Fundamentals of Power Electronics

Present By: LENG Por (Mr.)

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 Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1. Introduction to power processing

1.2. Some applications of power electronics
1.3. Elements of power electronics
Summary of the course

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 1.1 Introduction to Power Processing

Power Switching Power

input converter output

Control
input

Dc-dc conversion: Change and control voltage magnitude

Ac-dc rectification: Possibly control dc voltage, ac current
Dc-ac inversion: Produce sinusoid of controllable
magnitude and frequency
Ac-ac cycloconversion: Change and control voltage magnitude
and frequency

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 Control is invariably required

Power Switching Power

input converter output

Control
input

feedforward feedback
Controller

reference

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 High efficiency is essential

 = Pout 1
Pin


1 –1
Ploss = Pin – Pout = Pout 
0.8

0.6
High efficiency leads to low
power loss within converter
Small size and reliable operation 0.4

is then feasible
Efficiency is a good measure of 0.2
converter performance 0 0.5 1 1.5
Ploss / Pout

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 A high-efficiency converter

Pin Converter Pout

A goal of current converter technology is to construct converters of small

size and weight, which process substantial power at high efficiency

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 Devices available to the circuit designer

Resistors Capacitors Magnetics linear- DTs Ts

mode switched-mode

+
–
Semiconductor devices

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 Devices available to the circuit designer

Resistors Capacitors Magnetics linear- DTs Ts

mode switched-mode

+
–
Semiconductor devices

Signal processing: avoid magnetics

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 Devices available to the circuit designer

Resistors Capacitors Magnetics linear- DTs Ts

mode switched-mode

+
–
Semiconductor devices

Power processing: avoid lossy elements

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 Power loss in an ideal switch

Switch closed: v(t) = 0 +

i(t)
Switch open: i(t) = 0
v(t)
In either event: p(t) = v(t) i(t) = 0
–
Ideal switch consumes zero power

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 A simple dc-dc converter example

I
10A
+

Vg + Dc-dc
R V
– converter
100V 5 50V
–

Input source: 100V

Output load: 50V, 10A, 500W
How can this converter be realized?

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 Dissipative realization

Resistive voltage divider

I
10A
+
+ 50V –
Vg + Ploss = 500W R V
– 50V
100V 5

–
Pin = 1000W Pout = 500W

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 Dissipative realization

Series pass regulator: transistor operates in

active region
I
+ 50V – 10A
+

Vg + linear amplifier Vref

and base driver R V
– 5 50V
100V
Ploss  500W
–
Pin  1000W Pout = 500W

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 Use of a SPDT switch
I
1 10A
+ +

Vg 2
+ vs(t) R v(t)
– 50V
100V
– –

vs(t)
Vg DVg
Vs =
0

DTs (1–D) Ts t
switch
position:
1 2 1

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 The switch changes the dc voltage level

vs(t)
Vg DVg D = switch duty cycle
Vs = 0D1
0
Ts = switching period
DTs (1 – D) Ts t
switch fs = switching frequency
position: 1 2 1
= 1 / Ts

DC component of vs(t) = average value:

Ts
Vs = 1 vs(t) dt = DVg
Ts 0

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 Addition of low pass filter

Addition of (ideally lossless) L-C low-pass

filter, for removal of switching harmonics:
1
i(t)
+ +
L
Vg 2
+ vs(t) C R v(t)
–
100V
– –
Pin  500W Pout = 500W
Ploss small

• Choose filter cutoff frequency f0 much smaller than switching

frequency fs
• This circuit is known as the “buck converter”

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 Addition of control system
for regulation of output voltage

Power Switching converter Load

input
+
i

vg + v
–
sensor
– H(s) gain

transistor error
gate driver signal
 pulse-width vc ve Hv
modulator Gc(s) –
+
(t)
compensator
reference
dTs Ts t input vref

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 The boost converter
2
+
L
1
Vg + C R V
–

5Vg

4Vg

3Vg
V
2Vg

Vg

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

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 A single-phase inverter

vs(t)
1 + – 2
Vg +
– + v(t) –
2 1
load

vs(t) “H-bridge”
Modulate switch
duty cycles to
obtain sinusoidal
t low-frequency
component

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 1.2 Several applications of power electronics

Power levels encountered in high-efficiency converters

• less than 1 W in battery-operated portable equipment
• tens, hundreds, or thousands of watts in power supplies for
computers or office equipment
• kW to MW in variable-speed motor drives
• 1000 MW in rectifiers and inverters for utility dc transmission
lines

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 A computer power supply system

regulated
dc outputs

iac(t) +

Rectifier Dc-dc
vac(t) converter

–
ac line input
85-265Vrms dc link loads

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 A spacecraft power system

Dissipative
shunt regulator

+
Solar
arra vbus
y
–

Battery Dc-dc Dc-dc

charge/discharge converter converter
controllers

Batteries
Payload Payload

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 A variable-speed ac motor drive system

variable-frequency
+ variable-voltage ac

3øac line Rectifier Inverter

vlink
50/60Hz

–
Ac machine
Dc link

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 1.3 Elements of power electronics

Power electronics incorporates concepts from the fields of

analog circuits
electronic devices
control systems
power systems
magnetics
electric machines
numerical simulation

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 Part I. Converters in equilibrium
Inductor waveforms Averaged equivalent circuit
D' VD
vL(t) RL D Ron D' RD D' : 1
Vg–

+
–
V +
DTs D'Ts
–V t Vg + V R
– I
switch 2
position: 1 1 –

iL(t) Predicted efficiency

iL(DTs) 100%
I iL
0.002
iL(0) Vg – V –V
90%
0.01
L L 80%

70% 0.02
0 DTs Ts t
60% 0.05

 50% RL/R = 0.1

40%

30%

Discontinuous conduction mode 20%

10%

Transformer isolation 0%
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

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 Switch realization: semiconductor
devices
iA(t)
The IGBT collector
Switching loss
transistor
waveforms Qr
Vg
gate iL
vA(t)

0 0
emitter t

Emitter iB(t)
diode
waveforms iL
vB(t)
Gate 0 0
t
area
–Qr –Vg
n n n n
p p

minority
n- carrier tr
injection
p pA(t)
= vA iA
area
~QrVg
Collector area
~iLVgtr
t t t t

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 Part I. Converters in equilibrium

2. Principles of steady state converter analysis

3. Steady-state equivalent circuit modeling, losses, and efficiency

4. Switch realization

5. The discontinuous conduction mode

6. Converter circuits

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 Part II. Converter dynamics and control

Closed-loop converter system Averaging the waveforms

Power Switching converter Load gat
input e
driv
+ e

vg(t) + v(t) R
–
feedback
connection t
–

transistor actual waveform v(t)

gate driver compensator including ripple
(t) v
pulse-width c G (s) – v
modulator c +
averaged waveform <v(t)> T
with ripple neglected s
(t) vc(t) voltage
reference vref t

dTs Ts t t

Controller
Vg – V d(t)
L
1:D D' : 1

+
– +
Small-signal +
vg(t) I d(t) I d(t) C v(t) R
averaged –

equivalent circuit –

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 Part II. Converter dynamics and control

7. Ac modeling

8. Converter transfer functions

9. Controller design
10. Ac and dc equivalent circuit modeling of the discontinuous
conduction mode

11. Current-programmed control

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 Part III. Magnetics
n1 : n2

transformer i1(t)
iM(t) i2(t)
the layer 3i
design LM
proximity
3
–2i

R1 R2 effect 2i
layer
2
–i
ik(t)

i
layer d
1
: nk Rk

y
J
curren
t
densit
4226

transformer 3622 0.1

size vs. 0.08

Pot core size

2616 2616
2213 2213
switching

Bmax (T)
0.06
1811 1811

0.04
frequency 0.02

0
25kHz 50kHz 100kHz 200kHz 250kHz 400kHz 500kHz 1000kHz

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 Part III. Magnetics

12. Basic magnetics theory

13. Filter inductor design

14. Transformer design

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 Part IV. Modern rectifiers, and
power system harmonics
Pollution of power system by A low-harmonic rectifier system
rectifier current harmonics ig(t)
boost converter
i(t)
iac(t) + +
L D1

vac(t) vg(t) Q1 C v(t) R

– –
vcontrol(t) vg(t) ig(t)
PWM
Rs
multiplier X va(t)
– verr(t)
+ Gc(s)
vref(t)
= kx vg(t) vcontrol(t) compensator
controller
100% 100%
91% Ideal rectifier (LFR)
iac(t) i(t)
Harmonic amplitude,

THD = 136%
80% 73% Distortion factor = 59%
+ p(t) = vac2 / Re +
60% 52% Model of
fundamental

vac(t) Re(vcontrol) v(t)

percent of

40% 32% the ideal

20% 19% 15% 15%
13%
9% rectifier – –
0%
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
ac dc
inpu outpu
Harmonic number t t
vcontrol

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 Part IV. Modern rectifiers,
and power system harmonics

15. Power and harmonics in nonsinusoidal systems

16. Line-commutated rectifiers

17. The ideal rectifier

18. Low harmonic rectifier modeling and control

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 Part V. Resonant converters
The series resonant converter

Q1 Q3 L C
D1 D3 1:n
+

Vg +
– R V

Q2 Q4
–
D2 D4
Zero voltage
switching
1 Q = 0.2 vds1(t) Vg
0.9
Q = 0.2
0.8
0.35
0.7
0.5
0.6
0.35 Q1 X D2 t
conducting
M = V / Vg

0.75 devices: Q4 D3
0.5
0.5 1
0.4 turn off commutation
0.75
1 1.5 Q1, Q 4 interval
0.3
1.5
2
2
0.2
Dc 0.1 5
3.5
3.5
5
10 10
characteristics 0
Q = 20

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

Q = 20

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 Part V. Resonant converters

19. Resonant conversion

20. Quasi-resonant converters

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