A

MICROPROJECT

On

“Prepare Report On Waste Management.”

Submitted By

1. Name of Student 2. Enrollment No:

Class: CE4I

Under The Guidance

Miss. S. B. Pokale

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute of Technology and
Engineering (Polytechnic) Pravaranagar-413736.
(2023-2024)
 Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute of Technology and
Engineering (Polytechnic) Pravaranagar-413736

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that

1. Name of Student 2. Enrollment No

Class: CE4I

Has successfully submitted the Micro Project on

“Prepare Report On Waste Management.”

Towards the partial fulfillment of
Diploma in Civil Engineering affiliated to Maharashtra State Board of
Technical Education, Mumbai during academic year 2023-2024

(Miss. S. B. Pokale) (Mr. S. K. Gorde )

Guide HOD

Place: Loni
Date:
 Micro Project Evaluation Sheet (Group)

Academic Year: Name of Faculty:

Course: Course: Code: Semester:

Title of Micro Project: ……………………………………………………………………………

Cos addressed by the Micro Project:

a)……………………………………………………………………………………………
b) …………………………………………………………………………………………
c) …………………………………………………………………………………………
d) …………………………………………………………………………………………

Major Learning Outcomes achieved by students by doing the project:

a) Practical Outcomes: …………………………………………………………………………

………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Outcomes in Cognitive domain: ……………………………………………………………

………….…………………………………………………………………………………………

c) Outcomes in Affective domain: ………………………………………………………………

………….…………………………………………………………………………………………
Comments /Suggestions about team work / leadership/inter-personal communication (if any)
…………………………………………………………………………

………….…………………………………………………………………………………………
Marks out Marks out of
of 6 for 4 for
Total out
Roll Enrollment Performance Performance
Full Name of Student of
No. No. in group in oral/
10
activity presentation
(D5) (D5)
Add more rows if required

Name & Sign of Faculty

Micro Project Evaluation Sheet (Individual)
 Micro-Project Proposal (to be filled before start of project)

Title of Micro Project: ……………………………………………………………………………

1.0 Aims/Benefits of Micro Project (min 30-50 words)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....

2.0 Course Outcome(s) Addressed:

a)……………………………………………………………………………………………
b) …………………………………………………………………………………………
c) …………………………………………………………………………………………
d) …………………………………………………………………………………………
e)……………………………………………………………………………………………

3.0 Proposed Methodology (procedure in brief that will be followed to do the micro project in
about 100-200 words)

4.0 Action Plan (sequence and time required for major activities)
Sr. Planned Planned Name of responsible
Details of Activity
No. start date finish date team members
5.0 Resources Required (Major resources such as raw material, some machining facility,
software, etc.)
Sr.
Name of resource/material Specifications Qty. Remark
No.

Name of Team Members:

Roll No. Name of Student

Name & Sign of Faculty

Micro-Project Report

(Minimum 4 pages)

1.0 Rationale (Importance of the project, in about 30-50 words)

2.0 Aims/Benefits of the Micro Project:

3.0 Course Outcome(s) Achieved:

a)……………………………………………………………………………………………
 b) …………………………………………………………………………………………
c) …………………………………………………………………………………………
d) …………………………………………………………………………………………
e)……………………………………………………………………………………………

4.0 Literature Review:

5.0 Actual Methodology Followed (Write step wise work done, data collected and its analysis (if
any).

6.0 Actual Resources Used (Mention the actual resources used for Micro Project).
Sr. Name of resource/material Specifications Qty. Remark
No.

7.0 Output(s) of the Micro project: (drawings of prototype or survey, presentation os collected
data, findings, ect)
8.0 Skill(s) developed / Learning outcome of this Micro Project:

9.0 Application(s) of this Micro project:

 Introduction
Waste management or waste disposal includes the processes and actions required to
manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes
the collection, transport, treatment, and disposal of waste, together with monitoring and
regulation of the waste management process and waste-related laws, technologies, and
economic mechanisms.

Waste can either be solid, liquid, or gases and each type has different methods of
disposal and management. Waste management deals with all types of waste,
including industrial, biological, household, municipal, organic, biomedical, radioactive
wastes. In some cases, waste can pose a threat to human health. Health issues are
associated with the entire process of waste management. Health issues can also arise
indirectly or directly: directly through the handling of solid waste, and indirectly through
the consumption of water, soil, and food. Waste is produced by human activity, for
example, the extraction and processing of raw materials. Waste management is
intended to reduce the adverse effects of waste on human health, the environment,
planetary resources, and aesthetics.

The aim of waste management is to reduce the dangerous effects of such waste on the
environment and human health. A big part of waste management deals with municipal
solid waste, which is created by industrial, commercial, and household activity.

Waste management practices are not the same across countries

(developed and developing nations); regions (urban and rural areas),
and residential and industrial sectors can all take different approaches.

Proper management of waste is important for building sustainable and liveable cities, but
it remains a challenge for many developing countries and cities. A report found that
effective waste management is relatively expensive, usually comprising 20%–50% of
municipal budgets. Operating this essential municipal service requires integrated
systems that are efficient, sustainable, and socially supported. A large portion of waste
management practices deal with municipal solid waste (MSW) which is the bulk of the
waste that is created by household, industrial, and commercial activity. According to
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), municipal solid waste is
expected to reach approximately 3.4 Gt by 2050; however, policies and lawmaking can
reduce the amount of waste produced in different areas and cities of the
world. Measures of waste management include measures for integrated techno-
economic mechanisms of a circular economy, effective disposal facilities, export and
import control and optimal sustainable design of products that are produced.

In the first systematic review of the scientific evidence around global waste, its
management, and its impact on human health and life, authors concluded that about a
fourth of all the municipal solid terrestrial waste is not collected and an additional fourth
is mismanaged after collection, often being burned in open and uncontrolled fires – or
close to one billion tons per year when combined. They also found that broad priority
areas each lack a "high-quality research base", partly due to the absence of
"substantial research funding", which motivated scientists often require. Electronic waste
(ewaste) includes discarded computer monitors, motherboards, mobile phones and
chargers, compact discs (CDs), headphones, television sets, air conditioners and
refrigerators. According to the Global E-waste Monitor 2017, India generates ~ 2 million
tonnes (Mte) of e-waste annually and ranks fifth among the e-waste producing countries,
after the United States, the People's Republic of China, Japan and Germany.

Effective 'Waste Management' involves the practice of '7R' - 'R'efuse, 'R'educe', 'R'euse,
'R'epair, 'R'epurpose, 'R'ecycle and 'R'ecover. Amongst these '7R's, the first two
('Refuse' and 'Reduce') relate to the non-creation of waste - by refusing to buy non-
essential products and by reducing consumption. The next two ('Reuse' and 'Repair')
refer to increasing the usage of the existing product, with or without the substitution of
certain parts of the product. 'Repurpose' and 'Recycle' involve maximum usage of the
materials used in the product, and 'Recover' is the least preferred and least efficient
waste management practice involving the recovery of embedded energy in the waste
material. For example, burning the waste to produce heat (and electricity from heat).
Certain non-biodegradable products are also dumped away as 'Disposal', and this is not
a "waste-'management'" practice.
 Containers for consumer waste collection at the Gdańsk University of Technology

Principles of Waste Management

Waste hierarchy
The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" Reduce, Reuse and Recycle, which classifies waste
management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimisation. The waste
hierarchy is the bedrock of most waste minimization strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is
to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of
end waste; see: resource recovery.[16][17] The waste hierarchy is represented as a pyramid
because the basic premise is that policies should promote measures to prevent the generation of
waste. The next step or preferred action is to seek alternative uses for the waste that has been
generated, i.e., by re-use. The next is recycling which includes composting. Following this step is
material recovery and waste-to-energy. The final action is disposal, in landfills or through
incineration without energy recovery. This last step is the final resort for waste that has not been
prevented, diverted, or recovered.] The waste hierarchy represents the progression of a product
or material through the sequential stages of the pyramid of waste management. The hierarchy
represents the latter parts of the life-cycle for each product.

Life-cycle of a product
 Diagram of the waste hierarchy

The life-cycle of a product, often referred to as the product lifecycle, encompasses

several key stages that begin with the design phase and proceed through manufacture,
distribution, and primary use. After these initial stages, the product moves through the
waste hierarchy's stages of reduce, reuse, and recycle. Each phase in this lifecycle
presents unique opportunities for policy intervention, allowing stakeholders to rethink the
necessity of the product, redesign it to minimize its waste potential, and extend its useful
life.

During the design phase, considerations can be made to ensure that products are
created with fewer resources, are more durable, and are easier to repair or recycle. This
stage is critical for embedding sustainability into the product from the outset. Designers
can select materials that have lower environmental impacts and create products that
require less energy and resources to produce.

Manufacturing offers another crucial point for reducing waste and conserving resources.
Innovations in production processes can lead to more efficient use of materials and
energy, while also minimizing the generation of by-products and emissions. Adopting
cleaner production techniques and improving manufacturing efficiency can significantly
reduce the environmental footprint of a product.

Distribution involves the logistics of getting the product from the manufacturer to the
consumer. Optimizing this stage can involve reducing packaging, choosing more
sustainable transportation methods, and improving supply chain efficiencies to lower the
overall environmental impact. Efficient logistics planning can also help in reducing fuel
consumption and greenhouse gas emissions associated with the transport of goods.

The primary use phase of a product's lifecycle is where consumers interact with the
product. Policies and practices that encourage responsible use, regular maintenance,
and the proper functioning of products can extend their lifespan, thus reducing the need
for frequent replacements and decreasing overall waste.

Once the product reaches the end of its primary use, it enters the waste hierarchy's
stages. The first stage, reduction, involves efforts to decrease the volume and toxicity of
waste generated. This can be achieved by encouraging consumers to buy less, use
products more efficiently, and choose items with minimal packaging.

The reuse stage encourages finding alternative uses for products, whether through
donation, resale, or repurposing. Reuse extends the life of products and delays their
entry into the waste stream.

Recycling, the final preferred stage, involves processing materials to create new
products, thus closing the loop in the material lifecycle. Effective recycling programs can
significantly reduce the need for virgin materials and the environmental impacts
associated with extracting and processing those materials.

Product life-cycle analysis (LCA) is a comprehensive method for evaluating the

environmental impacts associated with all stages of a product's life. By systematically
assessing these impacts, LCA helps identify opportunities to improve environmental
performance and resource efficiency. Through optimizing product designs,
manufacturing processes, and end-of-life management, LCA aims to maximize the use
of the world's limited resources and minimize the unnecessary generation of waste.

In summary, the product lifecycle framework underscores the importance of a holistic

approach to product design, use, and disposal. By considering each stage of the
lifecycle and implementing policies and practices that promote sustainability, it is
possible to significantly reduce the environmental impact of products and contribute to a
more sustainable future.

Resource efficiency
Resource efficiency reflects the understanding that global economic growth and development
can not be sustained at current production and consumption patterns. Globally, humanity
extracts more resources to produce goods than the planet can replenish. Resource efficiency is
the reduction of the environmental impact from the production and consumption of these goods,
from final raw material extraction to the last use and disposal.

Polluter-pays principle
The polluter-pays principle mandates that the polluting party pays for the impact on the
environment. With respect to waste management, this generally refers to the requirement for a
waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the unrecoverable material.

History
Throughout most of history, the amount of waste generated by humans was insignificant
due to low levels of population density and exploitation of natural resources. Common
waste produced during pre-modern times was mainly ashes and human biodegradable
waste, and these were released back into the ground locally, with
minimum environmental impact. Tools made out of wood or metal were generally reused
or passed down through the generations.

However, some civilizations have been more profligate in their waste output than others.
In particular, the Maya of Central America had a fixed monthly ritual, in which the people
of the village would gather together and burn their rubbish in large dumps
 Modern era

Edwin Chadwick's 1842 report The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring

Population was influential in securing the passage of the first legislation aimed at waste clearance and
disposal.

Following the onset of the Industrial Revolution, industrialisation, and the sustained
urban growth of large population centres in England, the buildup of waste in the cities
caused a rapid deterioration in levels of sanitation and the general quality of urban life.
The streets became choked with filth due to the lack of waste clearance
regulations. Calls for the establishment of municipal authority with waste removal powers
occurred as early as 1751, when Corbyn Morris in London proposed that "... as the
preservation of the health of the people is of great importance, it is proposed that the
cleaning of this city, should be put under one uniform public management, and all the
filth be...conveyed by the Thames to proper distance in the country".

However, it was not until the mid-19th century, spurred by increasingly

devastating cholera outbreaks and the emergence of a public health debate that the first
legislation on the issue emerged. Highly influential in this new focus was the report The
Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population in 1842 of the social reformer, Edwin
Chadwick, in which he argued for the importance of adequate waste removal and
management facilities to improve the health and wellbeing of the city's population.

In the UK, the Nuisance Removal and Disease Prevention Act of 1846 began what was
to be a steadily evolving process of the provision of regulated waste management in
London. The Metropolitan Board of Works was the first citywide authority that centralized
sanitation regulation for the rapidly expanding city, and the Public Health Act 1875 made
it compulsory for every household to deposit their weekly waste in "moveable
receptacles" for disposal—the first concept for a dustbin. In the Ashanti Empire by the
19th century, there existed a Public Works Department that was responsible for
sanitation in Kumasi and its suburbs. They kept the streets clean daily and commanded
civilians to keep their compounds clean and weeded.
 Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd. 1894 destructor furnace. The use
of incinerators for waste disposal became popular in the late 19th century.
The dramatic increase in waste for disposal led to the creation of the
first incineration plants, or, as they were then called, "destructors". In 1874, the first
incinerator was built in Nottingham by Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd. to the design of Alfred
Fryer. However, these were met with opposition on account of the large amounts of ash
they produced and which wafted over the neighbouring areas.

Similar municipal systems of waste disposal sprung up at the turn of the 20th century in
other large cities of Europe and North America. In 1895, New York City became the first
U.S. city with public-sector garbage management.

Early garbage removal trucks were simply open-bodied dump trucks pulled by a team of
horses. They became motorized in the early part of the 20th century and the first closed-
body trucks to eliminate odours with a dumping lever mechanism were introduced in the
1920s in Britain. These were soon equipped with 'hopper mechanisms' where the
scooper was loaded at floor level and then hoisted mechanically to deposit the waste in
the truck. The Garwood Load Packer was the first truck in 1938, to incorporate a
hydraulic compactor.

Waste Handling and Transport

Moulded plastic, wheeled waste bin in Berkshire, England

Waste collection methods vary widely among different countries and regions. Domestic
waste collection services are often provided by local government authorities, or by
private companies for industrial and commercial waste. Some areas, especially those in
less developed countries, do not have formal waste-collection systems.

Waste handling practices

Curbside collection is the most common method of disposal in most European countries,
Canada, New Zealand, the United States, and many other parts of the developed world
in which waste is collected at regular intervals by specialised trucks. This is often
associated with curb-side waste segregation. In rural areas, waste may need to be taken
to a transfer station. Waste collected is then transported to an appropriate disposal
facility. In some areas, vacuum collection is used in which waste is transported from the
home or commercial premises by vacuum along small bore tubes. Systems are in use in
Europe and North America.

In some jurisdictions, unsegregated waste is collected at the curb-side or from waste

transfer stations and then sorted into recyclables and unusable waste. Such systems are
capable of sorting large volumes of solid waste, salvaging recyclables, and turning the
rest into bio-gas and soil conditioners. In San Francisco, the local government
established its Mandatory Recycling and Composting Ordinance in support of its goal of
"Zero waste by 2020", requiring everyone in the city to keep recyclables and
compostables out of the landfill. The three streams are collected with the curbside
"Fantastic 3" bin system – blue for recyclables, green for compostables, and black for
landfill-bound materials – provided to residents and businesses and serviced by San
Francisco's sole refuse hauler, Recology. The city's "Pay-As-You-Throw" system
charges customers by the volume of landfill-bound materials, which provides a financial
incentive to separate recyclables and compostables from other discards. The city's
Department of the Environment's Zero Waste Program has led the city to achieve 80%
diversion, the highest diversion rate in North America. Other businesses such as Waste
Industries use a variety of colors to distinguish between trash and recycling cans. In
addition, in some areas of the world the disposal of municipal solid waste can cause
environmental strain due to official not having benchmarks that help measure
the environmental sustainability of certain practices.

Waste segregation
 Recycling point at the Gdańsk University of Technology

This is the separation of wet waste and dry waste. The purpose is to recycle dry waste
easily and to use wet waste as compost. When segregating waste, the amount of waste
that gets landfilled reduces considerably, resulting in lower levels of air and water
pollution. Importantly, waste segregation should be based on the type of waste and the
most appropriate treatment and disposal. This also makes it easier to apply different
processes to the waste, like composting, recycling, and incineration. It is important to
practice waste management and segregation as a community. One way to practice
waste management is to ensure there is awareness. The process of waste segregation
should be explained to the community.

Segregated waste is also often cheaper to dispose of because it does not require as
much manual sorting as mixed waste. There are a number of important reasons why
waste segregation is important such as legal obligations, cost savings, and protection of
human health and the environment. Institutions should make it as easy as possible for
their staff to correctly segregate their waste. This can include labelling, making sure
there are enough accessible bins, and clearly indicating why segregation is so
important. Labeling is especially important when dealing with nuclear waste due to how
much harm to human health the excess products of the nuclear cycle can cause.

Conclusion and References

Books

1. "Waste Management Practices: Municipal, Hazardous, and Industrial" by John

Pichtel
o This book provides a detailed overview of various waste management practices,
including municipal, hazardous, and industrial waste.

2. "Handbook of Waste Management and Co-Product Recovery" by Nicholas P.

Cheremisinoff
o This handbook covers the principles of waste management and explores methods for co-
product recovery, including case studies and practical applications.
3. "Introduction to Waste Management" by Lawrence K. Wang, Yung-Tse Hung, and
Nazih K. Shammas
o A comprehensive introduction to the fundamentals of waste management, including
different types of waste, collection methods, and disposal technologies.

Journals

1. "Waste Management"
o An international journal that covers all aspects of waste management, including
technological, policy, and management aspects.

2. "Journal of Cleaner Production"

o Focuses on cleaner production techniques and sustainable waste management practices.

3. "Resources, Conservation & Recycling"

o Publishes research on resource management, recycling technologies, and waste
minimization.

Reports and Guidelines

1. "Global Waste Management Outlook" by UNEP (United Nations Environment

Programme)
o This report provides a global perspective on waste management, highlighting trends,
challenges, and strategies for improvement.

2. "Waste Management and Recycling: Comparison of Different Methods" by the

World Bank
o A report that compares various waste management and recycling methods, providing
insights into their effectiveness and efficiency.

3. "Circular Economy and Waste Management" by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation

o Focuses on the principles of the circular economy and their application in waste
management.

Online Resources

1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) – Waste Management

o The EPA website offers a wealth of information on waste management practices,
regulations, and statistics.

2. European Environment Agency (EEA) – Waste Management

o Provides data and reports on waste management practices in Europe, including waste
generation and treatment methods.

3. The International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)

 o Offers resources, publications, and guidelines on best practices in waste management
globally.

Research Databases

1. Google Scholar
o Useful for finding academic articles and research papers on various aspects of waste
management.

2. PubMed
o For research related to the health impacts of waste management practices.

3. Science Direct
o Provides access to scientific articles and journals related to environmental science and
waste management.