Chapter 2

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D”P gva¨wgK ■ BwZnvm (wØZxq cÎ) ■ Aa¨vqwfwËK m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi I cixÿv cÖ¯‘wZ

wØZxq Aa¨vq : divmx wecøe


1. GKRb e¨w³i Qwe Uvbv‡bv i‡q‡Q| †eov‡Z Avmv AwZwa bxwZi e¨envwiK cª‡qvM Kiv nq| 1755 mv‡j wZwb
mydj P›`ª Zv‡K wR‡Ám Ki‡jb, "QwewU Kvi?" RM`xk g…Zy¨eiY K‡ib|
gÐj DËi w`‡jb ÒGwU Ggb GK weL¨vZ †jv‡Ki Qwe, whwb N. DÏxc‡Ki Qwei DwjøwLZ e¨w³ n‡”Qb g‡šÍ¯‹y| g‡šÍ¯‹yi a¨vb
e‡jwQ‡jb, hw` GKB e¨w³i nv‡Z miKv‡ii AvBb, wePvi aviYvi mv‡_ iæ‡ki a¨vb-aviYvi wgj i‡q‡Q|
I kvmb wefv‡Mi KZ©…Z¡ b¨¯Í _v‡K Z‡e iv‡óª e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv g‡šÍly wQ‡jb wbqgZvwš¿K ivR‰bwZK mg_©K| wZwb g‡b
†jvc cv‡e|" GB e¨w³ '¯^M©xq AwaKvi cªvß ivRZš¿' ZË¡‡K Ki‡Zb ivRZ‡š¿i ÎywU _vK‡jI m¤ú‡`i mylg eÈb I
A¯^xKvi K‡i †¯^”QvPvix ivRZ‡š¿i ÎywU-wePy¨wZ¸‡jv Zy‡j me©mvavi‡Yi mve©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii K_v e‡jbwb| GRb¨
a‡ib| Zv‡K A‡b‡K ey‡R©vqv `vk©wbK e‡j wPwýZ K‡ib| Z‡e
K. Kyui‡ev eskxq †kl ivRv †K wQ‡jb? wZwb ˆ¯^iZš¿‡K †hfv‡e AvµgY K‡ib Ges Gi weKí
L. wecø‡ei 2q ch©v‡q dªv‡Ýi wMR©v ms¯‹vi m¤ú‡K© †jL| wn‡m‡e ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKi‡Yi †h civgk© †`b Zv mgKvjxb
M. RM`xk gЇji evmvi QwewU Kvi? GB gnvb gbxlxi gvbe mgv‡R Mfxi cªfve we¯Ívi K‡i| Zvui †jLbx divwm
Rxebx e¨vL¨v Ki| RbZvi gb‡b e¨vcK cªwZNvZ m…wó K‡iwQj| GRb¨ 1791
N. Qwei e¨w³i a¨vb-aviYvi mv‡_ iæ‡kvi wPšÍv †PZbvi mv‡ji wecø‡ei cieZ©x msweav‡b Zvi ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZi
A‡bK wgj i‡q‡Q g~j¨vqb Ki| e¨envwiK cª‡qvM Kiv nq| Ab¨w`‡K iæ‡kv ˆ¯^iZ‡š¿i
1 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi weiæ‡× gvbyl‡K iæ‡L `vuovevi †cªiYv †hvMvb| wZwb Zvui
K. ayui‡ev eskxq †kl ivRv wQ‡jb †lvok jyB| Mª‡š’ mvgvwRK Amv‡g¨i g~j KviY¸‡jv e¨vL¨v K‡ib| Zvui
L. wecø‡ei wØZxq ch©v‡q wMR©vi f~-m¤úwË RvZxqKi‡Yi ci g‡Z hyw³ev` n‡jv †kªô| wKš‘ gvby‡li gb‡b hyw³ev` myß
wMR©v ms¯‹v‡i nvZ †`q msweavb cwil`| hvRK‡`i Ae¯’vq _v‡K| ¯^vaxb wPšÍvi kw³i gva¨‡g Gi weKvk N‡U|
miKv‡ii †KvlvMvi †_‡K †eZb cª`v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| Gfv‡e iæ‡kvi Zvui mvgvwRK Pyw³ gZev‡`i gva¨‡g †h e¨w³
wek¦¯ÍZv I Ab¨vb¨ ¯Í‡ii hvRKMY †cvc KZ©…K wbhy³ bv n‡q ¯^vaxbZv, evK ¯^vaxbZv I MYZ‡š¿i K_v e‡jb Zv divwm
RbM‡Yi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nIqvi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| G ms¯‹vi RbMY‡K wecøwe †PZbvq DØy× K‡i|
Aek¨ dªv‡Ýi Rb¨ ïf nqwb| †Kbbv, gvÎ 7 Rb hvRK cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, g‡šÍ, †hgb ˆ¯^iZš¿‡K N…Yv Ki‡Zb
msweav‡bi Aax‡b kc_ †bq Ges Mªvg¨ hvRK‡`i A‡a©‡Ki iæ‡kvI †Zgwb ˆ¯^iZš¿‡K N…Yv Ki‡Zb| Zvu‡`i `yR‡bi
†ewk kc_ †bqwb| '†cvc' G hvRKxq msweav‡bi wb›`v †jLbxi gva¨‡g 1 divwm RbM‡Yi wecøex †PZbvi D™¢e
K‡ib| Gi d‡j cieZ©x‡Z dªv‡Ý ag©xq wefw³ †`Lv †`q| n‡qwQj|
M. DÏxc‡Ki RM`xk gЇji evmvi QwewU n‡”Q divwm
`vk©wbK g‡šÍ¯‹yi| g‡šÍ¯‹y wQ‡jb wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZ‡š¿i 2. we‡k¦i me gvby‡li Kv‡QB 14 RyjvB 1789 w`bwU Kg‡ewk
mg_©K| wZwb g~jZ `vk©wbK n‡jI msweavb I cwiwPZ| cªwZeQi 14 RyjvB G‡jB we‡k¦i ¯^vaxbZvKvgx
ivRbxwZwelqK †jLbxi Øviv RbwcªqZv jvf K‡ib| wZwb gvby‡li g‡b GK Awbe©vi Avkv mÂvwiZ nq| `vm‡Z¡i eÜb
cªvq †`o eQi Bsj¨v‡Û Ae¯’vb K‡iwQ‡jb| G Rb¨ Zvui †_‡K gyw³ cvIqvi †cªiYvi †bkv †hb gvbyl‡K Av”Qbœ K‡i
†jLbx‡Z weªwUk msweav‡bi cªwZ AbyivM †`Lv hvq| wZwb †d‡j| Avi cªwZeQi G w`bwU‡Z AFP bvgK msev` ms¯’vwU
wb‡R GKwU mvgšÍ cwiev‡i Rb¥MªnY K‡iI (1689) GK bZyb mv‡R mw¾Z nq| †Kbbv, G w`‡b msev` ms¯’vwU
mvgšÍZ‡š¿i APjvqZb‡K AvNvZ K‡i wj‡Lb| wZwb Zvui we‡kølY K‡i we‡k¦i civaxbZvi k…•L‡j Ave× gvby‡li
hyw³ev`x gbb Øviv dªv‡Ýi cªPwjZ mgvR I kvmbe¨e¯’v gyw³i bvbv Dcvq Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ Zy‡j a‡i AZ¨vPvix
we‡kølY K‡ib| wZwb K¨v_wjK wMR©vi f~wgKv I ivRvi kvmK‡`i civR‡qi K_v|
mxgvnxb ¶gZvi †Nvi mgv‡jvPK wQ‡jb| Zvui g‡Z, dªv‡Ýi K. `vk©wbK iæ‡kv KZ mv‡j g…Zy¨eiY K‡ib?
ˆ¯^ivPvix ivRZš¿ I AwfRvZ wbqwš¿Z mgvR wQj hyw³ L. †b‡cvwjq‡bi cªkvmwbK ms¯‹vi e¨vL¨v Ki|
ewnf©~Z e¨e¯’v| wZwb ivRZ‡š¿i ÎywU D‡jøL Ki‡jI m¤ú‡`i M. DÏxc‡K †Zvgvi cwVZ †Kvb wecø‡ei cªwZ Bw½Z
mylg eÈb I me©mvavi‡Yi mve©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii K_v cvIqv hvq? D³ wecø‡ei NUbvcªev‡ni cª_g ch©vq
e‡jbwb| G Rb¨ A‡b‡K Zvu‡K ey‡R©vqv `vk©wbK e‡j wPwýZ e¨vL¨v Ki|
K‡ib| Z‡e wZwb ˆ¯^iZš¿‡K †hfv‡e AvµgY K‡ib Ges N. 'D³ wecøe dªv‡Ýi mgvR, A_©bxwZ, ivRbxwZ I
Gi weKí wn‡m‡e ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKi‡Yi †h civgk© †`b Zv ms¯‹…wZ‡K Avg~j e`‡j †`q'| -e³e¨wU we‡kølY Ki|
mgKvjxb gvbe mgv‡R Mfxi cªfve we¯Ívi K‡i| 2 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
g‡šÍ¯‹y divwm wecøe †`‡L †h‡Z cv‡ibwb; wKš‘ Zvui †jLbx K. `vk©wbK iæ‡kv 1778 mv‡j g…Zy¨eiY K‡ib|
divwm RbZvi gb‡b e¨vcK cªwZNvZ m…wó K‡iwQj| GRb¨ L. †b‡cvwjq‡bi cªkvmwbK ms¯‹v‡i †`Lv hvq, kw³kvjx
1791 mv‡ji wecøe cieZ©x msweav‡b Zvi ¶gZvi ¯^Zš¿xKiY †K›`ªxq kvmb| †K‡›`ªi wbqš¿Y kw³kvjx Ki‡Z 83wU cª‡`k
Ges 547wU †Rjv envj iv‡Lb| wZwb wcª‡d± I KvDw݇ji mKj gvby‡li mvgvwRK gh©v`v ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i| ivóª
m`m¨‡`i mgš^‡q GKwU kw³kvjx AvgjvZš¿ M‡o †Zv‡jb| cwiPvjbvq RbM‡Yi B”Qvi cªvavb¨ ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i|
M. DÏxc‡K Avgvi cwVZ divwm wecø‡ei cªwZ Bw½Z cvIqv divwm wecøe mvgvwRK AvPvi-AvPiY, †cvkvK-Avkv‡KI
hvq| cwieZ©b Avbvqb K‡i| cyiæ‡liv UªvDRvi I †KvU Ges
cvV¨eB n‡Z Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvwi, 1789 mv‡ji 14 RyjvB gwnjviv AvuUmvuU †QvU ¯‹vU© cwiavb Kiv ïi K‡i| gvbyl
dªv‡Ýi evw¯Íj `yM© cZ‡bi ga¨ w`‡q divwm wecøe dªv‡Ýi wecø‡ei cªZxK wn‡m‡e wZb iOv †cvkvK I jvj Uywc e¨envi
kni-bMi-Mªvg me©Î Qwo‡q c‡o| divwm wecø‡ei NUbv Kiv ïiæ K‡i| ci¯úi‡K wmwU‡Rb m‡¤^vab Kiv ïiæ K‡i|
cªev‡ni cª_g ch©vq ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡j Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB, divwm wecøe wMR©vZ‡š¿i cªwZ Abv¯’v ¯’vcb K‡i| gyw³wPšÍvi
1774 mv‡ji ayui‡ev eskxq †kl ivRv †lvok jyB hLb ¶gZv my‡hvM m…wó nIqvq mvwnZ¨, wkí, weÁv‡bi MwZkxjZv
MªnY K‡ib ZLb dªv‡Ý wecø‡ei †¶Î cª¯ÍyZ n‡q †M‡Q| G Av‡m| myZivs GK_v ejv †kªq, D³ wecøe dªv‡Ýi mgvR,
mgq c¨vwi‡m cvj©v‡g›U †`k A_©‰bwZK msKU Zxeª nIqvi A_©bxwZ, ivRbxwZ I ms¯‹…wZ‡K Avg~j e`‡j †`q -Dw³wU
Rb¨ ivRv †lvok jyB I Zvui gš¿x Uy‡M©v‡K `vqx K‡i| 1787 h_v_© I mwVK|
mv‡j ivRv AwfRvZ‡`i mfv AvnŸvb Ki‡j AwfRvZMY
ivRvi cª`Ë NvUwZi wn‡m‡ei cªwZ m‡›`n †cvlY K‡i Ges 3. evqvbœi fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi †cª¶vcU m…wó‡Z W. gyn¤§`
A_©gš¿x K¨v‡jv‡bi Ki cª¯Íve‡K cªZ¨vL¨vb K‡i cª_g ivRvi knx`yjøvn, W. Gbvgyj nK, Aa¨vcK †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb,
weiæ‡× cªKv‡k¨ we‡`ªvn K‡i| 1789 mv‡ji em‡šÍ wbe©vPb Aveyj gbmyi Avng` cªgyL wewkóR‡bi GKUv D‡jøL‡hvM¨
AbywôZ n‡j G‡÷U †Rbv‡ij MVb I _vW© G‡÷‡Ui DÌvb f~wgKv wQj| Zvuiv Av‡›`vj‡b mivmwi RwoZ wQ‡jb bv,
N‡U| 1789 1 mv‡ji 17 Ryb Z…Zxq †kªwY wb‡R‡`i‡K Avmj ZeyI fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi gb¯ÍvwË¡K cUf~wg m…wó‡Z Zv‡`i
RvZxq mfv e‡j ] †NvlYv †`q Ges AviI †NvlYv K‡i †h, Ae`vb A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv|
Zv‡`i AbygwZ Qvov ivRv ! Ki Av`vq Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| K. 'AvwgB ivóª' - GUv Kvi Dw³?
G‡Z ivRv Zv‡`i Awa‡ek‡b XyK‡Z bv †`Iqvi wm×všÍ †bb| L. evw¯Íj `yM© cZbB divwm wecø‡ei cª_g Aa¨vq ? eywS‡q
Awa‡ekb K‡¶ XyK‡Z bv †c‡i Z…Zxq †kªwY 1789 mv‡ji †jL|
20 Ryb wbKUeZ©x †Uwbm †Kv‡U© wgwjZ n‡q kc_ MªnY K‡i| M. DÏxc‡Ki wewkóRb‡`i f~wgKvi mv‡_ divwm wecø‡ei
ivRv †kl ch©šÍ 23 Ryb wZb †kªwYi wgwjZ GK Awa‡ekb Kv‡`i Kx wgj Av‡Q- e¨vL¨v Ki|
AvnŸvb K‡ib| 27 Ryb Z…Zxq †kªwY †NvwlZ RvZxq mfv N. Zywg wK g‡b Ki wewkóRb‡`i f~wgKvB D³
msweavb mfv‡Z cwiYZ nq| G mgq ivRvi wb‡`©‡k Av‡›`vjb‡K wecøevZ¥K K‡iwb, A_©‰bwZK KviYI
c¨vwi‡mi iv¯Ívq †mbv PjvPj e…w× †c‡j RbZv w¶ß n‡q gyL¨ wQj? cvV¨eB‡qi Av‡jv‡K g~j¨vqb Ki|
I‡V Ges 14 RyjvB evw¯Íj `yM© `Lb K‡i †bq| evw¯Íj `yM© 3 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
cZ‡bi ciI ivRv †kl †Póv wn‡m‡e wecø‡ei weiæ‡× lohš¿ K. 'AvwgB ivóª' - GwU ivRv PZy`©k jyB‡qi Dw³|
Ae¨vnZ iv‡Lb| G mgq nvRvi nvRvi gwnjv fvm©vB cªvmv` L. evw¯Íj `yM© cZb‡K ejv nq divwm wecø‡ei cª_g Aa¨vq|
Ae‡iva K‡i ivRv, ivbx I Zvi evjK cy·K c¨vwi‡m KviY G `y‡M©i cZ‡bi d‡j ˆ¯^ivPvix ivRZ‡š¿i cZ‡bi
Avm‡Z eva¨ K‡i| AZtci ¯^vqËkvwmZ KwgDb MVb K‡i m~Pbv nq| RbZvi iæ`ª‡ivl Ges wnsmª g‡bvfve †`‡L ivRv
†m¸‡jvi mgš^‡q dªv݇K GKwU hy³iv‡óªi iƒc †`Iqv nq| Ges mfvm`iv AvZw¼Z nq| ivRv RvZxq mfv‡K ejc~e©K
G ch©šÍ NUbv cªevn‡KB divwm wecø‡ei cª_g ch©vq wn‡m‡e †f‡O †`Iqvi B”Qv Z¨vM K‡ib| c¨vwi‡mi msev‡`
AvL¨v †`Iqv nq| Mªvgv‡j wecø‡ei wkLv cªR¡wjZ nq| ¸WD‡bi g‡Z,
N. 'D³ wecøe dªv‡Ýi mgvR, A_©bxwZ, ivRbxwZ I ms¯‹…wZ‡K Òevw¯Í‡ji cZ‡bi b¨vq wecø‡ei Avi †Kv‡bv GKK NUbvi
Avg~j e`‡j †`q' -Dw³wU hyw³hy³ I Zvrch©c~Y©| divwm GZ eûgyLx I my`~icªmvix dj wQj bv|Ó
wecø‡ei ciciB A_©vr 1789 mv‡ji 13 AvM÷ mvgšÍZ‡š¿i M. DÏxc‡K evqvbœvi fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi †cª¶vcU m…wó‡Z W.
D‡”Q` Kiv nq| Gi d‡j ga¨hyM †_‡K P‡j Avmv mgvR gynv¤§` kwn`yjøvn, W. Gbvgyj nK, Aa¨vcK †gvZvnvi
e¨e¯’vi †h Amvg¨ Zvi Aemvb N‡U| divwm wecøe †nv‡mb, Aveyj gbmyi Avng` cªgyL wewkóR‡bi GKUv
Zvr¶wYKfv‡e ˆ¯^ivPvix ivRZ‡š¿i Aemvb NwU‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv wQj| Zviv Av‡›`vj‡bi cy‡ivav wQ‡jb
wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZš¿ Pvjy K‡i| cieZ©x‡Z 1793 mv‡ji 21 bv, †bZvI bb| Zey fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi gb¯ÍvwË¡K cUf~wg
Rvbyqvwi‡Z ivRvi wki‡k&Q` Kiv nq Ges dªv݇K GKwU m…wó‡Z Zvu‡`i Ae`vb A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv| Gme
cªRvZš¿ e‡j †NvlYv Kiv nq| mvgšÍ cª_vi we‡jv‡c GK wewkóRb‡`i f~wgKvi mv‡_ divwm wecø‡ei `vk©wbK‡`i
†kªwYi ¯^vaxb ey‡R©vqv K…lK‡kªwYi D™¢e N‡U hviv cieZ©x‡Z f~wgKvi wgj i‡q‡Q| DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ e¨w³eM© fvlv
†b‡cvwjq‡bi mg‡q mvgªv‡R¨i cªavb mnvqK †kªwY‡Z cwiYZ Av‡›`vj‡bi gb¯ÍvwË¡K cUf~wg m…wó‡Z mnvqK f~wgKv
nq| divwm wecø‡ei d‡j bvMwiK AwaKvi, msev`c‡Îi †i‡LwQ‡jb| †Zgwb divwm wecøe‡K Z¡ivwš^Z Kivi †¶‡Î
¯^vaxbZv, evK¯^vaxbZv, m¤úwËi AwaKvi Ges mve©Rbxb `vk©wbK‡`i f~wgKvI AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| HwZnvwmK‡`i
gvbevwaKvi¸‡jv ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i| f~wg `vmZ¡ I‡V hvq| g‡Z, divwm wecø‡ei c~‡e© `vk©wbK‡`i g…Zy¨ n‡jI Zv‡`i
iwPZ Mªš’¸‡jv ZLbI divwm mgv‡R eZ©gvb wQj| M. DÏxc‡Ki kvm‡Ki AgiZ¡ welqwUi mv‡_ †Zvgvi
Ab¨w`‡K, g‡›U¯‹yi wPšÍvavivi cªfve wgivey¨ I Ab¨ †bZv‡`i cvV¨eB‡qi †h ms¯‹v‡ii wgj i‡q‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|
Ici c‡owQj| Avevi iæ‡kvi wPšÍvavivi cªfve †ivemwcqvi N. D³ ms¯‹vi cvV¨eB‡qi kvmK‡K AgiZ¡ w`‡jI Zv‡Z
I R¨v‡Kvweb †bZv‡`i Ici c‡owQj| divwm wecø‡e mxgve×Zv wQj we‡kølY Ki|
`vk©wbK‡`i †jLbx GKw`‡K †hgb gvbyl‡K cªPwjZ 4 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
ivR‰bwZK I Av_©mvgvwRK e¨e¯’vi cªwZ Av¯’vnxb K‡i K. cª_g wecøex kvmbZš¿ 1791 wLªóv‡ã P~ovšÍfv‡e M…nxZ nq|
†Zv‡j, Aciw`‡K †Zgwb Gi weKí e¨e¯’v M‡o †Zvjvi L. wjwRqb Ae Abvi n‡”Q GK ai‡bi Dcvwa hv 1802 mv‡ji
aviYv †`q| Gfv‡e `vk©wbKMY ga¨weË †kªwYi wPšÍvRM‡Z 19 †g †b‡cvwjqb †evbvcvU© cªeZ©b K‡ib| GwU dªv‡Ýi
GK ˆecøweK cwieZ©b Av‡bb| 1789 mv‡ji divwm wecøe m‡e©v”P m¤§vbbv| wjwRqb Ae Abvi cvuP fv‡M wef³| h_v-
ZLbKvi mgv‡Ri gb¯ÍvwË¡K cwieZ©‡biB dmj| ZvB ejv 1. bvBU, 2. Awdmvi, 3. KgvÛvi, 4. Mª¨vÛ Awdmvi Ges
hvq, DÏxc‡Ki wewkóRb‡`i f~wgKvi mv‡_ divwm wecø‡ei 5. Mª¨vÛ µm|
`vk©wbK‡`i f~wgKvi wgj i‡q‡Q| M. DÏxc‡K fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki kvmK mgªvU AvKei
N. divwm wecø‡e `vk©wbK‡`i †jLbx GKw`‡K †hgb gvbyl‡K ivR¨Rq K‡i †hgb L¨vwZ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb †Zgwb wewfbœ
cªPwjZ ivR‰bwZK I Av_©mvgvwRK e¨e¯’vi cªwZ Av¯’vnxb bxwZ cªYqb I Kj¨vYg~jK ms¯‹vi K‡i cªwmw× jvf
K‡i †Zv‡j, Aciw`‡K †Zgwb Gi weKí e¨e¯’v M‡o †Zvjvi K‡iwQ‡jb| Aveyj dRj iwPZ AvBb-B AvKeix Mªš’wU
aviYv †`q| Gfv‡e `vk©wbKMY ga¨weË †kªwYi wPšÍvRM‡Z kvmK‡K AgiZ¡ w`‡q‡Q| DÏxc‡K kvmK †hme Kvi‡Y
GK ˆecøweK cwieZ©b Av‡bb| 1789 mv‡ji divwm wecøe AgiZ¡ jvf K‡i‡Qb, Zvi mv‡_ †b‡cvwjqb †evbvcv‡U©i
ZLbKvi mgv‡Ri gb¯ÍvwË¡K cwieZ©‡biB dmj| Z‡e ms¯‹vimg~‡ni wgj i‡q‡Q| dªv݇K AvaywbK iƒc`v‡bi Rb¨
ïaygvÎ wewkóRb‡`i f~wgKvB D³ Av‡›`vjb‡K wecøevZ¥K †b‡cvwjqb †evbvcvU© cªkvmb, AvBb, wePvi, ag©, wk¶v,
K‡iwb, A_©‰bwZK KviYI gyL¨ wQj| Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z A_©bxwZmn wewfbœ †¶‡Î Af~Zc~e© ms¯‹vi mvab K‡ib|
dªv‡Ý A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î AmsMwZ cwijw¶Z nq| ZLb dªvÝ wZwb †`‡ki AvBbÁ‡`i wb‡q GKwU KwgwU MVb K‡ib| G
wQj fyj A_©bxwZi GK cªKvÐ Rv`yNi| divwm wecø‡ei c~‡e© KwgwU †ivgvb AvBbmn divwm mgv‡Ri ev¯ÍeZv e¨vL¨v-
dªvÝ we‡kl AwaKv‡ii †`‡k cwiYZ nq| AwfRvZ‡kªwYi we‡kølY K‡i †h AvB‡bi `wjj iPbv K‡ib cieZ©x mg‡q
myweav w`‡Z wM‡q ivRKg©Pvixiv me©`vB evavcªvß n‡Zv| Zv '†KvW Ae †b‡cvwjqb' bv‡g cwiwPwZ cvq| G‡Z
mKj Kifvi enb Ki‡Z n‡Zv K…lK‡`i| ZLb wZb ai‡bi †`Iqvwb, †dŠR`vwi Ges evwYwR¨K wgwj‡q †gvU 2287wU
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cieZ©x mg‡q Zv †KvW Ae †b‡cvwjqb bv‡g cwiwPwZ cvq|
4. fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡ki kvmK mgªvU AvKei ivR¨ Rq K‡i G‡Z †`Iqvwb, †dŠR`vwi Ges evwYwR¨K wgwj‡q †gvU
†hgb L¨vwZ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb, †Zgwb wewfbœ bxwZ cªYqb I 2287wU AvB‡bi aviv ¯’vb cvq| wKš‘ D³ bxwZ cªYqb I
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hvq| Mªn‡Yi mgq dªv‡Ýi mvaviY RbMY Avkv †cvlY K‡iwQ‡jb
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Av‡jvi gyL †`L‡jI me¸‡jv ev¯ÍevwqZ nqwb| cyivZb
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cªeZ©‡bi d‡j †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i bvbv Øb&Ø msNvZ †`Lv †`q| mKj bvMwi‡Ki mgvb gh©v`v I my‡hvM jv‡fi AwaKvi;
wecøex‡`i g‡a¨ bigcwš’, Pigcwš’, ga¨cwš’ cªf…wZ †Mvôxi  mvgšÍZ‡š¿i †jvc I mKj mvgšÍKi evwZjKiY;
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NUv‡Z wM‡q we‡iva I msNv‡Zi m…wó K‡i| Gme Kvi‡Y iwnZKiY;
†b‡cvwjqb †evbvcvU© Zvui bxwZ I Av`k©‡K m¤ú~Y©i~‡c  ¯¿xi Ici ¯^vgxi AwaKvi cybtcªwZôv;
ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z e¨_© nb| ZvB ejv hvq, †b‡cvwjqb  weevn AvBb gReyZKiY;
†evbvcv‡U©i bxwZ, Av`k© I ms¯‹vimg~n Zvu‡K AgiZ¡ w`‡jI  wePvie¨e¯’vq Rywicª_v PvjyKiY;
Zv‡Z mxgve×Zv wQj|  ivRew›`‡`i mvaviY ew›`i †P‡q ¯^Zš¿ gh©v`v`vb;
 †dŠR`vwi AvBbwewa hyw³ev` I cªvK…wZK AvB‡bi
5. cªvPxb †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi GKRb ivRv wQ‡jb nv¤^yivweŸ| Zvui Av‡jv‡K iPbv Kiv cªf…wZ|
kvmbvg‡j †ekwKQy A‡ji AvB‡bi mgš^‡q AvBb msKjb †b‡cvwjq‡bi AvBbwewai gva¨‡g wecø‡ei evuafvOv †mªv‡Zi
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AvB‡bi gva¨‡g wZwb Zvi kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb| G AvB‡bi mgš^q _vKvi Kvi‡Y BD‡iv‡ci eû‡`‡k G AvBb
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mgªv‡Ui Kg©Kv‡Ði mv`…k¨ cvIqv hvq? e¨vL¨v Ki| me©‡kªô KxwZ©| n‡jv Zvui AvBb ms¯‹vi| BwZc~‡e© dªv‡Ý
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gnv‡`kxq e¨e¯’v| G e¨e¯’vi Av‡jv‡K †b‡cvwjqb Ab¨vb¨ Code Napoleon ejv nq| G‡Z ag©wbi‡c¶ ivóª, ag©xq
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†Kv‡U©i kc_ ejv nq| msMV‡b DÏxß K‡i †Zv‡j| ZvB ejv hvq, D³ e¨w³ A_©vr
M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z wel‡qi mv‡_ divwm wecø‡ei msMV‡b `vk©wbK‡`i f~wgKvB divwm wecøe‡K Acwinvh© K‡i
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divwm wecøe msNwUZ nq| we‡jvc N‡U Ges RbM‡Yi AwaKvi cªwZôv cvq|
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divwm wecø‡ei c_ myMg Kivi †¶‡Î iæ‡kvi Ae`vb K‡i K‡qKwU wbw`©ó Ki Av`v‡qi e¨e¯’v K‡ib| wZwb 1800
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