I-YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES

FIRST YEAR PHYSICS 8. Write the number of significant figure

MOST EXPECTED QUESTIONS AND in 2.65x103 kg and 6.208 m
ANSWERS FOR 2023-2024 1) 2.65x103 kg- Three Significant digits.
2) 6.208 m - Three Significant digits.
9. Write the dimensional formula of force
Chapter 1 of work.
Units and Measurements [3 m] Force: [M1L1T-2]
1. What is a physical quantity? Work: [M1L2T-2]
A quantity, which can be measured and 10. Write the dimensional formula for
expressed in terms of numerical value, is pressure, wavelength and energy.
called a physical quantity a. Pressure: [M1L-1T-2]
2. What is measurement? b. Wavelength: [M0L1T0]
Measurement is the process of comparing c. Energy: [M1L2T-2]
a physical quantity with its standard term 11. Name two physical quantity which
or quantity. has no units and no dimensions.
3. Defien unit unit of a physical quantity. Refractive index, strain,efficiency
The conventional quantity used as the 12. Mention two pairs of physical
standard of measurement is called a unit quantities which have the same
of that physical quantity dimensions.
4. Mention (or) name the base SI units in Work and energy
SI system. Stress and pressure
Basic SI quantities and units 13. Give any two examples of
dimensionless physical quantity.
Basic Fundamental Strain and Refractive index
Symbol
Quantity unit 14. Mention the applications or uses of
Mass kilogram kg dimensional analysis.
Length metre m a) To check the correctness of an
equation
Time Second s
b) To derive the relation between different
Temperature Kelvin K physical quantities of an equation
Current ampere A c) To convert of one system of units to
Luminous candela cd another system
intensity 15. Mention any two limitations of
Amount of mole mol dimensional analysis.
substance a) The value of the proportionality
constant cannot evaluate by the
Supplementary units method of dimensions.
Angle radian rad b) The relation cannot obtain if a
Solid angle steradian sr constant having dimension whose
5. What are the advantages of SI inits? nature is not known is involved
a. It is rational system: c) The equations involving trigonometric,
b. It is coherent system: logarithmic and exponential functions,
c. It is metric system numbers cannot be derived
6. State the number of significant figures 16. Check the correctness of following
in the following (a) 0.006 m2 (b) 2.65 x equation by dimensional analysis.
103 kg (c) 0.2309 m-3 (d) 6.320 J (e) a) and b)
0.006032 m2 (e) 458.007 (a) Consider the equation v = u + at
Where u  initial velocity,
v  final velocity ,
a  acceleration , t  time interval

[M0 L1 T-1)=] =[M0 L1 T-1] + [M0 L1 T-2] [T1]

7. Round off the following result to three [M0 L1 T-1] =[M0 L1 T-1] + [M0 L1 T-2]
significant figures (a)2.746 (b) 2.744 (c) [M0 L1 T-1] = 2 [M0 L1 T-1]
2.745 (d) 2.735. According to principal of homogeneity, all
the quantities have the same dimensions

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I-YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES

and hence the given equation the expression for its time period
dimensionally true. using method of dimensions (or) derive
(b) Consider the equation using method of dimensions.
Where  initial velocity,v  final
Consider a simple pendulum, the period of
velocity ,a  acceleration , s  oscillation (T) depends on (i) mass of the bob
distance. (m) (ii) the length of the pendulum (l) and (iii)
acceleration due to gravity (g)
[M0 L1 T-1]2 =[M0 L1 T-1]2 + 2[M0 L1 T-2] [L1] Then T  mx, T ly and T g.
[M0 L2 T-2] =[M0 L2 T-2] + 2[M0 L2 T-2] i.e. T  mx lygz.(or) T = mxlyg2………. (1)
[M0 L2 T-2] = 3[M0 L2 T-2] Where K = constant.
According to principal of homogeneity, all Substituting dimensions for each quantity in
the quantities have the same dimensions equation (1)
[MOLOT1] = K [M1]x [L1]y [L1T-2]
and hence the given equation
[MOLOT1] = K [Mx] [Ly] [LzT-2z]
dimensionally true.
[MOLOT1] = K [Mx.Ly+z T-2z]
17. Check the dimensionally Compare the dimensions of LHS and RHS of the
consistency (Homogeniety) of equation we get, x= 0, y + z = 0, - 2z = 1
following equation by dimensional Solving these equations
analysis 1 1
18. Derive the relation between newton X = 0, y = , z=-
2 2
and dyne.
Let MKS unit of force = n x CGS unit of force l l
Hence T = K l½ g– ½ = K T  K
g g
1 newton  M 2 L2 T2   M 2   L2  1Kg   1m 
2 Experimentally the value of K is found to be 2.
n  2 
   
1 dyne  M 1 L1T1   M 1   L1  1gm  1cm 
Therefore the required equation is
l
10 3 gm  10 2 cm 
 T  2
  g
 1gm   1cm 
n  103 X 102  105 Chapter: 2
Motion in a straight line [7m]
1. What is frame of reference.
A set of three mutually perpendicular
19. Show that lines are called co-ordinate system or
The unit of energy in SI system is a ‘joule’ while in frame of reference.
C.G.S. system a erg. 2. What is rectilinear motion?
Let M1, L1 and T1 be the mass, length and time in the The motion ofa body along astraight line
CGS system M2, L2 and T2 in the SI system is called rectilinear motion.
Let MKS unit of force = n X CGS unit of force 3. Define displacement of a body.
The change in position of a body in a
particular direction is called the
displacement of the body.
1 newton  M 2 L2 2T2   M 2   L 2 
2 2
n  2 2 
  2  4. Distinguish between distance and
1 dyne  M 1 L 1T1   M 1   L 1  displacement.
2
1Kg   1m  Distance Displacement
  
1gm  1cm  Length of the The change of position
10 gm  10 cm 
3 2 2 path covered of a body in a
   by a body in its particular direction is
 1gm   1cm  motion is called called displacement
distance
n  103  104  107 It is scalar quantity It is a vector quantity
It depends on the It is independent of the
path path
Hence
It is always positive It can be positive,
34. The period of oscillation of a
negative of zero
simple pendulum depends on its
length (l) , mass of the bob (m) and
acceleration due to gravity (g) . derive

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I-YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES

5. Define instantaneous velocity of a 12. Give two uses of veleocity-time

body . [mqp, A-14, A-15] graph.
The instantaneous velocity is defined as a) To determine the velocity of a body at
the limit of the average velocity as time any instant
interval tends to zero e b) To calculate the distance covered by a
body in a given time
c) To find the acceleration of the body
6. Define instantaneous speed.
13. a) What is the velocity - time graph?
Instantaneous speed is the magnitude of
b) Show that area under velocity - time
the instantaneous velocity.
graph is equal to displacement.
7. Distinguish between speed and
velocity.
Speed Velocity
Speed is the Velocity is the
distance travelled displacement per unit
per unit time time
Speed is a scalar velocity is a vector
quantity quantity
Speed is always Velocity may be Consider a body moving with uniform
positive positive or negative velocity . The graph of the body is
Speed is equal or Velocity is equal or as shown in the figure.
greater than velocity less than the speed The graph is a straight line parallel
8. Define uniform acceleration. to x-axis.
The velocity of the body changes equally Area under the v-t graph
in equal interval of time then the …………… ………(1)
acceleration is said to be uniform By definition, displacement during this
acceleration. time interval ……………..(2)
9. What is the slope of celocity-time From (1) and (2), area under velocity
graph of a body moving I with uniform time graph is equal to displacement of
acceleartion?[A-1027] the body.
The slope of v-t graph represents i.e
Acceleration. 14. What does the v-t graph represents?
10. Draw the position - time graph for (or) Mention the significance of
an object (i) at rest (ii) with uniform velocity - time graph?
motion. The significance of the velocity time graph
is the slope of the v-t graph is equal to the
acceleration and area gives te distance
travelled by the body.
15. What is v – t gaph? Derive the
equation of motion.
from v - t graph.

REST Uniform motion.

11. Draw velocity - time graph for
motion in (a) positive direction with
positive acceleration (b) negative
direction with negative acceleration.

In the figure,
Positive acceleration
Negative cceleration From v-t graph, the acceleration of the
particle is equal to the slope of the
graph. From  ABC, acceleration

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I-YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES

i.e. –
But
16. Derive the equations of motion
from v - t graph where
symbols have usual meaning.[A- 
2014][2017]

Five mark numerical problems

1. The displacement (in metre) of a particle
moving along x - axis given by
x=20t+10t2. Calculate the instantaneous
velocity at t = 2s.
2. A ball is thrown vertically upward and it
reaches a height of 90 m. Find the velocity
with which it was thrown.
3. A car travels with a uniform velocity of
20ms−1. The driver applies the brakes and
In the figure, the car comes to rest in 10 second.
Calculate the retardation.
From v-t graph, the displacement of the 4. A car moving along a straight highway
particle in a given internal of time ‘t’ is equal with speed of 126 kmh−1 to brought to
to the area OABD enclosed by v-t graph. stop within a distance of 200 m. What is
the retardation of the car and how long
does it take for the car to stop?
5. The displacement (in metre) of a particle
moving along x - axis is given by
 , where A = 2m and B = 3m.
However, we know that, Calculate (i) average velocity between t =
 3s and t = 5s. (ii) instantaneous velocity
1 at t = 5s and (iii) instantaneous
 acceleration.
2
6. A car starts from rest and accelerates
17. What is v-t graph? Derive the
uniformly at a rate of 2 ms−2 for 20
equations of motion
second. It then maintains a constant
from v - t graph.
velocity for 10 second. The brakes are
then applied and the car is uniformly
retarded and comes to rest in 5 second.
Draw the velocity - time graph for the
motion and find : (i) the maximum
velocity (ii) the retardation in the last 5
second (iii) total distance traveled and
(iv) average velocity.
7. A stone is dropped from the top of a tower
400 m high and at the same time another
stone is projected upward vertically from
the ground with a velocity of 100 ms−1.
Find where and when the two stones will
In the figure, meet.
8. A car accelerates from 6 ms-1 to 18 ms-1
From , the slope gives the in 12 seconds. Assuming the acceleartion
acceleration of the particle and area under to be unifom, find the accelretion of the
the v-t graph gives the displacement i.e. car.
9. A player throughs a ball upwards with an
(Sum of the parallel sides) x intial speed of 29.4 ms-1. What is
(perpendicular distance between direction of acceleration of the ball during
parallel sides) upward motion? Find its velocity at the
highest point of its motion.

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I-YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES

10. Two bodies of different mass m1 and 5. What is negative of a vector ?

m2 are droped from two different heights a Negative vector is a vector having same
and b. what is the ratio of time taken by magnitude but opposite in direction to the
the bodies to drop through these given vector.
distances? 6. What are coplanar vectors?
11. A body of masss 1 kg is thrown Vectors in the same plane is called co-
vertically upward from a tower of height planr vectors.
10 m with velocity 100m/s. find the time 7. State and explain the law of triangle of
taken by the body to reach the vectors.
ground.(g=10ms-2) If two vectors represent by two sides of
12. A train accelerates from 36 kmph to 72 a triangle taken in same order then
kmph on covering a distance of 30 m another side of a triangle represents their
calaculate the acceleration of the train resultant in reverse order.
and the time taken to cover a distance of
30 m.
13. The height of the tower is 200 m a ball
thrown up with a velocity of 50 m/s.
another ball dropped from a top of a
tower when and where they meet?
14. A body travels a distance of 2 m in 2 s
and 2.8 m in next 4 s. what will be the
speed of the body at the end of the 10th s
from the start?    
------------------------------------------------------------- From the figure OP = A , PQ = B then
Chapter 3  

MOTION IN A PLANE [12m] the resultant of A and B is given by

 
1. What is scalar uqntity? Give one
OQ = R
example.
 
A physical quantity having only 

magnitude is called a scalar quantity.  OQ = OP + PQ

  
Ex: Mass, speed, work, temperature 
R= A + B = B + A


2. What is vector uqntity? Give one

8. State and explain parallelogram law
example.
of vector addition.
A Physical quality having both
If two vectors acting at a point are
magnitude and direction is called a vector
represented in magnitude and direction by
quantity.
two adjacent sides of a parallelogram drawn
Ex: Displacement, velocity, force,
from that point, then their resultant is
momentum
represented by the diagonal of the
3. Distinguish between scalar and vector
parallelogram drawn from the same point.
with suitable example for each.
Scalars Vectors
A physical A physical quantity
quantity having having both magnitude
only magnitude is and direction is called
called a scalar vector
Product of two Product of two vectors
scalars gives gives either scalars or
scalars vectors

Scalar changes if Vector changes if either 
If A and B are two vectors acting a
magnitude magnitude or direction  
changes or both change. point ‘O’ they are represent by OP and OQ .
Eg: mass, time, Eg: displacement, 
length etc velocity, acceleration etc. The diagonal OS of the parallelogram OPSQ

represents the vector sum or resultant of A

4. What is position vector ? and B
A vector drawn from origin to the position   
of a particle is called positon vector.
 OS = OP + OQ

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 I-YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES

   PN  PS cas  B cas
OS = OP + PS )
  
R= A + B SN
and  sin  (or ) SN  PS sin   B sin 
9. Derive an expression for magnitude and PS
direction of resultant of two vectors
acting at a point. B sin 
tan   (or )
A  BCos

 Bsin 
  tan 1  
 A  BCos 
This equation gives the direction of the
resultant
Special cases:
Case 1: when two vectors acting in the same
direction
Consider two vectors and acting at i.e. = 00 cos0 = 0
a point O at an angle. Let and (or) R  A2  B 2  2 AB   A  B2
represents the vectors and both in
 R max   A  B  and tan   0   0
magnitude and direction by the adjacent
sides of a parallelogram . Then the This is maximum value of
diagonal represents the resultant in Case 2: when two vectors are acting along a
both magnitude and direction. straight line in opposite direction
i.e  = 1800,
Let be the perpendicular drawn to
produce. In the right angle triangle  R  A2  B 2  2 AB   A  B2
 R min   A  B  and tan   0,   0
This is minimum value of
Case 3: when two vectors are acting at right
i.e angle to each other.
In the right angle triangle, i.e.  = 900, Cos 90 = 0
R  A2  B 2 and B
  tan 1  
  A
10. Explain resolution of a vector o
From PSN obtain two rectangular components.
PS 2  PN 2  SN 2 “The process of splitting up of a given vector in to
two vectors along two given directions producing the
 OQ  PS  B same effect as the given vectors is called resolution
PN of a vector”.
Cos  (or) PN  PS cos  B cos
PS
 
(or) 
This equation gives the magnitude of the
resultant of the vectors and acting at 0
with an angle  between them.
To find the direction of
From  OSN, we have,
SN SN
tan    Consider a vector lying in the .
ON OP  PN
PN and represents two mutually perpendicular
From the PSN, we have ,  cos directions.
PS Draw perpendiculars and from to the
corresponding axes, we get and
such that can be expressed as . Where
and are real numbers on and .

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I-YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES

and
Where and are unit vectors along and
.
Then and
Then

Where, are resolved components of

If makes an angle with X-axis, then
and
Squaring and adding, we get

Consider a particle fired in to air at an angle

of projection. Let be its initial velocity.
The particle traced the path and
reached the ground at .
This is the equation of the magnitude of in terms of The horizontal component remains
the magnitudes of the resolved components. constant while the vertical component
The direction of is given by changes due to gravity.
The velocity of projection at any time is
Or (1)  along horizontal direction
11. When the magnitude of the resultant and
of the two vectors is maximum ? (2)  along the vertical
If two given vectors are in same direction direction.
then the magnitude of the resulatant is Let ‘ ’ is the distance traveled by the
maximum. particle in a time interval ‘ along the
12. If and then horizontal.
find . [S-2107] For displacement of the Projectile along
x
horizontal direction
t
x
 (or)
t
…………………… (1)

13. What is a projectile ? Give an
For vertical displacement
example.
 .
Projectile: A body thrown into space
The distance traveled by the projectile in the
that moves under gravity is called
upward direction in the time interval‘ is
projectile.
given by
Ex :( 1) A stone thrown in to space
(2) A bullet fired from the gun ……………… (2)
14. What is the nature of path  x 
2
x 1
(trajectory) of projectile?  y  v0 sin     g    
The path of the projectile is called v0 cos 2  v0 cos 
Trajectory.  x 
2
1
15. Which component of the velocity of  y  tan  x  g   
the projectile is constant? 2  v0 cos 
The horizontal componet of velocity of gx2
projectile is constant.  y  tan  x  or
2v0 cos2 
2
16. Derive the expression for trajectory
of a projectile (OR) show the y  ax  bx2 …………………… (3)
trajectory (path) of a projectile is a
Where  and
parabola.
g
2v 0 cos 2  are constants.
2

This is the equation of parabola. Hence,

trajectory of a projectile is a parabola.

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 I-YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES

17. Derive the expression for maximum For maximum range the angle of
height and time of flight of projectile. projection is 45o
20. What is uniform cicular motion?
Time of flight: Let be time taken by the The motion of the body moving along the
projectile to reach the maximum height circumference of the circle with uniform
(ascent). velecity is called uniform circular
We know that  motion.
Since , at maximum height 21. What is the direction of acceleration
Then,  (or) of a particle in a uniform circular
v0 sin  motion?
 or t1  g
In uniform circular motion the direction
opf the acceleration is along the radius
Let be time taken by the projectile to reach an towards the centre of the circular
the ground from maximum height (descent). path.
It is equal to time of ascent i.e. 22. What is centripetal acceleration?
The total time of flight in which the Derive the expression for the
projectile is in flight centripetal acceleration.
The motion of a particle along the
2v0 sin circumference of a circle, with uniform
g constant speed is called uniform circular
Maximum height: The maximum motion.
height attained in the trajectory by the Expression for centripetal acceleration:
projectile is called maximum height.
Let be the maximum height reached by
the projectile.
We know that 

Substituting and then
we get
vo sin  vo sin 
   
g  g 
v o sin 2 
2

(or) H max 
2g Consider an object moving with uniform
18. Derive the expression for time of speed in a circle of radius . Let
flight and range of projectile. be the position vectors and be the
“The maximum horizontal distance velocities of the object at
traveled by the projectile is called the respectively. By definition, velocity
horizontal range of the projectile”. is along the tangent at that point in the
If is the horizontal distance travelled direction of motion. The change in velocity
during the time of flight T, then can be obtained by vector method fig (2).
2v o sin  v o 2 sin cos
2
Since the path of the object is in circular

g g motion, is perpendicular to and to .
Therefore is perpendicular to .
vo sin 2
2

R Since the average acceleration is along

g
Condition for maximum range: For a given
( ), the acceleration is perpendicular to
velocity of projectile is maximum.
When,  i.e.  (or) . Thus, the acceleration of the object in
vo
2 uniform circular motion is always direct
 Rmax  towards the centre of the circle. Thus, the
g acceleration is called centripetal acceleration
Hence, for maximum Range the angle of or centre-seeking acceleration.
projection must be equal to . By definition, the magnitude of the
19. What is th angle of projection to get acceleration is
maximum range?
………………………… (1)

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I-YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES

Let the angle between is , since 5. The maximum height attained by a

projectile is equal to the horizontal range.
perpendicular to , the angle
Calculate the angle of projection.
between them is also .
6. An insect trapped in a circular groove of
From the fig (a) and fig (b) the formed
radius 12 cm moves along the groove
by position vectors and formed by the
steadily and completes 7 revolutions in
velocity vectors are similar triangles.
100 s. (a) what is the angular speed, and
or the linear speed of the motion? (b) Is the
acceleration vector a constant vector?
…………………… (2) What is its magnitude?
Substitute (2) in (1), we get 7. A fly trapped in a circular grove of radius
15 cm moves along the grove steadily and
completes 1 revolutions in 100 s. find the
As , will be very small, then angular speed, linear speed and
magnitude of the acceleration of the
motion.
or 8. The ceiling of a long hall is 25 m high.
What is the maximum horizontal distance
that a ball thrown with a speed of 40 ms-1
The centripetal acceleration can go without hitting the ceiling of the
hall?
Since where, the angular velocity 9. A stone tied to the end of a string 80 cm
Then long is whirled in a horizontal circle with a
constant speed. If the stone makes 14
This is the expression for centripetal revolutions in 25 s, what is the magnitude
acceleration. and direction of acceleration of the stone?
23. Write the expression for the 10. A sprinkle runs at a speed of 9.2 ms-1
centripetal acceleration and explain the round a circular track with centripetal
terms. acceleration of 3.8 ms-2 (a) what is the
The expression for centripetal a acceleration radius of the track (b) how long does it
take to go completely round the track at
is , where v is the linear velocity and r is this speed and (c) calculate the time taken
the radius of the circular path to complete the track.
11. A bullet is fired from an angle of 30o with
000000000000000000000000000000000000 the horizontal hits the ground 3.0 km
5marks NUMERICAL PROBLEMS away. But adjusting its angle of projection
1. Rain is falling vertically with a speed of 35 can one hope to hit a target of 5.0 km?
ms-1. Winds starts blowing after sometime assumes its muzzle speed is fixed and air
with a speed of 12 ms-1 in east to west resistance is neglected.
direction. In which direction should a boy 000000000000000000000000000000000
waiting at a bus stop hold his umbrella?
2. A cricketer throw a ball to a maximum CHAPTER-4
horizontal distance of 100 m. how much
high above the ground can cricketer throw LAWS OF MOTION [12m]
the same ball? 1. What is inertia (or) State the principle
3. A cricket ball is thrown at a speed of 28 of inertia. Explain brefly the inertia
ms-1 in a direction 30° above the due to motion with an example
horizontal. Calculate (a) the maximum The inherent property of a body, by virtue of
height, (b) the time taken by the ball to which it is unable to change its state of
return to the same level, and (c) the rest (or) of uniform motion along a
distance from the thrower to the point straight line is called inertia of the body.
where the ball returns to the same Inertia due to motion: The ability of a body,
level.(take g=9.8 ms-2) by virtue of which it is unable to change
4. The maximum range of the projectile is 3 its state of uniform motion along straight
km. what should be its range, when line, is called inertia of the body.
launched at an angle of 15o with the Eg: (1) A moving bus comes to rest, a
horizontal? passenger falls forward due to inertia of
motion.

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I-YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES

(2) A passenger in a bus experiences jerk in back amount of force on the body in the upward
ward direction when the bus starts and moving direction (reaction).
suddenly due to inertia of rest; 8. Which law of motion is used to explain
2. What is Aristotle’s fallacy? rocket motion?
External force is required to keep the body in Newton’s IIIed law of motion.
uniform motion. 9. Distingusih mass and weight.
3. State Newton’s first law of motion. Mass Weight
Everybody continues in its state of rest It is the amount of It is gravitational force
(or) of uniform motion along a straight matter contained acting on a body
line unless it is acted by an external force in a body
to change its state. Scalar quantity It is vector quantity
4. Define force. SI unit is kilogram SI unit kgwt
Force is a pull (or) push, which changes (or) It is measured using It is measured using
tends to change the state of rest (or) of physical balance spring balance
uniform motion of a body. Mass of a body Weight of a body varies
5. State and explain Newton,s I law of remains same at from place to place
motiom. all places
“Everybody continues in its state of rest (or) of 10. What is an impulsive force? Give
uniform motion along a straight line unless it is one example.
acted by an external force to change its state”. A large amount of force acting on a body for
This law is also known as law of inertia. a short interval of time is called impulsive
Illustrations: force.
a. A passenger in a bus experiences jerk in back Ex: (1) Kick given to a football,
ward direction when the bus starts and moving (2) Striking a Cricket ball by a bat
suddenly due to inertia of rest; 11. Show that the impulse of a force is
6. State Newton’s second law of motion equal to chamnge in momentum of the
and hence derive . Define one body.
newton.
The rate of change of momentum of a body From Newton’s second law, we know that
is directly proportional to the applied force v  vo 
and takes place in the direction of the t (or)
force.
Derivation of : ( – (Change in momentum)
Consider a body of mass moving with an –
initial velocity . Let be momentum of Thus, impulse is equal to the change in
momentum produced by large force
the body. A constant force acts on the
acting for a short interval of time.
body in the time interval , then according
12. State and prove the law of
to Newton’s second law,
conservation of linear momentum from

Newton’s III law of motion.
 If no external force acts on a system the
total momentum of the closed isolated
system remains constant.
Where, is called proportionality constant. Derivation of the law of conservation of
In SI system momentum:
Then Consider a system of two bodies and
i.e. the force applied is equal to time rate of of mass with initial momentum and
change of momentum. But respectively. The bodies collide with each
other and get apart, with final
Mathematically
momentum and respectively. By
the Second Law.
7. State Newton’s third law of motion and
give an example. From Newton’s second law or
To every action, there is an equal and
opposite reaction
Consider a body of weight w. kept on the surface of a and or
table. The body exerts a downward force equal to
its weight (action), the table exerts an equal

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A Newton’s third law according to 19. Mention any two disadvantages of

friction.
Disadvantages:
1) Friction causes wear and tear of the parts
of the machines and reduces the life time
It implies that in an isolated system, total 2) Friction reduces the efficiency of
momentum after collision = total machine.
momentum before collision. 3) A large amount of power wasted in
13. What is spring force? Write the overcoming the friction.
expression for spring force. 20. Mention any three methods of
When a spring is extended (or) compressed reducing friction.
slowly by an external force, a linear Methods of reducing friction:
 1) By smoothening and polishing the
internal force known as restoring fore F surfaces, which are in contact
,is developed in the spring in opposite 2) By using lubricants, between the surfaces
direction to the displacement. This force in contact
is called spring force. 3) By using ball bearing system to convert
The expression for spring force is sliding friction to rolling friction
  21. Mention any three laws of friction.
F X Laws of Frictions:
14. Define spring constant. Write its SI
1. Frictional force is always tangential to the
unit.
two surfaces in contact
Thus, the spring constant is the force
2. The magnitude of frictional force is
required for unit extension (or)
directly proportional to the normal
compression of the spring.
reaction between the surfaces and takes
SI Unit of spring constant is Nm-1.
place in opposite direction to force of pull.
15. What is friction? Mention different
(  )
types of friction.
3. Magnitude of the frictional force depends
The property by virtue of which it
upon the nature of surfaces and their
opposes the relative motion between two
state of roughness
bodies in contact is called friction.
4. The magnitude of frictional force is
Types: 1) Static firction, 2) kinetic friction
independent of shape and area of the
and 3)Rolling friction.
surfaces.
16. What is meant by static friction?
22. What is centripetal force?write the
The frictional force that can act between two
equation of cetripetal force.
surfaces, which are in contact, but not
The force acting along the radius towards the
sliding with respect to each other, is
centre of a circular path along which a
called static friction.
body moves with uniform circular motion
17. Metion any two properties of f
is called centripetal force.
riction.
The expression for centripetal force is
Properties of friction:
1. Frictional force is always opposite to the . Where m is the mass of the body and
direction of relative motion v is its velocity and r is the radisu of
2. It is self adjusting force circular path.
3. It is non-central force. 23. Derive the expression for maximum
4. It is a non-conservative force speed of circular motion of a car on a
18. Mention any two advantages of level road.
friction. Motion of a car on level circular road
Advantages:
1) We are able to walk or play on the ground
due to friction.
2) We are able to apply breaks on vehicles
due to the presence of friction
3) We are able to hold the pen and anything
due to friction
4) Fixing a nail on wall is possible due to
friction
5) Friction between belt and pulley helps to
rotation

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Consider a car of mass moving with a

constant speed on a flat horizontal
circular road of radius .
The force acting on the car is
1. The weight of the car (mg)
2. Normal reaction (N)
3. Force of friction (f)

In the vertical direction,

or
Resolve into two components and
Since the car moving in a circular motion,
.
the necessary centripetal force ( ) is Similarly the components and
provided by the force of friction between be the horizontal and vertical
the car and the road. components of the friction force .
i.e. For equilibrium of the car

(or) but (or ) ……… (1)

The centripetal force is provided by the
horizontal component of and
For a given value of the maximum i.e ………. (2)
speed of the circular motion of the car is Dividing (2) by (1) we get

24. What is angle of banking? Derive the

expression for maximum speed of
circular motion of a car on a banked
road. But or
Banking of roads: Raising the outer edge of
the road as compared to the inner edge is
called banking of roads.
Angle of banking: Angle through which the
outer edge of the road is raised as
compared to the inner edge is called
angle of banking.
Motion of a car on a banked circular road:
Consider a car of mass moving along a
banked circular road of radius .
The force acting on the car is
1. The weight of the car (mg)
2. Normal reaction (N)
3. Force of friction (f) For , then
Or …………………….. (3)
This is the equation for speed of the car on a
curved banked road.
--------------------------------------------------------------
FIVE MARKS NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
1. A bullet of mass 0.02 kg strikes a metal
plate of thickness 10 cm with a velocity of
400 ms-1 and emerge from it with a velocity
of 250 m/s. find the average resistance
offered by the metal late for the motion of
the bullet.
2. A gun of mass 3000 kg fires a shell of mass
5 kg in horizontal direction. The gun recoils
at 0.4 ms-1 calculate the velocity of the
shell.
3. A constant retarding force of 50 N is
applied to a body of mass 20 kg moving

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 I-YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES

initially with a speed of 15 ms-1 . How long WORK, ENERGY AND POWER [11m]
does the body take to stop? 1) State and explain the scalar product
4. Constant force acting on a body of mass (or) dot product of two vectors.
3.0 kg changes its speed from 2.0 ms-1 to The scalar product of two vectors is
3.5 ms-1 in 25 s. The direction of the equal to the product of the magnitudes of
motion of the body remains unchanged. the vectors and cosine of the angle
What is the magnitude and direction of the between the vectors.
force ?
If and are two vectors, then their
5. A driver of a car driving at 72 kmph, sees a
child on the road at a distance of 50 m. scalar product is 
The total mass of the car including driver is 
750 kg. calculate the average retarding Where  the angle between
force applied on the wheels of the car. 2) Mention any two properties of scalar
6. A rocket with a lift-off mass 20,000 kg is product.
blasted upwards with an initial a. Scalar product is commutative, then
acceleration of 5.0 ms-2. Calculate the b) Scalar product obeys distributive law, then
initial thrust (force) of the blast.
7. Two masses 8 kg and 12 kg are connected
c) When two vectors are perpendicular, then
at the two ends of a light inextensible
string that goes over a frictionless pulley. Scalar product is zero
Find the acceleration of the masses, and ( )
the tension in the string when the masses   
  

are released. In terms of unit vectors, i . j = j . k = k . i = 0 i.e.

8. Two billiard balls each of mass 0.05 kg orthoganality of vector
moving in opposite directions with speed 6 d) When two vectors are parallel, then Scalar
m s-1 collide and rebound with the same product is equal to the product of the magnitudes
speed. What is the impulse imparted to
of the vectors, i.e ( )
each ball due to the other?    
 
9. A stone of mass 0.25 kg tied to the end of a
In terms of unit vectors, i . i = j . j = k . k = 1
string is whirled round in a circle of radius
1.5 m with a speed of 40 rev/min in a e) When two vectors are opposite (anti parallel),
horizontal plane. What is the tension in the then
string? What is the maximum speed with Then
which the stone can be whirled around if 3) Define work done by a force. Write the
the string can withstand a maximum expression for workdone by a constant
tension of 200 N ? force.
10. Two blocks of masses, 3 kg and 5 kg are Work is said to be done by force applied on a
placed in contact with each other on a body and displaces the body in the
frictionless table. Find the force on the direction of the force applied.
common cross-sectional area of contact if a Work done = Force x displacement
force of 8 N is applied an (i) bigger block    
and (ii) smaller block. F S S
F  .
11. A bullet of mass 0.02 kg moving with a 4) Write the SI unit of work.
speed of 30 ms−1 enters heavy wooden joule(J)
block and is stopped after a distance of 5) Define Kinetic energy of a body and
0.006 m. What is the average resistive force potential energy of a body.write an
exerted by the block on the bullet? expression for each.
12. A body of mass 2 kg is placed on a The energy possessed by a body by virtue of
horizontal surface having coefficient of its motion is called kinetic energy.

kinetic friction 0.4 if a force of 20 N is
K E of a moving body with a velocity V is
applied on a body find the acceleration of
the body. 1
given by
13. An aircraft executes a horizontal loop at a 2
speed of 720 km/h with its wings banked 6) State the law of conservation of energy.
at 150. What is the radius of the loop? Energy can neither be created nor be
Given g=9.8 ms-2. destoried but it can transform from one
------------------------------------------------------------- form to another.
7) Write the expression for potential
Chapter 5 energy of spring.

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I-YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES

The potential energy of a spring is

. where K is spring constatnt and work done by variable
and x is the dispalcement of the spring.
force
8) Prove that the kinetic energy of a
particle is equal to the work done on it
by the net force (or) show that work or
energy theorem for costant force (or) 10) What is conservative force ? Give an
state and derive work-energy theorem example.
for rectilinear motion with constant force is said to be conservative, if the
acceleration. work done by the force on a body that
Statement: The change in kinetic of a moves in any closed path is zero.
body is equal to the work done on it by Exa: 1) gravitational force 2) electro static
the net force. force 3) elastic force
Proof: consider a body of mass m in 11) What is non-conservative force ?Give
rectilinear motion with constant an example.
acceleration a. A force is said to be non – conservative if
Then, the velocity of an object after a time this work done by it on a body that moves
t is ………….(1) between two points depends on the path
Where and are the initial and final followed by the body.
velocity of the object. S is the distance Ex: (1) frictional force (2) viscous force (3) air
travelled. resistance
Multiplying both side by we get 12) Distinguish conservative and non
conservative force.
From Newton’s II law , the net Conservative Non-conservative
force on the body Work done is Work done depends
independent of on path
path
Work done is zero Work done is not
for closed path zero for closed path
9) Prove the work-energy theorem for a Work done is Work done is not
variable force? completely completely
Statement: The net work done by the recoverable recoverable
force acting on a body is equal to the 13) State principle of conservation of
change in the kinetic energy of the body. mechanical energy and illustration in
Proof: Consider a body of mass m. The the case of a freely falling body.
instantaneous velocity of the body is v. Statement: The total mechanical energy of
Then the instantaneous kinetic energy is a system is constant if the forces, doing
given by work on it, are conservative force.
Conservation of mechanical energy in
Differentiating both side w.r.to, we get
case of a freely falling body

From Newton’s II law of motion

[

Since
……………….. (1) Case (1):-Consider a body of mass ‘ at a
Integrating equation (1) from the initial height above the ground. Since this
position to final position , then body is rest at its kinetic energy is
zero and its potential energy is
Where are the initial final KE
–------------- (1)
corresponding to to
Then

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Case (2):- When the body is, allow falling Where is the force constant of the spring
freely under gravity its increase and 15) What is power? Write its Si unit.
is decrease due to decrease in The rate of doing work is called power.
height. Consider the body at a point The SI unit of power is watt[W=1J/1s]
at a distance ‘ ’ form and at a height 16) What is instantaneous power?
above the ground. The limit of the average power as time
It’s tends to zero is calle instantaneous
Let v be the velocity of the freely falling power.
body at
From .Here 17) How many watts are equal to one
horsepower(1 hp)?

 18) Define power. Prove (or) a
 force F applied on a body moves with
a velocity u. what is its power?
------------------ (2) Power is defined as the rate at which
Case (3):- when the body finally reach the work is done.
point on the ground so that We know that

Let be the velocity of the body reaches the The work done by a force for a small
ground. Using displacement is
The instantaneous power can be defined as
small amount of work done in small
interval of time i.e.
------------------ (3)
But
From (1), (2) and (3), it follows
that the total energy at A, total energy The instantaneous power
at B and total energy at C are constant,
But where is the
hence the law of conservation of energy.
14) Obtain en expression for potential instantaneous velocity
energy of a spring? There fore
Consider a mass less spring resting on Where is the angle between
frictionless horizontal surface such that and
one of its end is fixed to a rigid wall and 19) What is elastic collision? Give an
its other end is attached to a block of example for elastic collision.
mass ‘ ’ as shown in fig (a). A collision in which both the
momentum and kinetic energy of a
system are conserved, then the collision
is called elastic collision.
Example:
1. Collision between atoms
2. Collision between sub atomic particles
like protons and electrons
20) What is inelastic collision ? Give an
example for inelastic collision.
A collision in which only momentum is
conserved but not in kinetic energy of
the system, then the collision is called
in elastic collision.
Example:
The block is pulled from ’ through a 1. Collision between two macroscopic
 
displacement X , a restoring force F is bodies
2. Collision between a lump of putty falls
developed in the spring opposite to on the ground.
displacement as shown in gif (b).
21) Distinguish between elastic collision
The restoring force is directly proportional & inelastic collision. .
to the displacement produced in the spring
Elastic collisison Ineleastic
   
collision
i.e F  X (or) F X ………… . (1)

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Momentum is Momentum is 9) A bullet of mass 0.012 kg and horizontal

conserved conserved speed 70 ms-1 strikes a block of wood of
Kinetic energy is Kinetic energy is mass 0.4 kg and instantly comes to rest
conserved nit consrved with respect to the block. The block is
Total energy is Total energy is suspended from the ceiling by means of
conserved conserved thin wires. calculate the height to which
Collision between Collision between the block rises. Also estimate the amount
elementary macroscopic of heat produced in the block.
particles bodies 10) A police officer fires a bullet of mass 50.0
------------------------------------------------------------- g with speed 200 ms-1 on soft plywood of
thickness 2.00 cm. The bullet emerges
FIVE MARKS NUMERICAL PROBLEMS with only 10% of its initial kinetic energy.
1) A pilot of an aircrat fires a shot weighing What is the emergent speed of the bullet?
0.2 kg with a velocity of 400 ms-1. 11) Find the power used in pumping 8000 kg
Calculate the total energy of the shot of water per minute from a well 1 m deep
when it is at a height of 500 m above the to the surface. Supposing 20% of the
ground power is wasted. What is the power engine
2) Find the horse power of the engine require in HP.
to lift 1 ton of coal per minute from a 12) A well 20 m deep and 7m in diameter is
mine 60 m deep. full of water. calculate the work done in
3) A pump on the ground floor of a building pumping in th whole water up to the
pumps water to fill a tank of volume 30 m3 ground.
in 15 minutes. If the tank is 40 m above 13) A bullet of mass 50 gram moving with a
the ground and efficiency is 30% how velocity of 400 m/s strikes a wall and goes
much electrical power is consumed by the out from the other side with a velocity of
pump? Given g=9.8 ms-2. 100 m/s. Calculate the work done in
4) An electron and a proton are deteached passing through the wall.
from a cosmic ray experiemnt. The first 14) A water tank as dimensions 2mx3mx4m is
with kinetic energy 10 keV and the second at a height of 20 m above the ground level.
with 100 keV. Which is faster the elctron A motor is used to fill the tank is at the
or proton? Obtain the ratio of their bottom it takes 30 minutes to fill.
speeds.(electron mass = 9.11x10-31 kg, Calculate the power of the motor? (given
mass of proton=1.67x10-27 kg, 1 the density of water = 100 kg/m3)
eV=1.66x10-19 J)[S-2014] 0000000000000000000000000000000000
5) A man weighs 48 kg carries a bag of 2 kg.
he climbs to the top of tower of 100 m in Chapter-6
15 minute. Calculate the work done by the System of Particles and
man and his power.
6) A cyclist comes to a skidding stop in 10 m. Rotational Motion [10m]
During this process, the force on the cycle 1. What is a Rigid body?
due to the road is 200 N and is directly A rigid body is that, in which the distance
opposed to the motion. (a) How much between different particles of the body
work does the road do on the cycle ? (b) remains fixed when external forces acts on
How much work does the cycle do on the them.
road? 2. What is centre of mass of a system of
7) A body of mass 2 kg initially at rest moves particles?
under the action of an applied horizontal Centre of mass of a system of particles
force of 7 N on a table with coefficient of (or) a body is the point where the whole mass
kinetic friction = 0.1. Compute the (a) of the system can assumed to be
work done by the applied force in 10 s, (b) concentrated.
work done by friction in 10 s and (c) work 3. Write the expression for the position
done by the net force on the body in 10 s. vector of the centre of mass of a system
8) A trolley of mass 300 kg carrying a consisting of two particles in terms of
sandbag of 25 kg is moving uniformly with their masses and position vectors.
a speed of 27 km/h on a frictionless track. The position coordinate of the centre of
After a while, sand starts leaking out of a mass of the system of two particle system
hole on the floor of the trolley at the rate is
of 0.05 kg s–1. What is the speed of the Where m1 and m2 are masses of the
trolley after the entire sand bag is empty? particles.

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I-YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES

4. Where does the centre of mass of a

solid sphere lie? Dividing both sides, we get
The centre of mass of a solid sphere lies at
the centre of the sphere.
5. State scalar product and vector But and
product of two vectors. Give an
Then
example in each case.
8. Write the SI unit of angular velocity.
Scalar product:
The SI unit is radian per second(rad/sec).
“The scalar product of two vectors is
9. Define a couple.
equal to the product of the magnitudes of
Two equal and opposite forces acting on a
the vectors and cosine of the angle between
body at different lines of action forms a
the vectors”.
couple.
If and are two vectors, then their scalar 10. Define moment of a couple.
product is  Moment of a couple is equal to product of
 one of its force and perpendicular distance
Where  the angle between between the lines of action of forces.
Vector product: 11. What is the S.I. unit of Torque.
“The vector product of two vectors is SI unit of torque is
defined as the product of the magnitudes of 12. Define angular momentum.write the
the vectors and sine of the angle between SI unit for it
the vectors”. The angular momentum of a particle
  about an axis is defined as the moment of
If A and B be the two vectors. Then their linear momentum about the axis of
vector product (or) Cross product is rotation. Si unit is
   
A x B = | A | | B | Sin 13. Define torque. Show that torque is
equal to rate of change of angular
 
 momentum of a particle.A-14]
A B
Where  is the angle between the vectors. The rotational effect produced on a rigid
body is called torque (or) momentum of
6. Distinguish between vector product and force.
scalar product of two vectors. Consider a particle of mass moving
with a velocity in acircular path. Lte be
7. Obtain the relation between linear the linear momentum of the particle at the
nelocity and angular velocity. position The angular momentum of the
Consider a rigid body rotating about particle about the axis of the rotation is
an axis passing through its centre. Let a given by
particle at of the rigid body rotating Differentiating w. r. to t, we get

Vector product Scalr product

The vector product The scalr product of But and [Newton’ law] and
of two vectors is two vectors is
defined as the defined as the
product of the product of the
magnitudes of the magnitudes of the
vectors and sine of vectors and cosine of
We know that ,
the angle between the angle between
the vectors the vectors Then
    But
A B  A B 
It gives vector It gives scalar
Ex: Angular
Ex: work done
momentum
about the Z- axis. The particle describes a 14. State and explain the law of
circle with a centre C on the axis. The conservation of angular momentum.
radius of the circle is . The particle Statement: The external torque acting on a
moves from in an interval of time system of particles is zero, then the total
such that its linear displacement is angular momentum of the system is
and angular displacement . conserved i.e. remains constant.

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 I-YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES

We know that . Where m is the mass of the particle and r

is the distance of the particle frm the axis
If , then or of rotation.
15. Metion any two general conditions 19. Write the SI unit and dimensioanl
of mechanical equilibrium of a rigid formula of moment of inertia.
body.[A-2014] SI unit is Kgm2. Dimensional formula is
Condition for mechanical equilibrium for a [M1L2T-0]
rigid body: 20. What is the moment of inertia of a disc
i. For Translational Equilibrium, linear about one of its diamente?
momentum is constant. i.e. The moment of inertia of a disc about one
of its diameter is
ii. . Angular Where M is the mass and R is the radius
momentum is constant. of the disc
21. Write the expression for the moment
25. What is the mechanical advantage of of inertia of a circular disc of radius R
a lever. aboutits diameter.
A small effort one can lift heavy load is called The expression for moment of inertia is
mechanical advantage.
The ratio of load to effort is known as
Where M is the mass and R is the radisu
mechanical advantage (M.A)
of the cylinder.
22. Mention the expression for moment
16. Write the differences between centre
of inertia of a solid cylinder about an
of mass and center of gravity.
axis and explain terms.
The expression for moment of inertia is
Centre of mass Centre of gravity
It is the point It is the point where
where the whole the whole weight of Where M is the mass and r is the radisu of
mass of the body is the body is the cylinder.
concentated concentated 23. Define the term Radius of gyration.
It is scalr It is vector Radius of gyration is the distance of
17. Derive an expression for rotational the axis of rotaion where the moment of
kinetic energy. inertia of the body has to be found from
Consider a rigid body rotating about an the centre of mass.
axis with uniform angular velocity . 24. Write three Kinematic equations of
For a particle of mass ‘ at a distance rotational motion of a body with a
from the axis and the linear velocity of uniform angular acceleration and explain
the particle is the terms.
The KE of the particle Consider a rigid body rotating with an
initial angular velocity o and with uniform
angular acceleration . Let  be the angular
Total kinetic energy of the rigid body is velocity and  be the angular displacement as
the sum of the KE of all the particles in a time‘ , then the equations of rotational
the rigid body. i.e motion are:
 (1)    ,
1
(2)    and
2
(3)   

Where is the moment of inertia 25. State and explain the principle of conservation of
of the body about the axis angular momentum.
18. Define moment of intertia. Write the
We have angular momentum
expression for it.
The property of a rotating body Differentiating on both side with respect to
by virtue of which it is unable to change we get
its state of rest (or) of uniform rotational
motion without the help of external force But,
is called moment of inertia.
The expression is

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 I-YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES

If the net external torque on the body is The imaginary line joining the planet and the
zero ( ) sun sweeps out equal areas in equal
intervals of time.
or
Third Law [law of periods]:
This is the law of conservation of angular The Square of the period of revolution of a
momentum. If the moment of inertia of the planet around the sun is directly
body changes from to , then the proportional to the cube of the semi major
angular velocity changes from to axis of its elliptical orbit.
According to the Kepler’s law, T2  a3. Where T
=================================
is time period of revolution of the planet
Numerical problems and a is the semi major axis of elliptical
1. In the HCL molecule, the separtaion orbit of the planet.
between the nuclei of twonatoms is about 2. State and explain Newton’s law of
1.27Ao ( ). Find the gravitation.
approximate location of the centre of mass Statement:
of the molecule, given that a clorine atom “Universal law of Gravitation states that
is about 35.5 times as massive as everybody in this universe attracts every
hydrogen atom and nearely all the mass of other body with a force which is directly
an atom is concentrated in its nucleus. proportionate to the product of their
2. The angular speed of a motor wheel is masses and inversely proportional to
increased from 1200rpm to 3120 rpm in square of the distance between them”.
16 seconds. (a) What is its angular Explanation:
acceleration, assuming the acceleration to Consider two bodies of masses ‘m1’ and
be uniform.? (b) how many revolution does ‘m2’ separated by a distance then the
the engine make during this time? gravitation force F between them is
3. A particle is moving at a speed of 12 ms-1
m1m2
on a circle of radius 2m. if the speed of the 
particle is increased to 15 ms-1 in 2 r2
second, what is the angular acceleration mm
produuced? F  G 12 2
r
4. A solid cylinder of mass 20 kg rotates Where, ‘ ’ is universal constant called the
about its axis with angular speed of 100 universal gravitational constant.
ms-1. The radius of the cylinder is 0.25 m. 3. Give any two cherecteristics of
what is the kinetic energy associated with gravitational force.
the cylider? What is the magnitude of the cherecteristics of gravitaional force are
angular momnetum of cylinder about its a) The force is attractive
axis. b) The force is conservative
5. A fly wheel of mass 200kg and of radius 3 c) It is central force
m is revolving at the rate of 240 rpm. Find d) It obeys inverse square law.
its kinetic energy. 4. what is gravitational constant.
6. A wheel of moment of inertia 50 kfm-2 is The gravitational constant is equal to the force
running at 240 rpm. Calculate the ki netic of attraction between two unit masses
energy lost by it when its speed fails to separated by unit distance.
120 rpm. 5. What is the value of gravitational
constant?
-------------------------------------------------------------- In SI system, the value of
G = 6.673 x 10-11 Nm2 Kg-2.
6. Write the dimensional formula of G .

CHAPTER-7
GRAVITATION [10m] 7. Derive the relation between
1. State and Kepler’s laws of planetary gravitational constant and
motion. acceleration due to gravity.
First Law [law of orbits]: Consider a body of mass ‘m’ lying on the
Every planet moves in an elliptical orbit round surface of earth. From Newton’s law of
the sun with one focus. Mm
Second Law [law of areas]: gravitation, --------- (i)
R2

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I-YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES

Where = mass of the earth and = radius of attraction between the body and the
of the earth earth is ………………(1)
From Newton’s law of motion
Let the body be displaced from the point to
-------------------- (ii)
through a distance , then the work done
From (i) and (ii)
is given by
Mm
R2 The total work done in displacing of the body
GM of mass from infinity ( ) to the point
 A at a distance is given by
R2
This is the relation between and G.
8. Derive the expression for acceleration
due to gravity at a point above the
surface of the earth.
Consider a point mass at a height
above the surface of the earth. Let
radius of the earth. Since the point is
outside the earth, then the distance of the
point from the centre of the earth is This work done is stored in the body as
. We know that the acceleration gravitational potential energy.
due to gravity on the surface of the earth is Thus, the gravitational potential energy is
……………. (1) U
Let be the force on the point mass 11. Define escape speed. Obtain the
then ……………. (2) expression for escape speed of a body
From Newton’s II law from the surface of the earth by the
… …………..(3) method of conservation of energy.[S-
2014]
From (1) band (2) The minimum speed with which a body
escapes from the earth gravitational force
so that it never comes back to the surface
But of the earth is called escape speed.
Consider a body of mass thrown
vertically upward with a velocity from
the surface of the earth. Initial KE of the
body is .
Initial gravitational PE is
For , then can be
expressed as Where is the mass of the earth and is the
by using Binomial theorem. radius of the earth
The total energy of the body id
………….. (4)
this is the expression for g nd G.
9. How does the acceleration due to Let be the final velocity of the body at a
gravity changes with increasing height above the surface of the earth,
altitude? then the KE of the body at height is
Accroding to the relation .
Acceleration due to gravity decreases with Gravitational PE of the body at height is
increases in height.
10. Derive the expression for gravitational The total energy of the system is
potential energy of a particle at a body
due to the earth.
Consider a body of mass at at a According to the law of conservation of energy,
distance from the centre of the earth. Let
be the mass of the earth and R be the i.e.
radius of the earth. The gravitational force

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I-YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES

If the body will reach the maximum height, its Consider a satellite of mass
final velocity becomes zero (i.e. ) thus revolving around the earth in an orbit of
the RHS of the above equation is positive radius , where is the radius of the
and it becomes zero. earth and is the height of the satellite from
Now if, , then will the earth surface. Let be the velocity of the
never becomes zero. Hence, the body satellite.
continues to move away from the earth The gravitational force of attraction between
and never comes back the earth. Therefore the satellite and the earth is
the body will escape from the earth if
………….(1)
Where is the mass of the earth
Or
The centripetal force acting on the satellite is
………… (2)
This is the minimum speed required to reach The necessary centripetal force is provided
the infinity [i.e. escapes from the earth]. by, the gravitational force of attraction.
Since, or
From (1) and (2)
Therefore
This is the expression for the escape speed
from the earth.
12. What is the escape velocity of on the
surface on the Earth?
For satellite close to the earth h << R, so that
The escape velocity of the body on the surface
of the earth is 11.2 k ms-1. .
13. What are satellites?
Satellites are celestial (heavenly) bodies Where
revolving round the planets. This is the expression for orbital velocity of
14. Define orbital speed of a satellite
the satellite.
around the earth.
The speed with which the satellites which are This shows that the orbital velocity is
revolivng round the planets is called independent of the mass of the satellite.
orbital satellites. 18. Derive the expression for Time
15. What is the weight of a body at the period of the Satellite
centre of the earth. The time taken by the satellite to
At the centre of the earth the value of g is
complete one rotation around the earth
zero. Therefore the weight of the body is
equal to zero. is called time period of the satellite.
Whrere g is the acceleration due to gravity on
the surface og the earth, is at the
height from the groung and is the
radius of the earth.
16. Give any two applications of artificial Square on both sides
satellites.
A: 1) Artificial satellites are used in
communication
1) They are used to forcast weather
2) They are used to moniter resources of
where
earth
3) They are used to expose upper
atmosphere of the earth. This is Kepler’s law of periods.
17. Derive an Expression for Orbital For satellite close to the earth h << R, so
Velocity. that .
“The velocity with which, a satellite
revolving in its orbit around the earth is Where,
called orbital velocity”. 19. Obtain the expression for total energy
of an orbiting satellite.

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I-YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES

Consider a satellite of mass revolving circular orbit of radius 4RE ? What are the
around the earth. Let be the changes in the kinetic and potential
radius of the orbit from the center. Where energies?
is the radius of the earth and be the 9. A rocket is fired from the earth towards
height from earth surface. Let be the the sun. At what distance from the earth’s
speed of the satellite. centre is the gravitational force on the
The KE of the satellite is rocket zero ? Mass of the sun = 2× 1030 kg,
mass of the earth = 6× 1024 kg. Neglect the
effect of other planets etc. (orbital radius =
Where 1.5 × 1011 m).
10. A rocket is fired vertically with a speed of
The gravitational PE of the satellite at a 5 km s-1 from the earth’s surface. How far
distance is from the earth does the rocket go before
The total energy of the satellite is returning to the earth ? Mass of the earth
= 6.0 × 1024 kg; mean radius of the earth =
6.4 × 106 m; G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2.
11. A satellite orbits the earth at a height of
This is the total energy of the satellite. 400 km above the surface. How much
The total energy is negative, i.e the energy must be expended to rocket the
satellite is bound to the Earth. satellite out of the earth’s gravitational
FIVE MARK NUMERICAL PROBLEMS influence? Mass of the satellite = 200 kg;
1. The mass and the radius of the planet is mass of the earth = 6.0× 1024 kg; radius of
three time that of the eearth. What is the the earth = 6.4 × 106 m; G = 6.67 × 10–11 N
acceleration due to gravity on the surface m2 kg–2.
of the planet(g=9.8ms-1) 12. The planet Mars take 1.88 years to
2. Calculate the acceleration due to gravity (i) complete on revolution around the sun.
at a height 230 km and (ii) depth 125 km The mean distance of the earth from the
from the surface of the earth. Given radius Sun is 1.5x108 km. Calculate that of
of the earth = 644 km, g=9.8 ms-2. planet Mars?
3. Find the value of acceleration due to 0000000000000000000000000000000
gravity (a) at a height 3200 km above the CHAPTER 8
surface of earth (b) at a depth 8 km below MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
the surface of the earth. Given that the OF SOLIDS [4m]
radius of the earth = 6400 km g=9.8 ms-2. 1. What is elasticity of a body?
4. A rocket is fired vertically from the surface The property of a body which regains its
of mars with a speed of 2 kms-1. If 20 % of original size and shape when the applied
its initial energy is lost sue to atmospheric force is removed is called elasticity.
resistance how far will the rocket go from 2. Write the S.I unit of the stress.
the surface of mars before coming to rest? The SI unit is N/m2.
Mass of mars =6.4x1023 kg, radius of 3. Define stress and strain.
mars=3395 km, G=6.67x10-11 Nm2 kg-2. Stress is defined as the restoring force per
5. A body weighs 63 N on the surafce of the unit area.
earth. What is the gravitational force on it Strain is defined as the ratio of change in
due to the earth at aheight equal to half dimension of the body to the original
the radius of the earth?. Given that the dimension.
radius of the earth = 6400 km g=9.8 ms-2. 4. State and explain Hooke’s law.
6. Assuming earth to be sphere of uniform “Hooke’s law states that within the
mass density, how mush could a body elastic limit the stress is directly
weigh halfway down to the centre of the proportional to strain.”
earth if it weighed 250 N on the surface. ie
7. The size of the planet is same as that of (or)
the earth amd its mass is four times that
of the earth. Find the potential energy of 5. Define terms stress and strain. Draw
the mass 2 kg ata height 2 m from the the stress verses strain graph for a
planet. g=9.8 ms-2 on the surface of the metallic wire stretched upto the
earth. fracture point.
8. A 400 kg satellite is in a circular orbit of Stress is defined as the restoring force per
radius 2RE about the Earth. How much unit area.
energy is required to transfer it to a

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