ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND EXPERT SYSTEM-BTEE

COURSE UNIT: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND EXPERT SYSTEM-BTEE

CODE : TEE 4322
Lecturer: MASESE CHUMA-
CONTACT: 0701260004/0725999196
Objective
By the end of this session, students will be able to:
i. Discuss the concepts of ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Overview
Since the invention of computers or machines, their capability to perform various tasks
went on growing exponentially. Humans have developed the power of computer systems
in terms of their diverse working domains, their increasing speed, and reducing size with
respect to time.

A branch of Computer Science named Artificial Intelligence pursues creating the

computers or machines as intelligent as human beings.

What is Artificial Intelligence?

• According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is “The science

and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer

programs”.
• Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled

robot, or a software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent

humans think.

• AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how humans learn,
decide, and work while trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of
this study as a basis of developing intelligent software and systems.

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• It is a branch of Computer Science that pursues creating the computers or machines as

intelligent as human beings.

• It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent

computer programs.

• It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, but
AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable

Definition: Artificial Intelligence is the study of how to make computers do things, which, at the
moment, people do better.
According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is “The science and engineering
of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”.
Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a
software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think.
AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks and how humans learn, decide, and work
while trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of this study as a basis of developing
intelligent software and systems.
It has gained prominence recently due, in part, to big data, or the increase in speed, size and
variety of data businesses are now collecting. AI can perform tasks such as identifying patterns in
the data more efficiently than humans, enabling businesses to gain more insight out of their data.
From a business perspective AI is a set of very powerful tools, and methodologies for using those
tools to solve business problems.
From a programming perspective, AI includes the study of symbolic programming, problem
solving, and search.
AI Vocabulary
Intelligence relates to tasks involving higher mental processes, e.g. creativity, solving problems,
pattern recognition, classification, learning, induction, deduction, building analogies,
optimization, language processing, knowledge and many more. Intelligence is the computational
part of the ability to achieve goals.
Intelligent behavior is depicted by perceiving one’s environment, acting in complex

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environments, learning and understanding from experience, reasoning to solve problems and
discover hidden knowledge, applying knowledge successfully in new situations, thinking
abstractly, using analogies, communicating with others and more.
Science based goals of AI pertain to developing concepts, mechanisms and understanding
biological intelligent behavior. The emphasis is on understanding intelligent behavior.
Engineering based goals of AI relate to developing concepts, theory and practice of building
intelligent machines. The emphasis is on system building.
AI Techniques depict how we represent, manipulate and reason with knowledge in order to solve
problems. Knowledge is a collection of facts. To manipulate these facts by a program, a suitable
representation is required. A good representation facilitates problem solving.

Philosophy of AI
While exploiting the power of the computer systems, the curiosity of human, lead him to

wonder, “Can a machine think and behave like humans do?”

Thus, the development of AI started with the intention of creating similar intelligence in

machines that we find and regard high in humans.

Goals of AI
• To Create Expert Systems − The systems which exhibit intelligent behavior, learn,

demonstrate, explain, and advice its users.

• To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines − Creating systems that

understand, think, learn, and behave like humans.

What Contributes to AI?

Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on disciplines such as Computer
Science, Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and Engineering. A major thrust

of AI is in the development of computer functions associated with human intelligence,

such as reasoning, learning, and problem solving.

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Out of the following areas, one or multiple areas can contribute to build an intelligent

system.

Programming Without and with AI

The programming without and with AI is different in following ways −

Programming Without AI Programming With AI

A computer program without AI can answer A computer program with AI can answer
the specific questions it is meant to solve. the generic questions it is meant to solve.

AI programs can absorb new modifications by

putting highly independent pieces of

Modification in the program leads to change in
information together. Hence you can modify
its structure.
even a minute piece of information of program
without affecting its structure.

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Modification is not quick and easy. It may lead

Quick and Easy program modification.
to affecting the program adversely.

What is AI Technique?
In the real world, the knowledge has some unwelcomed properties −

• Its volume is huge, next to unimaginable.

• It is not well-organized or well-formatted.

• It keeps changing constantly.

AI Technique is a manner to organize and use the knowledge efficiently in such a way that
−

• It should be perceivable by the people who provide it.

• It should be easily modifiable to correct errors.

• It should be useful in many situations though it is incomplete or inaccurate.

AI techniques elevate the speed of execution of the complex program it is equipped with.

Applications of AI
AI has been dominant in various fields such as −

• Gaming − AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe,

etc., where machine can think of large number of possible positions based on
heuristic knowledge.

• Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the computer that

understands natural language spoken by humans.

• Expert Systems − There are some applications which integrate machine, software,
and special information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation
and advice to the users.

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• Vision Systems − These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual

input on the computer. For example,

o A spying aeroplane takes photographs, which are used to figure out spatial

information or map of the areas.

o Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.

o Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the
stored portrait made by forensic artist.

• Speech Recognition − Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and

comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a

human talk to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the
background, change in human’s noise due to cold, etc.

• Handwriting Recognition − The handwriting recognition software reads the text

written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of

the letters and convert it into editable text.

• Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They

have sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat,
temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have efficient

processors, multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. In addition,

they are capable of learning from their mistakes and they can adapt to the new

environment.

History of AI
Here is the history of AI during 20th century −

Year Milestone / Innovation

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Karel Čapek play named “Rossum's Universal Robots” (RUR) opens in London, first use
1923
of the word "robot" in English.

1943 Foundations for neural networks laid.

1945 Isaac Asimov, a Columbia University alumni, coined the term Robotics.

Alan Turing introduced Turing Test for evaluation of intelligence and

1950 published Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Claude Shannon published Detailed

Analysis of Chess Playing as a search.

John McCarthy coined the term Artificial Intelligence. Demonstration of the first
1956
running AI program at Carnegie Mellon University.

1958 John McCarthy invents LISP programming language for AI.

Danny Bobrow's dissertation at MIT showed that computers can understand natural
1964
language well enough to solve algebra word problems correctly.

Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT built ELIZA, an interactive problem that carries on a

1965
dialogue in English.

Scientists at Stanford Research Institute Developed Shakey, a robot, equipped with

1969
locomotion, perception, and problem solving.

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The Assembly Robotics group at Edinburgh University built Freddy, the Famous
1973
Scottish Robot, capable of using vision to locate and assemble models.

1979 The first computer-controlled autonomous vehicle, Stanford Cart, was built.

1985 Harold Cohen created and demonstrated the drawing program, Aaron.

Major advances in all areas of AI −

• Significant demonstrations in machine learning

• Case-based reasoning
• Multi-agent planning
1990
• Scheduling
• Data mining, Web Crawler

• natural language understanding and translation

• Vision, Virtual Reality

• Games

1997 The Deep Blue Chess Program beats the then world chess champion, Garry Kasparov.

Interactive robot pets become commercially available. MIT displays Kismet, a robot

2000 with a face that expresses emotions. The robot Nomad explores remote regions of
Antarctica and locates meteorites.

Artificial Intelligence - Intelligent Systems

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While studying artificially intelligence, you need to know what intelligence is. This chapter

covers Idea of intelligence, types, and components of intelligence.

What is Intelligence?
The ability of a system to calculate, reason, perceive relationships and analogies, learn

from experience, store and retrieve information from memory, solve problems,
comprehend complex ideas, use natural language fluently, classify, generalize, and adapt

new situations.

Types of Intelligence
As described by Howard Gardner, an American developmental psychologist, the

Intelligence comes in multifold –

Intelligence Description Example

The ability to speak, recognize, and use

Linguistic intelligence mechanisms of phonology (speech sounds), Narrators, Orators

syntax (grammar), and semantics (meaning).

The ability to create, communicate with, and

Musicians, Singers,
Musical intelligence understand meanings made of sound,
Composers
understanding of pitch, rhythm.

The ability of use and understand relationships in

Logical-mathematical Mathematicians,
the absence of action or objects. Understanding
intelligence Scientists
complex and abstract ideas.

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The ability to perceive visual or spatial

information, change it, and re-create visual Map readers,

Spatial intelligence images without reference to the objects, Astronauts,

construct 3D images, and to move and rotate Physicists

them.

The ability to use complete or part of the body to

Bodily-Kinesthetic solve problems or fashion products, control over

Players, Dancers
intelligence fine and coarse motor skills, and manipulate the
objects.

Intra-personal The ability to distinguish among one’s own

Gautam Buddhha
intelligence feelings, intentions, and motivations.

The ability to recognize and make distinctions Mass

Interpersonal
among other people’s feelings, beliefs, and Communicators,
intelligence
intentions. Interviewers

You can say a machine or a system is artificially intelligent when it is equipped with at
least one and at most all intelligences in it.

What is Intelligence Composed of?

The intelligence is intangible. It is composed of −

• Reasoning

• Learning
• Problem Solving

• Perception
• Linguistic Intelligence

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Let us go through all the components briefly −

• Reasoning − It is the set of processes that enables us to provide basis for

judgement, making decisions, and prediction. There are broadly two types –

Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning

It starts with a general statement and examines

It conducts specific observations to makes
the possibilities to reach a specific, logical
broad general statements.
conclusion.

Even if all of the premises are true in a If something is true of a class of things in

statement, inductive reasoning allows for general, it is also true for all members of that
the conclusion to be false. class.

Example − "Nita is a teacher. Nita is Example − "All women of age above 60 years
studious. Therefore, all teachers are are grandmothers. Shalini is 65 years. Therefore,

studious." Shalini is a grandmother."

• Learning − It is the activity of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practicing,

being taught, or experiencing something. Learning enhances the awareness of the
subjects of the study.

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The ability of learning is possessed by humans, some animals, and AI-enabled

systems. Learning is categorized as −

o Auditory Learning − It is learning by listening and hearing. For example,

students listening to recorded audio lectures.

o Episodic Learning − To learn by remembering sequences of events that one

has witnessed or experienced. This is linear and orderly.

o Motor Learning − It is learning by precise movement of muscles. For

example, picking objects, Writing, etc.

o Observational Learning − To learn by watching and imitating others. For

example, child tries to learn by mimicking her parent.

o Perceptual Learning − It is learning to recognize stimuli that one has seen

before. For example, identifying and classifying objects and situations.

o Relational Learning − It involves learning to differentiate among various

stimuli on the basis of relational properties, rather than absolute properties.

For Example, adding ‘little less’ salt at the time of cooking potatoes that came

up salty last time, when cooked with adding say a tablespoon of salt.
o Spatial Learning − It is learning through visual stimuli such as images,

colors, maps, etc. For Example, A person can create roadmap in mind before
actually following the road.

o Stimulus-Response Learning − It is learning to perform a particular

behavior when a certain stimulus is present. For example, a dog raises its ear

on hearing doorbell.
• Problem Solving − It is the process in which one perceives and tries to arrive at a

desired solution from a present situation by taking some path, which is blocked by
known or unknown hurdles.

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Problem solving also includes decision making, which is the process of selecting

the best suitable alternative out of multiple alternatives to reach the desired goal
are available.

• Perception − It is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing

sensory information.

Perception presumes sensing. In humans, perception is aided by sensory organs.

In the domain of AI, perception mechanism puts the data acquired by the sensors

together in a meaningful manner.

• Linguistic Intelligence − It is one’s ability to use, comprehend, speak, and write

the verbal and written language. It is important in interpersonal communication.

Difference between Human and Machine Intelligence

• Humans perceive by patterns whereas the machines perceive by set of rules and

data.
• Humans store and recall information by patterns, machines do it by searching

algorithms. For example, the number 40404040 is easy to remember, store, and
recall as its pattern is simple.

• Humans can figure out the complete object even if some part of it is missing or
distorted; whereas the machines cannot do it correctly.

Artificial Intelligence - Research Areas

The domain of artificial intelligence is huge in breadth and width. While proceeding, we
consider the broadly common and prospering research areas in the domain of AI −

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Real Life Applications of Research Areas

There is a large array of applications where AI is serving common people in their day-to-
day lives −

Sr.No. Research Areas Real Life Application

1 Expert Systems

Examples − Flight-tracking systems, Clinical

systems.

2
Natural Language Processing

Examples: Google Now feature, speech

recognition, Automatic voice output.

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3 Neural Networks

Examples − Pattern recognition systems such as

face recognition, character recognition,

handwriting recognition.

4 Robotics

Examples − Industrial robots for moving,

spraying, painting, precision checking, drilling,

cleaning, coating, carving, etc.

5 Fuzzy Logic Systems

Examples − Consumer electronics, automobiles,

etc.

Speech and Voice Recognition

These both terms are common in robotics, expert systems and natural language
processing. Though these terms are used interchangeably, their objectives are different.

Speech Recognition Voice Recognition

The speech recognition aims at understanding The objective of voice recognition is to

and comprehending WHAT was spoken. recognize WHO is speaking.

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It is used in hand-free computing, map, or It is used to identify a person by analyzing its

menu navigation. tone, voice pitch, and accent, etc.

Machine does not need training for Speech This recognition system needs training as it

Recognition as it is not speaker dependent. is person oriented.

Speaker independent Speech Recognition Speaker dependent Speech Recognition

systems are difficult to develop. systems are comparatively easy to develop.

Working of Speech and Voice Recognition Systems

The user input spoken at a microphone goes to sound card of the system. The converter

turns the analog signal into equivalent digital signal for the speech processing. The
database is used to compare the sound patterns to recognize the words. Finally, a reverse

feedback is given to the database.

This source-language text becomes input to the Translation Engine, which converts it to

the target language text. They are supported with interactive GUI, large database of
vocabulary, etc.

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Review task

Why do we need Artificial Intelligence?

The goal of Artificial intelligence is to create intelligent machines that can mimic human behavior.
We need AI for today's world to solve complex problems, make our lives more smoothly by
automating the routine work, saving the manpower, and to perform many more other tasks.

How Artificial intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning differ from each other?

The difference between AI, ML, and Deep Learning is given in the below table:

Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning Deep Learning

The term Artificial The term ML was first The term DL was first coined in the
intelligence was first coined coined in the year 1959 by year 2000 Igor Aizenberg.
in the year 1956 by John Arthur Samuel.
McCarthy.

It is a technology that is used It is a subset of AI that It is the subset of machine learning

to create intelligent learns from past data and and AI that is inspired by the
machines that can mimic experiences. human brain cells, called neurons,
human behavior. and imitates the working of the
human brain.

AI completely deals with ML deals with structured Deep learning deals with structured
structured, semi-structured and semi-structured data. and unstructured data.
data.

It requires a huge amount of It can work with less It requires a huge amount of the
data to work. amount of data compared data compared to the ML.
to deep learning and AI.

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The goal of AI is to enable the The goal of ML is to enable The goal of deep learning is to
machine to think without any the machine to learn from solve the complex problems as the
human intervention. past experiences. human brain does, using various
algorithms.

What are the types of AI?

Artificial intelligence can be divided into different types on the basis of capabilities and
functionalities.

Based on Capabilities:

o Weak AI or Narrow AI: Weak AI is capable of performing some dedicated tasks with
intelligence.

o General AI: The intelligent machines that can perform any intellectual task with efficiency
as a human.

o Strong AI: It is the hypothetical concept that involves the machine that will be better than
humans and will surpass human intelligence.

Based on Functionalities:

o Reactive Machines: Purely reactive machines are the basic types of AI. These focus on the
present actions and cannot store the previous actions. Example: Deep Blue.

o Limited Memory: As its name suggests, it can store the past data or experience for the
limited duration. The self-driving car is an example of such AI types.

o Theory of Mind: It is the advanced AI that is capable of understanding human emotions,

people, etc., in the real world.

o Self-Awareness: Self Awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence that will have their
own consciousness, emotions, similar to humans.

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What are the different domains/Subsets of AI?

AI covers lots of domains or subsets, and some main domains are given below:

o Machine Learning

o Deep Learning

o Neural Network

o Expert System

o Fuzzy Logic

o Natural Language Processing

o Robotics

o Speech Recognition.

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