Elementary Probability

1. The probability of not occurring Sunday in a week is

i. -1
ii. 0
iii. 1
iv. 0.5

2. P(A)=1/2, P(B)=1/3. Find P(AUB) if A and B are independent

i. 1/6
ii. 2/3
iii. 1/3
iv. 1/2

3. A bag contains 3 red and 5 blue balls, probability of drawing one red ball from
the bag is
i. 1/8
ii. 1/3
iii. 3/5
iv. 3/8

4. If F(x) is Probability Distribution function of x, then what is the value of F(∞)

and F(-∞) respectively ?
i. 1 and 0
ii. 0 and 1
iii. Undetermined
iv. None of the above

5. What is expectation of the given probability distribution function

1  −1 ( x 2 − 2 x + 4) 
f ( x) = exp  
18 2 9 
i. 2
ii. 3
iii. 4
iv. 9

6. If σ (standard deviation) is small and β (bias) is large then the measurement

has:
i. High precision and High Accuracy
ii. High Precision and Low accuracy
iii. Low Precision and High Accuracy
iv. Low Precision and Low Accuracy

sin (𝑥)
7. Density Function of Random Variable X is, 𝑓(𝑥)= for 0<x<π . What is
𝑥
the value of P[π/3 < x <π/2].
i. 0.05
ii. 0.067
iii. -0.067
iv. -0.67
8. X is uniformly distributed random variable with parameter a=5 and b=9. What
is the value of P[4<X<6]?
i. 0.5
ii. 0
iii. 0.75
iv. 0.3
9. A survey experiment assumed to have normal distribution with the mean value
394.625m and standard deviation of 0.023. What is the probability that
measurement will lie between ±0.045m?
i. 0.95
ii. 0.5
iii. 1
iv. 0.674

10. A survey experiment assumed to have normal distribution with the mean value
394.625m and standard deviation of 0.023. The probability that measurement
will lie between _____ is 0.9 ?
i. ±0.021m
ii. ±0.05m
iii. ±0.040m
iv. ±0.038m

11. Which one option of the figure shows most accurate observations?
i. a
ii. b
iii. c
iv. d

12. For a normal distribution curve, 68.3% data lies in n , what is the value of
n?
i. 1
ii. 2
iii. 3
iv. None of the above

13. Multiplier for E90 is

i. 1.645
ii. 1.96
iii. 2.576
iv. 3

14. Distance Root Mean Square (DRMS) is expressed as

i.  x2 −  y2
ii.  x2 +  y2
iii. x + y
iv. None of the above
 +
15. For any probability density function f X ( x) , 
−
f X ( x)dx = ?

i. 0
ii. 1
iii. 0.5
iv. None of the above

16. In two boxes, first contains 4 red and 4 blue balls while other contains 3 red
and 4 blue balls. Probability of drawing two red balls when one ball is
randomly selected from each box:
i. 3/7
ii. 3/14
iii. 1/2
iv. 3/4

17. Let X be a continuous random variable with the probability density function,
ke− x x0
fX ( x) =  , where k is a positive constant. What is the value
 0 otherwise
of k?
i. 1
ii. 0.5
iii. 2
iv. None of the above

18. For above question 17, what is the value of P ( X = 2 ) ?

i. 0
ii. e−2
iii. 2 e−2
iv. e−2 -1

19. If mean is 12 , and variance is 4, then if the value of x is 13 then what is the
Probability density function and Probability Distribution Function?
i. 0.270 and 0.0228
ii. 0.1760 and 0.3850
iii. 0.0270 and 0.9332
iv. 0.1760 and 0.6915

20. For above question 19, calculate P[2<Z<∞]

i. 0.0228
ii. 0.3850
iii. 0.9332
iv. 0.6915
Error Propagation

1. For y=ax+b, where x is R.V. and a, b are constants, which representation of

variance is true:
i.  y2 = a 2 x2
ii.  y2 = a x2
 x2
iii.  =
2
y
a
 x2
iv.  y2 =
a2

2. For y=3x+8, choose correct option if  x = 0

i. y = 0
ii. y = 8
iii.  y = 11
iv. None of the above

3. For a standard normal distribution, mean equals to

i. 0
ii. 1
iii. 0.5
iv. -1

4. Inverse of co-factor matrix is called

i. Weight matrix
ii. Covariance matrix
iii. Design matrix
iv. None of the above

5. For n realization of random samples, the standard error of the mean is given
by

i.
n
ii.  n
iii. n
iv. None of the above

6. For two measurement y1 = 50  3 , y2 = 50  3 and  y1 y2 = 47 , if z = y1 + y2

then  zz
i. 10
ii. 11
iii. 12
iv. 100
7. For the above question,  z will be
i. 100  10
ii. 100  100
iii. 50  10
iv. 50  100

8. If there are four independent measurements and the standard deviation are as
follow 0.021 m, 0.017 m, 0.010 m, 0.025 m. What is the standard deviation of
total measured distance?
i. 0.038
ii. 0.035
iii. 0.028
iv. 0.032

9. If A=3.56±0.05 and B = 3.25 ±0.04 , the values of A+B are

i. 6.81≤ A+B ≤6.90
ii. 6.72≤ A+B ≤6.90
iii. 6.81≤ A+B ≤6.81
iv. 6.71≤ A+B ≤6.91

10. In the calculation of the volume of a cube of nominal size, the uncertainty in
the measurement of each side is 10%. The uncertainty in the measurement of
the volume would be
i. 5.477%
ii. 10.00%
iii. 17.32%
iv. 30.00%

11. Choose the wrong expression? ( E[] represents Expectation operator)

i. E[ K ] = K , where K is constant
ii. E[KX ] = KE[ X ] , where K is constant and X is random variable
iii. E[CX ] = KX , where K is constant and X is random variable
iv. E[ g1 ( X )  g 2 ( X )] = E[ g1 ( X )]  E[ g 2 ( X )] , where g1 and g 2 are
functions of random variable X

12. Which one is correct?

i.  x2 = E[ X ] −  x2
ii.  x2 = E[ X 2 ] −  x2
iii.  x2 = E[ X ] −  x
iv.  x2 = E[ X 2 ] −  x

13. For y = Cx + D , covariance of y is represented as

i. Qyy = CQxxCT
ii. Qyy = CT QxxC
iii. Qyy = CQxxCT + D
 iv. Qyy = CQxx + D

14. The measurements of slope distance D and elevation angle α are erroneous.
Which one is right expression for uncertainty in horizontal distance H,

i.  H = cos2 ( ) D2 + D2 sin 2 ( ) 2
ii.  H = cos2 ( ) D2 + sin 2 ( ) 2
iii.  H = D2 cos2 ( ) D2 + sin 2 ( ) 2
iv.  H = D2 s in2 ( ) D2 + cos2 ( ) 2

15. X1 and X2 are two independent measurements and have standard deviation,
σx1=0.20 and σx2=0.15. For the linear relationship, Y1= X1 + X2 and Y2 = X1 -
X2, calculate variance for Y1 and Y2 ?
i. 0.0625 and 0.0625
ii. 0.0625 and 0.0175
iii. 0.1225 and 0.0025
iv. 0.35 and 0.5

16. There are two independent measurement and have standard deviation, σx1=5
and σx2=3, Y1 = 3X1 + X2 +2 and Y2 = X1 + 2X2 +3. And Z=Y1 + Y2 calculate
σz ?
i. 2.9
ii. 21.93
iii. 8.41
iv. 7.9
17. For same above calculate σy2 and σy1 ?
i. 7.8 and 15.3
ii. 15.3 and 7.8
iii. 1.1 and 1.8
iv. 1.8 and 1.1
18. If 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥) for some function f() , then
i. Δz = |f ‘ (x)| Δx
ii. Δz = |f ‘ (x)|
iii. Δx = |f ‘ (x)| Δz
iv. Δz = |f ‘ (x)|
19. To find the volume of a certain cube, you measure its side as 2.00 ± 0.02 cm.
Convert this uncertainty to a percent and then find the volume with its
uncertainty.
i. 8.0 ± 0.24 cm3
ii. 8.0 ± 0.8 cm3
iii. 8.0 ± 0.02 cm3
iv. 8.0 ± 0.008 cm3
20. The Atwood machine consists of two masses M and m (with M > m) attached
to the ends of a light string that passes over a light, frictionless pulley. When
the masses are released, the mass M is easily shown to accelerate down with
an acceleration
𝑔 (𝑀 – 𝑚)
𝑎 = (𝑀 + 𝑚) .
Suppose that M and m are measured as M = 100±1 and m = 50±1, both in
grams. Find the uncertainty.
i. 0.097
ii. 0.090
iii. 9.3
iv. 3.3