10 COMPUTER

Introduction Five Generations of

Computer
The era of 20th and 21s century has witnessed rapid
Gene Period Main Electronic Main Computers
developments in science and technology influencing
ration components
every aspect of human life. One of the greatest things
I 1940-52 Electronic Valve EDSAC,
that man has ever created is, perhaps, "the Computer'. EDVAC, UNIVAC
The computer is truly an amazing machine. Computer Vacuun Tube
is being used in areas of administration, medicine, 1952-64 Transistor TBM-700, TBM-1401, IBM-1620,
education, sports, defence, shops, home, markets and CDC-1604, CDC-3600, ATLAS,
ICL-1901
many more. Computer and Information Technology
(IT), in recent years, has become an integral part of 1964-71 Integrated 9TBM-360, IBM-370, NCR-395
Circuit CDC-1700, ICL-2903
our life. We can see it almost everywhere.
IV 1971-Largely APPLE, DCM
A computer is an electronic machine that helps to
process data. It is used to solve problems relating to Integrated
Circuit
almost all fields such as education, home, medicine,
science and technology, research, designing, publishing, Optical Fibre,
communication etc. Artificial
A computer is an information-processing and
Intelligence
may vary according to university/organisation.
information-accessing tool. This means that a computer
accepts some information or data from the outside Types of Computer : According to size and capacity
world. It processes it to produce a new information. these arefollowing types of Computer
Information processing is the essence of computing 1. Micro Computer These computers used
are
by
Meaning of Computer: The word computer has derived individual, thus also called PC or Personal Computer.
from an English word "Compute', which means 'to These days PCs are largely used for domestic and
calculate'. official purposes etc.
Computer is an electronic device which processes 2. Mini Computer: This type of computer is
comparatively
the input informations according to the given set of larger than that of micro computer. This is 5 to 50 times
instructions, called program. more
powerful than that of a Micro Computer.
(Blaise Pascal had_ developed the first mechanical 3. MainFrame Computer:These arelarge sized
calculator in 1642 AD, which is called Pascalene') computers
By Time Sharing and Multi Tasking techniques many
British scientist Charles Babbage was the first person to
people rather more than 100 people can work at a time
conceive an automatic calculator or a
computer in 1833. on different terminals of this
computer.
He is called the 'Father of
modern computer', 4. Super Computer : These are very powerful computers
The credit of developing
first computer program goes and have more storage capacity. These are the most
to Lady Ada Augusta, a student of Babbage.
Herman Holorith prepared an electronic expensive and the fastest computers, able to process
machine in 1880, which was tabulating most complex jobs witha very high speed.
with the help of Punch Card.
automatically functional
5. Quantum Computer: The development of thistypeis
Howard Ekin developed the first Mechanical Computer in final stage. Probably Quantum Computers will De

"Mark -I in 1937. more advanced than that of human brain. In Quantum

>
J.P. Ekart and John Moschley invented world's first Computers Q-Bit will be used in lieu of Binary Bits.
electronic computer 'ENIAC-I in 1946 and paved Programming Languages of different generations
the way for first revolution in
the field of
machine or computer. Electronic Valve calculating Generation Languages
was used as a switch in the
or Vacuum Tube 1st Generation (1940-52) FORTRAN-i
computer. 2nd Generation (1952-64) FORTRAN-ii, ALGOL-60, COBOL,L
John Van Newman invented EDVAC
Descrete Variable (Electronic Srd Generation (1964-71) PL/ I, ALGOL -W,ALGOL-68, Pascal
Computer)
Stored Program. The credit of
in 1951, in which he used
BASIG
SIMULA-67, APL, SNOBOL, 4
using
in
computers also goes to him. IndeedBinary System
Mr. Newman 4th Generation (1971--) CLUE, ALFARD, UCLID, Reforme
contributed most in the Pascal, MODULA, EDA, ORACLE
thus gave a development of computer and
right direction to the Computer Revolution 5th Generation Artificial Intelligence Languages.
(Second Revolution). (For future)
 c e o f TRPs?

401
Computer
Some Important Facts related to
December 2 is observed as ConmputerComputers Super Computers developed
in India

Indiahas announced New Computer Literacy Day. Name Manufacturer

First computer (made in India) is Policy in 1984. NAL, Bangalore
was manutactured by 'Siddharth', which FLO SOLVER
Electronics Corporation
First computer in India was installed of India. PACE DRDO
in the Main Post PARAM-10000 C- DAC, Pune
Office of Bangalore on August 16, 1986. C-Dot, Bangalore
First Pollution Free Computerized Petrol CHIPP-16
is in Mumbai. Pump of lIndia MULTIMICRO IIS, Bangalore
First Computer University (in Private Sector) in India MACH IT, Bombay
Rajeev Gandhi Computer University.
is Super computer PARAM - 10000, having the capacity
Bangalore (now Bengaluru) is also known as the Silicon of 1 billion calculations per second, was made by the
Valley of India. scientists ofC-DACof Puneon March 28, 1998. The main
First Indian News Paper to be available on Internet is
credit for the development of the PARAM-10000 goes
The Hindu'. to Dr. Vijay P. Bhaskar, Executive Director of C-DAC,
First Indian magazine to be available on Internet is Pune.
'India Today'. National Aeronautics Laboratories, Bangalore was
First Indian political party which has created its
on internet is
website the first in Indiatodevelop a Super Computer named
'Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP). FLO SOLVER.
Mainly there are three types of Computers Digital, Laser Printers are the fastest printers.
Analog and Hybrid.
TBM (International Business Machine) is an American
First Super Computer of the world is
CRAY K-1-S, computer company.
developed by Cray K Company of U.S.A.
Computer virus is a man made digital parasite, which
'DeepBlue' is a Super Computer which had defeated
World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov. This Super corrupts (infects)the file and known as File corrupter'.
Computer is able to do the work equivalent to the work Modem is a device which connects the computers and
of 32 computers and can think 20 crore steps of chess works based on telephone lines.
in 1 second. Y-2 K was a technical problem, associated with the
calendar (Date, Month and Year) known as
Super Conmputers.developedin the World 'Millenium
Name Manufacturer Bug'
CRAY KIS CRAY K Research Co., USA The development of computer started in India since
Deep Blue IBM Co., USA 1955.
Blue Gene IBM Co., USA Indian Institute of Science,
Bangalore has developed
COSMOS Cambridge University, UK. 'Simputer', which is a small palm sized touch screen
First Electronic Digital Computer of the world is computer.
First computerarium in India
ENIAC is in Bangaluru
Most popularOperating System intheworld:-in PC (Karnataka).
windows-in smartphones-Android-in Tablets-ios Vellanad of Thiruvananthpuram district in Kerala has
been declared the first
Android is used in highest number of devices across fully computerised village of
the world. India.
Most Super Computers use-Linux. PC, Home computer, Electrornic notebook etc. are the
USENET is a link to connect all the universities examples of micro computer.
First book on Personal Computer was written by Ted Some Operating Systems, used in micro
Nelson. computers are
-CP/ M, Mac OS (Apple), DOS,
The book of Ted Nelson Soul of New Machine', won
Pro DOS, MS DOS/
PC DOS, XENIX, WINDOWS, LINUX etc.
Pulitzer Prize. Linus Benedict Torvalds, creator and
First magazine on Computer is "Computer and coordinator of the
Unix like Operating
Automotion'. System. Linus was born inHelsinki,
Finland on December 28, 1969.
First home Computer is Comodor VIC / 20. On Sept. 17, 1991 Linus
First Practical
Digital computer is UNIVAC. completed the first version
of Linux. He. made the wisest
decision in Operating
FORTRAN is the first Programming Language. System history by releasing Linux under General Public
PROLOG is the language of the fifth generation of Licence, thereby making it open and free to all.
computer. He is one of the
J.S. Kilbi developed the pioneers who advocated the idea of free
IC chips software and
thereby changed the software market.
A computer error is known as Bug. A computer may be used to control purely mechanical
CDAC (Centre for Development and Advanced action. It has two main
Computing) was established in Pune in 1988. parts (i) Hardware and
(ii) Software.
 Lucent's General Knowledge
402
The basic elements of computers that can siona
Hardware
to solve problems. a 0 are called flip-flops. It is a simple electricalo
operations
Computer performs
some

various units of a computer system

must and can either be a '0 or a '1', vhich means that
the
device
For this the of currentis either inward or outward. flow
co-ordinate all operations.
perform and Modern computers use a
very tiny set of flip-a.
three main units : 1. Input unit,
A computer has are the
known as aregister. The most important charartteristic
and 3. Output unit. These
2. Processing unit These units of these registers is that the binary digits can be
physical units
of a computer system. in them using certain voltages. stored
constitute the hardware
of a computer.
o w n internal language'.
The entire independent circuits can be designed on a
The computer has its small piece of a semi conductor material likesilicon
made of electronic
The computer is essentially Silicon is obtained from sand and is a poor conduct
All these components are capable of of electricity. But, by chemical processes, the surfa
components.
one of the two states,
either a low (ora and the enterior of a silicon chip are modified to give
generating any
O volt) or a high (say 5 volts). it electronic capabilities. Such miniature circuits ar
in terms of currents and called Integrated Circuits (IC).
> I t is difficult to talk always
information. Therefore, computer By 1971, engineers were able to put a few component
voltages to represent
convention. A is symbolically
high switches- necessary to build a completecomputeron
scientists special
use a
low is represented 0. by a a single chip of silicon. This tiny silicon chip was called
represented by a '1' and a short
The 1s and Os are krnown as binary digits, or in the microprocessor.
term binary refers to something that has Because the computer is a Bbinary machine, it performs
"bits (the
two parts) mathematical operations using the binary number
bits. They do not
Computers always work with system.
understand any other form. The binary number system is similar to the decimal
system where we use ten digits, 0, 1, 2,
bits taken 3... 8, 9 to
Computer scientists use combination of 8
all numerical values. The only difference is
represent
together to represent various symbols. in the number of digits used.
the
Because every bit can take one of 2 possible values, >The computer converts all decimal numbers into binary
the
total number of combinations possible, using bits,
8
numbers or combinations of bits. Then by acting upon
computer can represent 256 different symbols.
individualbits,it canperform therequiredmathematical
This is enough to cover our entire range of alphabets,
+, F etc. operation addition, subtractiorn etc.
numbers and other special characters like $, , mathematica
Such a combination of 8 bits is called a byte. The internal circuits that can perform
more logic
and operations on bits are usually made of two or
To build complex information like paragraphs that generate a 1or
mathematical equations, we would need a larger gates. Logic gates are components
a 0 depending on the input.
number of or characters. Thus we have
the
bytes The three basic logic gates AND, OR and NOT.
are
kilobyte, megabyte and gigabyte.
A computer is organized into three basic units:
In computers information is represented using
1. the Central Processing Unit (CPU)
multiples of 8 (2") bits, since 8 bits are the smallest unit 2. the Memory Unit (MU) and
of information. Therefore, higher units are expressible
in multiples of 2 3. the Input / Output Unit
The power of two closest to a kilo (1000) is 210 = 1024. 1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Mega Bytes is used in a more converntional sense and is The CPU is the part of a computer that performs tne
equal to 1 million bytes or 1000 Kilo Bytes. main function of information processing. The memor

AGiga Byte refers to 1000 megabytes approximately or unit stores data. The computer supplies proces
1 millionkilobytes. information back to the users using special oup
The earliest computers were designed so that there devices.
The Central Processing Unit or CPU, is the m
components could work with 8 bits at a time. brain o
is called the
While the earliest machine were 8-bit machines, important part of the computer. It
calculations a
contemporary computers can work with 16, 32 and even the computer. It makes all the required
64 bits. This is called the data width of the processes data.
computer.
Units of Data Measurement The CPU can be divided into three main componen
(a) ALU (b) CU and () Registers.
Logic Unit (ALU) : ALU perfor
4 Bit
1 Nibble (a) The Arithmetic and the
2 Nibble (8 Bit) 1 Byte all the mathematical and logical operations o
1024 Byte 1 Kilo information supplied to the CPU.
Byte (KB) gof
1024 KB 1 Mega Byte (MB) (b) Control Unit (CU) : This unit directs the workuhe
1024 MB the CPU. It fetches instructions (Progranms) the
1024 GB
1Giga Byte (GB) memory and according to the instructions, contro the
1 Tera Byte (TB) flow of data between the ALU and
other parts
o

1024 TB 1 Peta
Byte (PB) computer.
 cters
Registers are
ata while storage locations
tructions or Computer 403
instrs Consist of the CPU is that hold
Tare the fastestflip-tlops and the registers
using them. The nformations is stored on the ROM at the time of its
memory
Crrast, the memory unit elements in theused by the manufacture. The information might be in the form
n Or after the CPUholds computer.
Ot crucial instructions that govern the working of the

instructions and data

processes these. Computer.
Main ibutes of CPU he ROM is non-volatile and retains its information
N
(a) Da a Width :It refers
after the power is turned off.
even
to the
number The PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)
be manipulated
can

within the CPU ofat bits of data that however, has the option of being programmed, i.e. the
idth of a
The data widt one
given time.
7 computer also called its word
is manufacturer of the computer may choose to load a
Computers have data widths
ranging from
size. program designed by his company into this PROM,
and then the computer would use this PROM like any
A higher data 8 to 64 bits.
rocessing data width means the
faster. A CPU with CPU is
capable of
other ROM.
is more powerful. a
higher data width (b)
Secondary Memory is used
:It to store
data for a long
term. It operates at a much slower rate than primary
) Address Range : Address range refers to memory. Secondary memory is permanent in nature,
memory that can be directly read or the amount of
so it is also called non-volatile. It is also cheaper than
d
Clock Speed: The speed of CPU written by the CPU. primary memory.
Speed. The computer is is known as Clock Primary memory is fast but expensive. To.reducestoragee
devices that can essentially
be put on or off composed of tiny
to indicate 1 or 0. costs, computers alsO usesecondary memory.
At any moment several thousand Common examples of secondary memory are flopPy
their state. To such devices change
synchronize
the change of all these
diskettes, hard (fixed) discs and magnetic tapes, CDs,
components the CPU uses an
internal clock.
DVDs, Memory Cards, USB Sticks etc.
With every tick of this clock all
switches that need to Itis not directlyaccessible to the CPU. Information is
change their position do so in moved from the' secondary memory to the primary
perfect harmony. memory first and then to the CPU.
The larger number of ticks per
speed of the CPU.
second the faster is the Afloppy diskette is a plastic disk coated with magnetic
material.
The ticks per second of the internal clock are measured
in megahertz and gigahertz. Special devices known as disk drives are capable of
reading from and writing to floppies using special
Hertz is a unit of frequency. magnetic head'.
1MHz= Imillion'ticks' per second, 1 GHz= 1000 MHz Any piece of information stored on a floppy diskette
can be directly accessed.
Higher the clock-speed, faster the computer.
2. Memory Unit (MU) Magnetic tapes are long plastic tapes coated with
magnetic material.
The memory unit stores all instructions and data for
the CPU. Memory Unit is an important part of the Magnetictapes can store far larger amounts of data than
the floppy diskette. But a problem with magnetic tapes
Computer system. The storage device of computer
a

Unit can receive

is that information carn not be accessed directly as in the
system is known as memory. Memory case of floppy diskettes.
the instructions
data, hold it and deliver according to The third type of medium, called fixed or hard disks, are
from the control unit. more or less similar to the floppy diskette. But one hard
and (b)Secondary.
Memory is of two kinds: (a) Primary disk drive contains several discs of a hard material.
the working
Primary Memory:It is often referred
to as
(a) Another popular storage medium is the compact disk
of a computer system.
memory or the main memory (CD). Unlike the media described above, CDs are an
and receiving data at a very
t is capable of sending i.e. Data storedin
'optical' medium.
igh speed. It is temporary in nature An optical medium is one where the properties of light
computeris switched
Pimarymemoryarelostwhenthe of is used for the medium to perform its basic functions.
QfE So it is also called volatile memory. Example Conventional CDs are made of a special kind of plastic
primary memory is RAM.
accessible to the CPU. The CDis read using a laser beam.
is directly
Timary memory
quickly Secondary memory is much slower, but it is non-volatile
t must be able provide data very
to
Random and can be used to store information for long periods o-
two basickinds ofprimary
memory are the
ne Read Only Memory time.
and the
Ccess Memory (RAM) DVD drive is another optical drive which is same i
(ROM). size as CDs but is higher in storage capacity
read/write memory.
he RAM is a
of the RAM at any USB Flash drive also known as USB stick, USB, Flas-
contents
CPU change the Memory etc. are physically much smaller than optic=
he can
volatile.
ime. In addition, RAM is the computing
drives with high storage capacity and are removab
influences
Th RAM capacity greatly measured and rewritable in nature.
Capacity is usually size but
SD and Micro SD cards are very small in
ve
Dlity of the computer.
in kilobytes and megabytes. high in capacity.
The ROM can not be altered.
 bin O Lucent's General Knowledge
404 Another, input device is a digital camera
camera has a circuit that is sensitive to light ita
3. Input/Output
physical channel that permits users to The two most common devices are the Visal
There has to be a
to the computer. isual Display
informations
Unit (VDU) and the printer.
supply to the
permit users to supply information
Devices that A Visual Display Unit (VDU) uses a cathode rav
are called 'input' devices.. displ y informations.
thode ray tube to
computer data into
enables us to enter (or "Input")
Input unit devices are keyboard Torepresent any character, VDUilluminatesanaues
The c o m m o n input ticular
computer. these dots. These dots are
a
pattern of also know
and mouse. pixels, a short form for picture-elements, as
that permits a computer to
Similarly, a physical channel outside world. Printers print characters on paper or other sim
convey the processed
information to the similar
called
function are 'output medium.
Devices that permit such a
Printers come in three popularversions: dot matrix
devices enables the computer to show
us the result printers, ink-jet printers and laser printers,
Output unit
that we want. The common output Dot matrix:printers print characters in the form a
and the information
and speakers. combinations ofvery tiny dots. The printing head aliene
devices are monitor, printer
indispensable, but are its pins' to match a particular pattern of dots.
>Input and output devices are peripheral
not a part ofthe CPU, They also called
are Ink-jetprinters'spray jets of ink on to the paper to print
that they lie on the periphery of
the
any character. The characters are absolutely smooth as
devices, suggesting
CPU. ink is sprayed in a continuous flow.
These devices are also called an interface, theyy because
a laser beam to actually 'bun' the
machine. Laser printer;uses
translate informations for m a n and characters on to the paper.
The most popular input device used in contemporary We need to issue the computer a detailed sequence of
computers is the keyboard. instructions that it needs to follow to operate upon any
Another way to input information into a computer is data. Such a sequence is calleda program.
Mark
to use an
Optical Mark Reader (OMR)Optical A program may directly be written to the RAM or may
Readers are capable of reading specially prepared be stored in some form of secondary memory
forms. These forms have a provision for black marks
to
be made using a pen or a pencil in a specific position. It may be transferred from the secondary memory to
Most competitive examinations that deal with a large the RAM as and when required.
number of students usually use this system. Execution of a program means that data is moved around
Banks use another input device called a MagneticInk in the CPU according to a well-detailed sequence by the
programme.
Character Reader (MICR).
using Computer programs are written using special languages
Special numbers are written on bank cheques
magnetic ink and in a particular style to write different called programming languages.
numbers. The MICRpasses over the words or characters, There are several programming languages. Each
examines the shape of the magnetic field created by the language has its own 'grammar' called its syntax.
character, and is thus able to recognize it.
Types of Programming Languages
Barcodesareoftenimprintedonproductsinmerchandise are
stores. A bar code consists of several parallel vertical Machine language and the language
assembly
lines of different thickness that represent the binary examples oflow-levellanguages.
A special program called (Assembler) converis al
digits.
The bits form a code that can be used to identify the instructions into the binary format.
Because all such instructions must finally be converea
object on which the bar code is imprinted. A bar code have
reader is used to read the bar codes by detecting the to the binary form,all high-level languages
bars by using light. their own translátion programs called compilers0
The bar code can represent information like the price of interpreters.
are C,
the product or its date of expiry etc.
Examples of popular high-level languages C
Menu-driven programs, where the user sees the host of JAVA, Pascal, Fortran etc.
on-screen choices, sometimes use another input devices
called the mouse. Software
Software relates to set of programs. The sort
The mouse is a pointing device. It can be gripped in controls the computer hardware parts and make t
the palm of the hand and moved over a horizontal
surface. The motion of the mouse can be monitored by operational. In other words, it governs
the operan
the computer in different ways. of a computer system.
mputer
Software is a general term used tor all c o h e
The movement is measured and transmitted to the the

computer. This generates a corresponding movement from

programs. This distinguishes programs whie are

of an on-screen marker called a cursor from one

option physical components of the computer,
to another. collectively called the hardware. rams:

To select an option, the user presses one of the mouse's Software is generally divided into two kinds ofprogra
buttons. APplication programs and System's programs.
 405
Anplications programs are Computer
computer to be used as a programs
tool for some that permit the Software: It is designed to perform some
Application
A common term used for specific tasks. specific applications such as payroll, word processing
processors. special text editors is word graphics etc.
Another popular type of Batch Processing Dataare processed in a batch.
Data Base Management application programs is the BIOS It stands for Basic Input Output System. This
The most important
Systems (DBMS). program is stored in ROM.
system's program is an
system.
operating Bit:It is theshort form of Binary Digit.
Operating systems help users interact with the Boot Loader : It reads the main portion of the operating

Windows, Mac OS arecomputer

system from secondary memory.
Unix, MS-DOS Linux, website.
the most popular operating some of Browsing: Viewing webpages on the
porary computers. systems used by contem- Byte : One byte is a collection of 8 bits.

Important Keyboard Shortcuts Cell: Cells are boxes created by the intersection of rows
Short Cut Keys
(Commands) and columns.
Description Cell Pointer: The boundary of active cell is called cell
Ctrl +A Select All pointer.
Crl+B Bold Copyright: It means the material and information are

the personal property of the owner or producer.

Ctrl+C
Copy Counter feiting: I t is a process of making and
Ctrl+D Font Dialogue Box
distributing illegal copies of software packages.
Ctrl+E Centre Alignment Cracker: A cracker is a person who breaks into a
Ctrl+I Italics computer system to steal the information as programs for
Ctrl+J Justified Alignment unauthorized use.
Ctrl+L Left Alignment CU:It stands for Control Unit. It controls the computer
Ctri+N Opens New blank document system.
Data: Data are raw facts and figures.
Ctrl+0 Opens existing document Database: It is a collection of files. Data remains in an
Ctrl+R Right Allignment organized form in a database.
PrtScn Print screen/Take a screen
shot Data Capture: It is a process of collecting or capturing
Alt+ Tab Switch to next opened program data from a site or a source.

Ctrl+Home Go to beginning of a File/Worksheet Data Manipulation:Captured data are manipulated to

produce information.
Ctrl+End Go to end of a File/Workshet
Data processing It is the process to get meaningful
Alt +Shift+Tab Switch to previous opened program
information from data.
Alt+ F4 Close window/Shut down
DBMS: It stands for Database ManagementSystem. It
Ctrl+Y Redo is a software package to manage database.
Ctrl+Z Undo DHTML: It stands for Dynamic Hyper Text Markup
Ctrl+W Close File Language. Itis used to create dynamiccontent onweb pages
Dial Up Networking It is the method by which a
Ctrl+X Cut
computer is connected to the Internet using telephone.
Ctrl +F2 Print Preview
DOS It stands for Disk Operating System. It is an
Help operating system.
2 Edit/Rename Downloading: Process oftransferring files from internet
Properties to computer memory.
P5 o to Ethics: Ethics are rules and beliefs.
Spell Check Fields: A field in database is a collection of bytes that
contain data about an item.
F12 SaveAs File: A file is a
collection of related records.
ESC Escape
Ctrl+S Save
GML:It stands forGeneral Mark-up Language
Hacker:Ahackeris a person who breaks into a computer
Ctrl+U Underline
system to get access the information stored there.
Ctrl+P Print HTML: It stands for Hyper Text Markup Language.
Ctrl+K Hyperlink It is used to create web-pages.
Glossary LAB It stands for Internet Activities Board which was
MS Excel with dark boundary formed in 1983. It is now called as Internet Architectural
Active Cell: The cell in Board
called the active cell.
All calculations
Logic Unit. IAS: It stands for Internet Application Software also
ALU:It stands for Arithmetic known as Browsers.
Computer are done here.
 C-

Lucent's General Knowledge

406
Internet Engineer Task Force. An operating system manages
ETF It stands for M.
computer resources. st popular Ssi
IRTF It stands for Internet Research Task Force. An operating system performs
Netwo
TSP:It stands for Internet Service Provider.
different functions.
Facebont
book, Twit e,
Internet Society :Itwas formed in 1992 to promote the
An operating system is
Linkedin and
use of Internet. responsible nstagram
for process
Input Unit It is a part of computer system and used management, file management, etc
There are many kinds of
to entergata. operating system,
Linux t is a Unix like Operating System with graphical Some popular operating systems
are
uset interface. Windows, LINUX, Mac 0S, etc. DOS, UNX
MAC OS:It is an OperatingSystem used in Macintosh The Windows Explorer program is more
eficiens
Computer, developed by Apple viewing folders in Windows. ient foy
Modem: It is a device to connect different computer Windows Explorer is divided vertically inta t
systems to the internetusing telephone or cable lines. or two panes. Par

MU:It stands for Memory Unit. It is used to store data. > The left side pane displays disk drives and
folders
Online Processing It is used when data are coming hierarchical order. ina
continuously without delay.
The rightpane displays the contents of the
Operating Unit It is used to take output from the that is selected on left side pane.
folder / driuNe
computer T h e process oflinking
text values
Most popularonli
OperatingSystem:It is an interface between the human in a series within a formula is Shopping Website
user and the computer hardware. called 'concatenation'. Amazon.com,
Piracy It is the illegal reproduction and distr on of
The computer is a data
Flipkart.com and
software application. processing ebay.com
machine.
Primary Key It is a field with unique value for each
Data processing involves
record. some activities like dat
computing data manipulation and information
Primary Memory : It is the main memory of a computer
management.
system A database is a collection of interrelated data.
Query Itisused to extractinformation froma database.
Range of Cells It is group of neighbouring cells that Computers are very useful for maintaining databases
touch each other. A relational database is a collection of data items
organized as a set of formally described tables ftrom
RDBMS:Itstands forfRelationallDatabase Management which data can be accessed or reassembled in many
System different ways without having to reorganize the
Record It is the collection ofrelated fields.
database tables.
Secondary Memory t is the permanent memory of
the computer. MSAccess is a powerful program to create and manage
our databases.
Software: It relates to sets
of programs. A table is collection of data about a specific topic
a
SOLARIS:Itis a Unix like OperatingSystem developed
by Sun Microsystems. A form is a graphical representation of a table.
Areport is a presentation of data in a printed format
Sorting:It is arranging of data in order.
System Software : It performs the basic functions that We can create mailing labels for your database using
are
necpssary operate computer system.
to a MS Access.
Tag )It is part of HTML. It determines the way, the Internet is the network of computer networks
with

browaer displays text inaWeb Page. millions of computer attached to it.

Unix It is a powerful multiuser operating system. It
The Internet was originally developed by the
uses command line user interface.
Departmernt of Defence.
(Virus It is a harmful computer program. T h e World Wide Web' was invented by--Tim Bene
ernes

Some Memorable Facts Lee.

stems.
A computer is a data processing machine. FAT 32 and NTFS are the two major file systeu
It has two main parts: hardware and software. Microsoft Windows. Owertu

> Websites are files in servers, which are pom

Hardware comprises of the physical units of a
computer
system computers.
Software is a set of programs. Websites contain pages called Web
Both hardware and software
Pages
The collection of all websites is called World Wae
together make a computer
system functional. or WWW.
Data are raw facts and Hyper text was first coined by Ted Nelson in 1
1960s

An
figures.
operating system is an interface between the user HTML is a markup language. It is used tocreate
ca
and the
computer hardware. Pages. It uses commands called Tags.
 407

Computer
associated with Computer
Toxt editors are used to compose HTML documents. Abbreviations
Advanced
Parallel
LITML documents are viewed in Web browsers. Centre for
Development of
CDAC
tn the Photoshop toolbox, the tools are Computing8
grouped by type.
ome of the tool icons have a tiny black triangle in the Centre for Development
Of Telematrics
C-DOT Transfer Protocol
ower-right corner of their icons. This means that there Hyper Text
re more tools of the same general kind available on a
HTTP
are Read Only Memory
pop-up menu. ROM Random Access Memory
RAM
Most Popular Mobile Operating System is Android, Basic Input-Output System
followed by iOS & Windows. BIOS Modulation-Demodulation

MODEM
> Versions of Android (old to new)are: Computer Aided Design
CAD Network
Cupcake Donut Eclairs» Froyo »Ginger Public Switched Telephone
Bread ioneycomb> Ice Cream Sandwich > Jelly PSTN Data Network
Packet Switched Public
PSPDN Network
BeansKit-kat>Lolipop>Marshmallow> Nougat RABMN Remote Area Business Message
>Oreo.
Local Area Network
Coding is the process of writing out computer LAN Wide Area Network
instructions. WAN
Metropolitan Area Network
Four major digital initiatives into push e-education MAN Access
by the govt. are Swayam, Swayam Prabha, National CDMA Code Division Multiple
Access Service
Academic Depository and National Digital Library. GAIS Gateway Internet
Electronic Mail
Oracle is a database software. E-Mail
Compact Disc
Speed of Computer (or Clock speed) is measured in CD
Liquid Display Unit
Hertz (Hz). LDU Central Processing Unit
Speed of Modern Processors are often measured in CPU
Computer Aided Manufacturing
Gigahertz (GHz). CAM Scan
of communication over a data channel is CATSCan Computerised Axial Tomography
Speed Common Business Oriented Language
measured in 'Baud'. COBOL
Common Algorithmic Language
>DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is COMAL
a network management protocol
used on TCP/IP DOS Disc Operating System
networks to provide quick, automatic and central Desk Top System
P addresses
DTS
distribution of
management for the DTP Desk Top Publishing
within the network. E-Commerce Electronic Commerce
Junk email is called 'spam'. ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator
Cloud Computing- On demand delivery ofcomputer FAX Fascimile Automated Xerox
and other IT
power, database storage, applications FLOPS Floating Operations Per Second
resources through a cloud services platform mainly via FORTRAN Formula Translation
is a distributed computer
the internet. In other words it High Level Language
architecture that provides software, infrastructure and HLL
applications/users. HTML Hyper Text Markup Language
platforms just as required by
for performing IBM International Business Machine
Spreadsheet/MS Excel is appropriate
calculations. Integrated Circuit
numerical and statistic
on Interactive Computer ISH International Super Highway
CAD/CAMsystems are based
LISP List Processing
Graphics is implementation
an LLL Low Level Language
Data Encryption Standard (DES) structure and
Feistel
ofa FeistelCipher.It uses 16 round MICR Magnetic Ink Character Recognition/Reader
the block size is 64 bits. MIPS Million Instructions Per Second
form of parallel Million Operations Per Second
Orthographic 3D Projection (a 3D objects in 2D. MOPS
of representing MPU Micro Processor Unit
projection) is a means
sometimes referred as the
The Banker algorithm, allocation and
NICNET National Informatics Centre Network
is a resource
detection algorithm developed by Edsger
OMR Optical Mark Reader/Recognition
avoidance algorithm PC-DOS Personal Computer Disk Operation System
cleadlock
W. Dijkstra. PROM Programmable Read Only Memory
different networks
connect two
Gateway is used to SNOBOL StriNg Oriented symBOlic Language
using different protocols. UPS Uninterruptable Power Supply
'Nibble (consists 4 bits).
Ahalfbyte is known as 8.0 to 11.0 could handle 65,536 VDU Visual Display Unit
MS Excel from Version
but later Version 12.0 can handle
VLSI Very Large Scale Integration
rows and 256 columns www World Wide Web
48,576 rows and 16,384 columns.
 Lucent's General Knowledge
408
Abbreviations NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
Air Quality Index NCCE National Council for Clinical Establishma.
AQI
AVES Acute Viral Encephalitic Syndrome NCH National Consumer Helpline
BCTT Bank Cash Transaction Tax NEIA National Export Insurance Account
Banking Codes and Standard Board of India NMDP National Maritime Development Programme
BCSB
CIC Central Information Commission NJC National Judicial Council
CSTO Collective Security Treaty Organization NOTE National Organization for Tobacco Eradication
CNLU Chanakya National Law University NSSO National Sample Survey Organisation
DII Domestic Institutional Investor OCI Overseas Citizen of India

DTH Direct to Home PDS Public Distribution System

ECGC Export Credit Guarantee Corporation PETA Peoples for Ethical Treatment of Animal
FDI Foreign Direct Investment PURA
. .
Providing Urban Amenities in Rural Areas
FI Foreign InstitutionalInvestor PHFL Public Health Foundation of India
GANDHI Green Action for National Dandi Heritage Initiative B Qualified Institutional Buyer
GAGAN GPS Aided Geo-Augmented Navigation OIP Qualified Institutional Placement
GUAM Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova RLDA Railway Land Development Authority
GVA Gross Value Added Railway Territorial Army
HPAI Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza RI Round Table Conference
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency RIG Radio-isotope Thermo-electricGenerator
ICICI Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of Real Time Gross Settlement
India
SCRAMET Supersonic Combustion Ramjet
TFSC Indian Financial System Code SIM Subscriber Identification Module
ITF India International Trade Fair
SWIFT Society for World-Wide International Finandal
IMO Instant Money Order Transactions
BSA India, Brazil, South Africa SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats
IRDA Insurance Regulatory Authority SYL Sutlej-Yamuna Link (canal)
KYC Know Your Customer YWCA Young Women's Christian Association
MNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural UID
Employment Unique Identity Number
Guarantee Act
UIDAI Unique Identification Authority of India
MRO Mars Recconnaissance Orbiter
VAT Value Added Tax
NADT National Authority on Drugs and Therapeutics ZSI Zoological Survey of India