FUTM-CPT 122: Introduction to Computer Hardware

Systems and Maintenance

Module 4: Computer Maintenance

Unit 1: Computer Maintenance Basics

Unit 2: Troubleshooting and Repair

Module 4

Computer Maintenance

Unit 1: Computer Maintenance Basics

Unit 2: Troubleshooting and Repair

Unit 1

Computer Maintenance Basics

Contents
1.0 Introduction

2.0 Learning Outcomes

3.0 Learning Contents

3.1 Introduction to Computer Maintenance
3.2 Components Requiring Regular Inspection
3.3 Steps for Regular Computer Maintenance

4.0 Conclusion

5.0 Summary

6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment (TMA)

1.0 Introduction

Computer maintenance refers to the physical processes of upkeep of the

peripherals. Maintenance activities like regular brushing, dusting, vacuum cleaning,
etc. are important but mostly ignored preventive measures. Regular maintenance
generally handles most of the problems, especially data loss or corruption. So it
should be given due importance.

2.0 Learning Outcomes

In this unit, you will:

● Understand the Importance of Computer Maintenance

● Know the different types of maintenance
● Perform regular inspections of computer components

By the end of this unit, you will have a solid understanding of how to maintain your
computer for optimal performance, longevity, and reliability.

3.0 Learning Contents

3.1 Introduction to Computer Maintenance

Computers, like any other commodity, demand proper maintenance. Everyone must
take the desired steps every couple of weeks so that their computer remains in good
condition.

3.1.1 Importance of Computer Maintenance

Computer maintenance is important for several reasons, including:

3.1.1.1 Optimal Performance

Regular maintenance helps ensure that your computer runs smoothly and efficiently.
This includes tasks such as disk defragmentation, deleting temporary files, and
updating software, which can help improve the overall performance of your system.
3.1.1.2 Preventing System Failures

You can identify potential issues before they escalate into major problems by
conducting routine maintenance tasks. This can help prevent system crashes, data
loss, and hardware failures.

3.1.1.3 Security

Keeping your computer up-to-date with the latest antivirus software and security
patches is crucial for protecting your data and privacy. Regular maintenance can
help ensure that your system is secure against cyber threats.

3.1.1.4 Longevity

Proper maintenance can extend the lifespan of your computer by preventing wear
and tear on hardware components. By keeping your system clean and
well-maintained, you can minimise the risk of hardware failures and prolong the life
of your device.

3.1.1.5 Data Backup

Regular maintenance often includes backing up important data, which is essential for
protecting against data loss in the event of system failures or malware attacks.
Scheduled backups can help you recover your files in case of emergencies.

3.1.2 Types of Computer Maintenance

Computer maintenance is essential to ensure that both hardware and software

components of a computer system function efficiently and effectively. There are two
main types of computer maintenance: preventive maintenance and corrective
maintenance. Each type serves a different purpose and involves specific tasks and
procedures.

3.1.2.1 Preventive Maintenance

Preventive maintenance involves routine actions and checks to prevent potential

problems before they occur. It is proactive and aims to keep the computer system in
good working condition by minimising the likelihood of hardware failures, software
issues, and system downtime. Preventive maintenance can be further divided into
system-level maintenance and physical-level maintenance.

3.1.2.1.1 System-Level Maintenance

System-level maintenance focuses on the software aspects of the computer system.

It includes tasks that ensure the operating system, applications, and security
measures are up-to-date and functioning correctly. Key tasks include:

1. Software Updates: Regularly update the operating system, device drivers,

and applications to the latest versions. Updates often include security
patches, bug fixes, and performance improvements.
2. Antivirus and Security Scans: Performing regular scans with antivirus and
anti-malware software to detect and remove potential threats. Ensuring that
security software is up-to-date.
3. Disk Cleanup: removing unnecessary files, such as temporary files, cache,
and unused programs, to free up disk space and improve system
performance.
4. Disk Defragmentation: For hard disk drives (HDDs), defragmenting the disk
helps to reorganise fragmented data and improve read/write efficiency.
Solid-state drives (SSDs) do not require defragmentation but may benefit from
optimization tools.
5. System Backups: Regularly back up important data to an external drive or
cloud storage to prevent data loss in case of hardware failure or other issues.

3.1.2.1.2 Physical-Level Maintenance

Physical-level maintenance focuses on the hardware components of the computer

system. It involves cleaning, inspecting, and testing hardware to ensure it operates
correctly and efficiently. Key tasks include:

1. Cleaning: using compressed air to remove dust and debris from internal
components such as the motherboard, power supply, fans, and heat sinks.
Cleaning external surfaces, screens, and peripherals with appropriate
cleaning solutions.
2. Inspection: Regularly checking for loose cables, secure connections, and
signs of wear or damage on hardware components. Ensuring that
 components such as RAM, graphics cards, and storage devices are properly
seated and connected.
3. Cooling System Maintenance: ensuring proper airflow within the computer
case by cleaning fans and heat sinks, and replacing thermal paste if
necessary. Check that the cooling system is functioning correctly to prevent
overheating.
4. Peripheral Maintenance: inspecting and cleaning peripherals such as
keyboards, mice, printers, and monitors to ensure they operate smoothly.

3.1.2.2 Corrective Maintenance

Corrective maintenance involves actions taken to fix issues and restore normal
operations when problems arise. It is reactive and aims to address specific issues
that have already occurred, such as hardware failures, software errors, or system
malfunctions. Key tasks include:

3.1.2.2.1 Hardware Repairs

1. Component Replacement: Replacing faulty hardware components such as

RAM, hard drives, power supplies, or graphics cards. Ensuring that
replacement parts are compatible with the system.
2. Connection Repairs: Reseating loose cables and connections, and replacing
damaged cables or connectors.
3. Diagnostic Testing: Running hardware diagnostics to identify the root cause
of issues and verify that repairs have resolved the problem.

3.1.2.2.2 Software Repairs

1. Software Reinstallation: Reinstalling operating systems, device drivers, or

applications that are experiencing issues. This may involve using recovery
media or downloading software from the manufacturer's website.
2. System Restore: Using system restore points to revert the computer to a
previous state where it was functioning correctly. This can help resolve
software issues caused by recent changes or updates.
3. Error Resolution: diagnosing and fixing specific software errors, such as
resolving conflicts, repairing corrupted files, or adjusting settings to restore
functionality.
3.1.2.2.3 Data Recovery

1. Data Retrieval: Recovering lost or corrupted data using data recovery tools
or services. This may involve restoring data from backups or using specialised
software to retrieve data from damaged drives.
2. File Repair: Repairing or recovering corrupted files to restore access to
important data.

3.2 Components Requiring Regular Inspection

Regular inspection of various components in a computer is essential to maintaining

its optimal performance and preventing potential issues. Here are some components
that require regular inspection:

3.2.1 Hardware Components

3.2.1.1 Motherboard

Inspect the motherboard for dust buildup, proper seating of components, and bulging
or leaking capacitors, which can indicate a potential hardware failure. Also, check for
loose connections or damaged components.

3.2.1.2 Power Supply Unit (PSU)

Check the PSU for any visible damage or signs of wear. Ensure proper ventilation
and test the power output using a multimeter to ensure it is providing consistent and
stable power to the components.

3.2.1.3 Cooling System

Check the fans inside the computer, including the CPU fan, case fan, and power
supply fan, for dust buildup. Clean the fans regularly to prevent overheating, ensure
proper airflow and replace thermal paste if necessary.

3.2.1.4 Hard Drive

Regularly check the health and performance of the hard drive using diagnostic tools.
Monitor for signs of potential failure, such as strange noises, slow performance, or
file corruption. Also, defragment hard drives (HDDs) and ensure solid-state drives
(SSDs) are not overfilled.

3.2.1.5 RAM

Test the RAM using tools like MemTest86 to identify any issues with memory
modules that could cause system instability or crashes.

3.2.1.6 Cables and Connections

Regularly check all cables and connections to ensure they are securely plugged in
and not damaged. Loose connections can cause intermittent issues or hardware
failures.

3.2.1 Software Components

3.2.1.1 Operating System Updates

Frequently check for and install operating system updates to tackle security
vulnerabilities, enhance performance, and introduce new features. This applies to
updating Windows, macOS, or Linux distributions.

3.2.1.2 Application Updates

Consistently update your software applications to patch security vulnerabilities,

resolve bugs, and enhance functionality. This pertains to productivity tools,
multimedia software, and other third-party applications. Additionally, assess
compatibility concerns and uninstall unused programs.

3.2.1.3 Antivirus Software

Make sure your antivirus software and firewall are up to date, and regularly scan to
identify and eliminate any malware threats that could jeopardise your system's
security. This will safeguard your computer against unauthorised access and
potentially harmful network traffic.

3.3 Steps for Regular Computer Maintenance

3.3.1 Hardware Maintenance

Regular hardware maintenance is essential to keep your computer running smoothly
and prevent any potential issues. Here are some steps for regular hardware
maintenance:

3.3.1.1 Clean the exterior

Turn off your computer and unplug it. Use a soft, lint-free cloth to wipe down the
exterior of the computer, including the keyboard, mouse, and monitor.

Did you know that researchers have found that the average desktop and keyboard
are dirtier than a toilet seat? That’s why dusting your keyboard off at least once a
week can help maintain it (and reduce health risks). Wipe down your keyboard with a
damp, lint-free cloth, but be sure not to soak it in water. For harder-to-reach areas,
such as in between the keyboard keys, use a compressed air canister.

Fingerprints and other stains can appear regularly on your monitor. To keep your
screen view fresh and clean, wipe down your monitor once a week using a dry,
lint-free cloth. Gently wipe in long motions, as pressing too hard can damage your
device. Oftentimes, your computer will come with a microfiber cleaning cloth upon
purchase. Use this cloth or order a similar one for optimal cleaning.

3.3.1.2 Dust the interior

Dust can accumulate inside your computer, causing it to overheat. Use a can of
compressed air to carefully blow out dust from the vents, fans, and other
components inside the computer. Be sure to hold the fans in place while blowing out
the dust to prevent them from spinning too fast.

3.3.1.3 Check cables and connections

Make sure all cables are securely plugged in and not damaged. Check the
connections for your keyboard, mouse, monitor, and any other peripherals.

3.3.1.4 Check for hardware issues

Monitor your computer for any signs of hardware issues, such as strange noises,
overheating, or performance problems. If you notice any unusual behaviour, consider
seeking professional help to diagnose and fix the issue.
3.3.1.4 Defragment your hard drive

Defragging is the process of reorganising the data on your hard drive to speed up file
access. It breaks up a file into smaller bits on your device.

If you are using a traditional hard drive (not an SSD), consider defragmenting it to
optimise its performance. You can use the built-in disk defragmenter tool in Windows
or a third-party defragmentation tool.

3.3.1.5 Update software

Regularly check for and install updates for your operating system, drivers, and
software programs. These updates often contain bug fixes and security patches that
can help improve the performance and security of your computer.

3.3.1.6 Run disk cleanup

Use the built-in disk cleanup tool in your operating system to remove temporary files,
cache files, and other unnecessary data that can take up space and slow down your
computer.

3.3.2 Software Maintenance

Regular software maintenance is crucial for ensuring that your software remains
efficient, secure, and up-to-date. Here are some steps for regular software
maintenance:

3.3.2.1 Patch Management

Regularly check for and apply software patches and updates provided by the
software vendors. This helps in addressing any security vulnerabilities and improving
the overall performance of the software.

3.3.2.2 Security Audits

Conduct regular security audits to identify and address any weaknesses in the
software. This helps in ensuring that the software is protected against potential cyber
threats.
3.3.2.3 Backup and Recovery

Implement a regular backup and recovery plan to prevent data loss in case of
system failures or cyber-attacks. Regularly test the backups to ensure that they are
working effectively.

3.3.2.4 Performance Monitoring

Monitor the performance of the software regularly to identify any issues or

bottlenecks. This can help in optimising the software for better efficiency and user
experience.

3.3.2.5 Compliance Checks

Ensure that the software remains compliant with any relevant industry standards or
regulations by conducting regular compliance checks and assessments.

4.0 Conclusion

We have learned about computer maintenance, its benefits and its importance.

5.0 Summary

In this unit, we covered the essentials of computer maintenance, emphasising the

importance of regular upkeep to enhance performance, increase longevity, and
ensure security. We explored different types of maintenance, including preventive
and corrective, and detailed the steps for maintaining both hardware and software
components.

6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment (TMA)

Question 1: Importance of Computer Maintenance

Explain why regular computer maintenance is crucial for optimal performance and
longevity. Provide examples of maintenance tasks that should be performed
regularly.
Question 2: Preventive Maintenance

Describe the difference between system-level and physical-level preventive

maintenance. List three tasks associated with each type.

Question 3: Virus and Malware Prevention

Discuss the steps you would take to prevent virus and malware infections on a
computer system. How would you handle a situation where the system is already
infected?

Question 4: Troubleshooting Hardware Issues

Describe a common hardware issue you might encounter in a computer system.

Explain the steps you would take to diagnose and repair the issue.
Unit 2

Troubleshooting and Repair

Contents
1.0 Introduction

2.0 Learning Outcomes

3.0 Learning Contents

3.1 Introduction to Troubleshooting
3.2 Diagnostic Tools
3.3 Repair Techniques and Best Practices

4.0 Conclusion

5.0 Summary

6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment (TMA)

1.0 Introduction

Troubleshooting and repair are critical skills for anyone responsible for maintaining
computer systems. This Unit will cover systematic approaches to identifying,
diagnosing, and resolving common hardware and software issues. Understanding
these techniques will help you minimise downtime and keep systems running
smoothly.

2.0 Learning Outcomes

In this unit, you will be able to:

● Understand the Fundamentals of Troubleshooting

● Identify Common Hardware and Software Issues, utilise diagnostic tools and
perform repairs

3.0 Learning Contents

3.1 Introduction to Troubleshooting

Troubleshooting is a systematic approach to problem-solving that is often used to

find and correct issues with complex machines, electronics, computers and software
systems. The first step in most troubleshooting methods is gathering information on
the issue, such as an undesired behaviour or a lack of expected functionality.

Once the issue and how to reproduce it are understood, the next step is to eliminate
unnecessary components to determine if the issue persists. This can help identify
component incompatibility issues and problems caused by third-party products.

Troubleshooting methodologies usually try to isolate a problem so that it can be

examined. The initial goal is to diagnose the problem and try obvious solutions, such
as performing a system reboot, powering down and up, and checking that the power
cord is connected.

Troubleshooters initially look for common, known causes. For example, when a
laptop won't boot up, an obvious first step is to check whether the power cable is
working. Once common issues are ruled out, troubleshooters must run through a
checklist of components to identify where the failure is happening.

The primary objectives of troubleshooting are to figure out why something doesn't
work as intended and provide a solution to resolve the issue.

3.1.1 Common Hardware Issues and Solutions

When dealing with computer systems, various hardware issues can arise.
Understanding these common problems and knowing how to diagnose and resolve
them is essential for maintaining system functionality. Below are detailed
explanations of some prevalent hardware issues and their solutions.

3.1.1.1 Power Issues

Symptoms

● The computer does not power on, there are no lights or sounds, or there are
intermittent power failures.

Diagnosis

● Check the power cable and ensure it is securely connected to both the
computer and the power outlet.
● Test the power outlet with another device to confirm it is working.
● Use a multimeter to check the power supply unit (PSU) for proper voltage
output.
● Look for any signs of damage or wear on the power cable and connectors.

Solutions

● Replace the power cable if it is faulty.

● Ensure the PSU switch (if available) is in the "on" position.
● If the PSU is defective, replace it with a compatible unit.
● Check and reseat the power connectors on the motherboard and other
components.

3.1.1.2 Overheating

Symptoms
 ● The computer shuts down unexpectedly, there is high fan noise, the system
becomes sluggish, there are thermal warnings, or there are blue screen
errors.

Diagnosis

● Check the temperature readings in the BIOS/UEFI or use monitoring software

like HWMonitor or Core Temp.
● Inspect the internal components for dust buildup on fans, heat sinks, and
vents.
● Ensure that all fans (CPU, case, and GPU) are spinning and not obstructed.
● Verify that the thermal paste between the CPU and heat sink is applied
correctly.

Solutions

● Clean dust and debris from all cooling components using compressed air.
● Reapply thermal paste to the CPU if it has dried out or is improperly applied.
● Ensure proper airflow by arranging cables neatly and leaving enough space
around the computer for ventilation.
● Add or replace case fans to improve airflow.
● Check for BIOS updates that might address thermal management issues.

3.1.1.3 Memory Issues

Symptoms

● The computer crashes or freezes frequently, there are blue screen errors
(BSOD), the system fails to boot, or beeping sounds during startup.

Diagnosis

● Run memory diagnostic tools like Windows Memory Diagnostic or

MemTest86.
● Inspect the RAM modules for physical damage or improper seating.
● Test each RAM module individually by inserting them into different slots.

Solutions
 ● Reseat the RAM modules, ensuring they are firmly and correctly inserted into
the slots.
● Replace faulty RAM modules with new, compatible ones.
● Clean the RAM slots and modules' connectors with a soft brush or
compressed air.

3.1.1.4 Storage Device Failures

Symptoms

● The computer takes a long time to boot, there are frequent read/write errors,
the system fails to recognize the drive, or there are unusual noises from the
drive.

Diagnosis

● Use disk check utilities like CHKDSK (Windows) or Disk Utility (MacOS) to
scan for errors.
● Check the drive's SMART status using tools like CrystalDiskInfo or
manufacturer-specific utilities.
● Listen for unusual sounds such as clicking or grinding, which indicate
mechanical failure in HDDs.

Solutions

● Back up important data immediately if the drive shows signs of failure.

● Run disk repair tools to fix logical errors.
● Replace the failing drive with a new one and restore data from backups.
● For SSDs, ensure firmware is up-to-date and avoid excessive write
operations.

3.1.1.5 Peripheral Issues

Symptoms

● Keyboards, mice, printers, or other peripherals are non-responsive or

malfunctioning.

Diagnosis
 ● Check that the peripheral is properly connected to the computer.
● Test the peripherals on another computer to rule out device-specific issues.
● Verify that the correct drivers are installed and up to date.
● Inspect cables and connectors for physical damage.

Solutions

● Reseat or replace cables and connectors.

● Update or reinstall drivers from the manufacturer's website.
● Replace the faulty peripheral if it does not work on multiple systems.
● Check the system's USB ports or peripheral connection ports for damage or
dirt.

3.1.1.6 Graphics Card Issues

Symptoms

● No display output, distorted visuals, screen artefacts, or system crashes

during graphics-intensive tasks.

Diagnosis

● Ensure the graphics card is firmly seated in the PCIe slot.

● Check for driver updates or roll back recent driver updates.
● Test the graphics card on another system if possible.

Solutions

● Reseat the graphics card and ensure any auxiliary power connectors are
connected.
● Update or reinstall the graphics card drivers.
● Replace the graphics card if it is determined to be faulty.

3.1.2 Common Software Issues and Solutions

Understanding and addressing common software issues is crucial for maintaining the
smooth operation of a computer system. Software problems can arise from a variety
of sources, including operating system errors, application crashes, driver issues, and
malware infections. Below is a detailed explanation of these common software
issues and their solutions.

3.1.2.1 Operating System Problems

Operating system (OS) issues can significantly impact a computer's functionality, as

the OS manages all hardware and software resources.

Symptoms

● Slow performance, frequent crashes, error messages, failed updates, and

system not booting.

Diagnosis

● Event Viewer (Windows): Check for error logs and warnings that provide
information about the problem.
● Activity Monitor (Mac): Monitor system processes and resource usage to
identify problematic applications or processes.
● Safe Mode: Boot into Safe Mode to see if the problem persists, which can
help determine if the issue is related to third-party software or drivers.
● System Logs: Review system logs for error messages and warnings.

Solutions

● Update OS: Ensure the operating system is up to date with the latest patches
and updates.
● System Restore: Use system restore points to revert the system to a
previous state where it was functioning correctly.
● Repair Utilities: Run built-in repair tools like SFC (System File Checker) and
DISM (Deployment Imaging Service and Management Tool) on Windows, or
Disk Utility on macOS.
● Reinstallation: If issues persist, consider performing a clean installation of
the operating system.

3.1.2.2 Application Errors

Applications can malfunction for various reasons, including compatibility issues,

corrupted files, and resource conflicts.
Symptoms

● Crashing applications, freezing, error messages on launch, and unexpected

behaviour.

Diagnosis

● Error Messages: Note any error messages that appear when the application
crashes.
● Event Viewer (Windows): Check application-specific logs for error
messages.
● Console (Mac): Review logs for application-specific errors.
● Compatibility Mode: Run the application in compatibility mode to see if the
issue is related to OS compatibility.

Solutions

● Update or Reinstall Application: Ensure the application is updated to the

latest version. If the problem persists, uninstall and reinstall the application.
● Check Compatibility: Verify that the application is compatible with the
operating system version.
● Repair Installation: Some applications offer a repair option in their installer,
which can fix corrupted files.
● Resource Conflicts: Check for conflicts with other applications or services,
adjust settings, or disable conflicting software.

3.1.2.3 Driver Issues

Device drivers are essential for hardware to communicate with the operating system.
Faulty or outdated drivers can cause a range of issues.

Symptoms

Hardware malfunctions, system crashes, blue screen errors (BSOD), and devices
not recognized by the system.

Diagnosis
 ● Device Manager (Windows): Look for devices with a yellow exclamation
mark or red cross, indicating driver issues.
● System Information (Mac): Check the status of connected devices and their
drivers.

Event Viewer (Windows): Review system logs for driver-related errors.

Solutions

● Update Drivers: Download and install the latest drivers from the
manufacturer's website.
● Roll Back Drivers: If a recent driver update caused the issue, roll back to the
previous version.
● Reinstall Drivers: Uninstall the problematic driver and reinstall it.
● Compatibility Checks: Ensure the drivers are compatible with the current
operating system version.

3.1.2.4 Malware Infections

Malware can cause significant disruptions to a computer system, including data loss,
performance degradation, and unauthorised access.

Symptoms

● Slow performance, unexpected behaviour, pop-up ads, redirected web pages,

and unauthorised changes to system settings.

Diagnosis

● Antivirus Scan: Run a full system scan with updated antivirus software.
● Anti-Malware Tools: Use specialised tools like Malwarebytes to detect and
remove malware.
● Check Running Processes: Look for unusual or unfamiliar processes in
Task Manager (Windows) or Activity Monitor (Mac).
● Safe Mode: Boot into Safe Mode and run scans, as some malware can hide
during normal operation.

Solutions
 ● Remove Malware: Use antivirus and anti-malware tools to remove infections.
● Update Security Software: Ensure all security software is up to date.
● Restore System: If malware has caused significant damage, use system
restore points to revert to a clean state.
● Reinstall OS: In severe cases, a clean reinstallation of the operating system
may be necessary to ensure all malware is removed.

3.2 Diagnostic Tools

Diagnostic tools are software programs or hardware devices that help identify and
diagnose issues or problems with a computer system. These tools help diagnose
problems with hardware, software, and network components, providing critical
information for troubleshooting and repair. Below is a detailed explanation of various
diagnostic tools and how to use them effectively.

3.2.1 BIOS/UEFI Diagnostics

Functions

BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) and UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface)
are firmware interfaces that initialise hardware during the boot process and provide
runtime services for the operating system.

Usage

● Accessing BIOS/UEFI: To enter BIOS/UEFI, restart the computer and press

the designated key (usually Del, F2, Esc, or F10) during startup.
● Checking System Information: View detailed information about hardware
components such as the CPU, RAM, storage devices, and system
temperatures.
● Running Diagnostics: Some BIOS/UEFI interfaces include built-in diagnostic
tools to test hardware components like memory and hard drives.
● Adjusting Settings: Change settings for boot order, enabling or disabling
hardware components, and configuring power management options.

3.2.1 Built-in Diagnostic Tools

Built-in diagnostic tools are software programs or utilities that come pre-installed with
an operating system or hardware device to help users diagnose and troubleshoot
issues with their systems.

3.2.1.1 Windows Tools

1. Event Viewer: Provides detailed logs of system events, including errors,

warnings, and informational messages.

Usage: Open Event Viewer (Windows + X, then select Event Viewer),

navigate to Windows Logs, and check the System and Application logs for
errors.

2. Task Manager: monitors system performance, running processes, and

resource usage.

Usage: Open Task Manager (Ctrl + Shift + Esc), check the Performance tab
for CPU, memory, disk, and network usage, and identify resource-hogging
processes.

3. Resource Monitor: Offers detailed information about resource usage and

helps identify performance bottlenecks.

Usage: Open Resource Monitor from Task Manager or by typing “resmon” in

the Start menu, and monitor CPU, memory, disk, and network activity.

4. Windows Memory Diagnostic: Tests the computer's memory for errors.

Usage: Type "Windows Memory Diagnostic" in the Start menu, select "Restart
now and check for problems," and follow the on-screen instructions.

3.2.1.2 Mac Tools

1. Activity Monitor: Provides an overview of system performance and resource

usage.

Usage: Open Activity Monitor (Applications > Utilities > Activity Monitor) and
check the CPU, Memory, Disk, and Network tabs for detailed information.
 2. Disk Utility: Checks and repairs disk permissions and verifies disk integrity.

Usage: Open Disk Utility (Applications > Utilities > Disk Utility), select a disk,
and click “First Aid” to check and repair the disk.

3. Console: Displays system logs and diagnostic messages.

Usage: Open Console (Applications > Utilities > Console) and review logs for
error messages and system diagnostics.

3.2.3 Third-Party Utilities

Third-party utilities are software applications developed by companies or individuals

that offer additional diagnostic, maintenance, optimization, and troubleshooting
capabilities beyond what is provided by built-in tools or utilities. Some third-party
utilities include:

1. MemTest86: is a standalone memory testing tool that runs from a USB drive.

Usage: Download MemTest86, create a bootable USB drive, boot from the
USB drive, and let the tool run multiple passes to test the memory.

2. CrystalDiskInfo: is a tool for monitoring the health of hard drives and SSDs
using SMART data.

Usage: Install CrystalDiskInfo, open the application, and check the health
status, temperature, and other SMART attributes of the storage devices.

3. HWMonitor: Monitors system hardware, including temperatures, voltages,

and fan speeds.

Usage: Install HWMonitor, open the application, and review the real-time
monitoring data for various hardware components.

3.2.4 Network Troubleshooting Tools

Network troubleshooting tools are software utilities and protocols designed to

diagnose and resolve issues within computer networks. They assist in identifying
network problems, optimising performance, and ensuring reliable connectivity. Some
network troubleshooting tools include:
 1. Ping: The most basic and widely used network troubleshooting tool, ping
measures the round-trip time for messages sent from a source computer to a
destination computer. A successful ping indicates connectivity between the
two devices, while failed pings suggest potential connectivity issues.
2. Traceroute/Tracert: This tool helps trace the path taken by data packets
across a network to reach a specific destination. It reveals the intermediate
devices (hops) between the source and destination, along with the time it
takes for packets to travel each hop. Traceroute is useful for identifying
bottlenecks or outages along the network path.
3. Ipconfig/Ifconfig: These commands (ipconfig for Windows and ifconfig for
Linux/macOS) provide information about a device's network configuration,
including its IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers.
This information is crucial for troubleshooting connectivity and configuration
issues.
4. Nslookup: This command-line tool allows querying Domain Name System
(DNS) servers to obtain domain name or IP address mapping information. It's
helpful for verifying DNS resolution and diagnosing DNS-related connectivity
problems.
5. Netstat: This command displays information about network connections on a
device, including active TCP connections, listening ports, and routing tables.
Network administrators use Netstat to identify suspicious connections,
troubleshoot routing problems, and monitor network activity.

3.3 Repair Techniques and Best Practices

Repairing computer systems involves a combination of technical skills, systematic

approaches, and best practices to ensure effective and safe resolution of hardware
and software issues. Below is an in-depth exploration of various repair techniques
and best practices to follow.

3.3.1 General Best Practices for Computer Repair

When repairing computers, adhering to general best practices ensures safety,

efficiency, and the prevention of further damage to the system. Here are some
comprehensive guidelines to follow:

3.3.1.1 Safety First

 1. Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Protection: Use an anti-static wrist strap or
mat to prevent electrostatic discharge (ESD) that can damage sensitive
components.
2. Power Off: Always turn off and unplug the computer before opening the case
or working on internal components.
3. Proper Tools: Use the appropriate tools (e.g., screwdrivers, pliers) and
handle components gently to avoid damage.

3.3.1.2 Documentation and Preparation

1. Backup Data: Before performing any major repairs, back up important data to
avoid data loss.
2. Take Notes: Document the steps taken and the configurations/settings before
making changes, which helps in troubleshooting and restoring the system.
3. Use Manufacturer Resources: Refer to the manufacturer’s manuals and
websites for specific repair guides and support.

3.3.2 Hardware Repair Techniques

3.3.2.1 Power Supply Replacement

Diagnosis: If the computer does not power on or powers off unexpectedly, test the
power supply with a power supply tester or multimeter.

Replacement: Disconnect all power connectors, remove the old power supply,
install the new one, and reconnect all necessary cables.

3.3.2.2 Memory (RAM) Replacement

Diagnosis: Run memory diagnostic tools (e.g., Windows Memory Diagnostic,

MemTest86) if you suspect faulty RAM.

Replacement: Open the case, release the clips holding the RAM module, carefully
remove it, and insert the new RAM, ensuring it is properly seated and the clips are
secured.

3.3.2.3 Storage Device Replacement

Diagnosis: Use SMART data (e.g., CrystalDiskInfo) and disk-checking tools to
identify failing hard drives or SSDs.

Replacement: Disconnect the drive’s data and power cables, remove the old drive,
install the new drive, reconnect the cables, and initialize the drive in the operating
system.

3.3.2.4 Graphics Card Replacement

Diagnosis: If experiencing display issues or poor graphics performance, test the

graphics card in another system if possible.

Replacement: Remove the screws and power connectors, release the card from the
PCIe slot, install the new card, and secure it with screws and connectors.

3.3.2.5 CPU Replacement

Diagnosis: If the system is slow or unresponsive, ensure the CPU is not overheating
and check for thermal paste degradation.

Replacement: Remove the CPU cooler, clean off the old thermal paste, release the
CPU from its socket, install the new CPU, apply new thermal paste, and reattach the
cooler.

3.3.3 Software Repair Techniques

3.3.3.1 Operating System Repair:

1. System Restore: Use system restore points to revert the OS to a previous,

stable state.
2. Startup Repair: Run built-in startup repair tools (e.g., Windows Startup
Repair) to fix boot issues.
3. Reinstallation: If the OS is severely corrupted, perform a clean installation
while ensuring data is backed up.

3.3.3.2 Application Repair

1. Update or Reinstall: Update the application to the latest version, or uninstall

and reinstall it to fix corrupted files.
 2. Compatibility Settings: Adjust compatibility settings to resolve issues with
older applications on newer OS versions.

3.3.3.3 Driver Repair

1. Update Drivers: Use Device Manager (Windows) or System Information

(Mac) to update outdated or corrupt drivers.
2. Roll Back Drivers: If a new driver causes issues, roll back to the previous
version.

Reinstall Drivers: Uninstall the problematic driver and reinstall it from the
manufacturer’s website.

3.3.4 Network Repair Techniques

3.3.4.1 Connectivity Issues

1. Check Cables and Connections: Ensure all network cables are properly
connected and functional.
2. Reset Network Devices: Restart the router, modem, and network switches to
resolve temporary issues.
3. IP Configuration: Verify the computer’s IP settings (e.g., IP address, subnet
mask, gateway) and ensure they are correct.

3.3.3.2 Wireless Network Issues

1. Signal Strength: Check for interference from other devices and ensure the
computer is within range of the wireless signal.
2. Network Settings: Reset network settings or reconfigure the wireless
network profile on the computer.

3.3.4 Data Recovery Techniques

3.3.4.1 Logical Recovery

1. File Recovery Software: Use data recovery tools (e.g., Recuva, EaseUS
Data Recovery) to retrieve deleted or lost files.
2. System Restore: Use system restore points to restore the system to a
previous state.
3.3.4.2 Physical Recovery

1. Professional Services: For physically damaged drives, seek professional

data recovery services.
2. Drive Cloning: Clone the failing drive to a new drive to attempt data recovery
from the clone.

4.0 Conclusion

5.0 Summary

In this unit, you learned about the importance of troubleshooting and repair in
maintaining computer systems. We covered common hardware and software issues,
diagnostic tools and techniques, and best practices for safe and effective repairs.
Practical exercises provided hands-on experience with real-world troubleshooting
scenarios, equipping you with the skills to diagnose and resolve various computer
problems.

6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment (TMA)

Question 1: Troubleshooting Approach

Describe a systematic approach to troubleshooting a computer that fails to power on.

Include steps for diagnosing potential hardware issues.

Question 2: Diagnosing Overheating Issues

Explain the symptoms and diagnosis process for a computer experiencing

overheating. What are some common solutions to resolve this issue?

Question 3: Software Errors

Discuss the steps you would take to troubleshoot and resolve an application that
frequently crashes on launch. Include potential causes and solutions.