International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic E-ISSN: 2635-3040; P-ISSN: 2659-1561

Research Homepage: https://www.ijriar.com/

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Volume-8, Issue-10, October-2024: 54-65
International License [CC BY 4.0]

Research Article

Internet-of-Things-based Smart Bus Detection Platform for the

Visually Impaired
*aSteve Rho and bAlbert Rho

a&bIndependent Researcher, Seoul Innovation Research Institution, South Korea

*Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]

Received: September 21, 2024 Accepted: October 10, 2024 Published: October 18, 2024

Abstract
Visually impaired individuals face various commuting challenges, including limited bus accessibility and
safety risks. This study proposes a smart bus detection system (SBDS), comprising a radio frequency
identification (RFID) sensor, beacon, cloud-computing web server, and iOS application. Leveraging the
Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing technology, SBDS achieves real-time bus tracking. After
installing and testing at multiple bus stations, the SBDS proved reliable for live bus monitoring and assisting
visually impaired riders. The web server allows administrators to monitor the system and view bus arrival
and departure times, with data for quality assurance. An application was created to provide information in
an accessible format, including text for non-visually impaired users and voice announcements for visually
impaired users. The result confirms the system’s value for visually impaired bus riders, demonstrating the
feasibility of an IoT-based bus detection platform to enhance smart bus services and safety.
Keywords: Beacons, Cloud Computing, Internet of Things, RFID, Smart Bus Station.

Introduction
In 2021, 284 million people worldwide suffered from vision impairment, out of which 39 million suffered
from severe vision impairment that caused blindness [1]. Owing to their disabilities, most, if not all, people
suffering from such conditions are unable to drive their vehicles [2, 3] and are left to use public
transportation or walk to arrive at their destinations. Public transportation has low operational costs. Buses
are typically cheaper and have lower transportation costs [4, 5].

Visually impaired people face other commuting problems in addition to limited bus accessibility. In Korea,
58% of people with visual impairment involved in a survey answered that buses were the most difficult
mode of public transportation when it came to usage [6].

Some visually impaired people become involved in accidents because they either do not notice a bus arriving
or miss the boarding time [7, 8]. Many of these accidents could easily be prevented with a better information
communication system for the visually impaired.

In recent years, the integration of technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing, has
emerged as a transformative force in real-time monitoring across various fields [9–11]. Previous studies
primarily explored the integration of IoT platforms for real-time monitoring of health systems, smart cities,
and general maintenance [12, 13]. However, studies on leveraging these technologies to improve smart bus
systems for the visually impaired are limited.

Existing systems, such as artificial intelligence (AI)-based prediction of bus arrival time [14, 15] and global
positioning system (GPS)-incorporated systems, provide live positions of buses tracked by the user [16, 17].
Other studies have incorporated algorithms and RFID sensors to predict the arrival time of buses [18-20] or
focused on ticketing systems [21-23]. However, these systems can be improved in terms of their accessibility
features for the visually impaired. For example, providing audio feedback would be beneficial to the visually
impaired who cannot access the regular features of these systems. Features, such as arrival announcements,
bus proximity announcements, and other auditory accessibility enable better and more comfortable bus
experiences for users [24-26].
54
 International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research
To address this problem, this study proposes an IoT-based smart bus system that provides audio feedback to
users, called the smart bus detection system (SBDS). The system aims to improve the accessibility options
available using radio frequency identification (RFID) sensors mounted on the bus and near the station to
read data and using cloud computing and web server technology to disseminate that information to visually
impaired individuals.

Materials
The most important factor in the proposed system is its ability to provide accurate and timely data to servers
and users. Thus, the important specifications and factors considered in choosing each equipment in the
system.

Microcontroller
A Raspberry Pi microcontroller is a single-board computer suitable for the proposed system considering its
specifications [27]. Its ability to process input using its 4-core central processing unit (CPU) and random-
access memory (RAM) capacity of 1 GB running at 900 MHz and the various slots for modification were
appropriate for the proposed system.

Table 1. Raspberry Pi 2 model B specifications.

Specifications Values
Instruction set ARMv7-A (32-bit)
CPU 4 × Cortex-A7
Memory 1 GB
SoC Broadcom BCM 2836
Weight 45 g
Size 85.6 mm × 56.5mm

RFID Reader
The RFID sensor used in the system was a CF-RA5006 from Chafon [28]. Table 2 lists the RFID specifications.
This sensor was selected owing to its range and use in other systems with similar objectives. Its 902–928
MHz frequency allows frequency variations to tune the readers and taggers.

Table 2. CF-RA5006 reader specifications.

Specifications Values
Frequency 902–928 MHz
Gain 5 dBi
Size 133 mm × 133 mm × 21 mm
VSWR ≤1.3
Maximum power 50 W

RFID Tag
The RFID tag used in the proposed system was an active EPC C1G2 [29]. The RFID tag specifications allow its
use on buses moving at high speeds to transfer information from the tag to the reader accurately. Its
frequency range of 860–960 MHz, as shown in Table 3, falls within the range of the CF-RA5006, allowing its
use with the RFID reader.

Table 3. EPC C1G2 tag specifications.

Chip Alien H3
Frequency 860–960 MHz
Material ABS + PA
Size 248 mm × 28 mm × 8 mm
Working temperature -20–65 °C

Beacon
A HyconN HRD-Net beacon was used in the proposed system to check whether the user is onboarding or has
already boarded the target bus. Table 4 lists the specifications of the beacon [30].

55
 International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research
Table 4. Beacon specifications.
Beacon type Version 5.1
Beacon mode Peripheral
CPU core ARM Cortex -M0 32 bit 16Mhz
Radio frequency 2.45 GHz GFSK
Beacon distance 50 m

Gateway
The LTE model allows communication between the main board and the web server. The model uses an LG
U+ LTE B5/B7 FDD Cat.4 to communicate with the servers, as shown in Table 5 [31]. Its input voltage
allowed the effective use of the modem in coordination with a Raspberry Pi microcontroller.

Table 5. LTE model specifications.

Properties RCU890L LTE module
Communication method LG U+ LTE B5/B7 FDD Cat.4
Interface DB9 RS-232, RJ-45 Ethernet, GPIO
Band LTE FDD 850 MHz (B5)/2.6 GHz (B7)
Data speed 150 Mbps DL/50 Mbps UL
Input voltage 4.5 V to 5.5 V

Web Server
The primary part of the presentation layer of this system is the Amazon Web Services (AWS) cloud server.
The AWS cloud server enables the system to transfer data quickly and efficiently to users. Its low cost and
large virtual CPU and memory capacity make it an optimal choice, providing two virtual CPUs with a 3.3 GHz
clock speed and 4 GiB memory capacity, as mentioned in Table 6.

Table 6. Specifications of the instance for AWS.

Properties t2.medium
vCPUs 2
Memory (GiB) 4
Clock speed (GHz) Maximum 3.3
Networking performance Low to medium

IoT-based Smart Bus Platform

The IoT-based smart bus platform is primarily divided into two parts (Figure 2): “SBDS” and web server. The
SBDS comprises an RFID sensor, RFID tag, and beacon. The RFID sensor receives signals from the RFID tag.
The signal from each device is then transmitted to the web server, which processes the data and pushes it to
the user. The web server uses cloud computing, which provides higher speed and flexibility than non-cloud-
computing web servers. These information systems need to provide a fast method for processing and
outputting data without a physical server.

Figure 1. Internet of things diagram of the SBDS platform.

56
 International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research
Other benefits include but are not limited to, easy access from various modes of the internet and application
systems that allow simple but effective monitoring and the ability to rapidly process large amounts of data,
making it a vital aspect of a monitoring system. In this research, the AWS, developed by Amazon, was used to
process, organize, and present data to users. In addition, a mobile application for iOS developed by Apple
was used to visualize and present the data on the bus position and arrival with the web server for
“anywhere, anytime” access in real-time.

IoT systems comprise three layers: the perception, network, and presentation. The perception layer involves
sensors and other data, which are collected and then transmitted to the network layer using a wireless
network module. All processed data are visually presented in the presentation layer, typically as alerts,
graphs, or maps [32-35], as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 2. Configuration diagram of the SBDS.

Figure 2 shows the specific parts of the SBDS. The perception layer comprises multiple RFID sensors and
tags used to track the arrival and departure of buses at the station. The LTE modem, the main component of
the network layer mounted onto the microcontroller with the RFID sensor, is used to send signals to the
presentation layer, which comprises a cloud-computing-based web server and the application. The
calculations and processing of the input data are handled on the web server, and the results are sent to the
application. The application then displays where the bus is located relative to the user’s position using audio
cues, such as direction and distance, and whether the bus has arrived at the station.

This application was developed for iOS systems [36] to incorporate the needs of the visually impaired. The
application requires the ability to communicate through audio and deliver messages quickly to provide live
updates. However, to diversify the purpose of the application, diagrams of the relative bus locations were
incorporated such that non-visually impaired people can use it conveniently. The application can handle
multiple locations simultaneously owing to the use of cloud-computing-based web servers. Users can input
the number of buses that they want to track in both writing and voice.

SBDS
The RFID tag was attached to the front, inside the driver’s seat, to check for bus arrivals or departures. When
a bus equipped with a tag approaches a station and crosses the preplaced RFID sensor, the microcontroller
detects it and sends the data to the web server via an LTE modem. When the bus leaves the station, the RFID
sensor detects this change and sends a signal to the LTE modem. In addition, a beacon was attached to each
bus to allow users to check whether they had boarded the correct bus. To assist the visually impaired in
verifying whether they have boarded the correct bus, the beacon announces when the user enters the bus
and whether it is the correct bus.
57
 International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research

Figure 3. Beacon and smartphone diagram inside the bus.

Figure 3 shows the basic algorithm of the system. The algorithm is a subset of the SBDS that detects the
arrival and departure of a bus. Each SBDS was tuned using this algorithm and RFID tags corresponding to
their number.

The algorithm is used to properly and efficiently sort bus arrivals and correctly process and display the data
in the user’s application. For bus arrival, the algorithm uses two loops that constantly cycle to check for bus
arrival and departure, each with a different RFID sensor.

Figure 4. Algorithm diagram of the SBDS.

Another algorithm was used to check whether the user entered the correct bus using the beacon sensors.
The beacon was selected owing to its ability to provide accurate location data. The algorithm first calls a
beacon signal to verify whether the user has entered the correct bus. The web server then pushes the
notification if the number matches the user’s pre-input number. This is to let the bus user know whether
they boarded the correct bus or not, as some visually impaired users might be unable to identify the bus they
are on and whether it is the correct bus. Figure 4 shows a diagram of this subsystem.

IoT Network
A wireless sensor network based on cloud computing is vital to the SBDS because the system requires
simultaneous monitoring of many systems. The SBDS uses a microcontroller as the IoT gateway to send and
receive data from and to a web server. Each SBDS is equipped with its own microcontroller and LTE modem.
The data are transferred in TCP/IP packets [37] from the microcontrollers to the web server via LTE. The
data are then processed by web servers for later visualization and pushed to the user’s application.

Cloud-Computing-Based Web Server

As mentioned previously, the server processes the data received from the RFID sensors and evaluates the
location of the bus and its position in the queue. The server then visualizes the data and sends it to the user,
informing the user of the position of the target buses anytime and anywhere. In addition, data are saved into
a database for quality maintenance and live monitoring in case problems arise. The primary purpose of the
58
 International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research
cloud-computing-based web server in this system is to monitor many SBDSs simultaneously, as monitoring
large amounts of data is key to the success of this system. In addition, a notification system was attached to
the webserver to enable contact with the application to push updates on the bus arrival and departure. The
web server is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5. Web server for the SBDS platform.

Application
For commuters to use the SBDS, an iOS application was developed to present the processed data in viewable
and audible formats. Data could not be shown to the user in its raw form, either because of its probable
ineffectiveness or because of the target audience (the visually impaired). The user inputs the number of
target buses. In addition, the application was paired with a voice announcement system to effectively display
the data processed through the web server. The bus positions are displayed graphically, as shown in Figure
6.

Figure 6. SBDS application.

Voice Announcement System

Auditory features and visual aids are necessary because the system was designed for the visually impaired.
One aspect integrated into this system is an arrival announcement message. As the bus nears a station, the
application makes a voice announcement regarding the position of the bus in the queue and its number, such
that the user knows exactly where to ride the bus. In addition, when the user enters the target bus, the
59
 International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research
system checks if it aligns with the bus information that the user has inputted previously and lets the user
know whether it is the correct bus using the beacon attached inside the bus.

Experimental Testing
Because reliability is key to this system, experiments were performed to check the accuracy and practicality
of the IoT-based bus arrival monitoring system. To test the reliability of the system, multiple SBDS device
sets were installed at bus stations around Seoul, including Seocho Station and Baengbaeng Sageori Station.
The system comprised the SBDS, a microcontroller, an LTE modem, a cloud-computing-based web server,
and an iOS application.

Installation
Two SBDS devices were installed to provide information to the visually impaired and test the SBDS. They
were installed at bus stations around Seoul. The first RFID sensor was attached approximately 20 m from the
station, and one was placed at the end of the station. Figure 7 shows photographs of the sensor installation
locations. The RFID reader was strategically placed 20 meters ahead of the bus stop to provide early
detection and ample time for visually impaired individuals to be notified about the approaching bus. This
distance allows the system to recognize the bus and relay the information to the individual promptly, giving
them sufficient time to prepare and position themselves safely for boarding. Furthermore, this setup reduces
the risk of last-minute confusion or rush, improving both safety and accessibility. It also helps avoid
interference with other RFID signals that might occur if the reader was placed too close to the bus stop,
ensuring a more reliable and effective recognition process.

In addition, the device was tested at two different stations, a roofed station, and a pole station, to ensure that
the system could operate in both conditions. As the components of the SBDS were designed to be functional
in extreme temperatures (>-20, <60) and varying humidity, the SBDS could endure conditions that the
system would usually face [27, 28]. According to some papers, in rainy conditions, the system could maintain
a high level of accuracy in recognizing buses, as the RFID technology used is not significantly affected by
water. For extreme temperatures, both hot and cold, the RFID components continued to operate within the
specified temperature range without a noticeable decline in performance.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 7. Installation of RFID sensors in (a) Baengbaeng Sageori station, (b) Beacon in a bus, and (c)
Seocho station.

Web Server
After installing the SBDS at the two locations, the web server and website were launched to enable system
monitoring, detect bus arrivals, and process the mass data received from the system. Figure 4 shows
illustrates the web server. It comprises the monitored sensor, which detects bus arrival, and beacons, which
monitor whether a person enters the bus or not. The server shows a datasheet of Boolean and user values to
show these data, with the time the data were received shown next to the values. If any errors arise, the
manager or user can act to mitigate them.

Application
The application was designed to provide users with easy access to information from the web server. The
application displays the user’s data and their current location. In addition, the application displays the user’s
selected location and number of buses tracked by the SBDS. The estimated arrival time of the target bus is
also determined. All information can be announced vocally by clicking on a button next to the text. In
60
 International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research
addition, the application periodically announces the estimated arrival time of the bus and whether the bus
has arrived at its destination.

User Testing
The user testing process consisted of active testing of 10 individuals, composed of 4 visually impaired people
and 6 blindfolded people. The 4 visually impaired people were chosen by volunteering, while the 6
blindfolded people were also chosen by volunteering, however, were chosen with the condition of having
experienced vision problems in the past to some extent. The age range of the individuals were between 30 to
50, with half of each group (visually impaired/blindfolded) being male and the other being female. The 10
individuals installed the SBDS and were led to a bus station by a guardian. All participants were instructed to
ride the bus while using the application. After the testing, users were required to take a survey with a series
of questions, rating their answers on a scale of 1 to 10; one of the questions had to replied with a yes or no.

Results
The experiment was performed as an initial implementation of the proposed system for monitoring bus
arrivals and departures for the visually impaired. Smart bus detection devices wirelessly transfer data from
preselected buses. The data were then compiled to monitor bus arrival and departure and users boarding
the buses. The experiment demonstrated that the system effectively informed users of bus arrival and
departure through voice messages. In addition, the beacon correctly detected whether the user had entered
the correct bus by checking the beacon information of the bus and comparing it with that inputted by the
user, as shown in Figure 8. In addition, the web server correctly displayed the status of the buses and the
time at which the data were received.

Figure 8. Pop-up and voice notifications when a user enters the bus.

Because the system was designed to improve the bus commuting experience of the visually impaired,
interviews with users were conducted to collect data for a qualitative analysis of the effectiveness of the
system. The interviews involved people with and without visual impairment, as the application was designed
for both types of users. People without visual impairments were satisfied with the integrated Google Maps
showing the location of the bus and the convenience of being notified of the arrival of their target bus. The
visually impaired were also extremely satisfied with the application, as they were able to receive prompt
notifications of the bus arrival and check whether they boarded the correct bus.

The feedback from the 10 users revealed that all users agreed that the device did have a positive impact on
their bus-riding experience (all answers to all questions had a rating above 5). However, the most positive
response was for question number 9B (all responses had a rating of 7 or above). The lower response rate to
61
 International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research
question 9A could be explained by the traffic present when the users tested the system. Heavy traffic could
have led to inaccuracies in the system and a more crowded line, which would have inconvenienced the user.
The congestion could have resulted in sensors being inaccurate, as the buses might have been in one place
for a while. Meanwhile, as shown in Figure 10A, all the users agreed that the app must be further developed
to assist the visually impaired. Most of the users responded favorably to using the app after its release
(Question 10B), indicating the effectiveness of the app in providing accessibility to the visually impaired.

Figure 9. Survey test results for (a) riding experiences and (b) ease of use.

Figure 10. Survey test results (a) necessity of development and (b) likeliness to use.

Some of the additional comments that were given by text consisted of suggestions and positive feedback. One
of the most requested suggestions was using the tactic motor inside the phones to use vibration to alert the
users. If the user does not have audio because of a lack of headphones or a damaged phone, vibrations could
be used to alert the user of the bus’s arrival. Another popular suggestion was an alert system that would
notify the user if there was a delay in the bus’s arrival or congestion; this could help resolve the issues of the
system during heavy traffic. The positive feedback also included a decrease in fear and adversity against
riding public transportation, as the system allowed users to safely and easily ride buses in their daily lives.

Conclusion
This study proposed a system for assisting the visually impaired in their daily bus commute using an RFID
sensor, a beacon, and a cloud-computing-based web server. Experiments in actual stations were performed
to analyze the viability of the system and collect primary qualitative feedback regarding the system. The
experiments demonstrated that the system effectively aided users through voice announcements. The
following conclusions were drawn from the experiments: (1) The SBDS can successfully detect the arrival
and departure of buses in real-time. (2) The SBDS can detect the boarding of users and display the data
anytime and anywhere on the web server and application. (3) The voice alert system in the application could
effectively notify users of bus arrivals and departures.

The experiment results also demonstrated the feasibility of the system for real-life applications to assist the
visually impaired in their daily bus commute. Future studies should be conducted to improve the viability of
the proposed system. This study demonstrated the practical applicability and effectiveness of the SBDS.
However, more experiments and tests are necessary to test its accuracy and reliability. Additional features
can be implemented on the platform, such as developing the application for Android users and converging
artificial intelligence technology to the system.

However, the results also demonstrated that the system could be made more effective in correctly informing
the user of essential information during heavy traffic. The response ratings declined when the users
attempted to use the app in areas with congestion. Improving this flaw is crucial for the application’s success
62
 International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research
as inconsistent results under pressure may negatively impact the app usage. Therefore, using a more
accurate sensor or incorporating a more advanced algorithm can increase the accuracy of the system.

The system can also be improved by developing the application for Android users. Android phones are
popular among the older generation with impairments, with 51% of such users (older than 33 years)
choosing Android over iPhone owing to Android being relatively cheaper as well as supporting the visually
impaired [38]. Developing the application for Android phones and making it available on Google Play Store is
crucial to reach out to a wider population; this will also help widen the availability of the app to many more
people who suffer from blindness.

The subsequent step to improve the platform is to introduce artificial intelligence into the application. This
may be achieved by using visual recognition AI, such as the app Seeing AI, developed by Microsoft, for
visually impaired individuals. Seeing AI uses object recognition to distinguish specific objects from their
respective device’s camera and then announces it to the user [39, 40]. The software can be used to spot
specific bus features, such as the entrance or the payment area, to assist the user in their boarding
experience. Thus, an application integrated into the platform would contribute to helping the bus boarding
experiences.

Declarations
Acknowledgments: The authors are thankful to the Seoul Innovation Research Institute.
Author Contributions: The authors confirm responsibility for the following: study conception and design,
data collection, analysis and interpretation of results, and manuscript preparation.
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Consent to Publish: The authors agree to publish the paper in International Journal of Recent Innovations
in Academic Research.
Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available upon request from the
corresponding author.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in this study.
Research Content: The research content of manuscript is original and has not been published elsewhere.

References
1. Eballé, A.O., Mvogo, C.E., Koki, G., Mounè, N., Teutu, C., Ellong, A. and Bella, A.L. 2011. Prevalence and
causes of blindness at a tertiary hospital in Douala, Cameroon. Clinical Ophthalmology, 5: 1325-1331.
2. Nguyen, H., Di Tanna, G.L., Coxon, K., Brown, J., Ren, K., Ramke, J., et al. 2023. Associations between vision
impairment and driving performance and the effectiveness of vision-related interventions: A systematic
review. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 17: 100753.
3. Keeffe, J.E., Jin, C.F., Weih, L.M., McCarty, C.A. and Taylor, H.R. 2002. Vision impairment and older drivers:
Who’s driving?. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 86(10): 1118-1121.
4. Jakob, A., Craig, J.L. and Fisher, G. 2006. Transport cost analysis: A case study of the total costs of private
and public transport in Auckland. Environmental Science and Policy, 9(1): 55-66.
5. Mashiata, M., Ali, T., Das, P., Tasneem, Z., Badal, M.F.R., Sarker, S.K., et al. 2022. Towards assisting visually
impaired individuals: A review on current status and future prospects. Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X,
12: 100265.
6. Seong-yong, P. 2022. Public transportation for the visually impaired is ‘inconvenient’… “Improvement of
convenience must come first”. Available from:
https://www.welfarenews.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=84393
7. Singh, R.R. and Maurya, P. 2022. Visual impairment and falls among older adults and elderly: Evidence
from longitudinal study of ageing in India. BMC Public Health, 22(1): 2324.
8. Mizuno, T. and Tokuda, K. 2023. Reducing falls among visually impaired individuals on railway
platforms: Field research on environmental challenges and solutions. Heliyon, 9(3): e14666.
9. Nižetić, S., Šolić, P., Gonzalez-de-Artaza, D.L.D.I. and Patrono, L. 2020. Internet of things (IoT):
Opportunities, issues and challenges towards a smart and sustainable future. Journal of Cleaner
Production, 274: 122877.
63
 International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research
10. Zaidan, A.A. and Zaidan, B.B. 2020. A review on intelligent process for smart home applications based on
IoT: Coherent taxonomy, motivation, open challenges, and recommendations. Artificial Intelligence
Review, 53(1): 141-165.
11. Ushakov, D., Dudukalov, E., Kozlova, E. and Shatila, K. 2022. The internet of things impact on smart public
transportation. Transportation Research Procedia, 63: 2392-2400.
12. Shendge, A.B. 2021. Internet of things (IoT): An overview on research challenges and future applications.
International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 6(8): 66-71.
13. Korade, S.A., Kotak, V. and Durafe, A. 2019. A review paper on internet of things and it’s applications.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 6(6): 1623-1630.
14. Jeong, R. and Rilett, R. 2004. Bus arrival time prediction using artificial neural network model. In:
Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (IEEE Cat. No. 04TH8749)
(pp. 988-993). doi:10.1109/ITSC.2004.1399041
15. Lee, C. and Yoon, Y. 2022. A novel bus arrival time prediction method based on spatio-temporal flow
centrality analysis and deep learning. Electronics, 11(12): 1875.
16. Mane, M.P.S. and Khairnar, V.D. 2014. Analysis of bus tracking system using GPS on smartphones. IOSR
Journal of Computer Engineering, 16: 128–132.
17. Wang, H.L., Chen, Y.P., Rau, C.L. and Yu, C.H. 2014. An interactive wireless communication system for
visually impaired people using city bus transport. International Journal of Environmental Research and
Public Health, 11(5): 4560-4571.
18. de Andrade, H.G.V., Borges, D.D.M., Bernardes, L.H.C, de Albuquerque, J.L.A. and da Silva-Filho, A.G. 2019.
BlindMobi: A system for bus identification, based on bluetooth low energy, for people with visual
impairment. In: Proceedings of the XXXVII Brazilian Symposium on Computer Networks and Distributed
Systems (pp. 391-402). Porto Alegre: SBC. doi:10.5753/sbrc.2019.7374
19. Kadam, A.J., Patil, V., Kaith, K. and Patil, D. 2018. Developing a smart bus for smart city using IoT
technology. In: Proceedings of the 2018 Second International Conference on Electronics,
Communication, and Aerospace Technology (ICECA), Coimbatore, India (pp. 1138-1143).
doi:10.1109/ICECA.2018.8474819
20. Anu, V.M., Sarikha, D., Keerthy, G.S. and Jabez, J. 2015. An RFID based system for bus location tracking
and display. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Innovation Information in Computing
Technologies (pp. 1-6). doi:10.1109/ICIICT.2015.7396080
21. Hasan, M.F.M., Tangim, G., Islam, M.K., Khandokar, M.R.H. and Alam, A.U. 2010. RFID-based ticketing for
public transport system: Perspective megacity Dhaka. In: 2010 3rd International Conference on
Computer Science and Information Technology (Vol. 6, pp. 459-462). doi: 10.1109/ICCSIT.2010.5564067
22. Hemalatha, S., Das, N.N., Ramasamy, J., Madan, S. and Mahesh, P.S. 2023. Automated service assistances to
the visually impaired people using android application. World Journal of Engineering, 20(2): 337-345.
23. Oudah, A. 2016. RFID-based automatic bus ticketing: Features and trends. In: IOP Conference Series:
Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 114, No. 1, p. 012146). doi:10.1088/1757-899X/114/1/012146
24. Alwi, S.R.A.W. and Ahmad, M.N. 2013. Survey on outdoor navigation system needs for blind people. In:
2013 IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development, Putrajaya, Malaysia, 16–17 December
2013 (pp. 144-148). doi: 10.1109/SCOReD.2013.7002560
25. Divekar, S.N., Patil, S.R. and Shelke, S.A. 2018. Smart bus system. International Journal of Scientific
Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 4(4): 585–588.
26. Redij, S., Rao, A., Kumar, S.A. and Jadhav, A. 2022. Smart bus tracking for blind and visually impaired. In:
ITM Web of Conferences (Vol. 44, p. 02001), EDP Sciences.
27. Raspberry Pi. 2015. Raspberry Pi 2 model B. Available from:
https://www.raspberrypi.com/products/raspberry-pi-2-model-b/
28. Chafon. 2019. CF-RA5006 RFID sensor specification. Available at: https://ko.chafontech.com/rfid-
antenna/uhf-rfid-antenna/3m-rfid-reader-antenna.html

64
 International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research
29. GS1 Standards. 2015. EPC™ radio-frequency identity protocols generation-2 UHF RFID. Available at:
https://www.gs1.org/sites/default/files/docs/epc/Gen2_Protocol_Standard.pdf
30. Highconen/Highconen. 2018. Access control attendance management fixed Beacon HRD-net compatible
iBeacon-HyconN HyconN. Available at:
https://smartstore.naver.com/hyconcard_iot/products/4257872328
31. Jo, B.W., Jo, J.H., Khan, R.M.A., Kim, J.H. and Lee, Y.S. 2018. Development of a cloud computing-based pier
type port structure stability evaluation platform using fiber Bragg grating sensors. Sensors, 18(6): 1681.
32. Alam, T. 2022. Internet of things: Review, architecture and applications. Computer Science and
Information Technologies, 3(1): 31-38.
33. Chaudhuri, A. 2018. Internet of things, for things, and by things. 1st Edition. Auerbach Publications.
https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315200644
34. Wu, M., Lu, T.J., Ling, F.Y., Sun, J. and Du, H.Y. 2010. Research on the architecture of internet of things. In:
2010 3rd International Conference on Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering (ICACTE) (Vol. 5, pp.
V5-484). doi:10.1109/ICACTE.2010.5579493
35. Zhang, Y., Yu, H., Zhou, W. and Man, M. 2022. Application and research of IoT architecture for end-net-
cloud edge computing. Electronics, 12(1): 1.
36. Tracy, K.W. 2012. Mobile application development experiences on Apple's iOS and Android OS. IEEE
Potentials, 31(4): 30-34.
37. Eltaeib, T. 2015. TCP/IP protocol layering. International Journal of Computer Science and Technology
Research, 3(1): 415-417.
38. Sherif, A. 2023. U.S. preferred smartphone operating system ownership 2021, by age. Available at:
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1313944/main-smartphone-usage-share-by-age/
39. Dockery, D.M. and Krzystolik, M.G. 2020. The use of mobile applications as low-vision aids: A pilot study.
Rhode Island Medical Journal, 103(8): 69–72.
40. Nam Kim, H. 2022. Digital privacy of assistive technology users with visual disabilities. Proceedings of
the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 66(1): 1105-1109.

Citation: Steve Rho and Albert Rho. 2024. Internet-of-Things-based Smart Bus Detection Platform for the
Visually Impaired. International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research, 8(10): 54-65.
Copyright: ©2024 Steve Rho and Albert Rho. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of
the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are
credited.

65