Experiment: Aim: To draw the I-V characteristic curve of a P-N junction in forward bias and reverse bias.
Materials Required
1.A P-N junction diode
2.A 3-volt battery
3.A 50-volt battery
4.A high resistance rheostat
5.One 0-3 volt voltmeter
6.One 0-50 volt voltmeter
7.One 0-100 mA ammeter
8.One 0-100 μA ammeter
9.One way key
10.Connecting wires
11.Piece of sandpaper
Theory
➢ Forward bias characteristics
➢ The junction is said to be forward-biased when the p-section of the diode is connected to the positive
terminal of the battery and the n-section of the diode is connected to the negative terminal of the battery.
With an increase in the voltage, the current also increases. For Si diode, at 0.7 V the current increases
suddenly.
➢ Reverse bias characteristics
➢ The junction is said to be reverse-biased when the p-section of the diode is connected to the negative
terminal of the battery and the n-section of the diode is connected to the positive terminal of the battery.
With an increase in the voltage, there is a small change in the current but the reverse current increases to a
higher value with an increase in the voltage.
Diagram
Forward bias
Reverse bias
Procedure
For forward bias
1) The circuit connections should be as shown in the diagram.
2) All the connections should be neat, clean and tight.
3) For voltmeter (V) and milli-ammeter (mA), the least count and zero error should be noted.
4) To get the zero reading from the voltmeter and milli-ammeter, rheostat should be brought near the
negative end by inserting the key K.
5) To apply the forward bias voltage (VF) of 0.1V, the contact should be moved towards the positive end. The
current remains zero.
6) Keeping current zero, increase the forward bias voltage up to 0.3 V for Ge diode.
7) To record a small current using milli-ammeter, increase the VF to 0.4 V.
8) Increase the VF by 0.2 V and record the corresponding current. When the VF becomes 0.7 V, the current will
increase rapidly.
9) When VF = 0.72 V, the current increases suddenly and this is known as forward breakdown stage.
10) Take out the key if the forward current won’t change as VF increased beyond forward breakdown.
11) Record the observations.
For reverse bias
1) The circuit connections should be as shown in the diagram.
2) All the connections should be neat, clean and tight.
3) Note the least count and zero error of voltmeter (V) and micro-ammeter (μA).
4) To get zero reading from the voltmeter V and micro-ammeter μA, insert the key K and bring the rheostat
near the positive end.
5) To apply reverse bias voltage (VR) of 0.5 V, move the rheostat to the negative end so as to flow the
reverse current.
6) Increase VR by 0.2 V and record the corresponding current. When VR becomes 20 V, the current will
increase rapidly.
7) When VR = 25 V, the current increases suddenly and this is known as reverse breakdown stage. Record
the current reading and take off the key.
8) Record the observations.
Observations
For forward bias
Range of voltmeter = …….V
Least count of the voltmeter = …….V
Zero error of voltmeter = ……..V
Range of milli-ammeter = …….mA
Least count of milli-ammeter = …….mA
Zero error of milli-ammeter = ……..mA
Table for forward bias voltage and forward current
For reverse bias S.NO Forward Bias in (VF) Forward Current in mA (IF)
Range of voltmeter = …….V
Least count of the voltmeter = …….V
Zero error of voltmeter = ……..V
Range of micro-ammeter = …….μA
Least count of micro-ammeter = …….μA 1 0 0
Zero error of micro-ammeter = ……..μA
2 0.2 5
S.NO Reverse bias Reverse current
voltage VR in V IR in μA 3 0.4 10
1 0 0
4 0.8 15
2 5 1
3 7 5 5 1.2 20
Table for reverse bias voltage and reverse current
4 10 5
6 1.6 25
5 15 7
6 20 15 7 2.0 30
7 25 25
8 2.4 35
40
Plotting of Graphs
For forward bias For reverse bias
➢ Plot a graph between VF and IF taking VF on the x-axis and ➢ Plot a graph between VR and IR taking VR on the negative x-axis
IF on the y-axis. The graph obtained is known as forward and negative IR on the y-axis. The graph obtained is known as
bias characteristic curve. reverse bias characteristic curve.
Result
Junction resistance for forward bias = …… ohms
Junction resistance for reverse bias = ……… ohms.
Precautions
1.The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
2.Key should be used when the circuit is being used.
3.Beyond breakdown, forward bias voltage should not be applied.
4.Beyond breakdown, reverse bias voltage should not be applied.
Sources Of Error
Faulty junction diode might be supplied.
Viva Voce
Q1. Define the energy level in an atom.
Ans: Energy level in an atom is defined as the energy value of an electron in the subshell of an atom.
Q2. What are the different types of energy bands?
Ans: Following are the different types of energy bands:
•Conduction band (C)
•Valence band (V)
•Forbidden band (F)
Q3. What are the different types of substances?
Ans: Following are the different types of substances:
•Conductors
•Insulators
•Semiconductors
Q4. What is the SI unit of conductance?
Ans: SI unit of conductance is siemens (S).
Q5. Name the different types of biasing.
Ans: Following are the different types of biasing:
•Forward biasing
•Reverse biasing
