1. (a) Define the term ‘motivation’.

Motivation is the drive that makes people work towards goals. [2]
(b) Explain one characteristic of a highly motivated workforce.
A highly motivated workforce is more productive, working harder and faster. [3]
( a low level of absenteeism by employees at all levels within the business)

2. Explain one way in which a business may benefit from having a highly motivated
workforce. [3]
A business with a highly motivated workforce benefits from increased efficiency.
Motivated employees work faster, produce higher-quality work, and may require less
supervision, which can improve overall productivity.
3 (a) Identify two human needs. [2]
Two human needs are: physical needs: food, Safety needs: job security
(b) Explain two key elements of FW Taylor’s theory of motivation. [6]
Two key elements of F.W. Taylor’s theory of motivation:
Monetary rewards: Taylor believed workers are motivated mainly by money, so higher
pay can lead to better performance.
Specialization: He encouraged the use of the division of labour, breaking down
production into small tasks.
4 Explain one difference between Frederick Herzberg’s motivators and his hygiene factors.
[3]
The difference is that motivators lead to job satisfaction (e.g., achievement), while
hygiene factors prevent dissatisfaction (e.g., salary). Motivators increase motivation, but
hygiene factors only avoid dissatisfaction.
5(a) Define the term ‘process theory of motivation’. [2]
Process theories of motivation look at what people are thinking about when they decide
whether or not to put effort into a particular activity.
(b) Explain one difference between the need for achievement and the need for affiliation. [3]
The need for achievement is the desire to succeed and accomplish challenging
goals, while the need for affiliation is the desire to form social connections. Achievement
focuses on personal success, while affiliation focuses on relationships.
6. (a) Explain one difference between piece-rate pay and hourly pay.
The difference is that piece-rate pay is based on the number of units produced, while
hourly pay is based on the amount of time worked. [3]
 (b) Explain one possible benefit to a business of profit-sharing. [3]

Profit-sharing motivates employees to work harder because they earn a share of the
company’s profits, which can boost productivity.
7 Explain two features that an employer should include in the design of a job if it is to motivate
employees. [6]
Variety of tasks: Including different tasks in the job keeps employees engaged and prevents
boredom, making the work more interesting and motivating.
Opportunities for growth: Providing chances for skill development and career advancement
can motivate employees by showing them they have a future within the company.
8.(a) Explain one difference between job enrichment and job enlargement. [3]
Job enrichment occurs when employees’ jobs are redesigned to provide them with more
challenging and complex tasks. Job enlargement is giving employees more duties of a similar
level of complexity.
(b) Define the term ‘job design’. [2]
Job design refers to the process of organizing tasks, duties, and responsibilities into a job
to improve employee satisfaction and performance.
9.Explain two different types of teams that may be used within a business. [6]

Quality circle teams These are small teams designed to propose solutions to existing problems
and to suggest improvements in production methods. The teams contain members drawn from all
levels within the organization.
Management teams Increasingly, managers see themselves as complementary teams,
establishing the organization’s objectives and overseeing their achievement.
10 (a) Define the term ‘employee participation’. [2]
Employee participation is when employees are involved in decision-making and share
their ideas and feedback in the workplace.
(b) Explain two techniques that businesses may use to encourage employee participation. [6]
Quality circles These are groups of workers who meet regularly to identify methods of
improving all aspects of the quality of their work. Quality circles normally involve four to ten
employees, drawn from all levels within the organization, and focus on supplying imaginative
ideas.
Autonomous work groups These are teams of employees who are given a high level of control
over their working lives – in effect, another form of empowerment. Some such groups elect their
own leaders and can appoint new staff, as well as having considerable authority over what tasks
to complete and in what sequence.

Data response question

1 Define the terms: a ‘empowerment’. (2)
Empowerment is a series of actions designed to give employees greater control over their
working lives.
b ‘job enrichment’. [2]
Job enrichment occurs when employees’ jobs are redesigned to provide them with more
challenging and complex tasks.
2.Analyse one way in which Gibble Ltd might use monetary methods of motivation to improve
the performance of its workforce. [4]
Gibble Ltd can use performance-based bonuses to improve workforce performance. Employees
get extra pay for meeting or exceeding targets, which motivates them to work harder. This can
boost productivity, encourage effort, and make employees feel rewarded for their achievements.
However, it may not work as a long-term solution for motivation if overused.
3.Evaluate whether it is inevitable that Gibble Ltd will use non-financial methods to motivate its
workforce. (12)
Non-financial methods can enhance job satisfaction, creativity, and engagement, especially in a
company focused on quality products.
Empowerment: This approach gives employees more autonomy, trust, and responsibility in their
roles, which can boost morale and engagement.
Job Enrichment: By giving employees more challenging and meaningful tasks, their work
becomes more fulfilling, enhancing both motivation and performance.
Teamwork: Encouraging team-based projects could foster collaboration and creativity, leading to
a more motivated and cohesive workforce. While non-financial methods aren't inevitable, they
may become necessary for long-term motivation and growth. A combination of financial and
non-financial methods might be the best solution.