A

MICROPROJECT

On

“DRONE SURVEY”

Submitted By1.Name of Student Enrollment No:

1 .SOHEL .H. SHAIKH 2200300314
2.ADITYA.S. MATE 2200300307
3.VISHVAS.B. TELORE 2200300319
4.GAURAV.C. KANGUNE 2200300303

Class: CE4I

Under The Guidance

Mrs. N.R.KADU
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute of Technology
and Engineering (Polytechnic) Pravaranagar-413736.

(2024-2025)
 Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute of Technology and
Engineering (Polytechnic) Pravaranagar-413736

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
Name of student
1.SOHEL.H. SHAIKH
2.ADITYA .S .MATE Enrollment No:
Class: CE3I

Has successfully submitted the Micro Project on

“DRONE SURVEY”

Towards the partial fulfillment of

Diploma in Civil Engineering affiliated to Maharashtra State Board of
Technical Education, Mumbai during academic year 2023-2034

(Mrs. V.S .Mhaske) (Mr. S. K. Gorde )

Guide HOD

Place: Loni
Date:
 Micro Project Evaluation Sheet (Group)

Academic Year: Name of Faculty:

Course: Course: Code: Semester:

Title of Micro Project: ……………………………………………………………………………

Cos addressed by the Micro Project:

a)……………………………………………………………………………………………
b) …………………………………………………………………………………………
c) …………………………………………………………………………………………
d) …………………………………………………………………………………………

Major Learning Outcomes achieved by students by doing the project:

a) Practical Outcomes: …………………………………………………………………………

………….………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Outcomes in Cognitive domain: ……………………………………………………………

………….…………………………………………………………………………………………

c) Outcomes in Affective domain: ………………………………………………………………

………….…………………………………………………………………………………………
Comments /Suggestions about team work / leadership/inter-personal communication (if any)
…………………………………………………………………………

………….…………………………………………………………………………………………
Marks out Marks out of
of 6 for 4 for
Total out
Roll Enrollment Performance Performance
Full Name of Student of
No. No. in group in oral/
10
activity presentation
(D5) (D5)

Name & Sign of Faculty

Micro Project Evaluation Sheet (Individual)
 “Drone Survey”
1.0 Aims/Benefits of the micro project

In the era of globalization today, technology has brought significant advancements in surveying
instruments and technology. Available precise digital surveying instruments are used currently
due to their accuracy, speed, and easy operation of the same. This equipment and its applications
are extensively used in the fields of civil engineering, mining engineering, environmental
engineering, transportation engineering, and marine engineering. Since Remote sensing and
Geographic Information systems (GIS) are vital disciplines and are widely used for plotting and
storing spatial information, it is expected the students should know the basics of the same to
apply it in the field. Through this course, students will develop the desired skills and
competencies which are expected of them for survey-related work.

2.0 Course outcome addressed.

b. Prepare plans using Theodolite surveys.

c. Find distances and elevations using Tacheometer.
d. Set out simple circular curves.
e. Prepare plans using Total Station instrument,
f. Locate coordinates of stations using GPS

3.0 Proposed methodology

In this project, we get information about drone surveying.

4.0 Action Plan

Plan Plan
Sr. Name of responsible
Detail of activity start finish
No. team members
date date
discuss the project with the
1
project guide
collect information from the
2
internet and textbook
collect information from the
3
reference book
arrange all information in ms
4
word
5 Prepare a report on it using
 MS word
6 print micro project

5.0 Resources used

Sr. no. Name of resource material Specifications Quantity

1 Computer Windows 10 1
2 Internet Youtube / civil world
3 textbook/manual Advanced Surveying 1

annexure-II
Micro-Project Report

Drone Survey

1.0 Brief Introduction

Drone surveys are a faster, safer, and more cost-efficient way to survey at height. Sometimes
referred to as aerial surveys, UAS (Unmanned Aerial System) surveys, or UAV (Unmanned
Aerial Vehicle) surveys, drone surveys are an increasingly popular method of surveying from the
air.
An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a drone, as an unmanned aircraft
system (UAS), or by several other names, is an aircraft without a human pilot aboard. The flight
of UAVs may operate with various degrees of autonomy; either under remote control by a
human operator or flying autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans.

Background: Explosive Market Growth

The drone industry is major news these days - hardly a day goes by without some drone-related
item in the news, and one drone industry forecast after another seems to hype the seemingly
unlimited potential for the drone market.
The market is rising faster than even the analysts can expect: a review of market reports released
over the past few years makes it abundantly clear that the explosive growth of the civilian drone
market took most analysts totally by surprise, and leaves the future of the market anyone's guess.
In addition, dollar value estimates of the drone market” vary widely, and much depends upon
what analysts choose to measure. There is, of course, the potential value and sales of the drones
themselves; but there has also been considerable speculation on the value of
commercial drone applications.
There have been significant advances in drone technology in the last 12 to 18 months. Prices
have also come down, the scale has grown, and the latest UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)
predictions for 2020 in a 2016 Aerospace Forecast published by the US FAA estimate the
number of drones likely to be in civilian hands by 2020 at a whopping 542,500 units. A recent
drone industry report by Business Insider estimates Enterprise Drone Shipments alone will top
US$12 billion by 2021, stating that while technological barriers may still limit adoption in some
areas, they still see the pace of adoption growth.

An Overview of Commercial Drone Applications

While the consumer market for drones may be topping out (perhaps the Christmas novelty is
finally wearing off), the market for commercial drone applications continues to expand at an
exponential rate. One of the key areas of expansion is in the area of land mapping, and ground
and structural analysis. One US startup that provides cloud-based post-processing of map
photographs and imagery, noted that in the first 12 months their users collectively mapped a
million acres, but the next million acres were achieved in less than four months. This rapid rate
of growth not only underscores the value of drones for land mapping but also reflects a larger
trend in the industry.

Film, TV, and Video

The film and video industry were one of the first to realize the potential of drones, and the
internet is now awash with spectacular aerial videos shot by drone users all around the world.
Almost every independent camera operator and production house seems to have at least one
drone ready to go, and with a little practice, it's possible to achieve great shots in very little time.
For feature films and television, drones have increasingly replaced helicopters for aerial footage.
Not only is the cost-saving significant, but the possibilities are much wider. Shots that start in a
room, pull back out of a window, up and over a house, up over the street, neighborhood and
entire town are simply not possible with a conventional manned aircraft. Stability and precision
have come a long way in a very short space of time, so much so that it's now possible to repeat
shots, following the exact same flightpath, speed, pan, and tilt of the camera, allowing for rapid
application of CGI and effects in post-production.

Surveying and GIS

Surveyors and GIS professionals are using drone mapping to achieve tremendous time and cost
savings on surveying and mapping projects. Time spent collecting accurate data is vastly
reduced. By acquiring raster data from the sky - in the form of geo-referenced digital aerial
images - surveyors can gather millions of data points in one short flight.
Less time spent on the ground also means staff safety is improved by minimizing risk to
surveying teams when out measuring locations such as construction sites, unstable slopes, or
busy transport routes.

Construction
The applications here are similar to those of surveying, but with the addition of an aerial
monitoring capability. Consequently, this is one of the fastest growing areas for drone adoption.
There's a lot to keep track of on a job site-project progress, the location of equipment, the volume
of materials left—and the ability to quickly get an aerial view or 3D model makes it all a lot
easier.

Mining

For the mining industry, it is the ability to quickly and cheaply calculate aggregate volumes in
open-cast mine situations that is becoming a game changer.

Agriculture

Farmers are now using drone-generated maps to identify areas of crop variation and damage, to
help diagnose causes of damage (such as irrigation problems and pests) and prescribe solutions,
such as variable rate nitrogen applications.
Most drone imagery captured for agricultural analysis involves NDVI or the Normalised
Difference Vegetation index. This is a graphical indicator that can be used to analyze and assess
whether the target being observed contains healthy vegetation or not. It requires a combination of
standard photographs, taken within the normal visible (RGB) spectrum, and photographs shot in
the near-infra-red spectrum.

Mapping and Survey Applications

How Can Drones Help?

There's a lot of work important being done on sites today that could be made more efficient by
the use of drones. Prospective sites ready to be developed need to be surveyed and terrain
mapped. An understanding of topology and geology is essential for initial planning and design.
Sites undergoing development and construction need careful management, including ongoing
surveying, monitoring of work in progress, inventory and supply management, and optimization
of operations.
From a CAD and design perspective, there is reality capture: the ability to overlay digital models
with the actual construction site for tasks like spacial planning and volumetric calculations.
For complete and finished structures, there's the need for ongoing inspections for regulatory and
safety compliance. Especially for tall, hard-to-reach structures, such as cell phone towers (not
many in Hong Kong), power and phone line pylons, bridges, and skyscrapers (a lot in Hong
Kong!), inspections of this nature are always a challenge.

The way many of these tasks are carried out today can sometimes be a bit of a struggle. Satellite
imagery can be used as part of the planning and design process, buts it's often of low resolution,
and not up to date. Many satellite images date quickly, especially in urban areas in Hong Kong,
and are not an accurate reflection of what's on the ground right now. Aerial images via
conventional aircraft can provide higher resolution, and more current. But the cost of aerial
photography in Hong Kong is often prohibitive, and even if it isn't, access over most urban areas
would not achieve great results. The minimum altitude for manned aircraft is 500 ft above the
water and the countryside, and 1000 ft over the urban area - often too high to capture anything in
considerable detail.
Ground-based surveying tools can't always capture all the data required, and sometimes require
portions of a site to be shut down, which of course adds to costs. Generally speaking, multiple
methods often need to be employed to collect all the necessary data - and it can still be
fragmented and incomplete.
Safety is always an issue on any construction site, so reducing the number of people that need to
visit a site, and/or be on-site to analyze progress, check inventory, and survey structures is
always going to have a positive effect on safety.

In structural inspection, often the only access is to manually climb or rope-access tall structures
for inspection, or utilize expensive and potentially dangerous helicopter flights.

The Drone Benefit

1. As noted, drones are being utilized increasingly by surveyors, project managers, and GIS
professionals around the world to save time and costs on surveying and mapping projects. In the
field, time spent collecting accurate data is broadly decreased by using drones.
2. By accepting raster data from the sky - in the form of geo-referenced, ortho-corrected digital
images, with resolutions down to 1.5 cm/0.6 in per pixel - millions of data points can be gathered
in one short flight.
3. And this capability can be repeated over time, building an ongoing report and archive of
construction and development in progress.
4. For inspection, the ability to get up close to almost all areas of a tall and generally inaccessible
structure greatly speeds up assessment and analysis, enabling more efficient decision-making for
follow-up action.

How it Works

A set of digital images or photographs taken by the drone at a pre-set, consistent altitude over
the site are digitally processed and stitched together into an orthomosaic. An orthomosaic is
essentially a grid of photos, geometrically corrected to accurately map the survey site being
covered.

Orthomosaics
Because the drone is continually using GPS to maintain its flight path, position, and general
stability against wind and turbulence, the GPS data is also used to geo-tag each photo as it's
taken during the mission. These geo-tagged photos can then be reassembled by post-processing
software into the orthomosaic within the parameters of a known position on the Earth's surface.
Accurate orthomosaics require images to be taken with a significant degree of overlap, usually at
least a 70 percent overlap between one image and its adjoining images. Images also need to be of
a reasonable resolution (12MP is a good starting point) and taken in reasonable light conditions
(a bright but overcast day is ideal. Strong sunny days may have better color rendition, but
produce dark shadows that may lack detail).

Greater Accuracy

Most drone-collected geo-tagged images can produce orthomosaics with accuracies and detail
down to 5 cm/1.9 in per pixel, just based on the GPS data collected by the drone.
For more stringent survey requirements, additional accuracy can be achieved by establishing a
Ground Control Point (GCP) before the flight commences. This GCP could simply be a fixed
object, such as a post or the comer of a building, or a pre-determined latitude/longitude point set
in Google Earth. This GCP can be uploaded into the drone's flight plan software before the flight
and is then used a reference point during photo taking and post-processing.
Certain advanced survey drones can receive real-time in-flight data corrections during a mission,
streamed from a fixed Virtual Reference Station (VRS) on-site to achieve X, Y, and Z accuracy
down to 3 cm/1.2 in per pixel, without needing Ground Control Points.

Controlled Flight

With their in-built GPS and highly responsive flight control systems, today's drones are able to
fly and maintain very specific, accurate zig-zag flight patterns, flying backward and forwards
across a site until the entire area is photographed and mapped with the degree of precision and
overlap needed. They're able to fly slow enough to capture sharp, clear images without motion
blur, and their powered gimbal systems ensure the camera is maintained at a stable, consistent

Pre-Programmed Flight

Because of this need to fly and maintain a very specific, accurate flight pattern, the site map and
flight plan are pre-programmed, saved, and uploaded to the drone before the mission
commences. This can be done either on-site, or beforehand in an office, but requires an internet
connection so the flight plan software can bring up a background satellite map of the location to
be surveyed - usually Google Maps or Mapbox.
To set up a mission, the user simply marks out the area to be surveyed on the satellite map,
adjusts the degree of photo overlap required, and the most efficient direction of the flight path
(the optimal flight altitude is usually calculated by the software, but can be adjusted), and saves
the flight plan ready for upload to the drone.
Once the drone is switched on and is deemed flight-ready, the flight plan is uploaded and the
mission executed. The drone takes off, executes the flight plan, and takes all photographs
entirely automatically. If a problem or hazard is encountered, the drone operator has manual
override via the flight transmitter/controller, which cancels the flight plan and gives immediate
manual control back to the operator.
Most software solutions are also capable of resuming a flight plan from a cut-off point, should a
manual override be necessary, or should the drone need to return for a battery.

Post Processing

Once the flight mission is complete and the site fully photographed and mapped, the photographs
and the geo-data need to be processed into a usable orthomosaic map. This can be done with
desktop software solutions, or increasingly, with cloud-based solutions, where the entire photo
set is uploaded to a cloud service, and processed in a few hours, leveraging the power of
distributed processing.

Desktop Solutions
A number of desktop systems are well established, with others appearing more recently.
Principal among these is German-based Pix4D, which offers a range of desktop processing
packages aimed at different sectors, including structure and site surveying, agriculture, and 3D
rendering
ESRI's ArcGIS, arguably the world's most powerful GIS mapping software, is well established
and has a huge range of applications. ESRI has a new package, Drone 2Map, currently in beta,
which enables the creation of orthomosaics, 3D meshes, and more inside ArcGIS from drone-
captured still imagery.

Autodesk is offering ReCap 360 as a free download for most Autodesk suites, enabling the
import, view, and conversion of point cloud data. However, you can do very little without
upgrading to the ReCap 360 Pro version, which enables orthomosaic stitching and advanced
editing and measurement tools. The Pro version also offers cloud-based storage. Agisoft
PhotoScan is another stand-alone software product that performs photogrammetric processing of
digital images and is able to generate 3D spatial data.
Bentley, another major player in the infrastructure space, offers ContextCapture which creates
3D models from simple photo sets.

Cloud Solutions

Silicon Valley startup, Drone Deploy has rapidly carved itself a major share in the cloud-based
orthomosaic processing arena since launching in 2015. Image sets are uploaded via a desktop
computer, or can be uploaded in the field directly from the capture app (if an internet connection
is available). Processed data sets include orthomosaics, terrain models, 3D models, and crop
NVDI analysis images.
All orthomosaics and models can be viewed online or downloaded for import and processing in
other desktop software systems. In a similar vein, Maps Made Easy also offers cloud-based map
processing, processing, and producing orthomosaics, terrain models, 3D models, and crop NVDI
analysis.
3.0 Outputs of the Micro-Project

In this project, we successfully get all information about the drone survey.

4.0 Skill Developed / Learning outcomes of this Micro-Project

1. Increase knowledge about using drones for survey

2. experience teamwork
3. Increase communication skill
4. Know about how to do surveys using drones.

Conclusion

Survey drones
develop high-resolution orthomosaics and precise 3D models of areas where low-quality,
outdated, or even no data, are available. They thus allow high-accuracy cadastral maps to
be created quickly and easily, even in complex oR difficult-to-access environments.