)(3)(6) = 36
=6
Δ  6
r=  s= = =6
s r 1
s=6
Δ  6
r1 =  s–a= r = =3
s-a 1 2
s–a=3
6–a=3
a=3
Δ  6
r2 =  s–b= r = =2
s-b 2 3
s–b=26–b=2
b=4
122 Basic Learning Material

Δ  6
r3 =  s–c= r = =1
s-c 3 6
6–c=1
c=5
 a = 3, b = 4, c = 5
29. In ABC r1 = 8, r2 = 12, r3 = 24 then find the values ofa, b, c.
Sol: r1 = 8, r2 = 12, r3 = 24
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
       3  2 1 = 6 = 1
r r1 r2 r3 8 12 24 24 24 4
r=4
 2 = r r1 r2 r3 = (4)(8)(12)(24) = 4  8  12  12  2 = 12  8  12  8
 = 12  8 = 96
 = 96
 96
 = rs  s = r = 4 =24
s = 24
Δ  96
r1 =  s–a= r = = 12
s-a 1 8
s – a = 12
24 – a = 12  a = 12
Δ  96
r2 =  s–b= r = =8
s-b 2 12
s–b=8
24 – b = 8
b = 16
Δ  96
r3 =  s–c= r = =4
s-c 3 24
s–c=4
24 – c = 4
c = 20
 a = 12, b = 16, c = 20
1 1 1 1 a 2 + b2 + c2
30.   
Show that r 2 r 2 r 2 r 2 = .
1 2 3 2
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2

Sol: 2
 2  2  2 = s  (s - a)  (s - b)  (s - c)
r r1 r2 r3 2 2 2 2
1 2 2 2 2
= 2 s + (s - a) + (s - b) + (s - c) 

Maths-IA 123

1 2
= s + s 2 + a 2 -2as + s 2 + b 2 - 2bs + s 2 + c 2  2cs 
2 
1 2 2 2 2
= 2  4s -2s (a + b + c) + a + b + c 

1 2 2 2 2
= 2  4s -2s (2s) + a + b + c 

a 2 + b2 + c2
= = RHS
2
1 1 1 1 a 2 + b2 + c2
  
  r 2 r 2 r 2 r 2 =
1 2 3 2
r1 r r 1 1
31. Show that + 2 + 3 = - .
bc ca ab r 2R
r1 r r3 1
Sol: LHS =
bc
+ 2 +
ca ab
=
abc
[ar1 + br2 + cr3 ]

1 1 A
=
abc
 ar1 = abc
 2RSinA . stan
2

1 A A Sin A 1 A
=
abc
 2R. 2Sin 2 Cos 2 s  Cos A2 =
abc
.s 4RSin 2
2
2
4Rs A s 1-CosA  abc 
=
abc
 Sin 2 2 =   2    4R 

1 1 - CosA 1 - CosB 1 - CosC 

= + +
r  2 2 2 

1 1 - CosA + 1 - CosB + 1 - CosC  1  3 - (CosA + CosB + CosC) 

=  = r 
r  2 2 

1  A B C
= 3 - (CosA + CosB + CosC)   CosA + CosB + CosC  1  4Sin 2 Sin 2 Sin 2 
2r
1   A B C 
= 3- 1+4Sin Sin Sin  
2r   2 2 2 
1  A B C
=  2 - 4Sin Sin Sin 
2r  2 2 2
A B C A B C
4Sin Sin Sin 4RSin Sin Sin 1 r
= 2 2 2 2 1
=  2 2 2 = 
 r 2 rR
2r 2r r 2 rR
1 1
= - = RHS
r 2R