D”P gva¨wgK ■ BwZnvm (wØZxq cÎ) ■ Aa¨vqwfwËK m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi I cixÿv cÖ¯‘wZ

Z…Zxq Aa¨vq : cÖ_g wek¦hy× Ges fvm©vB mwÜ I jxM Ae †bkbm

1. Ksïi I Djcyi Mªv‡gi g‡a¨ hy‡×i m~ÎcvZ n‡jI K‡qKwU n‡qwQj| DÏxc‡K Ksïi I Djcyi Mªv‡gi g‡a¨ hy×
Mªvg Ksï‡ii c¶ †bq Ges K‡qKwU Mªvg Djcy‡ii c¶ msNwUZ n‡j- cvk¦©eZ©x A‡bK Mªv‡g hy‡×i fqvenZv Qwo‡q
†bq| AZtci `y c‡¶i g‡a¨ gvivgvwi nq| G gvivgvwi‡Z c‡o| mKj MªvgB wKQy bv wKQy ¶wZi m¤§yLxb nq| ebMªv‡g
A‡bK ¶wZ mvwaZ nq| Gi cªfve c‡o cvk¦©eZ©x kw³kvjx †`Lv †`q cywónxbZv I ejvKBo Mªv‡g gnvgvix †`Lv †`q|
ebMªv‡gi Ici| MªvgwU‡K A_©‰bwZK ¶wZi Ke‡j co‡Z †Zgwb 1914 mv‡j A¶kw³ I wgÎkw³i g‡a¨ hy× n‡j
nq| mKj MªvgB wKQy bv wKQy ¶wZi m¤§yLxb nq| ebMªv‡g cvk¦©eZ©x †`k¸‡jv A‡bK ¶q¶wZi m¤§yLxb nq| hy×
†`Lv †`q cywónxbZv Ges wbRov Mªv‡g Bbd¬y‡qÄv Ges PjvKvjxb mg‡q wgÎkw³ Rvg©vwbi wfZ‡i †bŠ PjvP‡ji
ejvKBo Mªv‡g gnvgvix †`Lv †`q| Ici wb‡lavÁv Av‡ivc K‡i| d‡j Rvg©vwb‡Z Lv`¨msKU
K. cª_g wek¦hy‡× mvgwiK evwnbxi KZ †jvK gviv hvq? †`Lv †`q Ges RbMY cywónxbZvq fy‡M bvbv iKg †iv‡M
L. ivwkqv divwm †Rv‡Ui m…wó Kxfv‡e n‡qwQj? e¨vL¨v AvµvšÍ nq| cª_g wek¦hy‡×i d‡j Av‡gwiKvq Bbd¬y‡qÄv
Ki| †ivM aiv c‡o| cieZ©x‡Z ˆmb¨ Øviv BD‡iv‡c Qwo‡q c‡o
M. DÏxc‡Ki †cª¶vc‡U ZrKvjxb mg‡q Rvg©vwbi c‡¶ Ges 2 †KvwUi †ewk †jvK gviv hvq| cª_g wek¦hy‡×i cªfv‡e
†Kvb †Kvb ivóª wQj? e¨vL¨v Ki| BD‡iv‡ci gvbyl †Kej Lv`¨vfv‡e fy‡Mwb A_©‰bwZK
N. DÏxc‡Ki Mªv‡gi b¨vq cywónxbZv, Bbd¬y‡qÄv I msK‡UI c‡o‡Q| hy‡×i e¨qfvi enb Kivi Rb¨ hy³ivR¨
A_©‰bwZK ¶wZi wkKvi n‡qwQj BD‡iv‡ci †Kvb A_©‰bwZK msK‡U c‡o|
†Kvb ivóª? we‡kølY Ki|
1 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi 2. Ksïi I Djcyi Mªv‡gi gvivgvwi‡K †K›`ª K‡i Ae‡k‡l 10wU
K. cª_g wek¦hy‡× mvgwiK evwnbxi 90 jvL †jvK gviv hvq| Mªv‡gi †Pqvig¨vb I gvZeŸi wg‡j GKwU mvwjwm ˆeV‡Ki
L. divwm gš¿x †WjK¨vwm dªv‡Ýi wgÎnxbZv `~i Kivi Rb¨ Av‡qvRb K‡ib| G ˆeVK Ae‡k‡l nvUevwoqv Mªv‡gB
ivwkqvi mv‡_ wgÎZv ¯’vc‡b AvMªn †cvlY K‡ib| ivwkqvI AbywôZ n‡jv| gvZeŸi I †Pqvig¨vb‡`i g‡a¨ Dcw¯’Z
dªv‡Ýi mv‡_ wgÎZv ¯’vcb Ki‡Z AvMªn cªKvk Ki‡j divwm wQ‡jb- 1. Kicvovi †gvt AveyZv‡je dwKi, 2. ebMªv‡gi
miKvi ivwkqv‡K Aí my‡` weivU A‡¼i FY cª`vb K‡i| Ry‡qj †gvjøv, 3. nvUevwoqvi nviæb dwKi Ges 4. Ksïi
G‡Z ivwkqv miKvi divwmi e¨env‡i †ek cªfvweZ nb| Mªv‡gi iv¾vK MvRx|
d‡j 1891 mv‡j `y‡`‡ki †mbvcwZiv GK mvgwiK Pyw³ K. fvm©vB mwÜ KZ mv‡j msNwUZ nq?
m¤úv`b K‡ib Ges 1893 mv‡j dªvÝ-ivwkqv Pyw³ ¯^v¶wiZ L. jxM Ae †bkbm MV‡bi cUf~wg e¨vL¨v Ki|
nq| G Pyw³ Abyhvqx Rvg©vwb A_ev BZvwj dªv݇K AvµgY M. DÏxc‡Ki g‡Zv †Zvgvi cvV¨eB‡qi †Kvb †`‡k kvwšÍ
Ki‡j ivwkqv Zv‡`i weiæ‡× †mbv †gvZv‡qb Ki‡e| m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq? e¨vL¨v Ki|
Ab¨w`‡K Rvg©vwb A_ev Aw÷ªqv ivwkqv‡K AvµgY Ki‡j N. D³ m‡¤§j‡b AskMªnYKvix ivóªmg~‡ni bvg Ges
dªvÝ Zv‡`i weiæ‡× †mbv †gvZv‡qb Ki‡e| Gfv‡e ivwkqv G‡`i Kvh©µg we‡kølY Ki|
divwm †Rv‡Ui m…wó nq| 2 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
M. DÏxc‡Ki †cª¶vc‡U cª_g wek¦hy‡× Rvg©vwbi c‡¶ Aw÷ªqv, K. 1919 mv‡ji 28 Ryb fvm©vB mwÜ ¯^v¶wiZ nq|
nv‡½wi, Zyi¯‹ I eyj‡Mwiqv Ae¯’vb K‡i| hy‡×i ïiæ‡ZB L. cª_g wek¦hy‡×i c‡i BD‡iv‡ci kvwšÍ I wbivcËvi Rb¨
Rvg©vwbi P¨v‡Ýji wemgvK© †`kwUi wbivcËvi Rb¨ Aw÷ªqv gvwK©b †cªwm‡W›U D‡Wªv DBjmb 14 `dv bxwZ †NvlYv K‡ib|
I nv‡½wii mv‡_ 1879 mv‡j 'wØkw³ Pyw³' m¤úv`b K‡ib| c¨vwi‡mi kvwšÍ m‡¤§j‡b G cª¯Íve M…nxZ n‡j 19 m`‡m¨i
G Pyw³i welq wQj `yc‡¶i †KD ivwkqv KZ©…K AvµvšÍ n‡j GKwU KwgwU‡K jx‡Mi MVbZš¿ iPbvi `vwqZ¡ †`Iqv nq| G
Acic¶ mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡e| Z‡e Ab¨‡Kv‡bv †`k AvµgY KwgwU jxM Ae †bkbm MV‡bi Rb¨ 'jxM K‡fb¨v›U' bv‡g
Ki‡j Acic¶ wbi‡c¶ _vK‡e| 'wØkw³ Pyw³i' ci ivwkqv GKwU Lmov msweavb iPbv K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z GwU 1920
Zvi †`‡ki wbivcËvi Rb¨ Rvg©vwb, Aw÷ªqv-nv‡½wii mv‡_ mv‡ji 10 Rvbyqvwi jxM Ae †bkbm bv‡g AvZ¥cªKvk K‡i|
1881 mv‡j 'wZb mgªv‡Ui Pyw³' ¯^v¶i K‡ib| d‡j Rvg©vwb M. DÏxc‡Ki g‡Zv cª_g wek¦hy‡×i c‡i ¶wZMª¯Í †`k¸‡jvi
ivwkqvi fq †_‡K ¯^w¯Íi wbtk¦vm †d‡j| mvgwiK w`K †_‡K g‡a¨ mym¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ 32wU †`‡ki cªwZwbwaeM©
kw³kvjx ivwkqv dªv‡Ýi mv‡_ K~U‰bwZK m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi myBRvij¨v‡Û GKwÎZ nIqvi wPšÍv K‡ib| wKš‘ †mWv‡bi
†Póv Ki‡j Rvg©vwb BZvwj‡K c‡¶ †bq| Gw`‡K Aw÷ªqv hy‡× Rvg©vwb dªv‡Ýi gh©v`v bvk K‡iwQj Ges dªv‡Ýi m¤úwË
nv‡½wi iæk we‡ivax nIqvq wgÎkw³i †RvU AviI `„p nq| `Lj K‡iwQj| Gevi cªwZ‡kva †bIqvi Rb¨ dªv‡Ýi c¨vwi‡m
N. DÏxc‡Ki Mªv‡gi b¨vq BD‡iv‡ci Rvg©vwb, mgMª BD‡ivc I kvwšÍ m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq| kvwšÍ m‡¤§j‡b Dcw¯’Z
hy³iv‡R¨ cywónxbZv, Bbd¬y‡qÄv I A_©‰bwZK ¶wZi wkKvi cªwZwbwae‡M©i g‡a¨ hv‡`i nv‡Z ¶gZv wQj Zviv n‡jb
 Av‡gwiKvi †cªwm‡W›U D‡Wªv DBjmb, weª‡U‡bi cªavbgš¿x †_‡KB cª_g wek¦hy‡×i ïiæ nq| GwU cª_g wek¦hy‡×i
†WwfWj‡qW RR©, dªv‡Ýi ciivóª gš¿x RR© wK¬‡gb‡kv Ges AvïKviY n‡jI Gi †cQ‡b AviI eûwea KviY i‡q‡Q|
BZvwji cªavbgš¿x wf‡±vwiI Ij©v‡Ûv| Av‡gwiKvi †cªwm‡W›U M. DÏxc‡K 'K' GKwU †`‡ki bvg| †`kwU bZyb| wKš‘ Zvi
hy× cieZ©x kvwšÍ ¯’vc‡b D‡`¨vMx n‡j weªwUk cªavbgš¿x j‡qW g‡a¨ RvZxq AnwgKv Pigfv‡e †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| †m cvk¦©eZ©x
RR© e‡jb, Rvg©vwb‡K wew”Qbœ Kiv n‡jv Aw÷ªqv-nv‡½wi‡K †Kv‡bv †`‡ki gvbyl‡K Zv‡`i mgK¶ g‡b K‡i bv| wKš‘
wef³ Kiv| GRb¨ wZwb A¯¿k¯¿ nªvm K‡i hy‡×i m¤¢vebv‡K Zvi Dcwb‡ek †bB| †m Zvi cvk¦©eZ©x Ab¨vb¨ kw³kvjx
`~i K‡i GKwU 'jxM Ae †bkbm' bv‡g AvšÍR©vwZK msMVb †`‡ki mv‡_ cªwZ‡hvwMZvq wjß nq| Dcwb‡e‡ki †Lvu‡R †m
M‡o †Zv‡jb| gwiqv n‡q I‡V| Gi cwiYv‡g 'K' iv‡óªi mv‡_ A‡bK †`‡ki
N. D³ m‡¤§jb Z_v c¨vwim kvwšÍ m‡¤§j‡b †gvU 32wU †`k hy× evu‡a| G hy‡×i cwiYvg nq LyeB gvivZ¥K| DÏxc‡K
AskMªnY K‡ib| G †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cªavb n‡jv weª‡Ub, ewY©Z †`‡ki mv‡_ Rvg©vwbi wgj i‡q‡Q| 1871 mv‡ji ci
hy³ivóª, dªvÝ I BZvwj| hy×Kvjxb mg‡q wb‡Ri †`k‡K HK¨e× Rvg©vb iv‡óªi wk‡ívrcv`b `ªæZ e…w× †c‡Z _v‡K|
i¶vKivi Rb¨ wewfbœ †`k ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ Pyw³‡Z Ave× wKš‘ Gme cY¨ weªwUk I divwm‡`i wbqwš¿Z evRv‡i cª‡ek
nq| Z‡e †ewkifvM †`k Rvg©vwb‡K †`vlx e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv‡bv †ek KwVb wQj| Rvg©vb iv‡óªi evRvi `L‡ji
K‡i Ges Rvg©vwbi wbKU †_‡K ¶wZc~iY Av`v‡qi †Póv cª‡Póv, Dcwb‡ek cªwZôvi evmbv BD‡ivc‡K GKvwaK
Pvjvq| †`k¸‡jv mwÜi kZ© m¤ú‡K© Rvg©vwb‡K Av‡jvPbvi mvgwiK kw³wkwe‡i wef³ K‡i Ges GiB djkªywZ‡Z
†Kv‡bv my‡hvM †`qwb, eis Dcw¯’Z cªwZwbwa‡`i‡K hy×e›`x msNwUZ nq cª_g wek¦hy×|
K‡i iv‡L| Dcw¯’Z †`k¸‡jv †fŠ‡MvwjK kZ©vewj wn‡m‡e N. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z hy‡×i mv‡_ cvV¨eB‡q Av‡jvwPZ cª_g
Rvg©vwb †hb dªv݇K AvµgY Ki‡Z bv cv‡i Zvi Rb¨ wek¦hy‡×i mv`…k¨ i‡q‡Q| mviv‡q‡fv nZ¨vKv‡Ði ga¨ w`‡q
mxgv‡šÍ wbivcËv †eóbx †`q| wgÎkw³i ¶q¶wZi ¶wZc~iY ïiæ nq cª_g wek¦hy×| Z‡e GwUB G hy‡×i GKgvÎ KviY
Rvg©vwb‡K w`‡Z ejv nq| Rvg©vwbi ˆmb¨msL¨v Kgv‡bv| Ges bq| cª_g wek¦hy‡×i mvgªvR¨ev`x Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨B Gi cªK…Z
H ˆmb¨ †Kej Af¨šÍixY k…•Ljv i¶vi Kv‡R wb‡qv‡Mi KviY jywK‡q Av‡Q| Dcwb‡ekev` Ges mvgªvR¨ev‡`i DÌvb
Av‡`k †`Iqv nq| Rvg©vwb‡K fqfxwZ †`wL‡q fvm©vB BD‡iv‡ci kw³kvjx †`k¸‡jv‡K bxwZweewR©Z evRvi
mw܇Z ¯^v¶i Kwi‡q †bq| GgbwK mvgwiK cªnivq fvm©vB `L‡ji cªwZ‡hvwMZvq Rwo‡q †d‡j| µ‡gB Zv GKvwaK
cªvmv‡` wb‡q Avmv nq Ges ¯^v¶i †k‡l †ei K‡i †`Iqv mvgwiK wkwe‡i wef³ n‡q mviv‡q‡fv nZ¨vKv‡Ði ga¨ w`‡q
nq| ZvB fvm©vB mw܇K Rei`w¯Íg~jK kvw¯Í wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ P~ovšÍ hy‡× iƒc †bq| mviv‡q‡fvi nZ¨vKvÐ Aw÷ªqv‡K w¶ß
Kiv nq| hw` Dcw¯’Z †`k¸‡jv Rvg©vwbi cªwZ wbôyi AvPiY K‡i †Zv‡j Ges Aw÷ªqvi miKvi Rvg©vwbi †Mvcb mvnv‡h¨i
bv KiZ Ges myôy wePviKvR KiZ Zvn‡j nq‡Zv wØZxq cªwZkªywZ †c‡q 1914 mv‡ji 23 RyjvB mvwe©qvi miKv‡ii
wek¦hy× msNwUZ n‡Zv bv| wbKU KZK¸‡jv Kv‡Ri kZ© msewjZ GK PigcÎ †cªiY
K‡ib| 25 RyjvB mvwe©qvi miKvi G Pigc‡Îi DËi †c‡q
3. 'K' GKwU †`‡ki bvg| †`kwU bZyb| wKš‘ Zvi g‡a¨ RvZxq K‡ib| wKš‘ Aw÷ªqvi miKv‡ii Kv‡Q mvwe©qvi †`Iqv DËi
AnwgKv Pigfv‡e †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| †m cvk¦©eZ©x †Kv‡bv †`‡ki m‡šÍvlRbK bv nIqvq 26 RyjvB Aw÷ªqv-nv‡½wii
gvbyl‡K Zv‡`i mgK¶ g‡b K‡i bv| wKš‘ Zvi Dcwb‡ek †mbvevwnbx‡K hy‡×i Rb¨ cª¯ÍyZ n‡Z Av‡`k †`Iqv nq|
†bB| †m Zvi cvk¦©eZ©x Ab¨vb¨ kw³kvjx †`‡ki mv‡_ Rvg©vwbi mg_©b A‡÷ªv-nv‡½wi 1914 mv‡ji 28 RyjvB
cªwZ‡hvwMZvq wjß nq| Dcwb‡e‡ki †Lvu‡R †m gwiqv n‡q mvwe©qvi weiæ‡× hy× †NvlYv K‡i| µ‡gB G hy× AviI wewfbœ
I‡V| Gi cwiYv‡g 'K'-Gi mv‡_ A‡bK †`‡ki hy× evu‡a| †`‡k Qwo‡q c‡o| 1 AvM÷ Rvg©vwb ivwkqvi weiæ‡× Ges
G hy‡×i cwiYvg nq LyeB gvivZ¥K| 3 AvM÷ dªv‡Ýi weiæ‡× hy× †NvlYv K‡i| 4 AvM÷ weª‡Ub
K. cª_g wek¦hy× KLb n‡qwQj? Rvg©vwbi weiæ‡× hy× †NvlYv K‡i| Gfv‡e `xN© Pvi eQi hy×
L. †Kvb NUbv †_‡K cª_g wek¦hy‡×i ïiæ nq? Pjvi ci 1918 mv‡ji 11 b‡f¤^i cª_g wek¦hy‡×i wgÎkw³i
M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z †`‡ki mv‡_ †Zvgvi cvV¨eB‡q ewY©Z mv‡_ Pyw³ ¯^v¶‡ii gva¨‡g G hy‡×i P~ovšÍ mgvwß N‡U|
†Kvb †`‡ki wgj Av‡Q?
N. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z hy× †Zvgvi cvV¨wel‡q ewY©Z hy‡×i 4. K I L `ywU cªfvekvjx ivR¨| wKš‘ Zv‡`i ci¯úi ¯^v_©
Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki| mswkøó welq wb‡q `xN©w`b a‡i †NviZi kÎyZv Pig AvKvi
3 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi aviY K‡i| K cªwZ‡ekx ivR¨mg~‡ni mnvqZv wb‡q L-‡K
K. cª_g wek¦hy× msNwUZ nq 1914-1918 wLªóv‡ã| civwRZ K‡i Ges GK kvwšÍPyw³ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡i|
L. 1914 mv‡ji 28 Ryb Aw÷ªqvi hyeivR AvwP©wWDK dªvT civwRZ L-Gi Dci K †h kvwšÍPyw³ Pvwc‡q †`q Zv‡Z
dvwW©bvÛ I Zvui ¯¿x KvD‡›Um †mvwdqv emwbqvi ivRavbx fwel¨r MЇMv‡ji exR wbwnZ wQj|
mviv‡q‡fv åg‡Y G‡j mve©xq mš¿vmx‡`i nv‡Z wbnZ nb| K. fvm©vB mwÜ KLb ¯^v¶wiZ nq?
BwZnv‡m GwU 'mviv‡q‡fv nZ¨vKvÐ' bv‡g cwiwPZ| G NUbv L. fvm©vB mw܇K Pvwc‡q †`Iqv mwÜ Kviv g‡b KiZ?
 M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z NUbvi mv‡_ †Zvgvi cvV¨wel‡q †Kvb weRqx c¶I Rq‡`ecy‡ii cªwZ AwePvi K‡i hv Zv‡`i‡K
NUbvi wgj i‡q‡Q? cªwZ‡kvacivqY K‡i †Zv‡j|
N. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z 'L'-Gi cªwZ `ye¨©envi Zywg Kxfv‡e
cvV¨wel‡qi Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki‡e? 5. û`vBweqvi mwÜ cvV K‡i GKRb QvÎx wk¶K‡K cªkœ Kij-
4 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi m¨vi GUv‡Zv gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ AcgvbRbK| m¨vi
K. fvm©vB mwÜ ¯^v¶wiZ nq 1919 mv‡j| ej‡jb, `…k¨Z GUv AcgvbRbK n‡jI Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡m
L. fvm©vB mw܇K Pvwc‡q †`Iqv mwÜ g‡b KiZ Rvg©vbiv| Gi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| †Kbbv, Gi g‡a¨ wbwnZ wQj Bmjv‡gi
KviY G mwÜ ¯^v¶‡ii †¶‡Î AvšÍR©vwZK ixwZbxwZ Abyhvqx gnvweRq|
Rvg©vwb‡K gZ cªKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv †`Iqv nqwb Ges mwÜi K. KZ wLªóv‡ã BZvwj 1g wek¦hy‡× AskMªnY K‡i?
LmovI cª`vb Kiv nqwb| L. 'BD‡ivcxq cyuwRev`x A_©bxwZi Pig weKvk 1g wek¦hy×
M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z NUbvi mv‡_ cvV¨eB‡q Av‡jvwPZ fvm©vB msNU‡bi GKwU KviY' -e¨vL¨v Ki|
mwÜi wgj i‡q‡Q| XvKvi cv‡kB MvRxcyi †cŠimfv| M. DÏxc‡Ki mwÜi g‡Zv †Zvgvi cvV¨eB‡qi ¯^v¶wiZ
†cŠimfvi AšÍf©y³ U½x Ges Rq‡`ecy‡ii g‡a¨ Pig kÎyZv| Pyw³/mwÜi †cª¶vcU e¨vL¨v Ki|
U½xi RbMY Ab¨vb¨ ¯’v‡bi gvbyl‡`i mw¤§wjZ cª‡Póvq N. DÏxc‡Ki mwÜwU 'gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ gnvweRq n‡jI
Rq‡`ecy‡ii gvbyl‡`i civwRZ K‡i| †cŠimfvi mKj cvV¨eB‡qi mwÜwU wQj ¯^v¶wiZ GKwU †`‡ki
gvby‡li g‡a¨ kvwšÍ ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ weRqx I civwRZiv gnvwech©‡qi KviY' -Dw³wUi h_v_©Zv g~j¨vqb Ki|
†cŠimfvq wgwjZ n‡q GKwU Pyw³cÎ ¯^v¶i K‡i| weRqx 5 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
c¶ civwRZ Rq‡`ecy‡ii fv‡jv AvPiY K‡iwb| G‡Z K. BZvwj 1915 wLªóv‡ã 1g wek¦hy‡× AskMªnY K‡i|
fwel¨‡Z MÛ‡Mv‡ji m¤¢vebv cªwZ jy°vwqZ wQj| 1919 L. 'BD‡ivcxq cyuwRev`x A_©bxwZi Pig weKvk 1g wek¦hy×
mv‡j wgÎc‡¶i mv‡_ Rvg©vwbi fvm©vB mwÜ ¯^v¶wiZ nq| G msNU‡bi GKwU KviY'| A_©vr BD‡ivcxq iv󪸇jv
mwÜi gva¨‡gB Rvg©vwbi mv‡_ wgÎc‡¶i hy‡×i cwimgvwß A_©‰bwZK cªwZ‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g kw³ e…w× K‡i cðvrc`
nq| mwÜ ¯^v¶‡ii c~‡e© fvm©vB mwÜi Lmov| Rvg©vwb‡K †`k¸‡jvi Ici mvgªvR¨ev`x AwaKvi we¯Ívi Ki‡Z AMªmi
†`Iqv nqwb Ges mwÜ ¯^v¶‡ii †¶‡Î AvšÍR©vwZK ixwZ n‡j †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ weev‡`i m…wó nq| Gwkqv I AvwdªKv
Abyhvqx Rvg©vwb‡K gZ cªKv‡ki my‡hvM †`Iqv nqwb| ZvB gnv‡`‡k BD‡ivcxq we¯ÍvibxwZ BD‡ivcxq kw³e‡M©i g‡a¨
cieZ©x‡Z Rvg©vbiv G mw܇K Pvwc‡q †`Iqv mwÜ e‡j `viæY Am‡šÍvl m…wó K‡i| cª‡Z¨K †`‡kB wkícwZMY hy‡×i
AwfwnZ K‡i Ges cÖwZ‡kvacivqY n‡q I‡V| A¯¿k¯¿ cª¯ÍyZ Ki‡Z _v‡K| hy× Qvov G miÄvg¸‡jv weµ‡qi
N. XvKvi cv‡kB MvRxcyi †cŠimfv| †cŠimfvi AšÍf©y³ U½x †Kv‡bv c_ wQj bv| ZvB BD‡ivcxq cyuwRev`x A_©bxwZi
Ges Rq‡`ecy‡ii g‡a¨ Pig kÎyZv| U½xi RbMY Ab¨vb¨ weKvk‡K 1g wek¦hy‡×i Ab¨Zg KviY wn‡m‡e g‡b Kiv nq|
¯’v‡bi gvbyl‡`i mw¤§wjZ cª‡Póvq Rq‡`ecy‡ii gvbyl‡`i M. DÏxc‡K û`vBweqvi mwÜ cvV K‡i GKRb QvÎx wk¶‡Ki
civwRZ K‡i| †cŠimfvi mKj gvby‡li g‡a¨ kvwšÍ ¯’vc‡bi wbKU gšÍe¨ Kij, m¨vi GUv‡Zv AZ¨šÍ AcgvbRbK| m¨vi
Rb¨ weRqx I civwRZiv †cŠimfvq wgwjZ n‡q GKwU ej‡jb, `…k¨Z GwU AcgvbRbK n‡jI Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡m
Pyw³cÎ ¯^v¶i K‡i| weRqx c¶ civwRZ Rq‡`ecy‡ii cªwZ Gi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| †Kbbv Gi g‡a¨ wbwnZ wQj Bmjv‡gi
fv‡jv AvPiY K‡iwb| G‡Z fwel¨‡Z MÛ‡Mv‡ji m¤¢vebv gnvweRq| DÏxc‡Ki û`vBweqvi mwÜi g‡Zv cª_g
jy°vwqZ wQj| DÏxc‡K ewY©Z NUbvi mv‡_ cvV¨eB‡q wek¦hy‡×I GKwU mwÜ n‡qwQj| Gi bvg †eª÷wjUf‡¯‹i
Av‡jvwPZ fvm©vB mwÜi wgj i‡q‡Q| 1919 mv‡j ¯^v¶wiZ mwÜ| 1917 mv‡j ivwkqvi ej‡kwfK wecø‡ei d‡j
G mw܇Z AvšÍR©vwZK ixwZ Abyhvqx Rvg©vwb‡K gZ cªKv‡ki †mvwf‡qZ miKvi Rvg©vwbi mv‡_ †eª÷wjUf‡¯‹i mwÜi Øviv
my‡hvM †`Iqv nqwb Ges mwÜ ¯^v¶‡ii c~‡e© fvm©vB mwÜi hy× Z¨vM Ki‡j cwðg iYv½‡b Bs‡iR-divwm evwnbx A‡bK
LmovI Rvg©vwb‡K †`Iqv nqwb| G mwÜi kZ© Abyhvqx msK‡Ui g‡a¨ c‡o| c~e© iYv½‡b hy× eÜ n‡j c~e© iYv½‡bi
Rvg©vwb dªv݇K Zv‡`i Avj‡mm-j‡ib AÂj Ges Rvg©vb evwnbx cwðg iYv½‡bi ˆmb¨‡`i mv‡_ †hvM w`‡q
†WbgvK©‡K †¯øRwfM bvgK ¯’vb wdwi‡q w`‡Z eva¨ nq| dªvÝ I †ejwRqvg AvµgY K‡i| AZtci wgÎkw³i c¶
Rvg©vb wbqwš¿Z †nwj‡Mvj¨vÛ Ges wWDb †cvZvkªq Ges `yM© wb‡q gvwK©b hy³ivóª Rvg©vwbi weiæ‡× P‡j †M‡j hy‡×i †gvo
aŸsm Kiv nq| Rvg©vwb †mbvevwnbx MV‡bi AwaKvi nvivq| Ny‡i hvq| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi mvnv‡h¨ †c‡q wgÎkw³ bZyb
mKj Rvg©vb Dcwb‡ek dªvÝ, Bsj¨vÛ I †ejwRqvg fvM K‡i Drmv‡n hy× ïiæ K‡i| Rvg©vwbi GKvi c‡¶ Aw÷ªqv,
†bq| d‡j Rvg©vwbi RbMY G mwÜ Pyw³‡K Ab¨vq †ivgvwbqv, Zyi‡¯‹i mv‡_ hy× Pvjv‡bv KwVb KvR| 1918
Rei`w¯Íg~jK Pyw³ e‡j g‡b KiZ| cieZ©x‡Z Rvg©vbiv G mv‡ji 11 b‡f¤^i, wgÎkw³i mv‡_ Rvg©vwbi hy× weiwZ
mw܇K Pvwc‡q †`Iqv mwÜ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i Ges N‡U| Gfv‡e `xN© Pvi eQi wefrm AwfÁZvi ci BD‡iv‡c
cªwZ‡kvacivqY n‡q I‡V| Abyiƒcfv‡e DÏxc‡K ewY©Z kvwšÍ wd‡i Av‡m| 1919 mv‡j dªv‡Ýi wgÎkw³i †`k¸‡jvi
cªwZwbwae‡M©i GK ˆeVK AbywôZ nq|
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wbKU gšÍe¨ Kij, m¨vi GUv‡Zv AZ¨šÍ AcgvbRbK| m¨vi n‡qwQj|
ej‡jb, `…k¨Z GwU AcgvbRbK n‡jI Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡m L. cª_g wek¦hy‡×i c~‡e© Rvg©vb mgªvU KvBRvi wØZxq DBwjqvg
Gi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| †Kbbv Gi g‡a¨B wbwnZ wQj I‡që cwjwUK bxwZ ev Dcwb‡ewkK bxwZ MªnY K‡ib| G‡Z
Bmjv‡gi gnvweRq| DÏxc‡Ki û`vBweqvi mwÜi g‡Zv weª‡Ub g‡b K‡i Rvg©vwb weªwUk Dcwb‡ek¸‡jv Mªvm Ki‡Z
cª_g wek¦hy‡×I GKwU mwÜ n‡qwQj| Gi bvg †eª÷wjUf‡¯‹i Pvq| ZvB Rvg©vwbi I‡që cwjwUK ev Dcwb‡ek bxwZ
mwÜ| DÏxc‡Ki G mwÜwU gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ gnvweRq weª‡U‡bi Avk¼vi KviY n‡qwQj|
n‡jI †eª÷wjUf‡¯‹i mwÜ wQj GKwU †`‡ki gnvwech©‡qi M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i KviY wn‡m‡e Rvg©vwbi
KviY| 1917 mv‡j ivwkqvi ej‡kwfK wecø‡ei d‡j AvMªvmbbxwZi mv‡_ cª_g wek¦hy‡×i mv`…k¨ i‡q‡Q|
†mvwf‡qZ miKvi Rvg©vwbi mv‡_ †eª÷wjUf‡¯‹i mwÜi Øviv cª_g wek¦hy‡×i c~e©Mvgx HwZnvwmK NUbvmg~n we‡kølY Ki‡j
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msK‡Ui g‡a¨ c‡o| c~e© iYv½‡b hy× eÜ n‡j c~e© iYv½‡bi ¯^v‡_©i msNvZ Ges cvi¯úwiK Awek¦vm I cªwZØwb&ØZv
Rvg©vb evwnbx cwðg iYv½‡bi ˆmb¨‡`i mv‡_ †hvM w`‡q †_‡KB cª_g wek¦hy‡×i m~ÎcvZ nq| Rvg©vwbi g‡b G aviYv
dªvÝ I †ejwRqvg AvµgY K‡i| AZtci wgÎkw³i c¶ m…wó nq †h ZvivB Ab¨vb¨ †`k I RvwZi Zyjbvq †kªô| d‡j
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Ny‡i hvq| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi mvnvh¨ †c‡q wgÎkw³ bZyb RvwZi i¶K wn‡m‡e mvwe©qv‡K mg_©b Ki‡j bxwZMZ w`K
Drmv‡n Rvg©vwbi GKvi c‡¶ Aw÷ªqv, †ivgvwbqv, Zyi‡¯‹i †_‡K Rvg©vwb Aw÷ªqv‡K mg_©b K‡i| ZvB ivwkqv‡K
mv‡_ hy× Pvjv‡bv KwVb KvR| ZvQvov Rvg©vwbi MYZvwš¿K Aw÷ªqvi weiæ‡× ˆmb¨ mgv‡ek Ki‡Z †`‡L wÎkw³ †Rv‡Ui
`jI KvBRv‡ii GKbvqKZ‡š¿i weiæ‡× we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡i kZ©vbyhvqx Rvg©vwb Aw÷ªqvi c¶ Aej¤^b K‡i ivwkqvi mv‡_
iv‡óª Av‡iK AivRKZvi m…wó K‡i| Rvg©vwbi †bŠevwnbxI hy‡× AeZxY© nq| ivwkqv Rvg©vwbi mv‡_ hy‡× Rwo‡q co‡j
ZLb we‡`ªvnx n‡q I‡V| G‡Z Rvg©vwbi KvBRvi †`k †_‡K 1894 mv‡ji Pyw³ Abyhvqx dªvÝ hy‡× †hvM`vb K‡i| Gw`‡K
cvwj‡q †h‡Z eva¨ nb| 1918 mv‡ji 11 b‡f¤^i wgÎc‡¶i Rvg©vwb dªvÝ AvµgY Kivi Rb¨ †ejwRqv‡gi ga¨ w`‡q
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wQj GKwU †`‡ki gnvwech©‡qi KviY| Gfv‡e Aw÷ªqv, iægvwbqv, Zyi¯‹ cªf…wZ †`‡ki c¶ wb‡q
Rvg©vwb, G‡Ki ci GK AvMªvmb bxwZ AbymiY K‡i hy×
6. d¨vwm÷ kw³¸‡jvi AvMªvmb wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i KviY| Pvjv‡Z _vK‡j c…w_exi Ab¨vb¨ cªavb cªavb †`kI G hy‡×
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AvMªvm‡bi Pig bwRi| KvBRv‡ii f~wgKvi Abyiƒc| Avgiv Rvwb, cª_g wek¦hy‡×i
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wek¦hy×Kvjxb KvBRv‡ii f~wgKvi Abyiƒc| we‡kølY Rvg©vwb cwiZ…ß †`k bv, AbšÍ we¯Í…wZi m¤¢vebv Rvg©vwbi
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wek¦hy‡×i Ab¨Zg GKwU KviY| AvBb¸‡jv‡K d¨vwm÷ `‡ji AbyK~‡j cªYqb Kiv nq|
1924 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b D³ `j fxwZ cª`k©b K‡i cªvq 65%
8. wWD‡Ki †`‡ki ¶gZvmxb `j GK wbe©vP‡b mš¿vmx cwi‡ek †fvU msMªn K‡i| D³ `‡ji cªavb I miKv‡ii cªavbgš¿x
m…wó K‡i Ges cªvq me †fvU †Rvi K‡i †K‡U wb‡q hvq| †ewb‡Uv gy‡mvwjbx Zvui GKbvqKZ¡ Kv‡qg K‡ib Ges †NvlYv
G‡Z we‡ivax‡`i Rb¨ wbe©vPwb †Kv‡bv my‡hvM ivLv nq bv| K‡ib, '‡`‡ki mewKQyB n‡e iv‡óªi AšÍf©y³; iv‡óªi weiæ‡×
msm` Awa‡ekb em‡j we‡ivaxiv miKv‡ii ˆ¯^ivPvix PwiÎ wKQyB _vK‡e bv; iv‡óªi weiæ‡× wKQyB mn¨ Kiv n‡e bv|
D‡b¥vPb Kivi †Póv K‡i| Gi d‡j R‰bK we‡ivax †bZv‡K D³ `‡ji Kg©KvÐ wQj AMYZvwš¿K| MYZ‡š¿ RbMYB n‡”Q
wbg©gfv‡e nZ¨v Kiv nq| mKj ¶gZvi Drm| MYZš¿ gv‡bB n‡”Q RbM‡Yi kvmb|
K. nvgeyM©-Av‡gwiKv wK‡mi bvg? RbMY wb‡RivB wb‡R‡`i ga¨ †_‡K miKvi wbe©vPb K‡i|
L. cª_g wek¦hy‡×i KviY wn‡m‡e DMªRvZxqZvev` e¨vL¨v RbM‡Yi cªZ¨¶ †fv‡U miKvi wbe©vwPZ nq| miKvi‡K
Ki| RbM‡Yi mg_©b wb‡qB ¶gZvq †h‡Z nq| Avevi RbM‡Yi
M. wWD‡Ki †`‡ki ¶gZvmxb `‡ji Kg©Kv‡Ði mv‡_ Av¯’v ev mg_©b nviv‡j miKvi ¶gZv Qvo‡Z eva¨ nq|
BZvwji †Kvb `‡ji wgj j¶ Kiv hvq? e¨vL¨v Ki| MYZ‡š¿ cª‡Z¨K bvMwi‡KiB ivR‰bwZK `j MV‡bi I
N. '¶gZvmxb `‡ji D³ Kg©KvÐ wQj AMYZvwš¿K' wbe©vP‡b AskMªn‡Y AwaKvi Av‡Q| iv‡óªi cªwZwU miKvwi-
e³‡e¨i h_v_©Zv we‡kølY Ki| ‡emiKvwi cªwZôv‡b MYZvwš¿K PP©v I MYZvwš¿K g‡bvfve
8 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi cªwZôv Kiv, AvB‡bi kvmb cªwZôv, `vwqZ¡kxj kvmbe¨e¯’v
K. nvgeyM©-Av‡gwiKv n‡”Q Rvg©vwbi nvgey‡M© 1847 mv‡j wbwðZ Kiv, bvMwiK AwaKvi msi¶Y Kiv, RbM‡Yi
cªwZwôZ GKwU UªvÝ-AvUjvw›UK wkwcs G›UvicªvBR| †fvUvwaKvi cª`vb I Zvi myôy cª‡qvM, ¯^vaxbfv‡e gZvgZ
L. cª_g wek¦hy‡×i Ab¨Zg GKwU KviY n‡”Q DMª cªKv‡ki AwaKvi, cªPvigva¨g I MYgva¨gmg~‡ni ¯^vaxbZv
RvZxqZvev`| BD‡iv‡c cyuwRev` I mvgªvR¨ev‡`i hy‡M wbwðZ Kiv BZ¨vw` MYZvwš¿K miKv‡ii Ab¨Zg `vwqZ¡|
RvZxqZvev` DMª RvZxqZvev‡` cwiYZ nq| BD‡iv‡ci MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vq RbMY cªZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e kvmb
mKj RvwZ wb‡R‡`i‡K †kªô e‡j `vwe I cªgvY Ki‡Z m‡Pó Kv‡R Ask Mªn‡Yi my‡hvM cvq| G‡Z RbM‡Yi e¨w³‡Z¡i
nq| Gi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q D I ¶wZKi wQj Rvg©vb weKvk N‡U| MYZ‡š¿ miKvi Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri Rb¨ RbM‡Yi
RvZxqZvev`| Rvg©vb cwÐZ, `vk©wbK I HwZnvwmKiv cªPvi wbKU Revew`wn Ki‡Z eva¨| wKš‘ BZvwji RvZxqZvev`x
Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡ib †h, Rvg©vbiv n‡”Q weï× Avh© Ges c…w_exi d¨vwm÷ `jwUi Kvh©µg DcwiD³ Kvh©µ‡gi mv‡_
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I Rvcv‡bI RvZxqZvev` msKxY© iƒc aviY K‡i| RvwZ¸‡jv RvZxqZvev`x d¨vwm÷ `‡ji Kg©KvÐ wQj AMYZvwš¿K|
Zv‡`i †kªôZ¡ cªgv‡Yi Rb¨ A‡¯¿i fvlv cª‡qvM K‡i|
BD‡iv‡ci me©Î gviYv‡¯¿i Drcv`b I msi¶‡Yi wnwoK 9. 'GKUvB wek¦, mK‡ji Rb¨' - G †¯øvMvb‡K mvg‡b †i‡L
c‡o| d‡j BD‡ivcxq iv󪸇jvi g‡a¨ RvwZMZ we‡iva e…w× kvwšÍKvgx gvbyl kvwšÍi evZ©v wb‡q we‡k¦i GKcªvšÍ †_‡K
cvq, hv Zv‡`i‡K hy‡×i w`‡K avweZ K‡i| Ab¨cªvšÍ ch©šÍ wbijm KvR Ki‡Q| ZeyI G kvwšÍ evi evi
M. DÏxc‡K wWD‡Ki †`‡ki ¶gZvmxb `‡ji Kg©Kv‡Ði mv‡_ e¨vnZ n‡q‡Q| msNwUZ n‡q‡Q fqvbK hy×| hy‡×i Av¸b
BZvwji RvZxqZvev`x d¨vwm÷ `‡ji Kg©Kv‡Ði wgj j¶ AvUjvw›U‡Ki Icv‡ii gvwK©b hy³ivóª, GgbwK Gwkqvi
Kiv hvq| ¶gZvq AwawôZ nIqvi ci D³ `j iv‡óªi mKj †ekwKQy †`‡kI Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q| `ywU wkwe‡i wef³
cªwZôvb d¨vwm÷KiY Kiv ïiæ K‡i| we‡ivax `j‡K mvgªvR¨ev`x kw³i Øb&Ø I cªwZ‡hvwMZv †_‡KB G gnvhy×
K‡Vvifv‡e `gb Kiv nq, ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvmb I MYZvwš¿K msNwUZ n‡q‡Q|
cªwZôvb¸‡jv‡K wejyß Kiv nq| wbe©vPb mswkøó K. Fascio-†Kvb fvlvi kã?
AvBb¸‡jv‡K d¨vwm÷ `‡ji AbyK~‡j cªYqb Kiv nq| L. gy‡mvwjbxi ivR‰bwZK `j MVb m¤ú‡K© †jL|
1924 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b D³ `j fxwZ cª`k©b K‡i cªvq 65% M. DÏxc‡K †Zvgvi cvV¨eB‡qi †Kvb NUbvi Bw½Z
†fvU msMªn K‡i| d¨vwm÷‡`i f‡q A‡b‡K ivRbxwZ †Q‡o †`Iqv n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|
†`q, A‡b‡K f‡q †`k †Q‡o cvwj‡q hvq Avevi A‡b‡K N. cyuwRev‡`i ejcª‡qvMx iƒc wn‡m‡e Dcwb‡ekev` I
cªwZev` Ki‡Z wM‡q nZ¨v wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi nq| mvgªvR¨ev‡`i DÌvb D³ gnvhy‡×i Ab¨Zg KviY
N. DÏxc‡K wWD‡Ki †`‡ki ¶gZvmxb `‡ji Kg©Kv‡Ði mv‡_ we‡kølY Ki|
BZvwji RvZxqZvev`x d¨vwm÷ `‡ji Kg©Kv‡Ði wgj j¶ 9 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
Kiv hvq| ¶gZvq AwawôZ nIqvi ci D³ `j iv‡óªi mKj
K. Fascio GKwU BZvjxq kã hvi A_© n‡”Q ¸”Q, HK¨ ev Dcwb‡ekev` I mvgªvR¨ev‡`i DÌvb D³ gnvhy‡×i Ab¨Zg
GKZv| KviY'|
L. BZvwj‡Z d¨vwmev‡`i RbK n‡jb †ewb‡Uv gy‡mvwjbx| wZwb
1919 mv‡j Kg©Py¨Z ˆmwbK I mgvRZš¿we‡ivax GK`j 10. wg. evbQvj GKRb Pjw”PÎ wbg©vZv| wZwb 2012 mv‡j
Drmvnx RvZxqZvev`x hyeK‡`i wb‡q d¨vwm÷ `j MVb GKwU Qwe wbg©vY K‡ib, hvi welqe¯Íy wQj GKwU gnv‡`‡ki
K‡ib| 1921 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b d¨vwm÷iv 35wU Avmb jvf cwieZ©bkxjZvq wek¦vmx kw³ Ges cªwZwµqvkxj kw³i bvbv
K‡i| gvÎ `yB eQ‡ii g‡a¨B d¨vwm÷iv Kg©nxb kªwgK, Kvh©µg| `yB kw³ ch©vqµ‡g hy‡×i w`‡KB wb‡R‡`i avweZ
†eKvi, feNy‡i, gv¯Ívb, Acivax Avi KwgDwb÷we‡ivax abx K‡iwQj| Qwei GK ch©v‡q j¶ Kiv hvq, H gnv‡`‡ki `yB
ey‡R©vqv‡`i mg_©b wb‡q GKwU kw³kvjx msMV‡b cwiYZ kw³i mv‡_ Ab¨ `ywU gnv‡`‡ki wewfbœ kw³I Rwo‡q c‡o|
nq| d¨vwm÷iv 1921 mv‡ji b‡f¤^‡i Nationalist d‡j GK fqven hy‡×i m…wó nq| Qwei GK ch©v‡q †`Lv
Fasist Party MVb K‡i gy‡mvwjbx‡K Gi †bZv wbe©vwPZ hvq, GKwU nZ¨vKv‡Ði d‡jB G hy‡×i m~ÎcvZ N‡U|
K‡i| Gfv‡eB gy‡mvwjbxi ivR‰bwZK `j Nationalist K. wkí wecøe KZ mv‡j ïiæ n‡qwQj?
Fasist Party MwVZ nq| L. DMª RvZxqZvev` ej‡Z Kx eyS? e¨vL¨v Ki|
M. DÏxc‡K cvV¨eB‡q Av‡jvwPZ cª_g wek¦hy‡×i Bw½Z †`Iqv M. wg. evbQv‡ji wbwg©Z Pjw”P‡Î †h hy‡×i wPÎ dy‡U
n‡q‡Q| 1870 mv‡j dªv‡¼v-Rvg©vb hy‡×i cwimgvwßi ci D‡V‡Q Zvi f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki|
BD‡iv‡c †h mk¯¿ kvwšÍi hy‡Mi m~ÎcvZ nq 1914 mv‡ji N. wek¦e¨vcx G ai‡bi GKwU hy‡×i Rb¨ g~jZ DMª
cª_g wek¦hy× ïiæi ga¨ w`‡q ZviI cwimgvwß N‡U| d‡j RvZxqZvev`B `vqx wQj- g~j¨vqb Ki|
kvwšÍ cªwZôvi cª‡Póv AveviI e¨_© nq| mviv‡q‡fvi 10 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
nZ¨vKv‡Ûi ga¨ w`‡q ïiæ nq G hy×| G hy× wQj `yB wkwe‡i K. wkí wecøe 1760 mv‡j ïiæ n‡qwQj|
wef³ BD‡ivcxq ivóªmg~‡ni kw³ cix¶v| G hy× g~jZ L. RvZxqZvev‡`i D‡c¶v ev RvZxqZvev` `g‡bi g‡a¨ †hgb
BD‡iv‡c ïiæ n‡jI Zvi e¨vcKZv Av‡gwiKv I Gwkqv hy×weMª‡ni exR wbwnZ _v‡K, †Zgwb DMª RvZxqZv‡evaI
gnv‡`‡kI Qwo‡q c‡o| hy‡×i g‡bve…wË m…wói mnvqZv K‡i| Rvg©vb‡`i g‡a¨ GKUv
N. DÏxc‡K cvV¨eB‡q Av‡jvwPZ cª_g gnvhy× ev wek¦hy‡×i aviYv memgq KvR KiZ †h Rvg©vb wcZ…f~wg mKj †`‡ki
Bw½Z †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| cyuwRev`x ejcª‡qvMx iƒc wn‡m‡e †kªô Ges Rvg©vb RvwZ Acivci RvwZ A‡c¶v †kªôZi|
Dcwb‡ekev` I mvgªvR¨ev‡`i DÌvb D³ gnvhy‡×i Ab¨Zg Rvg©vb‡`i g‡Zv G ai‡bi RvZxqZvev` m¤úwK©Z DMª
KviY| cyuwRev‡`i Pig weKv‡ki d‡j BD‡ivcxq †`k¸‡jvi †PZbv‡K DMª RvZxqZvev` e‡j| G DMª RvZxqZv‡eva
g‡a¨ evwY‡R¨i cªmvi I Dcwb‡ek we¯Ívi wb‡q Zxeª †Kej Rvgvwb‡ZB bq dªvÝ, Bsj¨vÛ, ivwkqv, Rvcvb Ges
cÖwZØwb&ØZvi m…wó nq| wkícY¨ ißvwb I AwZwi³ Ab¨vb¨ †`‡kI msKxY© cªKvk cwijw¶Z nq|
wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ cyi‡bv Dcwb‡e‡ki m¤cÖmviY I bZyb M. wg. evbQv‡ji wbwg©Z Pjw”P‡Î cª_g wek¦hy‡×i wPÎ dy‡U
Dcwb‡ek ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ †`k gwiqv n‡q I‡V| d‡j D‡V‡Q| 1914 mv‡j mvgvb¨ GKwU nZ¨vKvЇK †K›`ª K‡i
A_©‰bwZK ¯^v_© nvwm‡ji Rb¨ AMªmi cyuwRev`x †`k¸‡jv cª_g wek¦hy‡×i m~ÎcvZ N‡U| 1919 mv‡j fvm©vB bM‡i
wb‡R‡`i ivRbxwZ‡K mvgªvR¨ev`x K‡i †Zv‡j| wesk ¯^v¶wiZ Pyw³i gva¨‡g G hy‡×i cwimgvwß N‡U| cª_g
kZvãxi cª_g w`‡KI weª‡Ub wQj c…w_exi me©e…nr wek¦hy‡×i e¨vcKZv, aŸsmvZ¥K Kg©KvÐ I wecyj †jvK¶q
Jcwb‡ewkK kw³| GiciI †m Zß wQj bv| wØZxq cªavb wek¦ †bZ…e…›`‡K kw¼Z K‡i †Zv‡j| d‡j Zviv G ai‡bi
Jcwb‡ewkK kw³ dªv‡Ýi Gwkqv I AvwdªKvq cªPyi Dcwb‡ek †Kv‡bv msNvZ fwel¨‡Z †hb Avi m…wó bv nq †mRb¨ GKwU
_vKv m‡Ë¡I dªvÝ DËi AvwdªKvi gi‡°v‡Z Abycª‡ek K‡i AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v M‡o †Zv‡jb hv jxM Ae †bkbm
Dcwb‡ek ¯’vcb K‡i| Rvg©vwb be¨ cyuwRev`x †`k nIqvq (League of Nations) bv‡g cwiwPZ|
Zvi †Kv‡bv Dcwb‡ek wQj bv| wKš‘ ZviI j¶¨ wQj cª_g wek¦hy‡×i d‡j A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î we‡k¦ bZyb †giæKiY
Dcwb‡ek `Lj Kiv| B‡Zvc~‡e© Ab¨vb¨ mvgªvR¨ev`x N‡U| Rxeb I RMr m¤ú‡K© gvby‡li a¨vbaviYv e`‡j hvq|
†`k¸‡jv Zv `Lj K‡i †bIqvq GKwU hy× e¨ZxZ Rvg©vwbi G hy‡×i cwiYwZ‡Z 1918 mv‡ji 11 b‡f¤^i Rvg©vwb KZ©…K
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I‡V| Dcwb‡ek `Lj I mvgªvR¨ i¶v‡K †K›`ª K‡i iæk RbMY ej‡kwfK wecø‡ei gva¨‡g ivwkqvq mgvRZš¿
BD‡ivcxq iv󪸇jv cvi¯úwiK cªwZØwb&ØZvq wjß n‡j Gi cªwZôv K‡i| G hy‡× Rvg©vwbi `yal© Avµg‡Y weªwUk kw³
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ivRZ‡š¿i Aemvb nq| cª_g wek¦hy‡× Ask wb‡q weª‡Ub
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N. DÏxc‡Ki Pjw”P‡Îi gva¨‡g dy‡U IVv cª_g wek¦hy‡×i Rb¨
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AÂj¸‡jv D×v‡ii D‡`¨vM wb‡j ejKvb msKU Zxeª nq|
GgbwK Rvg©vb RvwZMZ †kªôZ¡ cªgv‡Yi Rb¨ A‡¯¿i fvlv
cª‡qvM K‡i| BD‡iv‡ci me©Î gviYv‡¯¿i Drcv`b I
msi¶‡Yi wnwoK c‡o| BD‡ivcxq iv󪸇jvi ga¨Kvi
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