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d y dx dy dx: xδu δx yδu δy

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22 views5 pages

d y dx dy dx: xδu δx yδu δy

Uploaded by

anikaislamai4919848
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Differential equation:

An equation involving derivatives of one or more dependent variables


with respect to one or more independent variables is called a differential
equation.

Example :
2
d y 2 dy
2
+ =0
dx dx

There are two types of differential equations:


1.Ordinary differential equation
2.Partial differential equation.

Ordinary differential equation :

An equation involving ordinary derivatives of one or more dependent


variables with respect to one independent variable is called an ordinary
differential equation.

Example :
xdy 2
+ y=y
dx

Partial differential equation:

A differential equation involving partial derivatives of one or more


dependent variables with respect to more than one independent variable
is called partial differential equation.
Example :
xδu yδu
+ =0
δx δy
Order of a differential equation:

The order of the highest ordered derivative involved in a differential


equation is called the order of the differential equation.

Example :
2
d y 2 dy
2
+ + y=0
dx dx

This equation is of the second order.

Degree of a differential equation:

The degree of the highest ordered derivative involved in a differential


equation is called the degree of the differential equation.
Example :
( )
2 2
d y 2 dy
2
+ + y=0
dx dx
Which is of second degree.

Linear and non-linear differential equation:

The equation will be called linear differential equation if,


1.It is of first degree in the dependent variable and its partial derivatives
and
2.Product of the dependent variable and its derivatives must be absent.
Example :
dy
+ xy =0
dx

If the equation is not linear, then it is called non-linear differential


equation.
Example :
2
d y 2 dy 2
2
+ + y =0
dx dx

Solution of a differential equation:

If any differential equation be satisfied by any defined and differentiable


function, then the function is called solution of the differential equation.
Example:
2x
y=c e

Is a solution of,
dy
=2 y
dx

Complete primitive (or general solution) :-

If the solution of any nth order differential equation contains n arbitrary


constants, then the solution is called general solution of the differential
equation.
Example :-
dy
=y
dx
Is a differential equation. y= A e
x
is the general solution of this equation.
Where A is constants.

Particular Solution:-

The solution is obtained for the definite values to the arbitrary constants
of general solution is called particular solution of the differential
equation.
Example :-
dy
=y
dx
Is differential equation has particular solution, y=e
x

Singular Solution:-
It any other solution except general or particular solution of a differential
equation exists then it is called singular solution of the differential
equation.
( )
2
dy
Example :- dx
=y

Is differential equation has singular solution, y=0

Family of curves:-

An n-parameter family of curves is a set of relations of the form,


{(x,y):f(x,y,c1,c2,--------,cn) = 0}
where f is a real valued function of x,y,c1,c2,----,cn and each
c1(i=1,2,---,n)
ranges over an internal of real values.

Formation of differential equations:-

Suppose we are given a family of curves containing n arbitrary


constants. Then we can obtain an nth order differential equation whose
solution is the given family as follows.

Working rule to form the differential equation from the given equation
in x and y, containing n arbitrary constants.

Step I. Write the equation of the given family of curves.

Step II. Differentiate the equation of step I, n times so as to get n


additional equations containing the n arbitrary constants and derivatives.

Step III. Eliminate n arbitrary constants from the (n + 1) equations


obtained in steps I and II. Thus, we obtain the required differential
equation involving a derivative of nth order.

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