PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES

- FORENSIC SCIENCE
o 2000 BC – LT: FORUM means MARKETPLACE –> DEBATE/DISCUSSION (ROMAN EMPIRE) -> TRIAL COURT
“COUNSEL & DEFENSE” -> JUSTICE
o FORUM in 1700’s -> BERNARD SPILSBURY -> FORENSIS = LEGAL MATTERS
o 1910 – FORENSIC – adj. describing a certain situation in a legal matter.
o SCIENCE – experimentation and empirical method (realistic)
o FATHER OF SCIENCE – EDMUND LOCARD “locardian exchange principle – in every contact, there is always a
trace left”
o FORENSIC SCIENCE - > No comparison, it is all about scientific matters
o CRIMINALISTICS -> with comparison of two specimen, science of comparison
o ENTOMOLOGY – pertains of the study of life cycle ng insect.

- PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
o IDENTIFICATION
 IDENTIFY -> RECOGNIZE/DETERMINE
 TION -> METHOD
o PERSON
 UNIQUENESS OF AN INDIVIDUAL
 HIGHEST FORM OF ANIMAL

- ORDINARY OBSERVATION (ORDINARY WITNESS)

o SMELL - OLFACTORY
o SIGHT - VISUAL
o HEAR - AUDITORY
o TOUCH - CUTANEOUS
o TASTE – GUSTATORY
 TRIAL BY ORDEAL
 PORTRAIT PARLE
 GAIT – scientific analysis of manner of walking (GATE ANALYSIS)
 CEREBELLAR – staggering; drunk like walking
o Victim of rape, drunk
 COW’S GAIT – knock-knee feet
 PARETIC GAIT – feet and legs are held apart; walks like a robot
 SPASTIC GAIT – stiff manner of walking; walks like a penguin
 ATAXIC GAIT – foot is raised high and sudden drop; padabog
 FESTENATING GAIT – short, drag, quick walking
 FROG GAIT – hop-like walking
 WADDLING GAIT– walks like a duck, buttocks are swaying

- SCIENTIFIC METHOD – highly knowledgeable and technical method

o DNA
o ODONTOLOGY
o ANTHROPOLOGY
o DACTYLOSCOPY
o ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF IDENTIFICATION
 AGE:
 Bones:
o Child = 300 bones
o Adult = 206 bones
o OSSIFICATION – FUSION OF BONES
 Teeth:
o 32 SETS OF TEETH – 16 up 16 down
o Temporary teeth of child – 12 yrs old
o Permanent – 12 yrs old up
 Voice:
o 12 yrs old – voice changes
o 13 yrs old – breast protrude
o 12 to 13 = nagkakamens ang babae
o 13 = pubic hair of female
o 12 = pubic hair of men
 RACE:
 Bone
o Skull
 Caucasian – Elongated (Derek ramsey kalbo)
 Indian – Flat
 Malayan – circular (pinoy)
o Skin
 African – Black skin, thick lips, curly hair
 Malayan – Meztizo
 Caucasian – White
 GENDER:
 Bones:
o Pelvis
 M – Narrow
 F – Widen (Nanganganak)
o Number of bone
 M – Numerous (mas marami)
 F – Less
o Sexual Organ
 Presumptive
 Penis - Lalaki
 Vagina – Babae
 Conclusive
 Sexual Glands
o Ovary – F
o Prostate – M
o ANTHROPOMETRY – first scientific method of identification -> alphonse bertillon “no two person has the
bone that are exactly alike”
 Measurement of the bones of an individual -> 11 bones na di pareparehas ang buto,
 Mug shot photography
 1920’s
 West case – abolished anthropometry system
  1923 – Henry Belper -> Belper Committee -> tanggal sa EUROPE AT AMERICA ang ANTHROPOMETRY
o DNA – DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (1946) - Corroborative
 CELL – circular particle na may nucleus sa gitna
 NUCLEUS -> CHROMOSOMES -> 23 nanay 23 tatay
 ALLELE – Program/identity/genes (HAIR)
 GENOTYPE – genes appear to body (buhok balat mata labi)
 PHENOTYPE – environment/lifestyle (high blood, diabetes, cancer)
VNTR – Variable Number Tandem Repeats

o BLOODTYPING – for presumptive or corroborative evidence

 KARL LANDSTEINER | SPECIFIC ANTIGEN – A, B, AB, O
 LEONNE LATTES – Criminal Investigation using blood
 LAW OF MULTIPLICITY OF EVIDENCE – principle that if there is greater similarity and dissimilarity
the conclusion is probably correct.
o Comparison - Compare | Exclusion – Exclude -> Process of Elimination
 RULE OF LAW OF MULTIPLICITY OF EVIDENCE
o The more na tumatagal yung evidence the more na mas kinakailangan natin ng taong mag
eexamine
o No hard rule paano examine ang evidence
o The more person na pinagdadaanan ng evidence, prone to contamination

- FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION / DACTYLOSCOPY – CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE

o HISTORY OF FINGERPRINT
 NOVA-SCOTIA – form of designing, pangdisenyo ng walls for guide sa lugar
 CHINA – 2000 BC (CHI DYNASTY) – FOR ORNAMENTATION ONLY ANG FINGERPRINT NOON
 HUA CHI
o LO – Spiral/Snail - Whorl
o KI – Winnowing basket – Loop
 Superstitious belief – fingerprint is for ornamentation only, pandesign ng paso
 JAPAN – Domestic Law [All newlywed people in Japan are required to impress or affixed thumbark
beside the marriage certificate]
 MARCELO MALPIGHI – MICROSCOPE – he made study as to the ridges of the finger
 2 Main layer of skin
o Epidermis – Top layer/portion of skin
 Protective layer/first line of defense
o Dermis – 1.8 mm pababa galing epidermis
 Generating layer [nalilibag ang katawan]
 Sweat mechanism
 Sweat glands – produce sweat
 Sweat dock – passage way of sweat
 Sweat pores – glitters, tiny hole where the sweat comes out
 Sebacous gland – gland of face including the neck; oily substance
 Apocrine – hair root; tumutubo beside the root of the hair, sa ulo, produces acidic
sweat.
 Eccrine gland (palad, daliri, talampakan) – sweat made up of salt and amino acid, nag
dahil sa amino acid, fingerprint can last up to 72hrs hanggang 90hrs

 NEHEMIAH GREW – nadiscover niya yung ridges and furrows

 Ridges – hill-like structure, elevated portion of finger or palm
  Furrows – depressed portion or canal-like structure
 THOMAS TAYLOR
 Friction Skin – epidermal hairless skin, consisting of strip alternating ridges, linya sa balat
o Fingerprint - Markang naiwan ng friction skin
o Handprint/Palm print – kapag kamay
 Tinawag ni Taylor na Friction Skin kasi it resists friction -> may kapit kapag hinawakan yung pader
 Purpose ng friction skin -> to give a grasp or kapit

 Johannes Christoph Andreas Mayer – JCA Mayer

 Although may have a similar fingerprint but not exactly alike pero di parepareho – PRINCIPLE OF
INDIVIDUALITY “No two person that has exactly alike fingerprint” magkamukha man ng pattern
pero di same details

 FRANCIS GALTON
 By the use of biology and mathematics – he found out 1:64 BILLION POSSIBILITY OF TWO
FINGERPRINT TO BE SIMILAR
 WILLIAM HERSCHEL – CHIEF MAGISTRATE of INDIA galing UK inutos niya na FINGERPRINT AND
HANDPRINT SUBSTITUTE TO SIGNATURE (FATHER OF CHIROSCOPY)
o CHIROSCOPY – study of palm print
 CHEIR – Palm
 COPY – Hair
 HENRY FAULDS – discover LATENT PRINT to determine the identity of SUSPECT
o LATENT PRINT – any fingerprint left at the crime scene -> visible or invisible
o HERMAN WELCKER – after 41 years di nagbago ang kanyang fingerprint, may nakita siyang
sobre sa kanyang bodega na ginawa niya nung 15 years old siya na nilagyan niya ng
fingerprint, cinompare ang present at past, nakita niya na walang pagbabago - PRINCIPLE OF
PERMANENCY
 JOHANNES PURKENJIE – he is the one who categorized fingerprint into different names
o FATHER OF DACTYLOSCOPY – he was the first person who made identification of fingerprint
into 9 types of patterns
o ORIGINAL 9 PATTERNS (1890’s)
 4 LOOPS
 3 ARCH
 2 WHORL
o Pero noon di pa nakagroup yan, si Francis Galton nag group sa 9-fingerprint pattern na yan

 [1937] FRANCIS GALTON AND EDWARD RICHARD HENRY AND FBI

 Modified the 9 FINGERPRINT PATTERN
o 4 WHORL
o 2 LOOP
o 2 ARCH

MARAMI NANG NAGBIGAY NG IMPORTANCE SA FINGERPRINT TO SOLVE AND TO CONVICT AN INDIVIDUAL

 ARGENTINA – unang nagsolve ng crime using fingerprint

 Murder Case – Francisca Rojas -> first convicted individual using fingerprint
 JUAN VUCETICH – FATHER OF FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION
  EDWARD RICHARD HENRY – FATHER OF FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION -> SELF PROCLAIM
 Developed the System – CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM -> Primary, Secondary, SubSecondary, Major,
Final and Key
o Ginawa for proper filing, at maayos ang fingerprint card ng tao, at para mabilis kang
makapaghanap ng suspect
 PROPER FILING
 According to the result, ang mauuna sa system, para kapag may lumabas sa
system na match or possible match sa classification na meron yung isang tao, di
na niya kakalkalin yung sa mga nasa ibababa

o I - AFIS – [INTEGRATED] AUTOMATED FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM

 Computer na bahala magmatch sa fingerprint ng suspect galing sa crime scene at imamatch sa
database ng computer, thru Algorithm matching

- DIFFERENT DISCIPLINE INVOLVING THE STUDY OF FRICTION RIDGES

o DACTYLOSCOPY – DACTYL -> finger | SCOPY -> skopien -> scientific study of fingerprint, known as
FINGERPRINT ANALYSIS
 Comparison of two fingerprint
o DACTYLOGRAPHY – scientific study of fingerprint for the purpose of identification
 Method of CLASSIFICATION AND FINGERPRINTING
 Pattern, ridge count, classification
 Study of the appearance of the fingerprint as related to the examination of fingerprint
o DACTYLOMANCY – Character interpretation (guhit ng palad na ikaw nag yayaman)
o CHIROSCOPY – Study of palm print
o PODOSCOPY – Soles of feet
o RIDGEOSCOPY – Study of characteristics; thickness, shape, length of ridges, height of ridges
o POROSCOPY – Study of sweat pores; any part of the body
 FATHER OF POROSCOPY – EDMUND LOCARD
o DERMATOGLYPHICS – Study of skin pattern
o CHEILOSCOPY – study of lip pattern

- PHALANGE - SKELETAL FORMATON OF THE FINGER

o TERMINAL PHALANGE – Tip in FINGER
o MIDDLE PHALANGE – secondary source of identity
o BASAL PHALANGE – base of the finger
o THENAR ZONE – baba ng thumb
o HYPOTHENAR ZONE – hinliliit
o PALMAR ZONE – gitna
o CARPAL DELTA ZONE – taas ng wrist

- FINGERPRINT – the reproduction of the first joint of the finger or thumb, left at smooth surface by means of
sweat or any colored substances that produces or makes or allow the person to identify the individuality of the
person.
o Reliable method of identification, it has different characteristics that differs from one another
- DOGMATIC PRINCIPLE OF FINGERPRINT (BEST FINGER IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUE AMONG OTHER)
 PRINCIPLE OF INDIVIDUALITY/UNIQUENESS – No two person have the same fingerprint.
 PRINCIPLE OF CONSTANCY/PERMANENCY – Unchangeable from womb to tomb, Fetus to Death
  Start to develop – 3rd – 4th months
 Completed at – 5th-6th months until death
 PRINCIPLE OF INFALLIBILITY – cannot be destroyed or forged, to any error
 JOHN DILLINGER – Corrosive Acid
 ROBERT JAMES PITTS – tinanggal yung tip 2.5 mm
 LOCARD – sinunog niya ng mainit ng mantika yung hinliliit niya

- PATTERN – formation of the ridges in the finger

- ENDING RIDGE – yung putol, or end ng ridges while it is moving, discontinuation of ridges

PATTERN - /FAMILY/GROUP/CATEGORY
WHORL LOOP ARCH
Circuiting ridge – spiral, circular, oval It is a pattern, recurving ridge, it Wave-like pattern
curves back, pabalik One side it flows to the other side,
with a rise at the center
Originates sa buto ng tao

1. Sufficient recurve – 2
shoulder
2. 1Delta 1Core
3. At least 1 Ridge count
2 delta 1 delta No delta
1 core 1 core No core
MEMBER OF FINGERPRINTS (WCDX, UR, AT)
ATRUWCDX - CLASSIFICATION
PLAIN WHORL (W) – If you put an ULNAR LOOP (U) – Ulna bone; PLAIN ARCH (A) – slight raise at the
imaginary line between 2 deltas, it located to the little finger; center, simplest and rarest pattern
touches, cross, cut, hits, bridge any of slanting/flows toward little/pinky
the circuiting ridges. finger TENTED ARCH (T) – elevated raise at
RADIAL LOOP (R) – Radius bone; the center
CENTRAL POCKET LOOP (C) – it does located to the thumb; pattern - Have angle – 90 degree angle
not touches, cross, cut, hits, bridge wherein slants/flows towards the - Up thrust – horizontal line
the circuiting ridge. thumb with a rod at a center
- Incomplete loop formation
DOUBLE LOOP WHORL (D) – it
pertains to a pattern having two loop
formation, separate and not touching
each other (2 delta 2 core)

ACCIDENTAL WHORL (X) –

combination of 2 or 3 pattern (except
plain arch)

- TYPELINE (WHORL AND LOOP) – it is a ridge that surrounds or tend to surround the pattern with in the
divergence (ridge na bumuka – divergence)
o Ito yung ridge na halos bumalot na sa loob ng pattern area na nandoon sa loob ng divergence
- BIFURCATION – single ridge splits into two
- DIVERGENCE – two ridges parallel to each other, moves away to each other
- PATTERN AREA – yung nasa loob, this is where you will find the pattern, kung whorl loop and arch bay an, diyan
din makikita yung delta at core
- FOCAL POINT – important point before ridge counting and ridge tracing
 o DELTA – outer terminus -> within infront the divergence of the typlines
o CORE – inner terminus -> heart of the fingerprint pattern

ATRUWCDX

- PLAIN WHORL (W) AND CENTRAL POCKET LOOP (C) – Basic type of whorl
- DOUBLE LOOP WHORL (D) AND ACCIDENTAL WHORL (X) – Special type of whorl

RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS (minuate details of F/P Pattern)

BEDS PATTERN - BASIC

- Bifurcation – single ridge that fork/splits into two

- Ending Ridge – continuous ridges that suddenly stops, abrupt ending
- Dot/Ridge dot/Island ridge – small dot period
- Short ridge – 1mm or less

BEDS – allows us to trace the fingerprint in the crime scene, MATCH at least 8 points of identity in PHILIPPINES
 PPL V. MEDINA – 10 pts of BEDS MATCH (POINTS OF IDENTITY)
o 8 – PH
o 12 – US
o 15 – UK
o 13 – EU
o 14 – AFRICA

SPECIAL

- Eyelet/Enclosure/Lake ridge – type of ridge characteristics, that is a single ridge splits apart and after a long side
by side formation it comes together to form another
- Divergence – 2 ridges parallel to each other spread out
- Convergence – 2 ridges that needs ascertain fold
- Bridge – ridge connects to a ridges that continually moving
- Criss crossing – criss crossing of 2 ridges

HOW TO CHOOSE A DELTA?

HOW TO CHOOSE A CORE?

RIDGE COUNTING RIDGE TRACING

LOOP (WHORL – EXCEPTION FOR FINAL AND KEY) (INNER, MEETING, OUTER)

TRACING RIDGE INTERVENING RIDGES

I GOES ABOVE 3 or MORE
O GOES BELOW 3 or MORE
M ABOVE/BELOW 2 or LESS

FINGERPRINT CARD/TEN PRINT CARD – has a size of 8x8 inches

FINGERPRINTING – the process of taking of a fingerprint of a person to be implied or express to the fingerprint card

ROLLED IMPRESSION – taking an individual fingerprint impression by rolling each finger

HOW DO YOU ROLL?

- TOWARDS THE BODY – BOTH THUMB
- AWAY FROM THE BODY – ALL FINGERS EXCEPT THUMB
- HOW MANY DEGREES YOUR FINGER MUST BE ROLLED?
o 180 degrees, for the purpose of not missing the delta