PETROLEUM TRAINING INSTITUTE

P.M.B 20, EFFURUN

DELTA STATE, NIGERIA

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT

HND PRACTICAL MANUAL

ON

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
DESIGN AND DRAFTING 1
EEP 328

PREPARED BY

C.A. OGWUBA, Engn. (Tech.)

 EXPERIMENT 1
TOPIC: Identification and graphical symbol drawing electrical
installation facilities (fittings and accessories)
OBJECTIVES:
 To teach the student to name and identify different electrical
fittings
 To teach the students different kinds of building installations
facilities by the use of graphical symbols.
 To help the student understand conventional and un-
conventional facilities symbols.
 To help the student understand the use and importance of
graphical symbols.
 To teach the student how to interpret symbols and how to
present report using schematics and pictorial symbols.
 To also teach student where each facility is deserved.

TOOLS
 Pencil, eraser, drawing paper, ruler, mathematical set, biro,
razor blade, computer system, sharpener.

THEORY:
Electrical graphics is a visual art that is developed from the word
graph. It has to do with the use of graphical symbols to carry out
design, drawing of electrical components, devices, facilities and
equipment. Symbols are signs or images drawn to represent given
electrical components in realization of a particular drawings.
Graphical symbols are symbolic representation of objects other than
physical, pictorial or schematic diagrams of such object to the
symbolized for the purpose of recognition by the professionals, for
their essential duties.
Graphical symbols are used in engineering to denote various
components and to conserve or minimize space. These symbols are
formed from a number of simple elements such as arcs, angels,
circles, rectangles, semicircles etc. Some facility symbols are

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conventional in nature. These are components with given symbols
by standard organizations or by engineering institutions, and are
generally acceptable. These are also can be searched for through
the internet or varieties text books.

There are also unconventional component symbols representations.

This can be adopted and legend produced where there is no
convention symbol for that component. Unconventional facilities
symbols are produced looking at the physical appearance of that
component(s). Example of this is drawing human through the look
the parts of the body thereby drawing the significant part such as
the head, legs and the hand.

Advantages of graphical symbols

 It is easy to represent or draw
 It keeps secret of the profession intact
 It save or minimizes space on the paper or work book
 It facilitates easy communication
 It makes a project easy to interpret and report written
 It gives two or more visions of the objects concerned

While some of the advantages are;

Most of the symbols are very much alike that confusion can set in.
that is much effort is required for one to internalize or comprehend
these component much alike in symbol.
It not used or practiced frequently, it can be easily forgotten. Keys
words are required in some instances. Some components possesses
some confusion since the graphical symbols for a particular facility
can have more than one, or two way of representing it symbolically.
Example is fan regulator, lighting fittings etc.

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This graphical symbol may be drawn to any proportional size that
suits a particular drawing depending on the reduction and
enlargement anticipated in a given electrical drawing and a circuit
diagrams.

Some component symbols are application of standard graphical

symbols and can be created or formed in the making. Standard
graphical symbols can facilitates and help in reading drawings as
well as electrical electronics circuits.
In any circuit project, components employed are represented
symbolically, and further represented by providing circuit legend,
where component symbols and descriptions of the component
rewriter.

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Electrical components and their symbols

4
PROCEDURE:
 Identify the physical look and list out about fifty (50) numbers
of installation component found in the buildings.
 Research to understand their individual functions and where
each one can be employed or mounted.
 Try also to draft/draw a symbol you think could be the
representation of each component.
 Then ascertain if the above attempted symbols you imagined
are correct or conventional by making a deligent research
through internet or text books.
 Write and draw the accepted symbol for each component as
you progresses in your make research.
 Check if there is more than a symbol for any component.
 The facilities with no research-conventional symbol, create or
form a symbol for the component and ensure legend is created,
showing the name of the component, symbol and the function
of each.

TASK
1. Distinguish between electrical and electronic components or
facilities
2. Define and differentiate electrical fittings and accessories
3. What is a symbol
4. Explain the following (i) Graphical schematic symbol (ii)
graphical pictorial symbol
5. What are the following (a) electrical component (b) electrical
device (c) electrical facility
6. Draw graphical symbol of the following (i) fire alarm (ii) CCTV
(iii) Expeller fan (iv) Shaving light (v) Shaving socket (vi)
Arrestor Mat (vii) TV outlet (viii) Electric oven

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 EXPERIMENT 2
TOPIC: Workshop on AutoCAD Training
AIM:
1. To teach students to understand AutoCAD as a tool for drafting
and Design
2. To teach students how to create a cycle
3. To teach students how to offset an object
4. To teach students to understand drawing tools
5. To teach students how to make use of line command
6. To teach students how to use menu bar and it functions
7. To teach students how to use polar tracking.
EQUIPMENT’S
1. Computer system/laptop
2. Projector
3. Power supply unit
4. AutoCAD software
5. Drawing board
THEORY
AutoCAD is a computer aided drafting software program used to
create blue prints for buildings, bridges, and computer chips among
other things. The full meaning of AutoCAD is Automatic Computer
Aided Design/Drafting. It is basically made up of 2D and 3D Drafting
and Designs. Computer Aided Design (CAD) is the use of computer
systems in design process. It is used in many different areas of the
overall design, engineering and manufacturing processes. These
areas include, proposal preparation, styling, conceptual design,
structural analysis, kinematics analysis, simulation, engineering
designs, engineering tests, detailed designs, schematic and wiring
layout, process planning, tool and fixture design, numerical control
(NC) machine-tool programming robot programming.

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7
PROCEDURE
1. Boot the computer system to the desktop
2. Double click the AutoCAD software to open it on open. Allow
the system to load till the AutoCAD window was open.
3. Make Preparatory settings by clicking on format menu, choose
unit command.
4. In the dialog box that appeared, length type command by
choosing degree.
5. Precision type was given as 0.000
6. Choose Incursion scale of mm and click ok.
7. Pick any tools from the tool bar and play around the workspace
until you are familiar with the tools.
TASK:
a. Explain the function of the followings
i. Trim
ii. Offset
iii. Mirrow

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 EXPERIMENT 3
TOPIC: Architectural Re-drawing & Re-Tracing of a three bedroom
flat
AIM:
 To teach the student importance of redrawing or retracing
architectural plan before producing electrical plan.
 To help students acquaint themselves with the dimensions of
each apartment.
 To teach students different wall sizes or block sizes.
 To help the student understand the doors and windows
positions and their directions during opening and closing.
 To determine and differentiate walls from pillars and lintels
 To teach students different possible scales and the best scale
suitable for use.
 To help students be able to interpret architectural drawing
 To help student identify architectural working tools.
 To teach student research positions to install electrical fillings
during design and drafting

EQUIPMENT
 Computer system & AutoCAD software
 Power source
 Mathematical set
 Drawing paper and tracing paper
 Drawing pen or pencil
 Human interface

THEORY
Architectural drawing is a technical drawing of a building that falls
within the definition of architecture. Architectural drawing is used by
the architects and others for a number of purposes. Architectural
drawing exposes the building structure inside and outside for easy
understanding and interpretation.
Some of the purposes for which architectural drawing is used are;
 To develop a design idea into a coherent proposal,

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  To communicate ideas and complete, to convince clients of the
merits of a design, to enable a building contractor to
understand and carry out the building construction or erection,
as a record of the completed work, and to make reload of
buildings that already exists.

Architectural drawings are made according to a set of conventions

which include particular views (floor plan or ground plan sectional
view e.t.c), sheet sizes, unit of measurement and scales annulation
and cross referencing: conventionally drawings were made in ink on
a paper or a similar material and any copies required had to be
laboriously made by hand. The twentieth century saw a shift to
drawings on a tracing paper, so that mechanical copies could be run
off efficiently. Today, manual drawing is phasing out since the
advent of computer technology which makes drawing easier using
organic shapes and complex geometry.

Redrawing a drawn architectural plan by a drafter or an electrical

engineer is vital to enable him carry his drafting work leading to the
production of electrical installation plan. A drafter or engineer
retracing and redrawing existing building plan should ensure that
the original dimensions of each section of the building are
maintained without alterations. Redrawing is only done to enable
the drafter obtain space in order to draft in each room facility
symbols, by reducing the font size of wordings describing each
room, which the architect usually writes boldly indicating each
apartment of the building. Also, retracing process help to identify
the position and direction some building features like the windows
and doors.

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Scales and dimensions in architectural drawing
10mm - 1cm
10cm - 1dm
10dm - 1m
Therefore, 1,000mm – 1m
Different scales are employed such as 1:1, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100,
1:200, 1:500 and 1:1000. The common centimeter rule the scales
that can be used for architectural drawings are 1:1, 1:10, 1:100,
1:1000, 1:10,000 etc.

Dimension in Architectural Drawing

Thickness of outer wall 225mm  9 itches
Thickness of inner wall 125mm  6 itches
Length & width of room wall 3600mm  (3.6m)
Size of door 900mm  (0.9m)
Size of windows 1200mm  (1.2m)
Thickness of inner wall also 25mm  5 itches

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Building Legend

S/No Description Symbols

1 Window
OR

2 Single door

3 Double door

OR

4 Lintel or pillar
OR

5 Outer wall Size

5mm

6 Inner wall size

2mm

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13
PROCEDURE
 Sketch the building on your own to have the shape and to know
building.
 Also, sketch the type and size of the building.
AutoCAD use
 Go to AutoCAD environment or workspace
 Identify the tools to work with at the right corner side of the
monitor.
 Draw two parallel horizontal lines by drawing first the upper
horizontal line, and thereafter duplicate the first drawn line to
produce the second horizontal line down and parallel to the
upper drawing line using appropriate tools from tool bar. Note:
The ends of these two horizontal lines are infinite.
 Start partitioning each room or apartment from the left side of
the drawn horizontal line move towards the right end of the
lines until all the partitions are mapped out.
 Start each partition by considering the room or partition
dimension with addition of the wall size (outer or inner wall)
 Take dimension measurement of windows (single or double)
doors (single or double) and cut out necessary unwanted areas.
 Map out the toilet and bathroom in each room
 Cut and trim necessary areas to have a finish look.

TASK:
1. Sketch a bedroom flat to have L-shape
2. Draw a two bedroom bungalow with each room having its T&B
3. Outline how to produce any of these building plan using
AutoCAD
4. List and define 10 different AutoCAD tools
5. What is tools bar
EXPERIMENT 4

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TOPIC: Electrical Design & Drafting of a Building
AIM:
 To teach the student how and what design and drafting is all
about
 To teach the students how to present facilities descriptions with
symbols.
 To prepare load estimation, analysis
 To determine total load, current and to suggest the size of
distribution board and the maim switch gear to use.
 To teach the student how to determine the KVA (or generator)
rating and hence suggest appropriate size of generator to use.
Also determine the sizes of cables, accessories and fittings.
 To prepare circuit legend, internal schematic arrangement of
DB
 To teach student how to prepare schematic supply
arrangement.
 To teach students factors and regulations that guides
installation services
 To also prepare wiring installation. Note for guide and future
purposes.

EQUIPMENT/TOOLS:
 Computer system and AutoCAD software
 Ruler, eraser, tracing sheet or paper
 H.B pencil, Re-drawn Architectural plan,
 Tracing pen or pencil, scale ruler
 Masking tape or while tape
 Holder pin, drawing board set
 Mathematical set
 Calculator
 Internet, text books and Human interface
THEORY
Electrical design entails planning creating, forming, testing or
supervising the development and installation electrical equipment
and facilities, including lighting facilities, power system, power
distribution, fire and life safety systems, electronic component and
voice and data communication infrastructures. Electrical design and

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drafting is aimed at producing workable electrical building plan that
enables engineers, technicians and craft workers full understanding
and idea of standard steps to employ and how to carry out
installation services, which will give or lead minimal occurrence of
electrical fault and also lead to safety of users and equipment
employed in the installation.

In others words, design and drafting is targeted at employing and

carrying standard installation (wiring) which is expected to be
electrically and mechanically safe and sound to both the equipment
and users of the building.

Design and drafting processes, comes first before any installation

services if any kind could be carried out.

It also exposes the owner of a building and the contractor executing

the job on how the building should be wired, the materials sizes and
types of material to be employed.

Designing start with measurements of rooms/ apartment lengths

and width in millimeter and convert to meter to get the area. Obtain
illumination laws, lumen table, illumination table and index table.
This is done to ascertain the number of lighting points required in
each apartment or room. The number of other electrical facilities
such as 13A sockets, 15A socket e.t.c are determined for each room,
through knowledge of the function of the apartment. A table is
created to outline what and how many numbers of facilities required
in each section of the building, starting with the lighting circuit,
socket and finally the power circuits.

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17
PROCEDURE
 Redraw the architectural plan to create space for electrical
drafting. Ensure to use or maintain some dimensions and scale
of the architect. Note: Redrawing does not change the shape,
size, dimension or scale of the entire building.
 Design and create symbols for each component or facilities for
each room using either AutoCAD or hand drawn.
 Start with lighting circuit by making calculation to determine
the number of lighting points required. This is done by taking
the measurement of each room to obtain the area in meter
through the length and width (L x W) = A
 Having obtain or determine the number of lighting points
required for each room or apartment using a given illumination
formula, draft the designed or calculated number of lighting
point into each room of the building plan. Ensure the lighting
points are position very well and at the proper places according
to the shape and size of the room.
 After drafting lighting circuit give circuit number to all the
lighting points using any alphabet of your choice, for example;
A1 to A last member. Lighting point grouping should not exceed
1000w for a circuit.
 Now start the drafting of socket circuit. (All 13A switch socket
outlet S.S.O) in each apartment based on the function and the
size of the room.
 Create or give circuit number to all the 13A S.S.O sticking to the
acceptable number approved by IET body that would make a
circuit.
 Consider than the drafting of power circuit (HWH, C.C.U & 15A)
for each room in their wanted position

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  Prepare load estimation table to contain circuit number (S/N),
Description of material, wattage rating, Diversity Factor &
Supply type (single  or 3 – Ø) R V B.
 Fill the calculated and drafted lighting circuit grouping into the
load estimation table. For example; A1 to A8 lighting points and
2 ceiling fan. Then enter the total value in any of the phases.
Ensure lighting circuit is done before entering socket circuit.
 Consider all the 13A S.S.O and enter their grouping in the L.E.T
 Do same for power circuit, which is the final of the circuits.
 Check if the total number of final sub circuit will give the
accepted DB. For example; P4, D6, D8 & D12. Where it lands at
giving D5 or D7 or D9. Then add spare to increase the circuit
number.
 Calculate the total load on each phase and write beneath each
phase.
 Calculate the total power, PT of the whole building
 Determine the total current; hence determine the DB to use.
 Obtain the size of switchgear or main switch to use
 Determining the KVA rating, hence determine the size to use
 Prepare internal schematic arrangement of distribution board
 Prepare layout of schematic supply system to the building
 Prepare the installation or wiring note.

LOAD ESTIMATION ANALYSIS FROM BOTH SINGLE PHASE

AND THREE PHASE SUPPLY
S/N DESCRIPTION OF D.F S- R Y B
MATERIAL B
C1 60Nos of 60W, 4Nos 40W L.P 1 600 600 - -
& 2-100W C.F
C2 9Nos of 60W L.P and 2 Nos 1 640 - 640 -
of 100W C.F

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C3 “ “ “ “ “ 640 - - 640
C4 5 Nos of 100W Security “ 500 500 - -
lighting point
C5 “ “ “ “ “ “ 500 - 500 -
C6 “ “ “ “ “ “ 500 - - 500
C7 8Nos of 300W, 13A S.S.O 0.4 960 960 - -
C8 “ “ “ “ “ “ 960 - 960 -
C9 “ “ “ “ “ “ 960 - -
C10 A Nos of 1500W, 15A S.S.O 1 1500 - - 1500
C11 “ “ “ “ “ “ 1500 - 1500 -

C12 “ “ “ “ “ “ 1500 1500 - -

C13 “ “ “ “ “ “ 1500 - 1500 -

C14 “ “ “ “ “ “ 1500 - - 1500

C15 “ “ “ “ “ “ 1500 1500 - -

C16 “ “ “ “ “ “ 1500 - 1500 -

C17 A No of 2000W Hot water 0.75 1500 - - 1500

heater
C18 “ “ “ “ “ “ 1500 1500 - -
C19 “ “ “ “ “ “ 1500 - 1500 -
C20 A No of 1500W 15A S.S.O 1 1500 - - 1500
C21 A No of a 2000W cooker 0.75 1500 1500 - -
control unit
C22 Spare
C23 Spare

C24 Spare

TOTAL PHASE LOAD 24,260 8,060 8,100 8,100

Total Power (Load) = (R + Y + B)

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PT = 8,060 + 8,100 + 8,100

TASK
1. From the estimated load, determine the total current of the
circuit; hence suggest the distribution board size to use.
2. From the drafted building, prepare the legend
3. Determine the main switch size to use from the load
4. Calculate the KVA rating (Generator) hence suggest the size to
use for the building
5. Prepare a single phase internal schematic arrangement of DB
from the load estimation analysis table.
6. Draw internal layout schematic arrangement of a 3 -  supply
to the building from the table above
7. Prepare schematic supply arrangement for both single phase
and three phase supply to the building.
8. Prepare installation (wiring) note
9. Define the follower installation – facts (a) MF (b) UF (c) Lumen

Hint: PT = R + Y + B OR

KVA (3 - ) =

KVA (S - ) =

Maintenance Factor (0.8)

Utilization Factor (0.6)

Lamp Efficiency  =

Area of Room (L x W)

Number lighting fitting N =

P = IV, I = P/V, V = 240Vor 415V

P=

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 EXPERIMENT 5
TOPIC: Electrical Installation Service of a point of life being control
by a switch (surface method)
AIM:
 To understand surface method of wiring
 To ascertain where surface method is most suited or can be
employed
 To be to identify surface wiring materials and tools
 To teach the students the features, merit and demerits of
electrical/installation
 To teach the student conventional steps that should be taken to
achieve surface method of wiring.

EQUIPMENT/ TOOLS
 A lamp (60w)
 1-straight lamp holder
 A wooden block
 Clips and nails
 Cables (1mm2 and 1.5mm2)
 Power source (DB)
 Junction Box
 Screw nails (1x10 and 3x4)
 One patrex box
 One gang switch
 Tape
 Set of screw driver
 Cable cutter
 Cable knife or peeler
 Testing instrument (AVOmeter, megger, e.t.c )
 Mallets
 Jimlet
 hark saw
 Chisel (flat or round)

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  Marker/crayon/ink/pencil
 Line rope/ruler
 Measure tape
 Brass screw nails

Theory
Surface installation services of a building is the wiring method where
cables/wires are run or connected along the surface of boards, walls
or ceiling of a building, held firmly to the surface areas by the help
of VG clips.

That is say that the materials such as cables, patrex boxes, J.B, e.t.c
are being exposed. The type of cable employ is usually PV sheathed
twin cables. Every material used is mounted on the surface areas. In
this type of wiring, much labour is required with skill. Tools used are
common and not expensive as compare to conceal method. The
material used for surface is different from ones used for conduit
installations.

Surface methods employs use of 1mm 2 sheathed twin cable for

lighting points while 1.5mm2 cables are used for supplying power
from DB to the joint boxes around the circuit, as seen from the
circuit diagram. During laying of cables, all the cables are brought to
the JB where onward connection, applying surface connection
concept which is (a) that the black part of the switch should be
connected to the red part of the lamp (b) that the remaining red
parts should be connected firmly together and that the remaining
black parts should equally be firmly connected together, and the
result is achieve through follow these three (3) steps.
In surface method, both the red and black parts of a cable can be
terminated at the J.B, switches and the lamp. Surface method is

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cheap compare to the other types like, duct, trucking, conduit etc.
Not much skilled personnel are required. Fault can easily be located
or identified or traced and solution provided.

Another merit of surface method is that here is less damage done to

the walls, fault finding and maintenance can easily be carried out.
One of it demerit is that can easily be damage since materials are
exposed. It also attracts dust and hardly can be cleaned.

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Procedure:
 Read the circuit diagram carefully and make all the required
materials available
 Clean and clean the wiring board and mark cable route
 Place the J.B and tack the clips accordingly in a 6 inches apart
from one chip to another throughout the cables mark for lamp,
switch and DB

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  Measure, cut and lay the cables running to the lamp switch and
DB firmly with the layed VG clips. Give extra cable length more
than the lamp, switch and DB for connection
 Make the JB connection of the circuit by
(a) Connect the black conductor of the switch to the red
conductor of the lamp
(b) Connect all the remaining red firmly together and the
remaining blacks also trusted together.
 Connect the switch and the lamp fillings, then insert lamp.
 Run some test such continuity test control test or polarity test,
at circuit not energized and when its energized
 Power the circuit

TASK
1a. Draw a surface installation circuit carrying two points of light,
being controlled by two gang switch
b. State the materials required for the installation above
2. What is the diagrammatic representation of an installation
circuit having three lamps but being controlled by a three gang
switch, hence list the materials.
3. What does IET (formal IEEE Regulation) say about lighting
installation in a circuit?
4. Define the following (a) Lighting point (b) Electrical Installation
(c) Installation circuit (d) Joint box
5. Draw a d.c circuit represented of a point of light controlled by a
gang switch.

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 EXPERIMENT 6
TOPIC: Electrical conceal installation of a lighting point control by a
switch
AIM:
 To help the student physically identify conduit materials and
tools to use.
 To ascertain where conduit method are employed
 To teach student conduit method concept and its practical step
or procedures.
 To expose the students to different sizes and types of single
core cable used
 To teach students the features, advantages and disadvantages
of conduct method of wiring.

EQUIPMENT/TOOLS
 20mm pvc kano pipe (a piece)
 Looping boxes, T-box, stop end (one for each)
 Lamp holder lamp (1 for each)
 20mm saddle
 Knockout box (3 x 3)
 Male bush (20mm size)
 20mm coupling
 DB
 Tape
 Gum
 One gauge switch 5A
 20mm cover box
 Brass screw (white)
 Set of screw driver
 Measuring instrument (voltage tester, Avometer)
 Fishing tape
 20mm bending spring
 Hammer
 Plier

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  Cutter
 Cable knife
 Measuring tape
 Hark saw e.t.c

THEORY
Conduit wiring is a system of using series of tubes which may be
steel, pvc, copper, aluminum or alloy. The conduits are linked by
looping boxes usually circular or square, for drawing in the cables
after erection. These boxes have tapped lags enabling the fixing of
box leads fittings or switch accessories. Some cases, elbow pieces
are used where conduits are turn at right angle, the pieces where
tapping are made into conduits. Conduit wiring provides mechanical
protection and electrical safety to persons and properties and
provides convenient and accessible ducts for the conduit. A well
designed electrical race way system has adequate capacity for the
expansion and is readily adaptable to changing conditions.
Features of conduit method of installation
1. Single core cables are used through in the installation
2. Mains or red cables are terminated at the switches; no black
color cables are terminated at the switches but are terminated
at the lamps, except that the cable is crossing over or passing
to its route or location.
3. It reduces cost since less materials such as cables are used
4. Knockout boxes are used unlike surface or surface conduit
where patrex boxes are used

Advantages of conduit installation

1. It allows for fresh cables to be drawn in at any time, most
especially during troubleshooting

28
 2. Conduit tubes are accommodative because it carries a good
number of cables.
3. It saves use of many cable since looping is necessary, hence
it is economical.
4. It give good mechanical protection compare to surface
5. It is neat and more risk free than other method
Disadvantages
1. It is expensive compare to surface.
2. It requires skilled personnel
3. High level of techniques is required to execute or carry out its
work completely.
4. Too much task are usually involved

In this experiment, we want to focus attention on how to get a point

of light wired such that a gang switch will have control over it. This
experiment is the simplest of conduit installation.

29
30
PROCEDURES
 Make available all required materials and dust off the wiring
board.
 Mark the necessary positions where the accessories are to be
installed or placed.
 Measure the length of pipe required and cut from the location
of looping boxes to the switches, lamp and power source (DB)
 Where curves are involved, do bend the pipe using bending
spring
 Clip the pipes with saddle clips and where necessary join pipe
using coupling after applying gum
 Fixed the male bush in the knockout boxes and insert or install
necessary pipe into the male bush attached to the boxes.
 After laying all the pipes to the power source DB, fish and draw
cables from the DB to the switch through the looping boxes
 Insert fishing tape (FT) from the switch to DB, then fix or tight
two cables (Red & black) from the DB and draw the fishing tap.
From the switch until the F.T comes out at the switch with any
red cables. Cut the cables the DB while the black is dropped at
the looping box and taken from looping box to the lamp,
 Fish again from the lamp to the switch to draw the branch cable
(Red color cable) and cut the according either from the switch
or lamp, depending where you are coming from.
 Then, start connecting cables (red and black) to the switch and
then cover the switch, cover also the looping box
 Connect the lamp holder and lamp
 Carry control, polarity continuity tests.
 Connect the circuit to the power source.
 Clean and clear the workshop and return the tools at the tool
boxes.

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TASKS
1. What are the characteristics of conceal method of electrical
installation
2. Distinguish between surface conduits and conceal conduit.
3. Draw a diagram illustrating how to connect two lighting points
to be controlled by a gang switch using conduit method
4. Represent the above question in an D.C circuit
5. What are the features of electrical installation circuit
connected in series and in parallel.
6. Draw any installation service of your choice in series and in
parallel.

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 EXPERIMENT 7
TOPIC: Electrical surface installation service of a point of light,
controlled by a two-way switch
AIM:
 To teach the students the materials used for surface method of
installation.
 To understand steps to achieve this connection
 To identify the tools and compare with other tools for other
method of wiring
 To teach the student where this type of installation service is
best suited or where it can be employed.
 To show the student how to make a two way connection

EQUIPMENT/TOOLS:
 Plier, cutter, cable knife, ball hammer, set of screw driver hark
saw, Jimlet, driller machine flat and round chisel.
 Required length of 1mm2 twin cable
 Some length of 1.5mm2 two cable
 One joint (function) box (big size)
 Small VG Clips, medium VG clips and long VG chips
 A straight lamp holder, A lamp
 A wooden block
 A source (DB)
 Two 3x3 patrex box
 Two one one-gang switch
 Chip nails, some pcs of 1 x 10 & 3 x 4 screw nails
 Wiring board
 Marker or ink, long ruler or lone rope,
 Measuring tape

THEORY
A two way switch is an installation or wiring service method that
employs use of two different one gang switches to control (put ON or
OFF) a point of light, irrespective of the distance of the lamp. This

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method of wiring is connected and seen where so desired such as in
modern rooms as bed switch, long corridors with two entrances and
in start cases.
Since the method employed is surface wiring, twin cable used. This
wiring method allows the cables to be mounted on the walls, ceilings
and where required on the surface to achieve this method. This
installation service should be made with carefulness because in
some cases, it may require addition of single core cables at both the
two switch lines. Also core must be taken during installation by the
technicians because the switch lives may be of two color lines (Red
& Black) which may lead the confusion.

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35
PROCEDURES
 Make all the required or needed materials available.
 Clear the work space on the wiring board, and select area to be
used
 Looking at the given layout or circuit diagram, mark all the
enables routes from the switch positions to the DB, from the
lamp to JB and finally from the JB to the source, DB.
 Nail the clips following the direction of the wire lines marked,
six switches apart,
 Stripe and straighten the cables, measure and cut cables and
run through clipping from the two switches to the JB, from the
DB to the JB, and from the switches, leave about 8 intches
unclip for moard connection to the fillings.
 Peel some part of the cable at the switches, JB, lamp and at the
DB for connection.
 Make JB connection by
i. connecting the mains of the supply line together at the JB
with the red or black line connected to the common
terminal of switch
ii. Then connect the red part of the lamp together at JB with
the red or black line connected at the common of the
switch 2.
iii. Connect the red or black part of the switch 2 terminals 1
together at the JB with the Red or black part of the switch
1 terminal 1.
iv. Also connect the red or black part of the switch 2
terminal 2 together at the JB with the line or cable part of
switch 1 terminal 1, and finally.
v. Connect the black part of the lamp together with the
black part of the source at the JB tape all the joints at the
JB and close the cover.

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  Connect the two switches and the lamp after mounting the
patrex and wooden block for lamp
 Connect the circuit (JB) to the DB
 Test the installation and power it
 Clean and tidy up everywhere and pack and return tools at
tools box or space.

TASKS
1. Carry electrical installation services of a two lighting points,
being controlled by a two-way switch
2. Draw internal arrangement of a D4 surface type and 3-Ø D6
3. Make series connection of 3 lamps control by one gang switch.
4. Draw internal graphical representation of a gang switch, 2 –
gang switch, 2-way switch, one-gang-one-way switch, 2-gang-
2way switch 2-gang one-way switch.
5. Project construction of a 3-points of light, controlled by one 2-
gang switch and a gang switch, such that 2-gang switch
controls two lamps while the other lamp is being controlled by
a gang switch

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 EXPERIMENT 8
TOPIC: Conduct method of wiring a point of light controlled by a 2-
way switch or a two-gauge-two-way switch
AIM:
1. To understand conduit method of electrical installation of two
point of light controlled by one gang switch.
2. To understand the material used in conduit method of
electrical installation
3. To understand conduct method of installing three point of light
controlled by the gang switches.
EQUIPMENTS TOOLS
1 T-box/T-looping box Plier
2 Flush gang switches(2) Cutter
3 5 pieces of ½ inch or 2mm pvc Hammer
pipe pvc bengas or karo pipe
4 10 pieces of 20mm saddle chip Set of screw drivers
5 1 straight delta bather or lamp Tester/testing instrument
holder  Fishing tape
 Bending spring (20mm)
 Cable knife or peeler
6 10 pieces 1 x 10 screw nail
fishing tap
7 1 20mm bending spring
8 5 pieces of male bushes
coupling
4. To understand different installation procedures.

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THEORY:
Conduct wiring is a system of using a series of tubes which may be
steel, pvc, copper, aluminum or alloy. The conducts are linked by
boxes usually circular or square or for drawing in the cables after
erection. These boxes have tapped lugs enabling the fixing of box
leads fitting or switch accessories.

The conduct wiring unlike the surface wiring involves that the wiring
connection as the name implies are done beyond the surface
preventing the wires from being shown on the surface in other
words they are internally conducted. With so many benefits
attached to conduct wiring it has become undoubtedly the best
wiring system. It has attained much importance for interior wiring
installations. The conducts used may either be non-metallic (such as
fiber, plastic-or alkaline) or metallic.
There are majorly two (2) types of conduct wiring
1. Surface conduct wiring
2. Concealed conduct wiring
Conduct or conceal wiring method is known with the concept of
supply mains (Red) from the DB or consumer unit and concerted at
a switch and further looped to other switched within a final sub
circuit. The return otherwise the branch is taken from the switch to
lighting point it’s controlling. The neutral (usually black) runs
directly from DB to a lamp and further looped to other lamps with a
final sub circuit. This means that no neutral (black) cable is found at
the circuit switch and where it is found the conductor is finding its
route or it is because of lack of cables. This happens rarely.

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PROCEDURES

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1. Gather and assemble all the materials needed and clean the
board from dust
2. Mark the necessary positions where the accessories are to be
installed and place them
3. Take measurement of the length of pipe and cut them from the
looping boxes to the switches.
4. Bend the pipes with the aid of bending springs
5. Carry out clipping of the pipes on the board using saddle chips.
6. Fix the male bushes on the knock out boxes and install all the
necessary pipes into the male bush on the knock out boxes.
7. Lay the pipes such that one pipe run from the supply which is
the distribution board to the first switch through the looping
boxes linking each boxes for the passage of cables.
8. After laying the pipes, fish in the cables using the fishing tape
through the pvc pipes.
9. Connect the lamp holders and switches in their positions
10. Connect the supply cables to supply source (DB)
Experiment connection concept
11. Connect the red (mains) of the supply to the common terminal
of the switch 1, while the red part of the lamp should be
connected to the common terminal of the switch
12. Connect a red cable from terminal 1 of the switch 1 to terminal
1 of switch 2.
13. Also connect red conductor from terminal 2 of the switch 1 to
the second terminal of switch 2.

TASK

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1. Project construction of a two gang-two-way switch directing a
lamp in a stair case by (conceal method)
2. What is electric switch
3. Explain electrical fault that any occur in conduit installation
and remedies a
4. State and explain various test you feel is necessary after
conduct installation
5. (a) Mention at least 50 conduct installation materials you know
(b) At least represent 10 graphically

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